Design and Analysis of Frequency Reconfigurable

Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applications

(1)
(1) (2)

Pooja Lamba, (2) Sukhwinder Singh, (3) Deepak Sood

Ambala College of Engineering & Applied Research, (3) University Institute of Engineering & Technology, Kurukshetra
(1)

poojalamba_aug27@yahoo.com,(3)deepaksood.uiet@gmail.com,

Abstract- In this paper a design of dual band frequency

reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna for WLAN application
has been proposed. Reconfigurablity provides the antenna the
ability to change its operating band and filter the interfering
signals. Moreover reconfigurabilty results in wide instantaneous
bandwidth. Reconfigurabilty achieved till date need impedance
matching circuitry for matching the different bands. Here a
frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna has been
proposed which need no impedance matching circuit. The
antenna is optimized at both the frequencies due to nesting of
two patches with overlapping feed point. The design has a
circular patch as a radiator, with a rectangular ring cut in
patch. With un-slotted circular patch the antenna resonates at
2.4GHz with percentage bandwidth of 4%. RF switches are
placed in the slot ring which is switched ON/OFF. When the
switches are ON the circular patch is main radiator with
resonance frequency of 2.4GHz and when the switches are OFF,
the inner rectangular patch is the main radiator, which resonate
at 5.6GHz with percentage bandwidth of 5.8%. The antenna
achieves a return loss of -28dB at 2.4 GHz and -40dB at 5.6
GHz. The parametric analysis of feed location, number of
switches, ground plane dimensions and height and slot width
has been presented. No impedance matching circuit is required
as antenna is optimized at both the frequencies due to nesting of
two patches with overlapping feed point.

Keyword - Microstrip patch antenna, RF switches,

Nesting, Frequency Reconfigurabliity, WLAN antenna
I.

INTRODUCTION

Reconfigurable antenna has not been limited to a particular

function but has transformed their functionality as per the
system requirement. In comparison to broadband antennas,
reconfigurable antennas offer many reward like compact
size, similar radiation patterns, and frequency selectivity
which support in reducing co-site interference and jamming.
Frequency reconfigurability can be achieved using chip
capacitor varactor diodes, switches like PIN diode and
MEMS [2-9]. Dual feed has been used to switch the
frequency of the antenna in [1]. In [2] U-slotted patch with
trimmer at the bottom is designed to make frequency
reconfigurable patch antenna. The value of capacitance of
trimmer cant be determined while turning. This problem can
be remove by using varactor diode as in [2]. Varactor diode
has been widely used for frequency tuning [3-7]. The
varactor diode results in continuous tuning and thus limited
tuning range. For discrete tuning the RF switches has been
employed [9-21]. In [10] PIN diode loaded in slot switch the
frequency depending on the state of the diode ON/OFF.
UWB reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna with ability to

switch independently ON/OFF 3 band notches has been

described in [11]. In [12] PIN diode make and break
connection with rectangular defected ground structure
resulting in change of frequency. This results in variation of
mode and thus different radiation pattern. In [13] PIN diode
is placed in between the main patch and an additional patch
of same patch, attaining frequency reconfigurability for Xband wireless communication. PIN diodes located in feed of
double C-slot patch antenna result in sh anthifting of
frequency on turning diodes ON/OFF is presented in [14]. In
[15] slit loaded patch with PIN diode in the slit results in
switchable patch antenna. Slot loaded patch with PIN diode
in the slot achieves frequency reconfigurability in [16] with
orthogonal modes resulting in dual band. MEMS switches
have outperform the PIN diode and FET in insertion loss,
power and Q factor for frequency tuning [17-21]. In [17]
hexagonal shaped patch with rectangular slot loaded with
switches results in multi band frequency antenna. Two
patches connected through MEMs switches results in
frequency tuning of 1.6:1 in [18]. In [19] a switchable V-slot
frequency reconfigurable patch antenna is presented which
resonate at two different frequencies depending on the
MEMS state in the slot. In [20] dual band frequency
reconfigurable patch antenna for WLAN applications using
MEMS switches in U-slot cut in the patch has been
presented. In [21] MEMS switches placed in pair of slot
loaded in the grounded plane has been presented. In this
paper a frequency reconfigurable nested patch antenna is
proposed. The switches loaded in the slot ring of the patch
switches the frequency of the antenna depending on their
state. The antenna is excited using coaxial probe [7]. The two
patches are nested in one another and arranged in such a
manner that their feed location overlap. Thus good
impedance matching is obtained for both frequencies. The
paper is divided into five sections. In Section II two antennas
at 2.4 GHz and 5.6GHz has been designed. In Section III the
design of reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna is
proposed. In Section IV the implementation of design and
results is done. In Section V effect of various parameters is
done. Finally the conclusion is given in section VI.
II.

PROBE FED PATCH ANTENNAS DESIGN

A. Circular Patch 2.4 GHz Antenna

The geometry of antenna is a circular patch built on Rogers
RT/Duroid-5880 substrate having dimensions of 52*62 mm2,
r=2.2 and substrate height of 2mm as shown in Fig 1. The
antenna is probe fed with resonating frequency of 2.4GHz.
The ground plane below the substrate has area of L g X Wg

=52X62 mm2 and patch of radius Rp=23.695mm. . The probe

feed has advantage of better gain, directivity, input
impedance matching and high bandwidth [8].

Name

XY Plot 2

m15.00 0.0000 2.7514

HFSSDesign1

ANSOFT

Curve Info
m1

dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='0deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='90deg'

0.00

dB
(G
ainT
otal)

-5.00

-10.00

-15.00

-20.00
-200.00

-150.00

-100.00

-50.00

0.00
Theta [deg]

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

Fig 3: Gain of 2.4GHz antenna

Radiation Pattern 1

HFSSDesign1

-30

dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='0deg'

30
0.00

Fig 1: Geometry of Probe Fed Antenna for 2.4 GHz

dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='90deg'

-5.00
-60

The return loss of the antenna is shown in Fig 2. The antenna

achieves a -10dB bandwidth of 96.4 MHz, which
corresponds to bandwidth percentage of 2.75%. The
minimum of S11 is obtained to be -50dB at 2.4 GHz. The
antenna has small higher order modes which can be
suppressed by increasing the feed width or introducing slits.
The patch antenna radiates normal to the patch surface, so
the elevation pattern for = 0 and =90 is evaluated. The
Fig 3 and Fig 4 shows the gain and radiation pattern of
antenna at 2.4 GHz for = 0 and =90. Maximum gain is
obtained is 2.75 dB for both = 0 and =90. Back lobe
radiation is sufficiently small and is measured to be 14dB.
XY Plot 1

0.00

-10.0000

-10.00

HFSSDesign1

-10.0000

Curve Info
dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup1 : Sweep1

ANSOFT

ANSOFT

Curve Info

60
-10.00
-15.00

-90

90

-120

120

-150

150
-180

Fig 4: Radiation Pattern of 2.4GHz antenna

B. Rectangular Patch 5.6 GHz Antenna

The rectangular patch microstrip patch antenna for 5.6GHz
antenna is shown in Fig 5. The patch and ground plane has
the area of 16.52X22.2mm2 and 52X62 mm2 respectively.
The substrate used is Rogers RT/Duroid-5880 with height
2mm and r = 2.2. The antenna is excited with coaxial probe
feed.

-20.00

Name

-30.00

d
B
(S
(W
a
v
e
P
o
rt1
,W
a
v
e
P
o
rt1
))

m1

2.4114 -50.7703

-40.00

m1

-50.00

-60.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00
Freq [GHz]

5.00

0.0964 MX1: 2.4610

MX2: 2.3646

Fig 2: Return Loss of 2.4GHz antenna

6.00

7.00

Fig 5: Geometry of Probe Fed Antenna for 5.6 GHz

The antenna has return loss of -41 dB at 5.6GHz as shown in

Fig 6. The -10dB bandwidth of the antenna is 282 MHz,
accounting to percentage bandwidth of 5%.

XY Plot 1

0.00

HFSSDesign1

ANSOFT

Curve Info

-5.00

dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1

-9.8992

-10.00
Name

-15.00

m1

-10.1149

5.6066 -41.2080

dB(S(W
avePort1,W
avePort1))

-20.00
-25.00

-30.00

-35.00
m1

-40.00

-45.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00
Freq [GHz]

5.00

6.00

7.00

0.2821 MX1: 5.7502

MX2: 5.4681

Fig 6: Return Loss of 5.6 GHz antenna

The gain and radiation pattern of the antenna at 5.6GHz is

shown in Fig 7 and Fig 8 respectively. The radiation pattern
is plotted for =0 and =90. The antenna has gain of
8.26dB. Back lobe radiation is sufficiently small and is
measured to be 12dB.
Name

III. FREQUENCY RECONFIGURABLE MICROSTRIP PATCH

ANTENNA

XY Plot 2

10.00 -4.0000 8.2918

m1

HFSSDesign1

The proposed design of frequency reconfigurable antenna is

based on the similar concept of [9]. The two antennas
designed in previous section are nested in one patch to make
it frequency reconfigurable. A rectangular ring slot is cut in
the circular patch of 2.4 GHz antenna. The antenna is feed
using coaxial probe. The probe feed has advantage of better
gain, directivity, input impedance matching and high
bandwidth [8]. Then switches are incorporated in the slot.
The state of the diodes defines the resonating frequency of
the antenna. When all the switches are ON the antenna
resonate at 2.4 GHz and when all the switches are OFF the
antenna resonate at 5.6 GHz. Both the patches are impedance
matched by overlapping the feed position of the two
antennas. The design of the proposed frequency
reconfigurable antenna is shown in Fig 7. The width of the
slot ring is 2mm and the eighteen switches are used. The
number of switches and the slot width is optimized through
simulation.

ANSOFT

Curve Info

m1

dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='5.6GHz' Phi='0deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='5.6GHz' Phi='90deg'

5.00

dB(GainTotal)

0.00

-5.00

-10.00

-15.00

Fig 9: Geometry of Patch for Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna

-20.00
-200.00

-150.00

-100.00

-50.00

0.00
Theta [deg]

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

IV. IMPLENTATION AND RESULTS

Fig 7: Gain of 5.6 GHz antenna

Name
m1
m2

Theta

Ang

Radiation Pattern 1

Mag

180.0000 180.0000 -12.3600

0.0000

0.0000

HFSSDesign1

8.2697

-30

dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='5.6GHz' Phi='0deg'

30
4.00

dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='5.6GHz' Phi='90deg'

-2.00
-60

60
-8.00
-14.00

-90

90
m1

-120

120

-150

ANSOFT

Curve Info

0
m2

150
-180

Fig 8: Radiation Pattern of 5.6GHz antenna

The design described in section 3 is implemented in HFSS.

The switches are placed at the four corners of the ring and at
the edges of slot ring. When all the switches are ON the
patch resonate at 2.4GHz and the main radiation mechanism
is the complete circular patch. The return loss at the 2.4 GHz
band is shown in Fig 10. The minimum S 11 at 2.4 GHz is
-28dB with -10dB bandwidth of 98.9 MHz accounting to %
bandwidth of 4.1%. The gain and radiation pattern at 2.4
GHz is shown in Fig13. The antenna obtains a gain of 2.425
dB and back lobe of -14dB. When all the switches are closed
the antenna shift the frequency to 5.6GHz. For this case the
main radiation mechanism is through rectangular patch at the
centre. The simulated return loss for 5.6GHz band is shown
in Fig 11. The minimum S 11 obtained is -40dB at 5.6 GHz
with -10dB bandwidth of 325MHz. The variation in the
return loss at both the frequencies is due to incorporation of
switches.

XY Plot 4

0.00

HFSSDesign1

XY Plotm15

ANSOFT

2.50

HFSSDesign1

Curve Info

0.00

-5.00

Name

m1

Name

2.4054 -28.8194

-10.00

dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='90deg'

-2.50

dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup1 : Sweep1

-10.0000

-10.0000

dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='0deg'

m1 -2.0000 2.4372

Curve Info

ANSOFT

-5.00
dB
(S
(W
ave
P
o
rt1
,W
ave
P
ort1))

-15.00

d
B
(G
a
in
T
o
ta
l)

-7.50

-20.00

-10.00

-12.50

-25.00
m1

-30.00

1.00

-15.00

2.00

3.00

4.00
Freq [GHz]

5.00

6.00

7.00

-17.50

MX1: 2.3593 0.0989

MX2: 2.4582

Fig 10: Return Loss of Proposed Antenna at 2.4GHz

-20.00
-200.00

XY Plot 1

0.00

HFSSDesign1

Name

dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup2 : Sw eep

-10.0000

-10.00

Name

m1

-100.00

-50.00

0.00
Theta [deg]

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

Fig 12: Gain of Proposed Antenna at 2.4GHz

Curve Info

-5.00

-150.00

ANSOFT

Theta

Ang

Mag

m1

0.0000 0.0000 2.4250

m2

180.0000 180.0000 -14.5229

Radiation Pattern 2

HFSSDesign1

Curve Info

m1

-10.0000

-30

dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptiv e
Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='0deg'

30
0.00

dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptiv e
Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='90deg'

5.6006 -40.9623

-15.00

ANSOFT

-5.00
-60

60

-20.00
dB
(S
(W
aveP
ort1,W
aveP
ort1))

-10.00

-25.00

-15.00

-30.00

-90

90
m2

-35.00
m1

-40.00

-120

-45.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00
Freq [GHz]

5.00

6.00

7.00

0.3275 MX1: 5.7672

MX2: 5.4397

-150

Theta

Ang

Mag

m1

0.0000

0.0000

8.1584

180.0000 180.0000 -12.8734

Fig 13: Radiation Pattern of Proposed Antenna at 2.4 GHz

Radiation Pattern 1

HFSSDesign1

0
m1

Curve Info

-30

ANSOFT

Name

XY Plot 2

HFSSDesign1

m1

30

dB(GainTotal)
Setup2 : LastAdaptive
Freq='5.6GHz' Phi='90deg'

-4.00

dB(GainTotal)
Setup2 : LastAdaptive
Freq='5.6GHz' Phi='0deg'

5.00

dB(GainTotal)
Setup2 : LastAdaptive
Freq='5.6GHz' Phi='90deg'

60
-11.00

ANSOFT

Curve Info

dB(GainTotal)
Setup2 : LastAdaptive
Freq='5.6GHz' Phi='0deg'

3.00

-60

10.00 0.0000 8.1584

m1

-0.00

-18.00

-90

-5.00

90
dB(GainTotal)

m2

150
-180

Fig 11: Return Loss of Proposed Antenna at 5.6GHz

Name

120

m2

-10.00

-120

120

-15.00
-150

150
-180

-20.00

Fig 15: Radiation Pattern of Proposed Antenna at 5.6 GHz

-25.00
-200.00

-150.00

-100.00

-50.00

0.00
Theta [deg]

50.00

100.00

Fig 14: Gain of Proposed Antenna at 5.6GHz

150.00

200.00

V. EFFECT OF VARIATION OF PARAMETERS

A. Effect of Variation in Slot Width

The width of slot ring is varied and optimized to obtain best
results. As observed from Fig 16 and Fig17, the variation in
slot width results in variation of frequency with return loss,
the increase in slot width results in increase of return loss at
5.6 GHz and for 2.4 GHz small variation is observed. The
best value of slot width is 2mm. The Table 1 gives the
variation of return loss and frequency with slot width.
XY Plot 7

0.00

Name

-12.50

HFSSDesign1

point results in change in the return loss with small change in

the resonant frequency. The feed distance is optimized to
4.5mm from the feed of circular patch. The Table 2 gives
the variation of return loss at 5.6GHz with feed location.
Table II
Variation of Feed Distance

Feed Distance(mm)
3
4
4.5
5
6

ANSOFT

fr2 (GHz)
5.8
5.67
5.6
5.5
5.4

RL (dB)
-14
-21
-40
-20
-8

Curve Info

m1

5.5165 -28.1066

m2

5.5526 -35.5675

m3

5.5766 -60.5767

m4

5.6006 -40.9623

-25.00

dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup2 : Sweep
slot_w id='1.4mm'

dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup2 : Sweep
slot_w id='1.8mm'

dB(S(W
avePort1,W
avePort1))

XY Plot 9

0.00

dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup2 : Sweep
slot_w id='1.6mm'

-5.00

Curve Info

-10.00

dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup2 : Sw eep
feed_dis t='6mm'

m1

dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup2 : Sweep
slot_w id='2mm'

m2

-37.50

Name

-15.00

m4

dB(S(W
avePort1,W
avePort1))

-20.00

-50.00

m1

5.4024 -8.6782

m2

5.5405 -20.0476

m3

5.6006 -40.9623

m4

5.6727 -21.3879

m5

5.8348 -14.9841

ANSOFT

m1

dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup2 : Sw eep
feed_dis t='5mm'

m5

dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup2 : Sw eep
feed_dis t='4.5mm'

m2
m4

dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup2 : Sw eep
feed_dis t='4mm'
dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup2 : Sw eep
feed_dis t='3mm'

-25.00

m3

HFSSDesign1

-30.00

-62.50
1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00
Freq [GHz]

5.00

6.00

7.00

-35.00

Fig 16: Effect of Variation in Slot Width at 5.6GHz

m3

-40.00

XY Plot 8

0.00

HFSSDesign1

ANSOFT

-45.00
1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00
Freq [GHz]

5.00

6.00

7.00

Fig 18: Effect of Variation in Feed Distance for 5.6 GHz Antenna

-5.00

Name

dB(S(W
avePort1,W
avePort1))

-10.00

C. Effect of Variation in Ground Plane Height

The variation n height of ground plane results in variation of
return loss at both the frequencies. As observed from Fig 19,
though the increase in height result in increase of return loss
at 5.6 GHz but at 2.4GHz it varies very less. The best value
of height of ground plane for both the frequencies is .1mm as
shown in Table 3.

m1

2.4054 -29.1396

Curve Info

m2

2.4054 -29.6304

m3

2.3874 -27.1319

dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
slot_wid='1.4mm'

m4

2.4054 -28.8194

dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
slot_wid='1.6mm'

-15.00

dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
slot_wid='1.8mm'
dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
slot_wid='2mm'

-20.00

Table III
Variation of Ground Plane Height

-25.00
m3
m4
m1
m2

-30.00
1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00
Freq [GHz]

5.00

6.00

7.00

Fig 17: Effect of Variation in Slot Width at 2.4GHz

TABLE 1
Variation of Slot Width

Slot Width
(mm)
1.4
1.6
1.8
2

fr1
(GHz)
2.4
2.4
2.38
2.4

RL
(dB)
-29
-29
-27
-28

fr2 ( GHz)

RL(dB)

5.5
5.5
5.7
5.6

-28
-35
-60
-40

B. Effect of Variation inFfeed Distance

The effect of variation in feed location of inner rectangular
patch is shown in Fig 17. The feed location of circular patch
for 2.4 GHz is fixed and the feed distance for rectangular
patch is varied. As shown in the figure the variation in feed

Height(mm)
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.1
1

fr1
(GHz)
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4

RL
(dB)
-28
-27
-29
-28
-29

fr2 (GHz)

RL (dB)

5.6
5.5
5.6
5.6
5.6

-40
-37
-42
-56
-45

XY Plot 11

0.00

HFSSDesign1

VI. CONCLUSION

ANSOFT

A frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna for

WLAN has been presented. The radiating patch is nested
with rectangular patch in which PIN diodes are inserted. The
PIN diodes are turned ON/OFF to tune frequency 2.4 GHz
and 5.6 GHz with return loss of -28dB and 40dB with
%BW of 4.12% and 5.84% respectively. No additional
circuit is required for impedance matching.

-10.00

-20.00

Y1

-30.00

REFERENCES

Curve Info

-40.00

dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
ht='0.01mm'

[1]

dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
ht='0.02mm'

-50.00

[2]

-60.00
1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00
Freq [GHz]

5.00

6.00

7.00

Fig 19: Effect of Variation in Ground Plane Height

[4]

D. Effect of Variation of Number of Switches

A parametric analysis of number of switches has been done.
The number of switches has been optimized to achieve the
minimum return loss. The Table4 shows the variation of
number of switches. The results show that with eighteen
switches result in minimum return loss at both the
frequencies.
XY Plot 32

0.00

[3]

HFSSDesign1

ANSOFT

-5.00

[5]

[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]

Curve Info
dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))_1
Imported

-10.00

[10]

-20.00

[11]

Y
1

-15.00

-25.00

[12]

-30.00

-35.00

[13]

-40.00

[14]

-45.00
1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00
Freq [GHz]

5.00

6.00

7.00

[15]

Fig 20: Effect of Variation of Number of Switches

[16]

TABLE VI
Variation of Number of Switches

No. of
switches
8
10
12
14
16
18

fr1(GHz)

RL(dB)

fr2(GHz)

RL(dB)

2.2
2.38
2.36
2.39
2.39
2.4

-18
-27
-23
-25
-26
-28

5.58
5.6
5.59
5.6
5.6
5.6

-33
-38
-36
-35
-40
-40.9

[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]

Pramendra Tilanthe et al, A New Dual Band Frequency

Reconfigurable Antenna, ELECTRO, pp 310-312, 2009.
Shing-Lung Steven Yang et al, Frequency Reconfigurable USlot Microstrip Patch Antenna, IEEE Antenna And Wireless
Propagation Letters, Vol. 7, pp 127-129, 2008.
Nishamol M.S. et al, Dual Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip
Antenna using Varactor Diodes, IEEE, 2011
M.A.Alkanhal et al A Novel Dual Band Reconfigurable Square
Ring Microstrip Antenna, PIER, Vol. 70, pp (337-349), 2007.
Junying Liu et al, Compact Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna
for Multi-Band Wireless Applications, IEEE International
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