ng sut v bin dng

TS. Ng Xun Thnh

Khoa a cht
Trng i hc M - a cht

Mechanics of Structures
Mc bin dng ca ph thuc vo:
Nhit
p sut
Cc dng nhit dch (p lc) trong l hng
Thnh phn
Lc tc dng
Mc bin dng khi b tc dng bi lc tc dng

LC: y hay ko dn.

Th hin bng vec-tor (c nh hng)

(n v o = Newton = kgm/s2)

Gm c lc ni th
Lc b mt

Lc ni th: Lc to bi cc lin kt ni ti hoc trong mt

trng no ca vt cht. N ph thuc vo ln ca vt
cht chng ta xem xt.

VD: Trng lc

VD: Lc lin kt ion

Lc b mt: Lc tc dng trc tip ln vt cht t

b mt. Sinh ra do vt ny tc ng ln vt kia.

ng sut (stress): n v lc trn n v din tch

n v= Pascal = Newton/din tch = N/m2 = kg/ms2

105 Pa = 1 bar
108 Pa = 1kbar = 102 Mpa

ng sut n v lc trn n
v din tch

Phn tch lc (hay ng sut)

Lc hay ng lc c th c phn chia ra thnh cc thnh phn
vec t lc khc nhau

Lc (ng sut) thng (Fn hay n) vung gc vi mt tc dng

Lc (ng sut) trt (Fs hay s hay t) song song vi b mt tc dng

Xc nh cc thnh phn vecto lc hay ng sut

F = *A
Fn = F cos ()
Fs = F sin ()
n = F cos ()cos ()cos2 ()
s = F sin () cos ()cos ()sin () sin (2)

Ellipsoid ng sut
ng sut ti mt im
Mi im trong i tng th c v s cc mt phng i
qua n.
S lng v hn mt ng sut to nn ellipsoid ng sut

Ellipsoid ng sut
(a) Tt cc cc mt ng sut c th xy ra trn nhng mt
khc nhau th i qua cng mt im
(b) Hnh thi th hin ng sut; Cc trc ca ellipsoid ng
sut th hin cc ng sut chnh
n = cos2 ()
s = sin (2)

Ellipsoid ng sut
n = pa
n = cos2 ()
s = sin (2) = - Mpa
s
CCW positive for plane

31.62 Mpa
30 Mpa

(-)

10 Mpa

(+)

c im hnh thi ca ng sut trn

Ellipsoid ng sut

Trc ng sut
chnh nh nht

Trc ng sut
chnh trung bnh

Trc ng sut
chnh ln nht

ng sut chnh: ng sut vung gc vi mt ng sut chnh, n

song song vi cc trc chnh ca ellipsoid. Dc theo mt ng sut
chnh th khng c cc dch trt xy ra. Trn 3-D, 1 2 3

ng sut trn khng gian ba chiu

Hnh khi th hin

ng sut trn cc mt

ng sut trn khng gian ba chiu

xx xy xz
yx yy yz
zx zy zz

ij
ng sut trn khng gian ba chiu

xx xy xz
xy yy yz
xz yz zz
Cn c 6 thnh phn
ng sut ph

ng sut trn khng gian ba chiu

ng sut chnh: L nhng mt ng sut m
trn ng sut trt xit (shear stress)
bng 0; tng ng c 3 thnh phn ng
sut chnh tn ti, trong 1 >= 2 >= 3

2
3

Ma trn ng cho: Quay ma trn v hnh thi ma trn c

bn ng cho

Bin dng
Lng bin dng ca vt cht
S dch chuyn (Translation)

Lm thay i v tr

Quay

S bin i hnh
dng (Strain)

Cc thnh phn ca bin dng

Lc p dng

Tc ng lc

ng sut gy bin i hnh dng

Strain L s thay i hnh thi hoc s
lng mt i khi vt chu tc dng ca ng
sut (Tm dch l: s bin i hnh dng)

p lc

Ko cng

Nn p

Trt xit

Ko cng Cng gin

p nn Rt ngn

Xit p Trt tri

Xit p (Shear)

Bin dng ng nht (Homogeneous Deformation)

L bin dng c nhng c im sau:
Cu trc thng trc s gi li sau bin dng.
Nhng cu trc song song nguyn thy s song song sau
bin dng.
T l chiu di khng thay i dc cu to ng
ng trn nguyn thy s bin dng thnh elip sau bin
dng.

Material Lines

Ellipse bin dng

Trc chnh
Hai trc vung gc vi nhau (trc ngn v trc di)
Chng vung gc vi nhau trc bin dng v sau bin
dng

Material Lines

Bin i nh lng (Quantification of Strain)

Thay i chiu di

lo

lf
S liu khng mang tnh nh hng

Lng thay i theo chiu di = e = (lf lo)/lo

e (-) = Rt ngn v
e (+) = Tch gin v
ko cng = T = lf/lo = 1 + e
S dng biu din t l cc trc

Bin i nh lng (Quantification of Strain)

Hai ng thng to gc vung ban u, sau khi bin dng th

chng to thnh gc gia chng l (90 - Y)

Gc bin dng p = Y
Mc bin dng xit p (g) = tan Y

Bin i nh lng (Quantification of Strain)

X

x2 + z2 = 1
b2
a2

x2 + z2 = 1

T l trc ca elip:
R = a/b
R >1

Bin i ca cc cu to ng trong qu trnh bn dng

Khng khng gian 2 chiu, tt c cc
vt cht dng ng s di chuyn v
pha trc bin dng ln nht (1)

Pure Shear

Simple Shear

Pure Shear
Cc vt cht bin i khng b xoay
- Ko di theo mt hng v hng vung gc vi n l hng
rt ngn.
- Bin dng theo mt.
- Cc trc chnh khng b xoay trong qu trnh bin dng
- Tt cc cc cu to ng u c xu hng xoay v trc bin
dng ln nht 1

Nhng ng khng thay i chiu di (RL)

Lng ko gin

RL

RL
Lng rt ngn

- Tt c cc ng i qua RL
- Tt c cc ng di chuyn theo
hng 1

Simple Shear
Bin dng xoay
-Dch chuyn nh nhng con bi khi b y
-Ch yu l bin ng mt
-Cc trc chnh khng b quay trong qua trnh bin dng

Phng thc bin dng v hnh dng lin quan

simple shear

Hnh dng
nh nhau

pure shear

nh du trc chnh ca elip bin dng

nh du trc chnh ca elip bin dng

nh du trc chnh ca elip bin dng

Un np: Bin
dng do

Material properties of rocks

Source: Martin Bond/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.

t gy: Bin
dng dn
Source: John S. Shelton

Phng thc bin dng

Bin dng dn b ph hu mt tnh lin tc (loss of cohesion),
to nn cc khe nt lin tc ko di.
Bin dng do Bin dng lin tc, khng b mt tnh lin tc
v khng to khe nt.
Mc bin dng ca ph thuc
vo:
Trn thc t:

Nhit (T)
p sut (P)
Mc bin dng
Mt vi yu t khc..

ng nht: ging nhau tt c cc im

ng hng: C tnh cht c l ging nhau trn tt c cc
hng
a hng: Tnh c l khc nhau trn cc hng khc nhau

Bin dng dn

Fig. 9.08ab

Bin dng do

Phng thc bin dng

Undeformed

Brittle

Ductile

Elastic deformation: reversible

Brittle deformation: irreversible break

Increasing stress

Increasing stress

Ductile deformation: irreversible flow

Mc bin dng tng

Mc bin dng tng

Bin dng n hi
Bin dng n hi

Hooke law = E e
E: Module n hi, e: Mc bin dng; ng sut

Reanh gii bin dng gin/n hi

Giai an bin dng n hi
Di lc p nn, khe nt pht trin to mt gc nhn vi
hng lc p nn (shear fractures)
p lc tng i cao: Vt cht bin dng trong gii hn n
hi
iu kin nhit p sut cao v mc bin dng chm:
bin dng do ( mc su ca v tri t).
p sut thp, nhit v mc bin dng cao (high strain):
s b bin dng dn ( mc su ca v tri t)

Ranh gii bin dng gin/n hi

Th nghim bin dng

Th nghim Grigg

Th nghim bin dng

Th nghim bin dng do

Th nghim vi iu kin nhit khng i

Th nghim bin dng do

Th nghim mm ha/cng ha
Work-hardening/Work-softening
Ductile

Brittle

Brittle-ductile

Cng ha: S thay i ln v ng sut cho mc bin dng vnh cu

Mm ha: S thay i t v ng sut cho mc bin dng vnh cu

Th nghim v bin dng dn

Rupture Point
Ultimate
Strength of
material
Stress drop