Chapter I

INTRODUCTION
1.1

Background of the study

The library has been the center of knowledge and culture in most
civilizations. It is accessible by the general public and is generally funded from
public sources, such as taxes. It has been established and adjusted to be
adequate in the contexts of each place and time, the same way it is adapting to
the digital revolution that is happening now. Motivated by the introduction of
new technologies and a rapid change in information and communication
technology, libraries had to change and adjust in multiple aspects in order to be
accepted by its users.
This study, however, focuses on a three-storey public library. This project is
established to serve a community and provides at least the following: an
organized collection of printed or other library materials, or a combination
thereof; paid staff; an established schedule in which services of the staff are
available to the public; the facilities necessary to support such a collection, staff,
and schedule, and is supported in whole or in part with public funds.
This proposed project will be located at P Hernaez Street Extension Bacolod
City beside Solid Gold Builders and Home depot. The proposed project has a
land area of 1500 square meters (m). It will have a total gross floor area of 3000
square meters (m) with 1000 square meters (m) in each storey. The public
library will promote an equal access to information, fostering interest in
literature and arts, and advancing lifelong learning and democracy. The
trademark of the public library in the minds of the public is its role in offering
equal opportunities for enjoying literature, and arts and for personal
development.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_library

1.2

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to design, construct, manage

1.3

Objectives of the study

The main objective of this project is to study and design a three-storey library
building which appropriately gives the sources of information necessary for faculty
members, students and workers, as well as local community. The researchers
intended to enrich a more strategic and modernized design of the said building
upon reasonable figure.

Specifically, the study aimed to:

1. Present complete plans, detail specifications, work program and cost
estimates
2. Actuate the effective design that suggest low-cost construction
3. Know the demands of contemporary public in terms of educational assistance
this library could offer to address those needs
4. Know the duration of the construction
5. Clarify all the requirements and step-by-step procedures to eliminate errors
and lapses that might occur during the process
6. Obtain necessary data from the city regarding the project area like population
census

1.4

Scope and Limitations

This study includes design of footings, column, beams, slab, roof and
frame analysis of the proposed Bacolod Public Library. Other designs, like
electrical, mechanical and sanitary, will not be able to comply for it will be
the work of other professions. The building must meet local building codes
and will be built to the specifications and design of the original blueprints
provided.
In the designing of structure, sizes of structural members, rebars and
forms will be calculated and determined in order to get the estimated cost.
Air-conditioning units will be installed for the comfort and convenience of the
people that would possibly enter the premises.
This project scope is limited to the complete construction of the public
library to the required standard as envisioned by the client. The actual
construction, implementation, and maintenance of the project are not

included in the study. The study does not include any view and opinion
regarding the administration and management of the Bacolod Public Library.
The study does not reflect also the evaluation of all environmental impacts.

1.5

Definition of terms

ACI - The American Concrete Institute, a nonprofit technical and educational

society organized in 1904 and is one of the worlds leading authorities on concrete
technology. ACI is a forum for the discussion of all matters related to concrete and
the development of solutions to problems.
Beam a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by
resisting bending
Cement a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can
bind other materials together
Column a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight
of the structure above to other structural elements below, in other words a column
is a compression member.
Compressive Strength the capacity of a material or structure to withstand
axially directed pushing forces.
CMU - Concrete masonry unit, also called concrete hollow block, cement block,
and foundation block is a large rectangular brick used in construction.
Dead Load weight of structure itself
Foundation the lowest and supporting layer of a structure
Girder used to denote the main horizontal support of a structure which
supports smaller beams
Library a place set apart to contain books periodicals, and other material for
reading, viewing, listening, study or reference, as a room, set of rooms, or building
where books may be read or borrowed.
Live Load weight of everything superimposed on, or temporarily attached to a
structure but not that of the material utilized in its construction or of anything
permanently attached to it.
Moment referred to Bending moment, a moment that results in the bending of
a structural element

Rebars term used for reinforcing bars, and is commonly used as a tensioning
device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures holding the
concrete in compression.
Seismic Load the force on a structure caused by acceleration induced on its
mass by an earthquake.
Stirrup a light frame or ring that holds the foot of a rider, attached to the
saddle by a strap, often called a stirrup leather.
Tie structural tie, or strap, is a structural component designed to resist tension.
It is the opposite of a strut or column, which is designed to resist compression.
Wind Load The total force exerted by the wind on a structure or part of a
structure.

Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Site Condition
Site visits were conducted to investigate the present situation around
the vicinity. The proposed site of the project was inspected visually and
observations were noted regarding the characteristics of the site and its
surroundings. The boundaries for the proposed project were also located.
The actual dimensions of the building will be designed to meet the
standard minimum requirements of the specifications and provisions
designed by National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP).

3.2 Data Analysis

Details prepared with utmost simplicity, accuracy, and clarity for easy
understanding in construction. Beams are designed to have uniform
dimension for aesthetic and economic purposes.
3.2.1 Structural Analysis
Moment Distribution Method
Moment distribution is a great method for quickly computing end
moments on continuous beams. Over the years, several variations of
the method have been presented. These methods take advantage of
various observations made about the process. While this method can
be applied to a variety of indeterminate structures, the discussion here
is limited to continuous beams that may or may not be continuous with
supporting columns.

The moment distribution method begins by determining the

relative flexural stiffness, in the plane of loading, of all the elements
rigidly connected to each joint. Rotational stiffness of a member is
proportional to material and geometric stiffness:
Relative Rotational Stiffness = EI/L
Where:

E is the modulus of elasticity of the material,

I is the moment of inertia about the axis of bending in the plane of
the frame, and
L is the length of the member.

The basic premise of the moment distribution method is that any

unbalanced moment on a joint is redistributed to the members rigidly
attached to that joint in proportion to contributions each element
makes to the total rotational stiffness of the joint. Consequently,
distribution factors are computed at each joint, one for each element
attached to the joint that provides rotational stiffness in the considered
plane. The equation for computing the distribution factor of the ith
member at a joint with n members is:
Note that if any of the variables is constant for all members of
the joint, then the constant variable will cancel out of the equation.The
distribution factors are computed joint by joint for the ends of each
member connected to the joint.
The moment distribution method assumes that all joints are
"fixed" at the start of the problem. This means that when loads are
applied to each span, fixed end moments are developed at each end of
the loaded span. The fixed end moments are a function of the nature
and location of the applied loads on the span. If there is more than one
load source on a span, super position can be used to determine the
total fixed end moment at the end of each span.
Concerning notation, in this method the end moments are
considered to be reactions. As a result, the right hand rule is used to
determine the sign of the moments. Do not use beam internal force
notation.
After computing the fixed end moments (FEM) for each span, you
will observe that there is an unbalanced moment at each joint. In
other words, the sum of moments at the joint does not equal zero, a
necessary requirement for equilibrium. To rectify this problem, a joint
is "released" and the unbalanced moment (i.e. the difference of the

FEMs) is divided among the members attached to joint in proportion to

their contributions to the joint rotational stiffness using the distribution
factors. Once the distributed moments are added to each preexisting
FEM at the joint, the resulting FEMs are "balanced". In other words, the
sum of the moments at the joint equal zero and equilibrium is satisfied
at that joint (for now!).
The addition of moment to each element attached to the joint
induces a moment on the opposite end of each member. This is called
"carry over" (CO). The carry over moment is added to the preexisting
FEM at that joint. The CO moment tends to unbalance the joints
adjacent to newly balanced joint. These joints are, in turn released,
balanced and send back CO moments to unbalance the adjacent joint.
Joints are successively released and balanced until the CO
moments get small enough to ignore. This means that this is an
iterative process that looks for convergence.
Source: http://www.bgstructuralengineering.com/BGSMA/ContBeams/BGSMA_CB_0201.htm

3.2.2 Structural Design

Steps for Design:
1. Determine the loads and calculate their moments to be used in the
analysis of the structure.
2. Obtain your maximum moments taken from your analysis of the
structure
3. After locating the maximum moments due the loads (live, dead,
wind and seismic), Load
Combination is next. Following NSCP 203 Combination of Loads.
There are two kinds of design:
a. Load and resistance factor design (LFRD)
b. Allowable strength design (ASD)
4. Calculate the design moment from the load combinations of a
certain design. We use LRFD.
5. Use the design moment to determine trial sizes using the formula:
Mp = FyZx
Where: Mp is the design moment
is factor of safety
Fy is tensile strength, MPa
Zx is Plastic section modulus about the x-axis, mm3

Beams and Columns maximum moments must be taken from the

analysis of the whole structure. Girders maximum moments will be
taken from the load combination of Dead and Live. Studs dont have
moments but resist axial loading meaning they are compression
members.
6. After selecting trial sizes, you need to check for flexure in beams.
For columns flexure and compression.
For Flexure, follow the provisions provided by NSCP Section 506.
7. For compression (loads are only dead and live from the top to the
bottom)
Follow the provisions provided by NSCP Section 505.
For Columns, an additional provision NSCP Section 508 must be
followed.
8. After satisfying the provisions for all beams and columns, the design
of the concrete column and footing:
For concrete columns, follow the provisions provided by the NSCP
Section 410
For concrete footing, follow the provisions provided by the NSCP
Section 415.
9. Connections for beam to column, stud to beam, girder to beam,
steel column to concrete column. Determine what type of
connection will you use and its placement.
10. If all provisions are satisfied, then the design of the structure is
finished.

3.3 Resources and facilities

Background information of the project was taken from reference books
and online articles. The past projects of UNO-R Civil Engineering Department
were also used to support the study.
AutoCAD and SketchUp software were used to draft all plans.
Spreadsheet software Microsoft Office Excel (MS Excel) was used in the
computation of elevations, structural analysis and cost estimates.