Module 1-1

MAAE 3400
Applied Thermodynamics
Module 1.
REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTALS OF
THERMODYNAMICS
(Part 1 of 2)
Carleton University
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Do not reproduce without permission, Prof. Cynthia A. Cruickshank
REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS
dd
through it, you don't understand it at all. The second time you go
through it, you think you understand it, except for one or two
small points. The third time you go through it, you know you don't
understand it, but by that time you are so used to it, it doesn't

- Arnold Sommerfeld
Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University
MAAE 2400 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Basic concepts of thermodynamics: temperature, work, heat,
internal energy and enthalpy.
First law of thermodynamics for closed and steady-flow open
systems.
Thermodynamic properties of pure substances; changes of

phase; equation of state.
Second law of thermodynamics: concept of entropy. Simple
power and refrigeration cycles.
Introduction to heat transfer: conduction, convection and
radiation.
MAAE 2400 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Moran and Shapiro (material covered in MAAE 2400)
- Chapters 1 6
- Chapter 8 (8.1 through 8.4)
OUTLINE
1.1 Concepts
- Closed Systems
- Open Systems
1.2 Definitions and Notation Convention

1.3 First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems
- Energy Balance for Closed Systems
- Cycle Energy Balance
1.4 Energy and Energy Transfer

1.5 Control Volume Analysis
OUTLINE
1.6 Properties of Pure, Simple Substances

1.7 Ideal Gas Law
1.8 Second Law of Thermodynamics
1.9 Entropy and Related Concepts

1.10 Performance Parameters
1.1 CONCEPTS
System: identifies the subject of the analysis by defining a boundary

Surroundings: everything external to the system boundary
As an example, consider an Internal Combustion (IC) Engine
AIR
HEAT
(hot engine block)
FUEL
WORK
SYSTEM
(drive shaft)
Surroundings
System boundary
EXHAUST GAS
Source: G. Ciccarelli (2009)
1.1 CONCEPTS
System
Closed
Fixed non-changing mass
of fluid within the system
Open (Control Volume)
Isolated
SYSTEM
ENERGY
PISTON
CYLINDER
ENERGY
GAS
No mass transfer across system

boundary but can have energy
exchange with the surroundings
(e.g., piston-cylinder assembly)
INSULATED
WALLS
System that does not interact

with surroundings (e.g., no heat
transfer across boundary)
1.1 CONCEPTS
System
Closed
Fixed non-changing mass
of fluid within the system
SYSTEM
ENERGY
Open (Control Volume)

Fixed volume in space where
mass and energy exchange is
allowed across system boundary
PISTON
CYLINDER
GAS
No mass transfer across system

boundary but can have energy
exchange with the surroundings
(e.g., piston-cylinder assembly)
Air
Fuel
Exhaust
Engine
(e.g., jet engine)
Note: dashed lines indicate the

boundary of the open system
1.1 CONCEPTS
Property: macroscopic characteristic of a system to which a

numerical value can be assigned without knowledge of the history
of the system
EXAMPLE
m = 2 kg
T1 = 20oC
V1= 2 m3
State 1
Process
m = 2 kg
T2 = 20oC
V2= 1.5 m3
- how fast we compress

does not matter for
property
State 2
1.1 CONCEPTS
Property
Extensive
Property is the sum of the
values of the parts into which
the sum is divided, e.g., mass,
volume, energy
Intensive
Property is independent of
system size, e.g., pressure,
temperature
1.1 CONCEPTS
EXAMPLE
System A
System
System B
Vs, Ts, Ms
VA
VB
TA
TB
MA
MB
Intensive OR Extensive ?
VS = VA+VB
Extensive
MS = MA+MB
Extensive
TS z TA+TB
Intensive
1.1 CONCEPTS
State: refers to the condition of a system as described by its

properties (at a given state, all properties of a system
have fixed values)
Steady State: the system is steady state if none of its properties
change with time
Equilibrium:
in equilibrium state, there are no unbalanced

potentials (or driving forces) within the system
Process:
the transformation of a system from one state to

another
Cycle:
sequence of processes that begins and ends at the

same state
1.2 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION CONVENTION
Fundamental Units
Property
SI Units
English Units
Mass
Length
Time
Temperature
kilogram, kg
meter, m
second, s
Celcius (oC), Kelvin (K)
pound mass, lbm

foot, ft
second, sec
degree Rankine (oR)
Derived Units
Property
SI Units
English Units
Force
Pressure
Work
Power
newton, N (kgm/s2)
Pascal, Pa (N/m2)
joule, J (Nm)
watt, W (J/s)
pound force, lbf

pound per sq. inch, psi
foot-pound, ft-lbf
horsepower, hp
TO GET FULL MARKS, include units in your calculations and answers.

Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity {
U
Uref
For liquids: Uref = UH2O at 4oC (39oF) =1000
For gases:
kg
lbm
=62.428
m3
ft3
Uref = Uair at 15oC (59oF) and101,325Pa (1 atm)

=1.225
kg
lbm
=0.0765 3
3
m
ft
Temperature Conversion
K = oC + 273.15
oR
= oF + 459.67
K = oR / 1.8
oF
= (oC x 1.8) + 32
Unit Conversion Constants

1 slug 32.174lbm
1 tonne (or metric ton)
1,000 kg
2,204.623 lbm(SI)
Periodic Chart of Elements

1 mole of any substance contains 6.02214x1023 atoms
E
The molecular mass of Oxygen (O) is:
g
kg
lbm
M 15.994
15.994
15.994
mol
kmol
lbmol
We show molecular weight (mass) by M.
Pressure
Absolute Pressure, P(abs): measured relative to a perfect vacuum
P(atm)
P(vac) = P(atm) - P(abs)

if P* < P(atm)
P(vac)
P*
P(abs)
absolute vacuum
P(abs) = 0
Pressure
Gauge Pressure, P(gage): measured relative to the local atm.
pressure, P(atm)
P*
P(gage) = P(abs) - P(atm)
P (gage)
if P* > P(atm)
P(atm)
P(atm)
P(abs)
absolute vacuum
P(abs) = 0
EXAMPLE
Gauge pressure measurement via a manometer

P(atm)
P(gage) = P(abs) - P(atm) = gL

g = 9.81 m/s2
Gas at
P(abs)
Mercury/water
Aside: the density of mercury is 13.5 times the density of water
Note: 1 standard atmosphere = 760 mm (29.9 in.) mercury =
10,260 mm water
Notation Convention
Notation
Typical Meaning
Examples [Units]
Capital letters
Extensive property
E, U, H, Q or W
Small letters
Specific property
(i.e., per unit mass)
Molar property
(i.e., per unit mole)
e, u, h, q or w
Small letters with

overbar
e, u or h
[J]
[J/kg]
[J/mole]
Notes:
- There are exceptions to these guidelines.
- It is a good practice to follow a consistent notation.
E me
U m u
H mh
e M e
u M u
h M h
1.3 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems
E2 - E1 = 1Q2 - 1W2
Total Energy
of the System
Energy Transfer
by Heat
Energy Conservation Equation
Work done by, or

on, the system
1, 2: start and end of process, respectively

Gas
Piston
Control
Volume
Sign Convention
E2 - E1 = 1Q2 - 1W2
Energy Conservation Equation
The sign convention for Q and W is as follows:

Q > 0: heat transfer TO the system
+Q
+W
System
Q < 0: heat transfer FROM the system

W > 0: work done BY the system
W < 0: work done ON the system
Important: Always pay attention to the sign convention when

solving energy problems.
Other Forms of Energy

Energy (E) of a system have three macroscopic contributions:
- Internal Energy (U)

- Kinetic Energy (KE) (energy due to its mass and velocity)
- KE = mv 2
- KE = m (v2 2 - v1 2)
- Potential Energy (PE) (energy due to its
mass and elevation)
- PE = mgz
- PE = mg (z2 - z1)
z2

Surface mg
z1
Expanded Formulation
Another formulation for the 1st Law of Thermodynamics is the
variation formulation with specific forms of energy.
internal
kinetic
potential
E2 - E1 = (U2 - U1) + (KE2 - KE1) + (PE2 - PE1) + etc.
E2 - E1 = U + KE + PE
e.g., chemical,
magnetic
Recall,
E2 - E1 = 1Q2 - 1W2
Combining both equations gives,
U + KE + PE = 1Q2 - 1W2
Conservation of Energy for Closed Systems

a closed system can interact with its surrounding via work as
well as thermally
a process that involves work interactions but does not involve
thermal interactions is called an adiabatic process
a process that involves thermal interactions is called a
nonadiabatic process
Energy Transfer by Work (1W2)

Recall that a state property does not depend on the process
(i.e., history of the system).
m1
T1
V1
Process
State 1
m1
T2
V2
State 2
The value of 1W2 depends on the details of the process (how to

get from State 1 to State 2) therefore work is not a property.
Differential of work, W, W2 W1 ) is not correct!
Energy Transfer by Work (1W2)

Consider two processes with the same start and end state
P1
State 1
Path 2
Path 1
State 2
P2
V1
V2
Since the area under each curve is different, the amount of

work done for each path is different.
EXAMPLE (Energy Transfer by Work - Graphical Interpretation)
Assumptions:
- equilibrium process
- uniform pressure
State 1
:=PdV
Pressure
Consider the slow expansion

of a gas in a piston assembly. P1
Process
Path
State 2
P2
Shaded area
V1
: = PdV
Total area under curve
dV
V2
Gas
V2
W2
gas
Piston
dV
x1
V1
Volume
x2
EXAMPLE (Energy Transfer by Work - Graphical Interpretation)

Consider the slow expansion
of a gas in a piston assembly.
Assumptions:
- equilibrium process
- uniform pressure
Shaded area
: = PdV
Practical form for expansion

and compression work
For closed systems, to
accomplish compression or
expansion work, there must
be moving of the system
boundary.
Total area under curve

V2
W2
gas
dV
V1
Energy Transfer by Work and Heat

Now, consider an adiabatic process and nonadiabatic process
between the same two end States 1 and 2.
P1
State 1
Non-adiabatic
(heat + work)
Adiabatic (only work)

State 2
P2
V1
V2
Since the area under the two curves is different, the work done
for each path is different, so Wad z Wnonad

Since the end states for both processes are the same, the system
would experience exactly the same energy change in each of the
processes, so
(E2 E1)ad = (E2 E1)nonad = E2 E1

We know the energy change for the adiabatic process is
E2 E1 = -Wad
But since Wad z Wnonad we can infer that
E2 E1 z -Wnonad

Since energy must be conserved, the net energy transferred to
the system in both processes must be the same. It follows that
the heat interaction in the nonadiabatic process must involve
energy transfer. The amount of energy transferred to the closed
system by heat is Q, i.e,
E2 E1 = -Wnonad + Q
Hence, the First Law of Thermodynamics:
E2 E1 = Q - W
First Law of Thermodynamics for Power Cycles

For a cycle:
- the initial and final states are the same

- the same mass is continuously recirculated
Eend Estart = (QH QC) Wcycle = 0

or
CV
Wcycle = QH QC
When the net work for a cycle is positive,

it is referred to as a Power Cycle
When the net work for the cycle is
negative, it is referred to as a
Refrigeration or Heat Pump Cycle.
1.4 ENERGY AND ENERGY TRANSFER
Enthalpy
We often encounter U+PV in solving our equations.
For simplicity, we define enthalpy as:
H = U + PV
[kJ] = [kJ] + [kPa][m3]

= [kJ] + [KN/m2][m3]
= [kJ] +
[kJ]
Enthalpy can also be expressed on a per mass basis.
h = u + P
[KJ/kg]
Internal energy is not listed in the Tables. By definition,
u = h P
[kJ]
Enthalpy
For flow through a throttling device, e.g., a porous plug or
partially opened valve, the mass and energy balances show that
h1 = h2 (throttling process)
For ideal gases (Section 1.7):
H = m cp (T2 - T1), h = cp (T2 - T1)

where cp is the specific heat at constant pressure of the gas.
'enthalpien
heat.
Specific Heat
Specific heat, c, represents the amount of heat, Q, that must be
added to 1 kg of material to raise its temperature by 1 K, i.e.,
kJ
kg K
dQ
mdT
The value of c depends on the process of heat addition:

constant pressure c { w h
P
heat addition
wT P
constant volume c { w u
V
heat addition
wT V
In general, cv and cp depend upon P and T. For an ideal gas (our

assumption in this course), cv and cp depend only on T.
(This will be reviewed in Section 1.7).
1.5 CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS
Conservation of Mass for a Control Volume

During an interval t, the change in the mass inside a CV is given by:
'mCV
m m
i
Statement of Continuity Equation for Open Systems

The variation of mass within the CV can also be expressed on a
rate basis as follows:
dmCV
dt
m m
i
Continuity Equation
where
dmCV
is the time rate of change of the mass in the CV
dt
is the sum of all mass flows rates entering the CV
is the sum of all mass flows rates exiting the CV
Mass Flow Rate

When the flow is one-dimensional, the mass flow rate can be
expressed as:
U Av
or
where
Av
is the density of the fluid

A is the area through which mass flows
v is the velocity of the flowing fluid
is the specific volume
This expression can be rewritten as:
dmCV
dt
U Av U Av
i
Volumetric Flow Rate

Similarly, the volumetric flow rate is simply the mass flow rate
divided by the density. For one-dimensional, uniform flow, this
becomes:
dV
dt
Volumetric Flow Rate
vA
(Uniform Properties)
where
m is the mass flow rate of the fluid

is the density of the fluid
A is the area through which mass flows
v is the velocity of the flowing fluid
EXAMPLE Feedwater Heater at Steady State
(Ex. 4.1 from text)
A feedwater heater operating at steady state has two inlets and

one exit. At inlet 1, water vapour enters at P1 = 7 bar, T1 = 200oC
with a mass flow rate of 40 kg/s. At inlet 2, liquid water at
P2 = 7 bar, T2 = 40oC enters through an area of A2 = 25 cm2.
Saturated liquid at 7 bar exits at 3 with a volumetric flow rate of
0.06 m3/s. Determine the mass flow rates at inlet 2 and at the
exit, in kg/s, and the velocity at inlet 2, in m/s.
SOLUTION
1. Given: Inlet 1
P1 = 7 bar
T1 = 200 oC
m = 40 kg/s
Inlet 2
P2 = 7 bar
T2 = 40 oC
A = 25 cm2
Exit
P3 = 7 bar
V = 0.06 m3/s
Sat. Liquid
^K>hd/KE
2. Find: m2 and m3 (kg / s), v2 (m/s)
3. Schematic
and Data:
^K>hd/KE
4. Assumptions: Control volume is at steady state

One dimensional flow is assumed.
5. Analysis
At steady state, the mass rate balance is:
0
dmCV
dt
m m
i
m1 m2 m3
Solving for m3 gives:
m3
V3
(Av)3
X3
X3
0.06 m3 / s
(1.108 x103 m3 / kg )
54.15 kg / s
specific volume for sat.

liquid at 7 bar (Table A-3)
^K>hd/KE
5. Analysis
Solving for m2 gives:
m2
m3 m1
54.15 40
For one dimensional flow at 2, m2
v2
14.15 kg / s
(Av)2 / X2 so
m2X2 / A 2
State 2 is a compressed liquid. The specific volume at this state

can be approximated by X2 Xf (T2 ) . From Table A-2 at 40oC,
X2 1.0078 x103 m3 / kg .
^K>hd/KE
5. Analysis
Therefore solving for v 2 gives:
v2
m2X2 / A 2
v2
(14.15 kg / s )(1.0078 x103 m3 / kg ) 104 cm 2

25cm 2
1m 2
5.7 m / s
Therefore, the mass flow rates are 14.15 kg/s (inlet 2) and
54.15 kg/s (exit), with a velocity of 5.7 m/s at inlet 2.
Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume

The conservation of energy principle applied to a control volume
states that the change in energy in the CV is equal to the energy
transferred to the system by heat and work plus the energy
entering into the CV by mi less the energy leaving the CV by me.
Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume

That is,
dECV
dt
Q W mi (ui vi2 / 2 gZ i )
me (ue ve2 / 2 gZ e )
where ui, Vi and Zi are evaluated at the inlet, and ue, Ve and Ze
are evaluated at the exit.
Evaluating Work for a Control Volume

The work term can be separated into two contributions:
1. work effects such as those associated with rotating shafts,

electrical effects (term denoted as WCV )
Wshaft
Work to push
me out of CV
Work to push
mi into CV

The work term can be separated into two contributions:
1. work effects such as those associated with rotating shafts,

electrical effects (term denoted as WCV )
2. work associated with the fluid pressure as mass is introduced
at inlets and removed at exits, i.e., the product of the normal
force PA and the fluid velocity v.
e.g., the rate of energy transfer by work at the inlet of the
control volume is given as
Pi Ai vi
Pi
Fluid mi enters CV in
time 't
'x

With these considerations, the work term W of the energy rate
equation can be written as:
W
With Av
WCV ( Pe Ae ve Pi Ai vi )
mX , the above expression can be rewritten as:
WCV me ( PeXe ) mi ( PiXi )
this work term is applicable to

pumps and hydraulic turbines
(for incompressible substances)
referred to as
&t

Substituting these terms into the control volume energy rate
balance gives
dECV
dt
QCV WCV mi (ui PiXi vi2 / 2 gZ i )

me (ue PeXe ve2 / 2 gZ e )
Recall enthalpy: h
u PX
First Law of Thermodynamics for Open Systems
dECV
dt
QCV WCV
v2
v2
mi h gz me h gz
2
2
i
i e
where by convention
QCV ! 0 : Heat transfer to the control volume (CV)
WCV ! 0 : Power supplied by the control volume (CV )
m
W
Q
m V P
T E
m
W
Q
1.6 PROPERTIES OF PURE, SIMPLE SUBSTANCES
Pure Substance
A pure substance is one of uniform and invariable chemical
composition.
For our purposes, a simple substance is taken as one for which if
the values of two intensive properties are known, all the other
properties can be found, e.g., u = f (T, P)
A material can exist in the
1. Solid Phase
2. Liquid Phase
3. Vapour (gas) Phase
4. mixture of the phases at equilibrium
Phases of a Pure Substance

Solid Phase
- small distance (dist.) between molecules, high attraction forces
- velocity is increased by temperature and at high temperature,
intermolecular forces are overcome and melting process begins
Liquid Phase
- dist. between molecules is similar and portion of them move together
- from solid to liquid, dist. between molecules is increased (except water)
Gas Phase
- molecules collide with each other and have much more energy than
liquid or solid
There are many practical instances that two phases coexist

(e.g., condenser, boiler, refrigerant)
EXAMPLE The Phase Process
Compressed Liquid OR Subcooled Liquid

State 1
P=1 atm
T=20 oC
T (oC)
20 oC
T- Diagram
compressed
liquid
1
(m3/kg)
Heat
- water in liquid phase

- it is NOT about to vapourize
Saturated Liquid
State 2
P=1 atm
P=1
atm
oC
T=100
o
T=20 C
T- Diagram
T (oC)
100 oC
20 oC
saturated
2
liquid
1
(m3/kg)
Heat
- small heat addition

- about to vapourize
Liquid-Vapour Phase
State 3
T- Diagram
T (oC)
2
P=1 atm
P=1 atm
T=100ooC
T=20 C
100
oC
liquid-vapour mix
20 oC
1
(m3/kg)
Heat
- mix of liquid and vapour

- constant temperature
Saturated Vapour
State 4
T- Diagram
T (oC)
2
P=1 atm
P=1
atm
oC
T=100
o
T=20 C
100
oC
20 oC
saturated
vapour
(m3/kg)
Heat
- vapour is saturated
- no more liquid mixture
Superheated Vapour
State 5
T- Diagram
T (oC)
300 oC
P=1 atm
T=300 oC
2
100
superheated
vapour
3
4
oC
20 oC
1
(m3/kg)
Heat
- vapour is superheated
- increase in temp. and specific volume
Temperature, Pressure, Altitude, Boiling

As one ascends (climbs up a mountain) there is less atmosphere
above, so the pressure decreases with increasing altitude.
Boiling is the temperature at which a liquid changes state to a
vapour. Lower pressures allow boiling to occur at lower
temperatures.
Water can reach the boiling point more quickly at higher altitudes
(lower pressures) because it does not have to be heated as much as
it would at lower altitudes.
For example, by each 1000 m, boiling temp. drops by about 3oC.
Evaluating Properties
For thermodynamic analyses, we use a number of different
diagrams and tables of data.
T vs. , h or s
P vs. , h or s
where is the specific volume

h is the enthalpy
s is the entropy
For this course, we will be referring to the tables in Moran and
Shapiro Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodyanmics, 6th
Edition, Wiley, 2008.
Consider the T vs. diagram
Critical = point at which sat. liquid

Point TC and sat. vapour are equal
Liquid (or Subcooled

or Compressed Liquid)
Use Compressed
Liquid Table A-5
Vapour (or
Superheated Vapour)
Use Superheated
Vapour Table A-4
Liquid Vapour Mix

Use Saturation Tables
A-2 and A-3
Consider the T vs. diagram
Point State
T
5
2
Table to Use
Fluid (Compressed)
A-5
Saturated Fluid
A-2, A-3
Fluid-Vapour Mix
A-2, A-3
Saturated Vapour
A-2, A-3
Vapour (Superheated) A-4
1
For fluids, is generally not strongly dependent
on T. For most analyses, we can assume 1 = 2
(i.e., f for the given P)
T - Diagram and Pressure Effect
Critical Point TC
Superheated
Vapour Region
Compressed Liquid
Region
Sat. LiquidVapour Region

T, P constant
increases
Saturated
Liquid
Saturated
Vapour
Shown below is the T Diagram for Water
374.1oC
311.1oC
Shown below is a P--T
Diagram (3-Dimensional)
P
T
T
Shown below is a P--T
Diagram (3-Dimensional)
- any equation with two
independent variables of
x,y represent a surface
P
z = z(x,y) in space
P = P (T, )
- all two-dimensional
diagrams are projections
of the 3-D surface
T
P--T Diagram (3-Dimensional)
- relationship is complex hence the use of property tables

- to determine values in between use linear interpolation
The phase diagram (pressure vs. temp) is a slice across the P--T
Diagram
Liquid
P
Solid
Vapour
T
Diagram
expands on
contracts
freezing
- all three phases are
on freezing
separated by lines
Liquid
- Triple Point: 3 phases in
P
equilibrium
Solid
- e.g., water Triple Point:

T= 0.01oC, P=0.6113 kPa
Vapour
Triple Point
T
Diagram
expands on
contracts
freezing
- a pure substance cannot
on freezing
exist in the liquid form
below Triple Point
- dry ice (CO2) goes
under sublimation at
atmospheric condition
Liquid
P
Solid
Vapour
Triple Point
T
The P- (pressure vs. specific vol.) is a slice across the P--T
Diagram
P
The T- (temp. vs. specific vol.) is a slice across the P--T Diagram
T
Critical Point
Liquid
Vapour
Liquid-Vapour
Saturated Liquid-Vapour Mixture, Definition of Quality

A mixture of liquid and vapour
exist inside the vapour dome.
The total volume of the mixture is
V Vliquid Vvapour
Dividing by the total mass gives
V
m
Vliq
m
Vvap
m
f
f
mliq
mvap
m Xf m Xg

This expression can be simplified to:T
X (1 x)Xf xXg
where x is the vapour quality:
x{
m vapour
mvapour
mliquid mvapour
mtotal
f
f

Similarly, if x is given, the values
T
of , u, h, etc. can be determined.
X Xf x Xg Xf
u uf x ug uf
h hf x hg hf
f
uf
g
ug
hf
hg
EXAMPLE
Determine the specific volume of a water-vapour mixture at

100oC with x = 0.7.
SOLUTION
1. Given: T = 100 oC
x = 0.7
2. Find:
3. Schematic and Data

T
P
x=0.7
100oC
g
g
^K>hd/KE
4. Assumptions
- Constant Temperature and Pressure
5. Analysis
Find f and g.
From Table A-2,

f = 1.0435 x 10-3 m3/kg
g = 1.673 m3/kg
^K>hd/KE

Find 1.
1 = f + x (g - f )
1 = 1.0435 x 10-3 m3/kg + 0.7 *(1.673 - 1.0435 x 10-3 ) m3/kg
1 = 1.171m3/kg
Therefore, the specific volume of a water-vapour mixture
is 1.171 m3/kg.
If the x-value is known, the values of h and s can be calculated in
the same manner as shown above.
QUESTION 1-A
A cylinder-piston assembly initially contains water at 3 MPa and

300oC. The water is cooled at constant volume to 200oC, then
compressed isothermally to a final pressure of 2.5 MPa. Sketch
the process on a T- diagram and find the specific volume at the 3
states.
SOLUTION
Solution Provided In Class
QUESTION 1-A
A cylinder-piston assembly initially contains water at 3 MPa and

300oC. The water is cooled at constant volume to 200oC, then
compressed isothermally to a final pressure of 2.5 MPa. Sketch
the process on a T- diagram and find the specific volume at the 3
states.
SOLUTION
1. Given:
^K>hd/KE
2. Find:
^K>hd/KE
4. Assumptions:
5. Analysis
^K>hd/KE
^K>hd/KE
^K>hd/KE
^K>hd/KE
Schematic and Data (update)
Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapour States

Recall that the properties of saturated water are listed in
Table A-2 (Temp) and Table A-3 (Pressure).
/d
fg = g- f).
For example,
f: specific volume of saturated liquid

g: specific volume of saturated vapour
fg: difference i.e., fg = g- f

There is a lack of data for compressed liquids. However, we do
know that the properties of compressed liquids do not change
much with P at a fixed temperature.
In the absence of compressed liquid data, a general
approximation is to treat compressed liquid as saturated liquid
at a given T.

Therefore, we can approximate the properties of compressed
liquids (in the subcooled region) as:
X (T, P) # Xf (T)
u (T, P) # uf (T)
Large error.
Use this instead.
h(T, P) # hf (T)
h(T, P) # hf Xf (P - Psat )
EXAMPLE
A piston-cylinder device initially contains 100 L of liquid water at

25oC and 500 kPa. Heat is transferred to the water at constant
pressure until it reaches a two-phase saturated liquid-vapour
phase with = 0.1319m3/kg.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
What is the mass of the water?

What is the final temperature?
Calculate the quality of the liquid-vapour mixture.
Determine the total enthalpy change.
SOLUTION
1. Given: STATE 1
T1 = 25 oC
P1 = 500 kPa
V = 100 L water
2. Find:
mw , T2 , x2 , h
STATE 2
2=0.1319 m3/kg

2=0.1319 m3/kg
1
25oC
2
f
g
g
^K>hd/KE
4. Assumptions: Heat is transferred to water at constant

pressure.
5. Analysis:
Find mass of water, m.
m=V/
m = (100x10-3m3) / (0.1319 m3/kg) = 0.758 kg Part (a)
Find final temperature, T2.
T2 = Tsat at P = 500 kPa = 151.9oC
Part (b)
^K>hd/KE
5. Analysis:
Find quality, x.
x = (2 - f) / (g - f)
x = (0.1319 1.0926x10-3) / (0.3749 1.0926x10-3)
x2 = 0.35 Part (c)
^K>hd/KE
5. Analysis:
Find total enthalpy change, h.
h1 =~ hf @T=25oC = 104.89 kJ/kg
h2 = hf + x (hg - hf) = 1378.21 kJ/kg

h = 1273.32 kJ/kg Part (d)
Therefore the mass of the water is 0.758 kg, the final
temperature is 151.9oC, the quality of the liquid-vapour
mixture is 0.35 and the enthalpy change is 1273.32 kJ/kg.
^K>hd/KE
5. Analysis:
Find h1 using a better approximation.
h1=~ hf + f (P - Psat)
From Table A-2, for T = 25oC:
hf = 104.89 kJ/kg
f = 1.0029 x 10-3 m3/kg
P Psat = 496.8 kPa
h = 1272.62 kJ/kg
Module 1 (Part 2 of 2) is next.


Module 1-1

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Module 1-1

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

MAAE 3400

REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS

MAAE 2400 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Thermodynamic properties of pure substances; changes of

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYNAMICS

MAAE 2400 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

1.2 Definitions and Notation Convention

1.4 Energy and Energy Transfer

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

1.6 Properties of Pure, Simple Substances

1.9 Entropy and Related Concepts

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

System: identifies the subject of the analysis by defining a boundary

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

Open (Control Volume)

No mass transfer across system

System that does not interact

Source: G. Ciccarelli (2009)

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

Open (Control Volume)

No mass transfer across system

(e.g., jet engine)

Note: dashed lines indicate the

Source: G. Ciccarelli (2009)

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

Property: macroscopic characteristic of a system to which a

- how fast we compress

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

Source: G. Ciccarelli (2009)

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

State: refers to the condition of a system as described by its

in equilibrium state, there are no unbalanced

the transformation of a system from one state to

sequence of processes that begins and ends at the

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

1.2 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION CONVENTION

pound mass, lbm

pound force, lbf

TO GET FULL MARKS, include units in your calculations and answers.

1.2 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION CONVENTION

For liquids: Uref = UH2O at 4oC (39oF) =1000

Uref = Uair at 15oC (59oF) and101,325Pa (1 atm)

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

1.2 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION CONVENTION

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

1.2 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION CONVENTION

Unit Conversion Constants

Periodic Chart of Elements

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

1.2 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION CONVENTION

P(vac) = P(atm) - P(abs)

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

1.2 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION CONVENTION

P(gage) = P(abs) - P(atm)

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

1.2 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION CONVENTION

Gauge pressure measurement via a manometer

P(gage) = P(abs) - P(atm) = gL

Prof. C. A. Cruickshank, Carleton University

1.2 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION CONVENTION