1.

Absolute temperature of gas:

The velocity of sound in a gas is

directly proportional to the square root of its absolute temperature.
Mathematically, v T

where V is the velocity of the sound in a gas and T is its

absolute temperature.
If V1 & V2 are the velocities of sound in a gas at absolute temperatures T 1 & T2
respectively, then,
V1
T
= 1
V2
T2

2.

Density of a gas:

The velocity of sound in a gas is inversely proportional

to the square root of its density. Mathematically,

1
d

where V is the

velocity of sound in gas and d is the density of the given gas.

If V1 & V2 are the velocities of sound in two gases having densities d 1 & d2
respectively, other parameters of the gases being constant, then,
V1
d
= 2
V2
d1

3. Molecular weight of a gas:

The velocity of a sound in a gas is

inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight. Mathematically,
V

1
M

where V is the velocity of sound in the given gas and M is the

molecular weight of the given gas respectively.

If V1 & V2 are the velocities of sound in two gases whose molecular weights are M 1
& M2 respectively, other parameters of the gases being constant, then,
V1
M2
=
V2
M1

Laws of Vibrating Stretched Strings:

The expression for the

fundamental frequency of a stretched vibrating string is given by
n=

1 T
2l m

From this, three laws are derived for the frequency of a vibrating stretched string and
are as follows:

1. Law of Length:

The frequency of a vibrating stretched string, vibrating in

a fundamental mode, is inversely proportional to its length, when its tension and
1
linear density are constant. Mathematically, n l

when T and m are constant.

If l1 and l2 are the lengths of two strings vibrating in the fundamental frequency
having their linear density and tension constant and n 1 and n2 are their
n l =n l
fundamental frequencies respectively, then 1 1 2 2 .

2. Law of Tension:

The frequency of a vibrating stretched string, vibrating in

a fundamental mode, is directly proportional to the square root of its tension,
when length and the linear density remain constant. Mathematically, n T ,
when l and m are constant.
If T1 and T2 are the tensions of two strings whose linear density and length are
constant and vibrating in the fundamental mode and n 1 and n2 are their
fundamental frequencies respectively, then

n1
n
= 2
T 1 T 2 .

3. Law of Linear Density:

The frequency of a vibrating stretched string,

vibrating in a fundamental mode, is inversely proportional to the square root of
its linear density, when length and tension remain constant. Mathematically,
n

1
M , when l and T are constant.

If m1 and m2 are the linear densities of two strings vibrating in the fundamental
frequency having their linear density and tension same and n 1 and n2 are their
fundamental frequencies respectively, then n1 m1=n2 m 2 .