Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1900
(20%)
Improved agricultural productivity allowed farmers to raise more cows and get more milk. Led to enclosure
movement since land owners could invest in new crops
Legal protection of private property
Land owners fenced off their property
An abundance of rivers and canals
river and canals allowed for cheaper and more efficient transportation or raw materials and finished goods
Access to foreign resources
suex canal allwowed access of foreign resources
The accumulation of capital
acculimaltion of wealth in settled communities
Access to Caribbean profits from sugar
Attitudes towards profit, change, adaptability
Standard 1B: The development of machines made it possible to exploit vast new resources.
Prior to the Industrial Revolution what were the only sources of power or energy?
What machines were developed?
steam engines as an internal combustion engine
What new forms of fossil fuels were used?
coal and oil
How did the fossil fuels revolution impact society?
greatly increased the energy available to humans
Standard 1C: The development of the factory system.
How did the development of the factory system impact economic demographics?
it concentrated labor on a single location
How did the factor change the nature of labor?
led to an increasing degree of speacialization of labor
Standard 1D: As the new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe,
they spread to other parts of the world.
After Great Britain where did industrialization then spread?
russia, united states, japan, and europe
II.
New patterns of global trade and production developed that further integrated the global economy as
industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount of goods produced in
their factories.
Standard 2A: The need for raw materials for the factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in
urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in mass producing single
natural resources. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.
Define single product economy
a system that is based on a sellable item
Define cash crop
A crop grown for sale to return profit
Which countries exported the following raw materials during the 19th century (See World That Trade Created)
Cotton southern states of the us
Rubber Belgium
Palm Oil
west africa
Sugar
latin america
Wheat
india
Meat
us
Guano
peru and chile
Metals and minerals
south africa
Standard 2B: The rapid development of industrial production contributed to the decline of economically productive,
agriculturally based economies
Textile production in India
britian took control of coastal export which led to control of the textiles in india
Rice production in Vietnam and the East Indies
restricted rice exports in fear of domestic shortages
To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production, financiers developed and expanded
various financial institutions.
Standard 3A: The ideological inspiration for these financial changes lies in the development of laissez-faire
capitalism and economic liberalism associated with Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill.
Classical laissez-faire capitalism and free trade
Economic theory brought enlightenment , physiocrats believed that government should not interfere with private
economic activity
Economic liberalism
the ideological belief in organizing the economy on individualist and voluntarist lines.
David Ricardos Iron Law of Wages
the wages of labor will have a tendency to fall, as far as they are regulated by supply and demand
Standard 3B: Financial instruments expanded.
Stock Markets
a system for buying and selling shares of companies
Insurance
protection against future loss
Gold Standard
a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by a state quantity of glod
Limited Liability Corporations
groups of investors pooled their capitals; they only risked the amount they put in thus making corperations more
appealing
Standard 3C: The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational
businesses.
The United Fruit Company
U.S. corperation that controlled the banana trade in much of latin america
Hong Kong and Shanghai Corporation
a prominent bank established and based in hong kong since 1865 when hong kong was a colony of the british empire
Standard Oil
a standard over oil that should be produced in a matter of time
British and Dutch East Indies Companies
often considered to have been the first multinational corporation in the world and it was the first company to issue
stock
Krupp AG in Germany
for the rest of the 20th century it was an important manufacturer of industrial machinery and materials
IV.
There were major developments in transportation and communication.
Railroads
provided a cheap way to transport materials for manufacturers
Steamships
replaced sails, nations embarked on canal construction
Telegraphs
could send messages from london to india, imperial cities could respond to crisises faster
Trans-oceanic cables
long distance communications
Canals
opened more routes, allowed all water passage and navigation
V.
The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses.
Standard 5A: In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit
hours and gain higher wages, while others opposed capitalist exploitation of workers by promoting alternative
visions of society.
Trade Unionism
labor union to people in the same trade. idea of equality in economics and politics
Utopian Socialism
describing how people would live if everyone adherd to the socialist ethic
Marxism
method of socioeconomic analysis by german philosopher karl marx
Anarchism
political philosophy that advocates self governed societies
Syndicalism a movement that advocates direct action by working class to get rid of capitalist order
Reform Socialism some governments mitigated negative effects of industrial capitalism by promoting types of
reforms
Standard 5B: In Qing China and the Ottoman Empire, some members of the government resisted economic change
and attempted to maintain preindustrial forms of economic production.
Some member of the government resisted economic change and attempted to maintain pre-industrial forms of
production
in small numbers of states, government promoted state sponsored visions of industrialization
Standard 5C: In a small number of states, governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of
industrialization.
Meiji Reforms (Japan)
economic reform industrial and agricultural combinations
The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent significant
transformations in industrialized states due to the fundamental restructuring of the global economy.
Standard 6A: New social classes, including the middle class and the proletariat, developed.
the new social classes arised because wealth had become based on money and success in business enterprises, along
with land ownership
Standard 6B: Family dynamics, gender roles and demographics changed in response to industrialization.
family and gender roles varied between every class. men worked long hours in factories. wives were also working.
some young women worked as servants
Standard 6C: Rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism often led to unsanitary conditions, as well as to
new forms of community.
disease spread easier. urbanization out paced the implementation of sewage systems and other utilities
Italian unification
Filipino Nationalism
Liberian nationalism
Turkish nationalism
III.
New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated and justified imperialism.
Standard 1C: Enlightenment thinkers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights and the social
contract.
Locke
Montesquieu
Standard 1D: The ideas of Enlightenment thinkers influenced resistance to existing political authority, as reflected in
revolutionary documents.
American Declaration of Independence
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Bolivars Jamaica Letter
Mexican Grito de Dolores
Constitution of Saint-Domingue (Haiti, 1801)
Standard 1E: Enlightenment thinkers also challenged existing notions of social relations, which led to the expansion
of rights as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery and the end of serfdom.
II.
Beginning in the 18th century, peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality
based on language, religion, social customs and territory. These newly imagined national
communities linked this identity with the borders of the state, while governments used this idea to
unite diverse populations.
Define Imagine Communities
How did governments use this concept?
III.
The spread of Enlightenment ideas and increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist
and revolutionary movements.
Standard 3A: Subjects challenged the centralized imperial governments.
Marathas challenged Mughal Sultans
Muhammad Ali in Egypt challenged Ottoman sultan
Poles challenged Russian tsar
The Taiping Rebellion in China
The Decembrist Rebellion in Russia
Standard 3B: American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions, which facilitated the emergence of independent
nation-states in the United States, Haiti and the mainland nations of modern Latin America. French subjects rebelled
against their monarchy.
American Revolution
French Revolution
Haitian Revolution
Standard 3C: Slave resistance (such as the establishment of Maroon societies) challenged existing authorities in the
Americas (such as in Brazil, Cuba or the Guyanas).
Standard 3D: Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anticolonial
movements
Sepoy Rebellion in India, 1857
The Madhist Revolt, Sudan
The Boxer Rebellion, China
Standard 3E: Some of the rebellions were influenced by religious ideas and millenarianism.
The Taiping Rebellion
The Sioux Ghost Dance
The Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement
Maji Maji Rebellion In German East Africa
Standard 3F: Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies.
The Tanzimat Movement (Ottoman Empire)
IV.
The global spread of Enlightenment thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new
transnational ideologies and solidarities.
Standard 3A: Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of new political ideologies:
liberalism, socialism and communism.
Standard 3B: Demands for womens suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies
(such as Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Olympe de Gougess Declaration of the
Rights of Women and the Female Citizen, or the resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls Conference in 1848).
Standard 1B Because of the nature of the new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants
increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th century.
II.
Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons.
Standard 2A: Many individuals (such as manual laborers or specialized professionals) chose freely to relocate, often
in search of work. For what reasons did people immigrate in this period?
Standard 2B: The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and Semi-coerced labor migration.
Slavery
Chinese and Indian indentured servitude
Convict labor
Standard 2C: While many migrants permanently relocated, a significant number of temporary and seasonal migrants
returned to their home societies.
Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific
Indian workers, merchants in Africa, SE Asia, Pacific
Italians in Brazil, Argentina, the USA
III.
The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the 19th century, produced a variety of
consequences and reactions to the increasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants and the
existing populations.
Standard 3A: Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand, migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take
on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men.
Impact of the Slave Trade on West African societies
How did the US, British colonies of South Africa, Canada and Australia, Argentina and Brazil react to large-scale
immigration?
Standard 3B: Migrants often created ethnic enclaves which helped transplant their culture into new environments
and facilitated the development of migrant support networks.
Chinese in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Basin
Standard 3C: Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and
racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders.
The Chinese Exclusion Acts, USA 1882