GEOLOGICALJOURNAL, VOL.

25,227-238 (1990)

Granitoids: main petrogenetic classifications in relation to origin and

tectonic setting
BERNARD BARBARIN
Laboratoirede Petrographie- Volcanologie, Universite Paris-Sud,Bit. 504, F-9 1405 Orsay Cedex, France

Comparison of the twenty most frequently used petrogenetic classifications of granitoids is summarized using petrography, nature and abundance of enclaves, mineralogy, major and trace element, and isotope geochemistry. This
comparison indicates considerable agreement between most authors concerning the main divisions. Differences result
either from different genetic models or from the weighting of the criteria used, such as nature of the source, relative
proportions of crustal and mantle contributions, magmatic processes, and types of emplacement. In the classification
proposed here, three main groups of granitoids correspond respectively to a crustal, a mantle, o r a mixed (crustal
and mantle) origin of the magmas. Each of these main groups is subdivided into two o r three types. Distinct petrographic,
mineralogical, and chemical characteristics result from differences in the origin and tectonic setting of the granitoid
magmas. Consequently, granitoids with well-defined petrographic, mineralogical, chemical features and ages may
provide information on the changes of tectonic settings with space, time, or both, i.e. they may be used as geotectonic
tracers.
KEY WORDS Granitoids Classifications Petrogenesis Origins Sources Tectonic settings

1. INTRODUCTION
Since Read (1956) has pointed out that there are granites and granites, many geologists have tried to
distinguish and classify the various types of granitoids. The first classifications of granitoids were bimodal
(e.g. intrusive vs autochthonous granitoids: Raguin 1957; orogenic vs anorogenic: Martin and Piwinskii
1972; leucogranites vs monzogranites-granodiorites: Didier and Lameyre 1969; I-type vs S-type: Chappell
and White 1974; ilmenite-series vs magnetite-series: Ishihara 1977) and did not reflect the complexity of
granites. This complexity is indicated by the diversity of their origins, sources, subsequent processes (melting,
mixing or mingling, differentiation, contamination, assimilation, . . .), and intrusive or autochthonous nature
in various tectonic settings.
The majority of classifications are based on the petrogenesis of granitoids which still remains a subject
of controversy. The multiplicity and diversity of these classifications arise from the different petrogenetic
models used and the discrimination criteria selected. Furthermore, most classifications were erected on
a parochial basis so that undue emphasis is likely and the classification may be of limited general value.
At first sight there appears to be no clear correlation between the many petrogenetic classifications of
granitoids.
On the other hand, there is a general consensus in using the purely descriptive nomenclature of granitoid
rocks suggested by Streckeisen (1967, 1976) and which led to designating the same name to granitoids
with similar relative proportions of felsic minerals (quartz, plagioclase, and alkaline feldspar) irrespective
of any genetic implication.
The aim of this report is to compare the twenty most frequently used petrogenetic classifications of
granitoids, and to point out the petrographic, mineralogical, and chemical characteristics of each. The
strong relationship between the types of:granitoids, their origin and tectonic setting is also discussed.
0072-1 050/90/040227-12$06.00
0 1990 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

228

B . BARBARIN

2. COMPARISON OF THE MAIN PETROGENETIC CLASSIFICATIONS OF GRANITOIDS

Attempts to compare petrogenetic classifications (e.g. Takahashi el al. 1980; Didier et al. 1982; Bowden
et a/. 1984) are limited and indicate that the most used ones (Didier and Lameyre 1969; Chappell and
White 1974; Ishihara 1977) have many points in common, though the groupings are not coincident. Correspondence between the various classifications are shown in Table 1. The criteria used include rock type,
type and abundance of enclaves, mineral assemblages, textural relations, major elements and isotope geochemistry, geological environment, and tectonic setting.
In almost all classifications, alkaline and peralkaline granitoids are separated from calc-alkaline, peraluminous, or metaluminous granitoids. Tholeiitic granitoids are also readily distinguished from the other
granitoids. Most authors distinguish three groups of granitoids that broadly correspond to the three possible
sources: crustal, mantle-derived, or mixed. The petrogenetic model proposed by White and Chappell(l977,
1983) differs from the others in that it relates all types of granitoids to distinct sources in the continental
crust. However, their four types (S, I. M, and A) exhibit similarities with the crustal, mixed, mantle-derived
tholeiitic and mantle-derived alkaline granitoids, respectively, of the other classifications (Table 1). The
transition from crustal to mixed-origin granitoids is the most poorly defined and most authors are not
able to fix a precise limit. In some classifications, the transition is represented by a special type of granitoids
of a dominantly crustal origin, and characterized by scarce mafic magmatic enclaves indicating a slight
participation of a mantle-derived component. Many so-called S-type granitoids belong to this type. In
addition, one or two other types of exclusively crustal origin have been proposed (e.g. Tauson and Kozlov
1973; Pupin 1980; Tischendorf and Palchen 1985). Despite a natural continuum, granitoids of mixed-origin
are frequently divided into two distinct groups (e.g. Orsini 1976, 1979; Pupin 1981; La Roche, 1986).

3. ORIGIN AND TECTONIC SETTING

Apart from White and Chappell (1977, 1983), most petrologists agree that granitoids do not originate
exclusively in the crust and that the mantle may also participate (e.g. Didier and Lameyre 1969; Kistler
et a/. 1971; Hietanen 1973; Brown 1977; Leake et al. 1980; DePaolo 1981; Didier el al. 1982; Pitcher
1983). The existence of oceanic plagiogranites (Coleman and Peterman 1975; Coleman and Donato 1979)
and alkaline granites (Lameyre et a/. 1976) suggests that the presence of the continental crust is not essential
to the genesis of certain granitoids: here the upper mantle is the only source. Encratonic alkaline granitoids
have identical features to oceanic alkaline granitoids and also originate exclusively in the upper mantle
(Lameyre et al., 1982). Other granitoids do not originate exclusively in the continental crust or in the
upper mantle. The majority of the orogenic granitoids originate at the crust-mantle interface and involve
crust and mantle-derived components, the relative proportions varying in the different hybrid granitoids.
Three main petrogenetic groups of granitoids can be distinguished: an almost exclusively crustal orogenic
group (C-group), a hybrid orogenic granitoid group with mixed-origin, both crustal and mantle-derived
(H-group), and an exclusively mantle-derived anorogenic granitoid group (T- or A-group) (e.g. Pupin
1980; Xu Keqin et ul. 1982).
Crustal granitoids are produced by melting of crustal materials due to tectonic thickening of the continental crust in an orogenic belt. The upper mantle may supply materials to hybrid granitoids and certainly
provides the heat necessary to melt the base of the crust and to trigger the various processes of interaction
between the crustal and mantle-derived components. Mantle-derived granitoids result from extreme fractionation of upper mantle magmas. Even in the up-doming or rifting zones of the continents, the contamination during transport of magma through the thinned crust and its emplacement into the upper levels
may be negligible (Pitcher et id. 1985).
Major element geochemistry reflects the pctrogenesis of the three contrasted groups of granitoids.
On the basis of Shands (1943) and Lacroixs (1933) chemical classifications, crustal granitoids are calcalkaline and peraluminous, mixed-origin granitoids are calc-alkaline and metaluminous whereas mantle-

229

PETROGENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF GRANITOIDS

Tdhic I . Comparison of the niiiin pctrogenetic classilications of granitoids. Leading criteria uscd hy the authors arc prcciscd. This table permits correlations hetween the divisions proposed in the dif'ferent classification\. ( M . A . o r A.M.: magmatic ataociauons).

MM-IYPI

(K-ILPI

MS-TYI'I

MDTYPI

230

B. BARBARIN

derived granitoids are alkaline or peralkaline (Tables 1 and 2). The scarce tholeiitic granitoids belong
to the mantle-derived group (Table 2).
The differences between the three types of peraluminous crustal granitoids (C-type) listed in Table 2
are due to the nature of the source, the degree of partial melting, the possible addition of small amounts
of mantle-derived component, and the intrusive character. Two C-types are intrusive granitoids, the
third type consists of cordierite-bearing and locally muscovite-bearing granitoids that are (sub)autochthonous and may be genetically associated with migmatites (e.g. Cooma granodioritic pluton in the Lachlan
Fold Belt of Southeastern Australia (Joplin 1942; Flood and Vernon 1978); granitoids of the Velay Anatectic
Dome in the Variscan Mobile Belt of Western Europe (Didier 1964; Dupraz and Didier 1988). The cordieritebearing granitoids (or S-type: Chappell and White 1974) are contrasted with the two-mica leucogranites
(Lameyre rt al. 1989) as indicated by the controversy over whether the two-mica granites from the Peninsular
Range Batholith are S-type granitoids or not (e.g. Todd and Shaw 1985; White et al. 1986).
The two types of hybrid calc-alkaline granitoids of mixed-origin (H-type) show different trends in the
(K,O+Na,O) vs SiOz diagram (Orsini 1976; Barrikre 1977; Lameyre et al. 1982) and the difference in
their relative K,O and CaO contents confirms the distinction between them. The potassium-richkalciumpoor hybrid granitoids consist mainly of magnetite-free monzogranites with dominant crustal component
whereas the potassium-poorkalcium-rich ones consist mainly of magnetite-bearing granodiorites and tonalites with dominant mantle-derived component.
The mantle-derived granitoids are tholeiitic and alkaline and are readily distinguished in most chemical
diagrams and in the various petrogenetic classifications (Table 1). Tholeiitic granitoids (T-type) are scarce
(from 1 to 2 per cent of granitoid rocks) whereas alkaline granitoids (A-type) are common.
Strong correlations between the types of granitoids and tectonic settings have been pointed out by
Streckeisen (1970), Martin and Piwinski (1972), Pearce et al. (1984), Pitcher (1983, 1987), Lameyre (1988),
and Pupin (1988). The tectonic setting of the different granitoid types are shown in Table 2.
Most crustal granitoids occur where there is a continent+ontinent collision. Two-mica intrusivegranitoids
are generated and emplaced along major shear and thrust zones active during the culmination of collision
events. The shortening and tectonic thickening of the continental crust induce the melting of crustal material
and production of monzonitic and granodioritic peraluminous magmas. Locally, addition of small amounts
of a mantle-derived component may provide enough energy to make these peraluminous magmas mobile
and allow them to intrude high levels of the crust. Chemical differences between the two types of calc-alkaline
metaluminous granitoids of mixed-origin also reflect their intrusion into two different tectonic settings.
Potassium-rich hybrids are produced by injection of mantle-derived magmas into thick continental crust
during the period of relaxation and uplift that follows a collision event. They often indicate the change
from a compressional to an extensional regime. On the other hand, potassium-poor hybrid granitoids
are generated and emplaced above subduction zones where the continental crust is relatively thin. Close
to the trench, island arc tholeiitic granitoids of mantle origin are present. Scarce tholeiitic granitoids
are associated with basalts exclusively in the mid-ocean ridges, while alkaline granitoids form plutonic
complexes in both oceanic and continental rift and up-doming zones. Alkaline granitoids are commonly
emplaced in subsiding cauldrons, often forming the roots of huge within-plate alkaline volcanoes (Bonin
1986).
The classification in Table 2 underlines the close relationship between the origin of granitoids and
tectonic setting:
CST(Crustal Shearing and Thrusting) groups: intrusive two-mica leucogranites associated with major
crustal movement occurring during a collisional event.
CCAand CcI (Crustal Collisional Autochthonous or Intrusive) group: peraluminous, either autochthonous or intrusive, biotite-rich and alumina-silicate-bearing granitoids formed during a collisional event.
HLO(Hybrid Late Orogenic) groups: calc-alkaline, potassic and often K-feldspar-porphyritic monzogranites emplaced during post-collisional uplift.
HcA (Hybrid Continental Arc) groups: hornblende-rich, calc-alkaline granodiorites and tonalites
emplaced in a continental margin above an active subduction zone.

GRANITOID TYPES

Potassic Calc-Alkaline granitoids

(High K - Low Ca)

MIXED ORIGIN
(Crust + Mantle)

THOLEIITIC, ALKALINE
OR PERALKALINE ROCKS

MANTLE ORIGIN

Alkaline and Peralkaline Granitoids

Midocean Ridge Tholeiitic Granitoids

Island Arc Tholeiitic Granitoids

Calc-Alkaline Granitoids
(Low K-High Ca)

Peraluminous Intrusive Granitoids

METALUMINOUS
OR CALC-ALKALINE ROCKS

Peraluminous Autochtonous Granitoids

Intrusive Two-mica Leucogranites

PERALUMINOUS ROCKS

CRUSTAL ORIGIN

- ORIGIN -

IAl

HCA

ZONES

RIFTING OR DOMING

ZONES

SUBDUCTION

ZONES

POST-COLLISION

OR

COLLISION

- TECTONIC SETTING -

Table 2. Proposed classification obtained from the comparison of the main petrogenetic classification of granitoids. Relationships between
petrogenetic types of granitoids, origins of the magmas, and tectonic settings. (See text for signification of the initials used to designate
the petrogenetic types).

232

B . BARBARIN

Table 3. Some representative examples of the petrogenetic types of the proposed classification
High Himalaya Leucogranitic Plutons
Le Fort (1975. 1981 i
Limousine two-mica leucogranitic plutons, Massif Central, France
Lmneyre (1966, 1988)
South Armoricaii Leucogranitic Plutons, Brittany, France
Strong und H r m n w (1981); Bernard-Grifiths et cd. (1985)
Koetong Suite Peraluminous Granites, Northeastern Victoria, Australia
Pricc ( 1983)
Granitoids of the Velay Anatectic Dome, Massif Central, France
Didier (1964j ;Dupraz and Didier ( 1 988)
Cooma granodioritic pluton. New South Wales, Australia
Joplin ( 1942):Flood and Vernon (1978)
Granitoids of the Cornubian Batholith, Southwestern England
Exley it ul. ( 1983)
Margeride granodioritic pluton, Massif Central, France
Couturih ( I 977)
Gueret composite pluton. Massif Central, France
Y m d i d k und L ~ i n q w(1983); Vuuclirllc~( 1988)
Bundarra Plutonic Suite, New England Batholith, Australia
Flood und Slrcoc~( 1975, 1977)
Most Caledonian Granitoid plutons of Grampians. Scotland, and Donegal,
Northern Ireland
Htrllidq et NI. (1979);Brown et 01. (1981);
I-itc,licrund Bo;ycr ( 1972)
North Arniorican Red Granitoid Plutons, Brittany, France
BmriPre ( I 977)
Monzonitic granitoids of the Montagne-Bourbonnaise Batholith,
Massif Central, France
Brrrhmrin (1983);Burhcrriri crnd Pin (1988)
Balagne-type granitoid plutons of the Corsica-Sardinia Batholith
Orsitii ( I 980) ;I q o r t E ( 1987)
Granitoids of the Sierra Nevada Batholith, California
Bateriiun (1983, 1989); Hill c f (11. ( 1988)
Granitoids ofthe Andean Batholiths
Pitcher et crl. (1985)
Limousine Tonalite Belt, Massif Central, France
BPriicrrrl-Gr~~~itli~s
P I ul. (1985): PcvjjfiJr(1986 j
Finger Bay pluton, Aleutian Arc, Alaska
KUJ,c>t id. ( 1983)
Uasilau-Yau Yau Intrusive Complex, New Britain, Papua New Guinea
Wlirrlen (1985)
Plagiogranites of thc Indian Ocean Ridge System, Western Indian Ocean
Eiigrl crnd Fisher (1975); H d g c tt ul. (1979)
Granitoids of the Niger-Nigeria Alkaline Province, Africa
Bowden und Turnrr (1974)
Granitoids of the Corsican Alkaline Province, France
Bonin ( 1986)

TI,,and TOR
(Tholeiitic Island Arc and Tholeiitic Oceanic Ridge) group: tholeiitic granitoids associated
with island arc or oceanic ridge volcanics.
A (Alkaline) group: anorogenic, alkaline (and exceptionally peralkaline), perthite-rich and frequently
alkaline amphibole- and pyroxene-bearing granitoids associated with encratonic up-doming or rifting.
The classification explicitly relates the origin and tectonic setting of the various types of granitoids
and differs from those based on petrographic types (e.g. Didier and Lameyre 1969), chemical features
(e.g. Debon and Le Fort 1983, 1988), origins (c.g. Capdevila e t a / . 1973), or orogens (Pitcher 1983).

PETROGENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF GRANITOIDS

233

4. FEATURES OF THE PETROGENETIC TYPES

Examples of the petrogenetic types distinguished here are given in Table 3 and the main petrographic,
mineralogical, and chemical features of these are shown in Tables 4, 5, and 6. Tholeiitic granitoids from
island arc (TIA) show features similar to those of calc-alkaline granitoids from continental arc (HCA) and
are not included in these tables.
Table 4 summarizes the petrographic types (after Streckeisen 1967, 1976), the associated rocks and
the enclave characteristics (after Didier 1973, 1983) of each suggested type.
Major and accessory minerals may also characterize the various types of granitoids (Table 5). Muscovite,
aluminium-silicates, monazite, garnet, and tourmaline are present in crustal granitoids while hornblende,
pyroxene, sphene, and magnetite occur in mixed and mantle-derived granitoids. Although biotite and
zircon are present in all types, the chemical composition of biotite and the morphology of zircons are
excellent indicators of the petrogenetic type of the granitoids (Nachit et a/. 1985; Pupin 1980). The chemical
difrerences between the various types of granitoids are shown in Table 6. However, as large variations
occur within each type, it is difficult to define a petrogenetic type using geochemistry alone. Even the
isotopes that mainly reflect the sources and differentiation processes should be used with caution to distinguish various granitoids types.
It can be seen from Tables 4-6 that some criteria are more diagnostic of certain granitoids than others.
Although a single criterion such as enclave nature and abundance, mineral associations, zircon morphology,
or biotite chemistry may be sufficient to type an isolated granitoid or a suite of granitoids, an overall
study that integrates the complete set of criteria is necessary in most cases particularly where the typed
granitoids will be used as geotectonic tracers.

5. DISCUSSION
Although the divisions of the classification suggested here may be helpful, they are artificial and some
granitoids will have features of more than one type. Mixed source and diversity of processes may produce
large variations within each type. Thus, French geologists define a particular type of Hybrid Late Orogenic
granitoids that they called subalkaline type (Barriere 1977; Orsini 1979; Page1 and Leterrier 1980; Pupin
1981). They use subalkaline not as nonalkaline but as almost alkaline. The Ploumanach plutonic
complex in northern Brittany is an excellent example of this type: this plutonic complex is made up of
calc-alkaline potassic granitoids of normal HLOtype but it shares some features, such as the type of
emplacement, with the alkaline type (Barriere 1977). The subalkaline type is intermediate between the
H I ~ otype and the A type, and is related to a transition from a late orogenic compressional to an extensional
tectonic regime. Furthermore, extreme differentiation leads to the convergence of the magmatic suites
from different types towards granitic compositions (Lameyre et al. 1982) often with strongly peraluminous
chemical character (Miller 1985).
Several types of granitoids may be associated in the same area, e.g. most orogenic types are present
in the French Massif Central (Table 3 ) . The association and succession of the various types may be spatial,
chronological, or both (Lameyre 1988). In the Andes, there is a spacial transition from a TIA type, through
a H C A type, to a HLO type, to A type from the trench towards the continent (Pitcher et al. 1985). In
the French Massif Central, there is a time-based transition from H C A type, through Crustal types, to
a HLo type (Lameyre 1988). In Sonora, the succession from H C A type, through CSTtype, to HLo type,
to A type, is related in space and time (Richard et al. 1989). Successions of types are indicative of an
evolving geotectonic environment such as the transition from mobile belts to cratons, and the fragmentation
of cratons to form mobile belts.
Well-defined granitoid types may be used as geotectonic tracers to reconstruct past geodynamic conditions,
albeit with caution because some granitoids may result from local conditions in a general scheme of geodynamic setting (Lameyre 1988).

(0:

Metasedimentary xenoliths
Qz f Sill f Cord k Gt

xxx

Mafic Hb-bear. xenoliths

PI f Qz f AIkF. + Cpx + Opx

xx

xxx

xx

Andesites
8~Dacites
Gabbros
(in large
amounts)

Acid lavas
(Tuffs)
Qz diorites
Gabbros
(Appinites)

xxxx

(No restites)

0
X

xx
xxx
X

Gabbros
(in large
amounts)

Alkaline lavas

Alk. gr.
Alk. syen.
Syenites
Granites
(Gabbros)
(Anorth.)

Olivine-bearing
Tholeites
Gabbros
(in large
amounts)

Plagiogr.
Trondjhem.
Tonalites
Gabbros

(Granites)
Granodior.
Tonalites
Gabbros

TOR

HCA

xxx

QZ diorites
(Vaugnerites)

(Leucogr .)
Granites
Granodior.
Qz diorites

HLO

Migmatites
Anatexites

(Leucogr.)
Granites
Granodior.
(Qz diorites)

cc,

xx

absent-x: rare; x x: frequent; x x x: abundant).

Chappell & White

Mafic M. E.
Restites of

Enclaves
Xenoliths
Restites
Felsic M. E.

Mafic

Magma mixing

Volcanic

Leucogr.
Granites
Granodior.

Leucogr.
(Granites)

Petrographic
types

Assoc. rocks
Metamorphic

CCA

cST

Petrography

Table 4.Main petrographic features of the petrogenetic types of the classification

>

?
m
>
s

h,

235

PETROGENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF GRANITOIDS

Table 5. Main mineralogical features of the petrogenetic types of the classification

Minerals
Biotite
Muscovite
Cordierite
Sill .-And.
Hornblende
Pyroxene

cCA

CCI

HL0

HCA

xxx
xx
xxx
xx

xxx

xxx

xx

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

xxx
xx

xxx
xx

alk. amph.
alk. pyr.

xxx

xxx
xx
xx
xx

xxx
xx

xx
xxx

xx
xxx

xx
xxx

xx
xxx

xx

0
0
X

xxx
0
0

Apatite
Zircon
Monazite
Garnet
Tourmaline
AIIanite
Sphene

X
X

xx
xxx

Ilmenite
Magnetite
Plag.-An ' A
(0:
absent; x:

cST

xx
xx

xx
xxx

A
xx

xx

xx

xx

xx
xx

0-20

15-40

15-40

15-30

20-50

20-50

0-10

rare; x x : frequent; x x x: abundant).

Table 6. Main major elements and isotopes features of the petrogenetic types of the classification
Chemistry

A > CNK

Alumina Index
AI'KCN (molar)
A1201

CaO
Na,O
KlO
FeO' MgO MnO
Fe?+/Fe3++Fe?f

FeO'iFeO'

+ MgO

X7Sr/x6Sr

CCI

CCA

cST

> 1.1

xxx

xxx

xx
X

xx
xx
xx

xx
xxx
xx

< 0.8

< 0.8
> 0.7 15

< 0.8
> 0.708

0.706 to
0.760
-4t0-17
t lOto

-8t0-9

+ 14
-

HCA

TOR

CNK > A > NK

< 1.1

CNK
= 1.1

xxx
XX

HLO

xx
xx
xx
xxx
xx

xx
xxx
xx
xx
xxx

-6to-5)

+ 10 to + 13
12 to + 2

xx
xx
xxx
X

xx

X
X

xxx
xxx
xx

xxx

xxx

xx

> 0.8

> 0.8

0.706 to
0.708

< 0.704

0.704 to
0.712

1.0

0.706 to
0.712

A<NK
alkaline

< 0.8

xx
0.8

-410 - 9
+ S t o f 10

+ 5 to + 20

(x: low; x x : medium; x x x: high).

6. CONCLUSIONS
Granitoids may be divided into three main groups corresponding to three distinct origins: crustal, mantlederived, and mixed (both crustal and mantle). These groups are further subdivided into two o r three
types. In the proposed classification, petrographic, mineralogical, and chemical features are used as criteria
to type granitoids. The difrerent types in the classification also correspond to distinct tectonic settings.
Because of the strong link between petrogenetic types of granitoids, origin of the magmas, and tectonic
settings, granitoids correctly typed and with well-defined ages may constrain the evolution and development
of the continental crust through geological times.

236

8 . BARBARIN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to Michael Atherton for his invitation to the Symposium celebrating Wally Pitcher's 70th
Birthday, which incited me to write this paper. My interest in petrogenetic classifications of granitoids
was stimulated by Wallace Pitcher when I was a visiting scientist at Liverpool University. This paper
benefitted from many discussions with him, Jean Didier, Paul Bateman, Bernard Bonin, Jean BCbien,
and many other colleagues. Helpful comments and suggestions were received from Jean Didier. Careful
reviews by Wallace Pitcher and Michael Atherton largely improved the earlier version of the manuscript.

REFERENCES
Barbarin, B. 1983. Les grunites curhonif6re.F (lu Fore: Septmtrionul (Mcrssif C'cv/rcrl frtmqtris). Typologie et relrtions entre 1s. cl$fie'rents
m ~ s . s i j i Thesis.
.
University of C'lermont-Ferrant 11, 177 pp,
___ and Pin, C. 1988. Origine des granites du horst du Forez. 12c R . S .T., Lille, p. 9, Societe Geologique de France Ed.
Barribre, M. 1977. Le cowiplexe de Plournuncrc '11, M(/.r.cIf'Arnioricuin. ( E w i i sur Iu mise en place et l'e'volution pP/rologiyue cl'une
u.woci(rtiori plutoniyuc~sub-ulculine tcrrdi-orcigPniyue) . Thesis, Brest, 200 pp,
Bateman, P. C. 1983. A summary of critical relations in the central part o f t h e Sierra Nevada Batholith, California. U.S.A. Geologicul
Society of Anioricu Miwioir, 159, 241-254.
_ _ _ 1989. Constitution and genesis of the central part of the Sierra Nevada Batholith, California. Openjile report, 88-382,
( U..S.(i.S.
Pro/. Puper, 1483).
Bernard-Griffiths, J., Gebauer, D., Grunenfelder, and M. Pihoule, M. 1985. The tonalite belt of Limousin (French Massif Central):
U-Pb zircon age and geotectonic implications. Bullctin c k lcr SociPtc; Gkhgiyuc, cle Frcmcr. I . 523-529.
--__
, Peucat, J. J., Sheppard, S., and Vidal, Ph. 1985. Petrogenesis of Hercyiiian leucogranites from the southern Armorican
Massif contribution of KEE and isotopic (Sn, Nd, Pb and 0 ) geochemical data to the study of source rock characteristics
and ages. Grrth cuid Pltuietcrry Scicvice Lr//crs,74, 235 250.
Bonin, B. 1986. Ring Conip1r.u Grtmites mid Anorogmic Mugrnufi.wi.North Oxford Academic Publ. Ltd. 188 pp,
Bowden, P. and Turner, D. C. 1974. Peralkaline and associated ring-complexes in the Nigeria-Niger province, west Africa. In:
Sorensen, H. (Ed.), The Alkulinc. Rocks. John Wiley & Sons. 330-351.
___, Batchelor, R. A., Chappell, B. W., Didier, J., and Lameyre, S. 1984. Petrological, geochemical and source criteria for
the classification of granite rocks: a discussion. Plij.vics o/ the Eurtli crnd Phietrrry 1ntrrior.s. 35, 1-1 I ,
Brown, G. C. 1977. Mantle origin of Cordilleran granites. Nuturr, London, 265,21-24.
_ _ _ , Cassidy, J., Locke, C. A. Plant, J. A., and Simpson, P. R. 1981. Caledonian plutonism in Britain. A summary. Journtrl
o/'Gcwplij,sic,ulRc.rcwrch, 86, 10502~105 14.
Capdcvila, R., C'orretgb, G., and Floor, P. 1973. Les Granitoidcs varisques de la Meseta Ibtrique. Bulletin de ltr Socie'rP Ghologiyue
rle Frorice, XV, 209-228
___ and Floor, P. 1970. Les differents types de granites hercyniens et leur distribution dans le NW de I'Espagne. Boletin cle
Gc~ologicij' Mrnwulogid, Espana, 81, 215-225.
Chappell, B. W. and White, A. J. R. 1974. Two contrasting grariite typcs. Poc(/ilic~Grolog.v, 8, 173-174.
Coleman, R. G. and Donato, M. M. 1979. Oceanic plagiogranites revisited. 1ri: Barker. F. (Ed.), Trond~jemites,cloci/es crnd r e l r t d
riick.~.Elsevier. Amsterdam, 149 168.
-__ and Pcterman, 2. E. 1975. Oceanic plagiogranites. Joimulo/ Gruphysiccrl Rcsrcrrch. 80, 1099-1 108.
C:ollins, W. J., Beams, S. D., White, A. J. R., and Chappell, B. W. 1982. Nature and origin of A-type granites with particular
reference to Southeastern Australia. Contrihutiori f o Minrrcrlogj, und Pr,trokigy, 80, 180-200.
Couturib, -J. P. 1977. Le massif granitique de la Margeride (Massif Central Franqais). Anrides cle Irr Frrculricles Sciences de I'UnivrrsirP
(if7C1~'~nioiit
F'd+62, 320 pp.
Czamanske, G . K., Ishihara, S., and Atkin, S. A. 1981. Chemistry of rock-forming minerals of the Cretaceous-Paleocene batholith
in southwestern Japan and implications for magma genesis. Journul ofGc~ophy.tic.crlReseurclz, 86, 10431-10469.
Debon, F. and Le Fort, P . 1983. A chemical-mineralogical classification of common plutonic rocks and associations. Trunsczctions
of tlic R(JJ,u/.Soc.icJtj of Etlinhurgh: Eortli Sciences. 73. 135-149.
-__ and --- 1988. A cationic classification of common plutonic rocks and their magmatic associations: principles. method,
appltcatious. Bitllrtin cle Minircrlogie. 111, 493-510.
DePaolu, D. J . 1981. A neodymium and strontium isotopic study of the Mesozoic calc-alkaline granitic batholiths of the Sierra
Nevada and Peninsular Ranges, California. Journcrl o?fGeopli~ 01 Rr.srwrch, 86, 10470-10488.
Didier, J. 1964. Etude pktrographique des enclaves de quelques granites du Massif Central Franqais. Anncrles dc, lcr FucultP des
Sciences cle I'Uniwrsite' de Clerrnont Fcl. 23, 254 pp.
_ _ _ 1973. Granites and their enclaves. The bearing of enclaves on the origin of granites. Dewlopmmt in Petrology, 3, Elsevier,
303 pp.
--_ 1983. Indications gknctiques fournies par la distribution dcs priricipaux types d'enclaves dans les granitoi'des. Coniptes Rendus
de I'Acc/&rnie i1e.s Sciences. I'trris, 296, 765-767.
---, Duthou, J. L. and Lameyre, J. 1982. Mantle and crustal granites: genetic classification of orogenic granites and the nature
of thcir enclaves. Journrrl of' Volccrnologj~crnd Gc~otlicrrtmlRcsenrcli, 14. l25--I 12.
_ _ _ and Lameyre, J. 1969. Les granites du Massif Central Franqais. Etude comparcc dcs Ieucogranites et granodiorites. Contribution
/O MiriocrIog~*
rind Petrology. 24. 2 I9 2%.

PETROGENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF GRANITOIDS

237

Dupraz, J. and Didier, J. 1988. Le complexe anatectique du Velay (Massif Central FranGais): Structure d'ensemble et evolution
geologique. Geologie de la Frunce, B.R.G.M., 4,73-88.
Engel, C. G. and Fisher, R. L. 1975. Granitic to ultramafic rock complexes of the Indian Ocean ridge system, western Indian
Ocean. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 86, 1553-1 578.
Exley, C. S., Stone, M., and Floyd, P. A. 1983. Composition and petrogenesis of the Cornubian Granite Batholith and Post-orogenic
Volcanic Rocks in Southwest England. In: Hancock, P. L. (Ed.), The Vuriscan fold hrlr in the British Isles. Adam Hilger Lid.,
Bristol.
Flood, R. M. and Shaw, S. E. 1975. A cordierite-bearing granite suite from the New England batholith, NSW, Australia. Contribution
10 Mineralogy und Petrology, 52, 157-164.
--- and --- 1977. Two 'S-type' granite suites with low initial *'SrlX6Srratios from the New England batholith, Australia.
Cnntrihution to Minerulogy and Petrology, 61, 163-173.
---and Vernon, R. M. 1978. The Cooma granodionite, Australia: An example of in situ crustal anatexis? Geology, 6,81-84.
Halliday, A. N., Aftalion, M., Van Breemen, O., and Jocelyn, J. 1979. Petrogenetic significance of Rb-Sr and U-Pb istopic systems
in the 400 Ma old British Isles granitoids and their hosts. In: Harris, A. L., Holland, C. H., and Leake, B. E. (Eds), The Caledonides
ofthe British Isles. Geological Society of London. 653-661.
Hedge, C. E., Futa, K., Engel, C. E., and Fisher, R . L. 1979. Rare earth abundances and Rb-Sr systematics of basalts, gabbro,
anorthosite and minor granitic rocks from the Indian Ocean Ridge system, Western Indian Ocean. Contribution to Mineralogy
and Petrology, 68,373-316.
Hietanen, A. 1973. Origin of andesitic and granitic magmas in the northern Sierra Nevada, California. Geological Society of Americu
Bulletin, 84,21I1-2118.
Hill, M., O'Neil, J. R., Noyes, H., Frey, F. A., and Wones, D. R. 1988. Sr, Nd and 0 isotope variations in compositionally zoned
and unzoned plutons in the central Sierra Nevada Batholith. Amrricun Journal of Sciences, 288,213-241.
Ishihara, S. 1977. The magnetite-series and ilmenite-series granitic rocks. Mining Geology, 27,293-305.
Joplin, G. A. 1942. Petrological studies in the Ordovician of New South Wales. I: The Cooma Complex. Linnean Society of New
South Wales Proceedings, 67. I56-196.
Kay, S. M., Kay, R. W., Brueckner, H. K., and Rubenstone, J. L. 1983. Tholeiitic Aleutian arc plutonism: The Finger Bay Plutom,
Adak, Alaska. Contribution to Minerulogy und Petrology, 82,99-116.
Kistler, R. W., Everden, J. F., and Shaw, H. R. 1971. Sierra Nevada plutonic cycle. Part I: Origin of composite granitic batholiths.
Geological Society ofAmericu Bulletin, 82, 853-868.
Lacroix, A. 1933. Clussi/icution des roches huptives. Nancy, Berger-Levrault.
Lameyre, J. 1966. Leucogranites et muscovitisation dans le Massif Central Francais. Annales dr lu FncultP des Sciences dr I'UniversitP
de Clermont Fd, 29,263 pp.
--- 1980. Les magmas granitiques: leurs comportements, leurs associations et leurs sources. Mbnioire hors-sPrie de la SociPtP
Ge'ologiyue de France, 10,51-62.
---1988. Granite settings and tectonics. Rendiconti dellu Socielir Ituliana di Mineralogiu e Petrologiu, 43,215-236.
---, Black, R., Bonin, B., Bowden, P., and Giret, A. 1982. The granitic terms of converging plutonic type series and associated
mineralizations. In: Xu Keqin and Tu Guangchi (Eds). Geology qf Granites and their Metullogenetic Relations. Proceeding of
the International Symposium, Nanjing University, Science Press, Beijing, 241-253.
--- and Bowden, P. 1982. Plutonic rock types series: discrimination of various granitoid series and related rocks. Journul .f
Volcunology and Grothrrmul Research, 14, 169-1 86.
-_- , Marot, J., Zimine, S., Cantagrel, J. M., Dosso, L. and Vidal P. 1976. Chronological evolution of the Kerguelen Islands
syenite-granite ring complex. Nuture, Lontlon, 263, 306-307.
---,Vauchelle, L., and Durandau, A. 1989. Compared characteristics and tectonic settings of leucogranites and cordierite granodiorires: two contrasted groups of peraluminous granitoids. 281h I.G.C., Washington D.C., abstract 2,254-255.
Laporte, D. 1987. Un rxeniple d'intrusion syntectoniyue: /'intrusiond'lle-Rousse, Corse du Norci-Ourst. Thesis, Universite de St Etienne,
France. 422 pp.
La Roche, H. de 1986. Classification et nomenclature des roches ignees: un essai de restauration de la convergence entre systematique
quantitative, typologie d'usage et modelisation ginttique. Bulletin dr la SociPtP GPologiquede France, 11, 337-353.
_ _ _ , Leterrier, J., Grandclaude, P., and Marchal, M. 1980. A classification of volcanic and plutonic rocks using RI-R2 diagram
and major element analyses. Its relationships with current nomenclature. Chemica/Geology, 29, 183-210.
Leake, B. E., Brown, G. C., and Halliday, A. N. 1980. The origin of granite magmas: a discussion. Journul o f t h e Geological Society
of London, 137.93-97.
Le Fort, P. 1975. Himalaya: the collided range. Present knowledge of the continental arc. American Jortrnul of Sciences, 275 A,
1-44.
--- 1981. Manaslu leucogranite: a collision signature of the Himalaya. A model for its genesis and emplacement. Journrrl of
Geophysical Reseurch, 86, 10545-1 0568.
Maniar, P. D. and Piccoli, P. M. 1989. Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Geologicul Society of America Bulletin, 101,635-643.
Martin, R. F. and Piwinskii, A. J. 1972. Magmatism and tectonic settings. Journul ojGeop
a1 Reseurch, 77,49664975.
Miller, C. F. 1985. Are strongly peraluminous magmas derived from pelitic sedimentary sources? Journul q/Geo/ogy, 93,673-689.
Nachit, H., Razafimahefa, N., Stussi, J. M., and Carron, J. P. 1985. Composition chimique des biotites et typologie magmatique
des granitoides. Comptes Rendus de I'AcudPnlie des Sciences, Puris, 301,813-818.
Orsini, J. B. 1976. Les granitoi'des hercyniens corso-sardes: mise en tvidence de deux associations magmatiques. Bulletin de la
SociPtP GPologique de France, 18, 1203-1206
--- 1979. Existence de trois associations magmatiques dans les granitoides postviseen moyen (groupe des granodiorites-monzogranites) de la chaine varisque franqaise. Comptes Rendus de I'AcudPmie des Sciences. Puris, 289,98 1-984.
--- 1980. Le harholite corso-surde: anatomie d'un batholite hercynien. Composition. Structure. Organisation d'ensemble. Sa place
duns la Chuine Varisyue. Thesis, Universitt d'Aix-Marseille. 390 pp.

238

B. BARBARIN

Pagel, M. and Leterrier, J. 1980. Thc subalkaline potassic magmatism of the Ballons massif (Southern Vosges, France): shoshonitic
aflinity. Lithos, 13, I - 10.
Pearce, J. A., Harris, N. B. W., and Tindle, A. G . 1984. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation
of granitic rocks. JournulofPetrology, 25, 956-983.
Peiffer, M. T. 1986. La signification de la ligne tonalitique du Limousin. Son implication dans la structuration varisque du Massif
Central Franpis. Conrptes Rendus dc. I'Acaditnie des Sciences. Paris, 303, 305-3 10.
Pitcher, W. S. 1983. Granite Type and Tectonic Environment. In: Hsu, K. (Ed.), Mountuin Building Processes. Academic Prcss,
London. 19-40,
___ 1987. Granites and yet more granites forty years on. Geologische Riiti(lschuu,76,5 1-79,
_ _ _ , Atherton, M. P., Cobbing, E. J., and Beckinsale, R. D. (Eds) 1985. Mugrncr/i.sm u f u Pltife Edge: the Peruviun Andes. Blackie
and Son Ltd. Glasgow. 328 pp.
___ and Berger, A. R. 1972. The Grology ufDoneguI: (I Study of Granite Emnpliicernent rind Unroqfing. Wiley Interscience, London.
435 pp.
Price, R. C. 1983. Geochemistry of a peraluniinous granitoid suite from North-eastern Victoria, South-eastern Australia. Geochimicu
unil Cosniochiniicu Actu, 47, 3 1 4 2 .
Pupin, J. P. 1980. Zircon and granite petrology. Contribution /o Mincwlogy mil Petrology,73, 207-220.
_ _ _ 1981. A propos des granites potassiques. Contp/e.y Rendu.7 de /'Acudi;rniedes Sciencx,.s,Puris, 292, 405408.
_ _ _ 1985. Magmatic zoning of Hercynian granitoids in France based on zircon typology. Schwci:crichc Mineralogische und
Pi,/ro~ruj)hi.sc,hPMitfeilitngm,65, 29-56.
--_ 1988. Granites as indicators in paleogeodynamics. Rendiconri tldltr Socio/ci Itulicmtr cli Minerirlogiu e Petrologiu, 43,237-262.
Raguin, E. 1957. GPologie du Grrinite. Masson & Co.. Paris. 276 pp.
Read, H. H. 1956. The Grunite C'onfrueersy. T. Murby (Ed.), London. 430 pp.
Richard, D., Bonin, B., and Monod, 0. 1989. Lcs granites dii Sonora (Mexiquc) et leur contextc geodynaniique. Cbniptes Rendi4.s
dr I'Ai~uil~tnre
de.s Sciences. Puris, 308, 537 543.
Rossi, P. and Chevremont, P., 1987. Classification des associations magmatiques granitoides. GPochronique, 21, 14-18,
Shand, S. J. 1943. Erup/iw Rocks. Their GtwPsis. C'oniposi~ion,Cltrssific~ii/ion.imd their Relrtions to Ore-deposits. John Wiley. New
York. 444 pp.
Streckeisen, A. L. 1967. Classification and Nomenclature of Igneous Rocks. Neucs Juhrhuch firer Minerulogie Ahhundlungen, 107.
144214.
_ _ _ 1970. Plutonismus und orogenesc. Vcrsuch cincr standortbestimmung. Schwei;rrichr Minertrlogische und Petrogrophische
Mitteilungen. 3, 35 1-363.
___ 1976. To cach plutonic rock its proper name. Eurth-Sci~ncc~
Revim<s,12. 1-33.
Strong, D. F. and Ilanmer, S. K. 1981. Thc leucogranites of Southern Brittany: origin by faulting, frictional heating, fluid flux
and fractional melting. Cunudiun Minerulogi.s/, 19. 163-176.
Takahashi, M., Aramaki, S. and Ishihara, S. 1980. Magnetite-SeriesiIlmenite-series vs I-type/S-type granitoids. Mining Geology Speciul
Issrrc. 8, 13. 28.
Tauson, L. V. and Kozlov, Y. D. 1973. Distribution functions and ratios of trace-element concentrations as estimators of the ore-bearing
potential of granites. Proceedings of the Interniitionul Geochcnticiil E\-plorution S~~nrpnsiurn,
1972. Inst. Min. Metull., London. 4,
3744.
Tischendorf, G. and Palcheu, W. 1985. Zur klassifikation von Granitoi'den. Z. Geol. Wi.ss.Berlin, 13, 61 5-627.
Todd, V. R. and Shaw, S. E. 1985. S-type granitoids and an I-S linc in the Peninsular Ranges batholith, southern California.
GroloKJ, 13, 23 1-233.
Vauchelle, L. 1988. E/udeyt/rologique dc /'e.u/rhnitioccidm/irlt did Mo.ss(/'clc. Gu&-e/. Thesis, U.P.M.C., Paris.
_ _ _ and Lameyre, J. 1983. L'extremite occidentale du Massir de Guket (Massif Central Francais). Types lithologiques, organisation. minPralisations. (bniptes Rendus de /'Acodc:lnir de.c Sciences, Puris. 297, 63-68.
Whalen, J . B. 1985. Gcochcmistry of an island-arc plutonic suite: the Uasilau-Yau Yau intrusive complex, New Britain, P.N.G.
Journtrl of Petrology, 26, 603-632.
_ _ _ , Curric, K . I,., and Chappell, B. W. 1987. A-type granites: geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis.
C'ontrihirlion l o Minerulogj~t m d PelrokJgy.95, 4 0 7 4 19.
White, A. J. R. and Chappell, B. W. 1977. Ultrametamorphism and granitoid genesis. Tw/onopliysics, 43,7-22.
_ _ _ 1983. Granitoid types and their distribution in the Lachlan Fold Belt, Southeastern Australia. Geologicul Socie/y oJArnericu
Metnoir. 159, 2 1-34.
_ _ _ , Clemens, J. D., Holloway, J. R., Silver, L. T., Chappell, B. W., and Wall, V. J. 1986. S-type granites and their probable
absence in southwestern North America. G i ~ l o g j 14,
, , 115-1 18.
Xu Keqin, Sun Nai, Wang Dezi, Hu Shouxi, Liu Yingchun, and Ji Shouyuan 1982. On the origin and metallogeriy of the granites
in South China. In: Xu Keqin and Tu Guangchi (Eds), Geology .f Grunites rind their Mettrllogenefic Relutions. Proceeding of
the International Symposium, Nanjing University. Science Press, Beijing. 1-3.
Yang Chaoqun 1982. The genetic types of the granitoids in South China. In: Xu Keqin and Tu Guangchi (Eds), Geology ofGranites
untl /heir Me/ril/ogcw,tic Rekrtions. Proceeding of the International Symposium, Nanjing University, Science Prcss, Beijing. 253-276.