Annotated Bibliography

Andrea Horn
Ward, Christopher. (2015). The water crisis in Yemen: managing extreme water scarcity in the
Middle East. I.B. Tauris, 2015.
In this book the author discusses the water crisis in Yemen, covering all areas of life from
environmental to political and beyond. Ward first gives the reader the background of Yemen and
the reasons why it is one of the most water scarce countries in the world. Next he discusses how
water is used agriculturally, and how the urban and rural areas are impacted as well as sanitation
issues in those areas. Lastly he discusses how the country is managing water now and his
thoughts on getting Yemen out of their water crisis.
The author is Honorary Research Fellow at the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies at the
University of Exeter in England, and attended Whitgift, St Johns College, Oxford and St
Antonys College, Oxford. He worked with World Bank, focusing on natural resource
management and rural development in the Middle East and Africa, and is currently a consultant
to several organizations in the same field as World Bank. While this isnt peer reviewed, he is in
an unbiased manor speaking to a scholarly audience and has an extensive bibliography and notes
section. Published in 2015, this is a current account of the water crisis in Yemen and how the
crisis can be improved and even reversed. These aspects are good for the research being
conducted in this paper because the author has lived in the crisis and has seen first-hand how all
people, animals, agriculture, etc. are affected by water scarcity.

Pink, Ross. (2012). Child rights, rights to water and sanitation, and human security. Health and
Human Rights: An International Journal, 14(1), 1-10. EBSCOhost,
http://web.a.ebscohost.com.lib.ottawa.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=f9adceb5-193f-4a44acb9-0f5eae12d5d2%40sessionmgr4007&vid=8&hid=4207. Accessed 17 Oct. 2016.

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Pinks article defines what human/child rights and security entails, which include water and
sanitation. He describes first the theory behind basic human rights. Then discusses the
international laws that have been put in place to help humans that are somehow surviving in
unlivable conditions, and also how this specifically pertains to children. He ends by giving
evidence of how water and sanitation are affecting children, which is mainly the diseases that
come with not being able to wash properly or have sanitation available.
Ross Pink is a PhD who instructs international relations, human rights, and comparative
government in at Kwantlen Polytechnic Univesity in Surrey, Canada, and also does lectures on
the health, environmental, and political dimensions of the water crisis. These credentials make
his work an excellent source for this research paper. This academic work published in 2012 in an
academic journal is for educating the scholarly audience on how children have a right to water
and sanitation, and how so many are not getting their basic needs met. Pinks intention for this
article not only relates to the topic of this research paper but also helps answer the question.

Alemu, Abebe, et Al. (2011). Soil transmitted helminths and schistosoma mansoni infections
among School Children In Zarima Town, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Infectious Diseases, 11 (1),
Academic Search Premier, doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-189. Accessed 28 Sept. 2016.
The researchers in this study looked at the amount of helminths infections in an area in Ethiopia.
Helminths are parasites and due to water scarcity and less than ideal sanitation, it is common for
people in areas like these to have an infection. The researchers gave a questionnaire before-hand
to determine the risk factor (they mention hand washing and shoe wearing) and socio
demography of the student. The researchers then took stool samples from 319 school age
children, and found that 82% of the children were infected with at least one parasite.

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Andrea Horn
This source was published in the BioMed Central Infectious Disease journal by authors who are
affiliated with the Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health
Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. It is a publication of the authors research
findings, so the methods, data, and conclusion are their own. This source gives specific
information on a disease in an area that does not have sufficient water or sanitation sources to
keep children healthy.

Narang, Bindiya. (2014). Self perceived well-being and quality of life of people in a water scarce
village in India. Rajahiri Journal of Social Development. 6(2), 26-34.
The author of this source visited an Indian village and interviewed the people about their daily
interaction (or lack of) with water. Many are farmers who have been using saline to water crops
because pipelines are too expensive for them to afford. They do this even though they know it
will eventually make the land they are farming too full of salt to farm at all. Also some said they
have tried to drink or bathe with saline, which is too harsh for skin and the digestive system. This
article discusses children missing school to help walk to other villages to bring back water to
their families. Also, there arent proper bathrooms and the villagers defecate in the open, which
causes heightened anxiety for girls (and women). A females education is not highly thought of in
this village, so most girls end up leaving school by the time they hit puberty, which can cause
stress as well.
This source gave a social, mental and emotional aspect of people and children living without
enough water and proper sanitation. While it gave information from many aspects (religious,
agriculturally) the author did have a section on how children are affected, which gave insight that
can be used for the research. The author is affiliated with the Department of Social Work, Faculty

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Andrea Horn
of Social Sciences, Jami Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India. The author is giving insight into how
water scarcity is affecting people other than the physical health aspect.

Arnold, B., Burt, Z., Colford Jr, J., Ercumen, A., Kumpel E., Nelson, K., & Ray, I. (2015).
Upgrading a piped water supply from intermittent to continuous delivery and association with
waterborne illness: a matched cohort study in urban India. PLoS Medicine, 12(10). 1-24.
Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001892.
In this study the authors found comparable households (socio, family size, age of children) to see
if there was a significant difference between those with intermittent water supply and continuous.
They looked at a few factors, such as diarrhea, gastrointestinal illness, typhoid fever, cholera,
hepatitis, and deaths of children under the age of two. They found that continuous water supply
lowered the occurrence of dysentery and typhoid fever, but didnt have an association with
diarrhea or the childrens growth.
This source was published last year (2015) in an academic journal, for a scholarly audience. The
authors have extensive credentials: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, UC
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, US; Civil and Environmental Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA,
US; Aquaya Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Energy and Resources Group, UC Berkeley, Berkeley,
CA, US. The purpose was to determine if the amount of water supplied is the main issue or if
people in these areas are still contracting waterborne illnesses regardless. This is important for
the research being conducted because the findings show that even though all communities need a
continuous water supply there is still a need to be diligent with keeping the water clean.

Annotated Bibliography
Andrea Horn
Shafiqul, I., & Susskind, L. (2015). Understanding the water crisis in Africa and the Middle East:
How can science inform policy and practice? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 71(2), 39-49.
Retrieved from https://scienceimpact.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/Water%20Crisis
%20Mideast.pdf
In this article the authors describe the water crisis in Africa and Middle East, particularly those
that rely on water from the Nile River. They give the specifics on how much water these
countries are using and how/where the water is being used, as well as how and who should be
paying for fixing the scarcity. The authors then go on to describe different scientific practices to
help with the future of the water crisis, which mainly consists of changing agricultural and
farming practices that would recycle, reuse and distribute water in different ways than they do
now. Putting the changes to practice will be a challenge to overcome, but worth it for the future
of these water stressed areas.
The authors are both professors in the environmental areas, one being at MIT. Their publication
is peer reviewed and published in an academic journal for the scholarly audience, intended to
educate about water stress and scarcity in the areas mentioned. This article discusses a certain
area and the reasons why it is so water stressed; also, the authors give practical solutions to ease
the amount of stress in these areas.

Drinking water (2015, June). Retrieved from

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/.
This page is from the World Health Organization website, and gives some general facts about the
water crisis. Some of it is positive, giving that 2.6 billion people have gained access to improved
water sources since 1990, and 4.2 billion people now have water from a pipe connection.

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However, 663 million people still have unimproved water sources, so there is still a lot of work
to do. This page also gives statistics on disease, and the future of the water crisis.
This page is not from an academic source, and no author is given. However, the World Health
Organization (WHO) is an organization that is globally recognized due to their work in
improving the quality of life for those that need it most, mainly with helping with improving the
overall health of all humans. They see first-hand the problems of the water crisis, and is a good
place to start for anyone that is wanting to get an at-a-glance look at this issue.
Njuguna, J. (2016). Effect of eliminating open defecation on diarrhoeal morbidity: an ecological
study of Nyando and Nambale sub-counties, Kenya. BMC Public Health, 161-6.
doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3421-2.
This research article looks at data from rural areas in Kenya that have eliminated open defecation
and the connection to deaths caused by diarrhea in children. Open defecation is defecating in the
open, as in the field, bush, or water source. The author found a connection between a decrease in
deaths in the communities that have eradicated open defecation. The author also gives
information on the problems with open defecation, including diseases that can be contracted, and
the issues that children and women face with open defecation.
The author is affiliated with the Mukurwe-ini sub-County Public Health Office, in Mukurwe-ini,
Kenya. This makes him familiar not only with the subject but works in the area that this study
took place. His findings are published in an academic journal for a scholarly audience, and was
published only a few months ago, using data that was collected between 2012-2014. The
intention was to show that going into communities and setting up proper facilities and
eliminating open defecation can decrease diarrhea related deaths in children. This article can be

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Andrea Horn
used to show the connection and consequences between improper sanitation (in this case open
defecation) and disease.
Desai, R., McFarlane, C., & Graham, S. (2015). The Politics of Open Defecation: Informality,
Body, and Infrastructure in Mumbai. Antipode, 47(1), 98-120. doi:10.1111/anti.12117.
This was another article discussing in depth all aspects of open defecation. The authors discuss
how even though there are public toilets, there are still long lines for citizens, as well as the
micropolitics of these public toilets, and who only certain people can use certain toilets, and
some of them charge money per use. Another problem is that women and young girls have more
problems with any method they use, because many are harassed or raped at the bathrooms or out
in the field.
This article is good for describing the problems more in depth with open defecation in addition to
sanitation. The article was published in 2015, so it has recent and relevant information for the
research of this paper. The authors are all affiliated with universities. Their purpose was to delve
into an urban area and discuss without bias how open defecation and limited toilets affects most
areas of life.
Jasper, C., Le, T.-T., & Bartram, J. (2012). Water and Sanitation in Schools: A Systematic
Review of the Health and Educational Outcomes. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, 9(8), 27722787. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9082772.
As the title states, this publication is a systematic review of water and sanitation in schools, with
health and educational outcomes. This article looked at publications that discussed: water for
drinking, water for handwashing, water for drinking and handwashing, water for sanitation,
sanitation for menstruation and combined water and sanitation. The authors have each topic

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Andrea Horn
broken down into sub-headings, and give an overview of the findings of these subjects. They
looked at peer-reviewed works only.
This is a good source to use, because the authors have looked at peer-reviewed published works
and all of the topics the authors reviewed all can be used for research for this paper. And because
all the sources are cited, they supply other sources to look at for a more thorough understanding
of the certain topic. The intention of the authors was to pull together sources to illustrate the
relationship between lack of proper sanitation and water sources, education and the impact on
children.
Water, sanitation and hygiene (2014). Retrieved from http://www.unwater.org/topics/watersanitation-and-hygiene/en/.
This is from the United Nations water webpage. This particular article gives statistics and an
overall review of how water, sanitation and hygiene work together. It says in what areas and how
these problems have improved, but also give the staggering numbers for those still living with
less than they need in water and improper sanitation.
This source is not a scholarly, peer-reviewed publication. However, the United Nations is of
course an organization that all global nations come together under, and this branch, UN Water,
focuses on all aspects of water issues. The intention of this website is to educate anyone reading
of the issues being faced today, what can be done, and events going on to raise awareness or to
help make things happen. This will help with explaining the basics of the water crisis and also
describe what is being done right now to improve conditions.

Annotated Bibliography
Andrea Horn
Bourque, R., & Mitchell, F. (2016). Turning tides: a systemic approach to intervention in the
water sector. Enterprise Development & Microfinance, 27(1), 21-36. doi:10.3362/17551986.2016.002
This source discusses the shortcomings to some of the solutions to the water crisis. While water
pumps are being installed in areas that need water, initially this is a great improvement.
However, as time goes on and the pump needs repairs, people go without water. The article
brings up that most people can pay for their water in these areas, but dont for different reasons,
such as fear of corruption or they just dont see their money being put to use. The authors point
out what areas need improving upon for the future of sustainable water in these communities.
This source is a peer-reviewed publication for a scholarly audience, intending to educate on the
shortcomings of the seemingly fixes to the water crisis. It was published this year (2016) so it has
up to date information on improvement projects. The authors are affiliated with organizations
that apply systems-thinking and systems-change approaches to development, so they are in the
same field as the article. This is helpful to this research project because it gives what
improvements are being done to help with water supply, but also to say that even though good
things are happening there are no quick fixes.