% ========================= LESSON 1

======================================
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\chapter{Rate of reaction}
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------% >>>>>>>>>>>>>> LESSON 1: Rate of reaction<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\section{Rate of reaction}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Rate of reaction can be determined by measuring a change in quantity of reactant or
product with time.\\
Rate of reaction = Change in quantity of reactant or product / Time taken
\item Change in quantity that can be measured are:
\begin{enumerate}
\item mass of precipitate formed,
\item concentration of solution,
\item pH value,
\item colour intensity of solution,
\item temperature of mixture,
\item mass of mixture,
\item volume of gas liberated.
\end{enumerate}
\item The unit of rate of reaction depends on the change in quantity used

\item For reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate, the container with the
mixture is placed on an electronic weighing balance. During the reaction, carbon dioxide gas
is released and the mass of the content will decrease. Rate of this reaction can be studied from
the graph below.\\
\begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{figf1}\end{center}
Chemical equation: \ch{ 2 HCl + CaCO3 -> CaCl2 + CO2 } \par

Ionic equation: \ch {2 H^{+} + CO3^{2-} -> H2O + CO2}\par

\item The carbon dioxide gas released can be collecti:d in a burette through water
displacement method. 6 For reaction where the mixture becomes hot, the temperature of the
mixture can be measured over a
period of time.
\item For reaction which produces precipitate, the mass of precipitate can be used to calculate
the rate of reaction.
\item Different chemical reactions proceed with different rate,
\item There are two types of rate ofreaction:
\begin{enumerate}
\item average rate of reaction,
\item rate of reaction at a particular time \ instaneous rate reaction
\end{enumerate}
\item to Average rate of reaction does not show the actual rate at a given time.

Questions:
\begin{enumerate}
\item 3 g of calcium carbonate required 60 s to react completely with excess hydrochloric
acid. Calculate the average rate of reaction.

\item A reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid iscompleted in 120 s. The total volume of
hydrogen collected is 30 cm\textsuperscript{3}. Calculate the average rate of reaction.
\end{enumerate}

\item Rate of reaction at a particular time is a better indicator as compared to average rate of
reaction.
\item The gas liberated in a reaction can be collected in a burette
through\underline{\hspace{3cm}}displacement method.\\
The total volume of gas collected is recorded every 30s. A graph of total volume of gas
against time is plotted.
\begin{center}
\fbox{\fbox{\parbox{3.5in}{\centering
Rate of reaction at a particular time = gradient of gtaph at that time }}}
\end{center}
\begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{figf2}\end{center}

Rate of reaction at time t = gradient of graph at time t\\

Unit for rate of reaction at time t = \underline{\hspace{3cm}}

Q: Draw the graph below and draw the tangent at time t.

\vspace{15em}
\end{enumerate}

\begin{enumerate}
\item Hydrochloric acid reacts with excess calcium carbonate powder. Carbon dioxide gas
liberated is collected in burette. The total volume of gas collected every 30 s is recorded. \\
\vspace{1em}

\begin{tabular}{ | m{5cm}| m{1cm} | m{1cm} | m{1cm} | m{1cm} | m{1cm} | m{1cm} |

m{1cm} | }
\hline
Time/s & 0 & 30 & 60 & 90 & 120 & 150 & 180 \\
\hline
Total volume of gas cm\textsuperscript{3} & 0 & 13 & 22 & 28 & 32 & 35 & 35 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}\\
\vspace{1em}

\begin{enumerate}
\item Write a chemical equation to represent the reaction. \\
$\rule{12.7cm}{0.15mm}$ \\
\item Draw a graph of total volume of gas against time. \vspace{5em}
\item Calculate the average rate of reaction for
\begin{enumerate}
\item first 30s \\ \vspace{2em}
\item first 60s \\ \vspace{2em}
\item the whole reaction \\ \vspace{2em}
\end{enumerate}
\item Calculate the rate of reaction lit 60 s. \\ \vspace{2em}
\item What is the rate of reaction at 165 s? \enspace\hrulefill
\end{enumerate}
\vspace{1em}

\item An experiment is carried out to determine the rate of reaction for the decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide in the presence of manganese(IV) oxide as catalyst.
\vspace{1em}
\ch{2 H2O2(aq) -> H2O(l) + O2(g)}\par
\vspace{1em}
Manganese(IV) oxide is added to 25 cm\textsuperscript{3} of hydrogen peroxide. Oxygen
gas liberated is collected in a burette \\
\vspace{1em}
\begin{tabular}{ | m{3cm}| m{0.5cm} | m{0.5cm} | m{0.5cm} | m{0.5cm} | m{0.5cm} |
m{0.5cm} | m{0.5cm} | m{0.5cm} | m{0.5cm} | m{0.5cm} |}
\hline
Time/s & 0 & 30 & 60 & 90 & 120 & 150 & 180 & 210 & 240 & 270 \\
\hline
Total volume of gas cm\textsuperscript{3} & 0 & 11 & 17 & 21 & 25 & 28 & 30 & 32 & 32
& 32 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}\\
\vspace{1em}
\begin{enumerate}
\item By using the results in the table above, calculate the average rate of reaction:
\begin{enumerate}
\item first 30 s \\ \vspace{2em}
\item second 30 s \\ \vspace{2em}
\item third 30 s\\ \vspace{2em}
\end{enumerate}
\item From the answer in (a), how the average rate of reaction changes with time?

$\rule{12.7cm}{0.15mm}$ \\
\item What is the total volume of oxygen gas collected?
\vspace{2em}
\item Calculate the number of moles of oxygen gas collected. (1 mol gas occupies 24000 cm )
.
\vspace{2em}
\item Calculate the overall average rate of reactionin cm\textsuperscript{3}
\vspace{2em}
\item Draw the graph of total volume of oxygen against time.
\vspace{10em}
\item From the graph, calculate the rate of reaction at 90 s.
\end{enumerate}

\end{enumerate} % end of this section

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------% ========================= LESSON 2
======================================
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\chapter{no title}
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------% >>>>>>>>>>>>>> LESSON 2: no title<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\section{Rate of reaction}

An experiment is carried out to study the rnte of reaction between caicium carbonate with
hydrochloric acid
1 mol dm\textsuperscript{-3} . Volume of carbon dioxide gas produced is measured at 15 s
interval for 1 minute, and
subsequently 30 s interval. The result is as table below.
\begin{tabular}{ | m{3cm}| m{0.5cm} | m{0.5cm} | m{0.5cm} | m{0.5cm} | m{0.5cm} |
m{0.5cm} | m{0.5cm} | m{0.5cm} | m{0.5cm} | m{0.5cm} |}
\hline
Time/s & 15 & 30 & 45 & 60 & 90 & 120 & 150 & 180 & 210 & 240\\
\hline
Total volume of carbon dioxide cm\textsuperscript{-3} & 12.0 & 20.0 & 24.0 & 26.0 & 30.0
& 31.0 & 32.0 & 32.5 & 33.0 & 33.0\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\vspace{1em}
%\end{enumerate}
\begin{enumerate}
\begin{enumerate}
\item What is meant by rate of reaction?
$\rule{12.7cm}{0.15mm}$
\begin {flushright}[\textit{1 mark}]
\end{flushright}
\item Draw a graph of total volume of carbon dioxide gas against time.
\begin {flushright}[\textit{5 mark}]
\end{flushright}

\vspace{5em}
\item Based on the graph in (b), calculate:
\begin {flushright}[\textit{6 mark}]
\end{flushright}
\begin{enumerate}[label=\Roman*]
\item average rate of reaction in the first minute,
\vspace{3em}
\item overall average rate of reaction
\vspace{3em}
\item rate of reaction
\vspace{3em}
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
Additional questions:
\item What is the gradient at 240 s? \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\item What is the rate of reaction at 240 s? \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\item ls the gradient at 30 s higher than 120 s? \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\item is the rate of reaction at 30 s higher than 120 s? \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\item By using the result inthe table, calculate:
\begin{enumerate}
\item the average rate of reaction in the first 21 minutes,
\vspace{2em}
\item the average rate of reaction at the second minute,
\vspace{2em}

\item the average rate of reaction in the first 3 minutes,

\vspace{2em}
\item theaverage.rate ofreactionatthethird minute.
\vspace{2em}
\end{enumerate}
\item Draw the setup apparatus for the experiment:
\vspace{5em}
\end{enumerate}

\begin{enumerate}
\item The following are the units for rate of reaction except\\
\begin{oneparchoice}
\choice \ch{cm^{3} s{-1}}
\choice mol \ch{min6{-1}}
\choice mol \ch{dm^{-3}}
\choice g\ch{s^{-1}}
\end{oneparchoice}
\item 6.5 g zinc reacted completely with hydrochloric acid in 2 minutes. What is the overall
average rate of reaction? (Relative atomic mass of zinc is 65)\\
\begin{oneparchoice}
\choice 3.25 mol \ch{s^{-1}}
\choice 0.05 mol \ch{s^{-1}}
\choice 0.054 mol \ch{s^{-1}}
\choice 0.00083 mol \ch{s^{-1}}

\end{oneparchoice}

\item Magnesium reacts with sulphuric acid to produce hydrogen gas. From the graph, which
is the time where the rate of'reaction is the highest?
\begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{figf3}\end{center}
\item In an experiment, 24\ch{cm^{3}} of carbon dioxide gai is produced at ropm
temperature. Calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide. (l mole of gas occupies 24000
\ch{cm^{3}} at room temperature)
\item Graph shows the total volume of hydrogen gas collected against time for the reaction
between 1 g of zinc powder with hydrochloric acid.
\begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{figf4}\end{center}
\begin{enumerate}
\item What is the total volume of gas collected? \underline{\hspace{3cm}} \ch{cm^{3}}
\item Calculate the number of moles of as collected in (i).
(I mole of gas occupies 24000 cm )
\vspace{2em}
\item Write a chemical equation for the reaction.
$\rule{12.7cm}{0.15mm}$ \\
\item What is the rate of reaction at the eight minute?
$\rule{12.7cm}{0.15mm}$ \\
\item Calculate the overall average rate of reaction.
\vspace{2em}
\end{enumerate}

\item In an experiment, excess calcium carbonate powder reacted with 20 \ch{cm^{3}} of

0.1mol\ch{dm^{-3}} hydrochloric acid. Which of the graph represents the change of mass of
calcium carbonate m, with time, t?

\begin{choice}
\choice \begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{figf5}\end{center}
\choice \begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{figf6}\end{center}
\choice \begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{figf7}\end{center}
\choice \begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{figf8}\end{center}
\end{choice}

\item Calcium carbonate decomposes when heated strongly. \ch{CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2}
Carbon dioxide gas is collected in a burette. Which of the graph represents the change of the
total
volume of \ch{CO2} collected(V) with time(t)?
\begin{choice}
\choice \begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{figf9}\end{center}
\choice \begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{figf10}\end{center}
\choice \begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{figf11}\end{center}
\choice \begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{figf12}\end{center}
\end{choice}

\item Which of the following is. the slowest reaction?

\begin{choice}
\choice Reaction of sodium with water
\choice Rusting of iron
\choice Reaction of HCl with NaOH
\choice Precipitation of \ch{PbI2} from \ch{Pb(NO3)2} and KI

\end{choice}

\item "Rate of reaction can be studied by measuring t;1e change of mass of the reactant with
time"
Which of the following reactions fit the above description?
\begin{enumerate}[label=\Roman*]
\item Zinc with hydrochloric acid
\item Calcium carbonate with nitric acid
\item Magnesium with copper(II) sulphate solution
\item Magnesium oxide with sulphuric acid
\end{enumerate}

\item Hydrochloric acid reacts with excess calcium'carbonate powder according to the
following equation: \\
\ch{CaCO3 (s) + 2 HCl (aq-> CaCl2 (aq) + C02(g) + H20(l)}
Sketch the following curve:
\begin{enumerate}[label=\Roman*]
\item Mass of CaCO3/g
\vspace{3em}
\item Concentration ofHCI (mol dm-3 )
\vspace{3em}
\item Concentration of CaCh (mol dm-3)
\vspace{3em}
\item Total volume of C0 2(cm3)
\vspace{3em}

\end{enumerate}

\item Graph shows f'he total volume of gas collected when 60 cm3 of sodium hypochlorite
0.1 mol \ch{dm^{-3}}
decomposed according to the equation:
\ch{2Na0Cl -> 2NaCl+ 02}\par
\choice \begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{figf13}\end{center}

\begin{enumerate}
\item What is the maximum volume of gas collected?
$\rule{12.7cm}{0.15mm}$ \\
\item What is the rate of reaction at 7th minute?
$\rule{12.7cm}{0.15mm}$ \\
\item When is sodium hypochlorite decomposed completely?
$\rule{12.7cm}{0.15mm}$ \\
\item Calculate the overall average rate of reaction.
\vspace{3em}
\item Calculate the average rate of reaction for the first two minutes.
\vspace{3em}
\item How is the rate of reaction changes with time?
$\rule{12.7cm}{0.15mm}$ \\
\item Calculate the number of moles of sodium hypochlorite used.
\vspace{3em}
\end{enumerate}

\end{enumerate}
% end of this section
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------% >>>>>>>>>>>>>> LESSON 2: Factors affecting rate of reaction
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\section{Factors affecting rate of reaction}

\begin{enumerate}
\item The rate of reaction is affected by the following factors:
\begin{enumerate}
\item temperature of reactant
\item concentration of the reactant
\item total surface area of the reactant//size of the reactant
\item catalyst
\item pressure of the gaseous reactant
\end{enumerate}

\item When the condition of reaction changes, the rate of reaction also changes.
\item When the temperature of the reactant is higher, the rate of reaction is\enspace\hrulefill
\item When the concentration of the reactant is higher, the rate of reaction is\enspace\hrulefill
\item When the total surface area of the reactant is bigger, the rate of reaction is
\enspace\hrulefill
\item When a catalyst is added, the rate of reaction is\enspace\hrulefill

\item When the pressure of a gaseous reactant is higher, the rate of reaction is
\enspace\hrulefill
\end{enumerate}

Usage of terminology:
\begin{enumerate}
\item When the temperature of reactant is higher, the rate of reaction is faster. X
\item When the temperature of re.actant is higher, the rate of reaction is higher.
\item When the temperature of reactant is higher, the reaction is faster.
\item When the temp.;rature of reactant is lower, the rate of reaction is slower.
\item When the temperature of reactant is lower, the rate ofreaction is lower.
\item When the temperature of reactant is lower, the reaction is slower.
\end{enumerate}

% end of this section

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------% >>>>>>>>>>>>>> LESSON 2:The collision theory <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\section{The collision theory}

\begin{enumerate}
\item During chemical reaction, the particles collide with each other.
\item The particles may be atoms, molecules or ions.
\item The collisions between the particles produce energy.

\item Not all the collisions will result in chemical reaction.

\item If the particles collide with the correct orientation (head- on), more
\underline{\hspace{3cm}} is produced. Oblique collision will produce less energy.
\item Only collision whereby the total energy of the particles after collision is equal to or
more than
activation energy can produce chemical reaction.
\item Collision which can produce chemical reaction is called effective collision.
\end{enumerate}
\\

Q1: What is activation energy?\\

The minimum energy that the reactant uarticks must possess during collision in order for a
chemical reaction to take place.\\

Q2: What is frequency of collision\\

The number of collision per second.\\
Q3: What is the frequency of effective collision?\\
The number of \enspace\hrulefill

Q4: Can the following affect the rate of reaction?

\begin{enumerate}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Type ofcontainer
\item Size of container Stirring of the reacting mixture
\item Volume of solution
\item Stirring of the reacting mixture

\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
\\

Important note: Stirring of the reacting mixture ensures the chemical reaction is complete.\\

% end of this section

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------% >>>>>>>>>>>>>> LESSON 2 :Effect of temperature of reactant on rate of
reaction<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\section{Effect of temperature of reactant on rate of reaction}
When the temperature of reactant is higher, the rate of reaction is higher.\\
\begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{figf14}\end{center}
Reason: \\
When the temperature of the reactant is higher, the \underline{\hspace{3cm}} energy of the
particles is \underline{\hspace{3cm}} . The particles move at \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
speed.
\\The frequency of the collision between the particles is \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\\The frequency of effective collision between the particles is \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\\The number of effective collision between the particles is \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
.Therefore the rate of reaction is higher.\\

Q: Excess of 1 mol \ch{dm^{-3}} sulphuric acid reacted with 10 g of zinc powder. The
temperature of the acid is
30\ch{^{o}C} . The graph below is a measurement of Hie rate of reaction.\\

\begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{figf15}\end{center}

The experiment is repeated by heating the acid to 50\ch{^{o}C} .

\begin{enumerate}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Is the rate of reaction becomes higher or lower? \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\item Is the total volume of hydrogen gas produced the same?\underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\item Is the reaction completed in shorter period of time? \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\item Sketch the curve for 50C.
\vspace{3em}
\item State the following variables:
\begin{enumerate}
\item manipulated variable: \enspace\hrulefill
\item fixed variable: \enspace\hrulefill
\item responding variable: \enspace\hrulefill
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
% end of this section
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------% >>>>>>>>>>>>>> LESSON 2 : Effect of the concentration of reactant on the rate of
reaction\<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\section{Effect of the concentration of reactant on the rate of reaction}

When the concentration of reactant is higher, the rate of reaction is higher\\

Reason: \\
When the concentration of reactant is higher; the number of particles per unit volume is
higher.\\
The frequency of the collision between the. particles is \underline{\hspace{3cm}} \\
Thefrequency of effective collision between the particles is \underline{\hspace{3cm}} \\
The number of effective co!Iision. between the particles is \underline{\hspace{3cm}} \\
Therefore the rate of reaction is higher.\\

Q: Excess of 1 mol\ch{dm^{-3}} sulphuric acid reacted with 10 g of zinc powder.The

temperature of the acid is
30\ch{^{o}C} . The graph below is a measurement of the rate of reaction.\\
The experiment is repeated by using 2 mol \ch{dm^{-3}} acid.
\begin{enumerate}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Is the rate of reaction becomes higher or lower? \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\item Is the total volume of hydrogen gas produced the same? \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\item Is the reaction completed in shorter period of time? \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\item Sketch the curve for 2 mol \ch{dm^{-3}}
\vspace{3em}
\item State the following variables:
\begin{enumerate}
\item manipulated variable: \enspace\hrulefill
\item fixed variable: \enspace\hrulefill

\item responding variable: \enspace\hrulefill

\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
\\
Important note:\\
When concentration of acid is higher, the number of \ch{H^{+}} ions is higher. \\

When concentration of acid is higher, the number of \ch{H^{+}} ions per unit volume is
higher. \\

% end of this section

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------% >>>>>>>>>>>> LESSON 2 : Effect of the total surface area of reactant on the rate of
reaction<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\section{Effect of the total surface area of reactant on the rate of reaction}
\begin{enumerate}
\item 10 g of zinc powder reacts faster with sulphuric acid as compared to 10 g of granulated
zinc.
\item In 10 g of zinc powder, the total surface area is larger as compared to 10 g of granulated
zinc.
\item 10 g of calcium carbonate powder reacts faster with sulphuric acid as compared to 10 g
of calcium carbonate chips.
\item In 10 g of calcium carbonate powder, the\underline{\hspace{3cm}} surface area
is\underline{\hspace{3cm}}as compared to 10 g of calcium carbonate chips. .

\item When total surface area of solid reactant exposed to solution is larger, the rate of
reaction is higher.
\end{enumerate}
\\
Q: Explain why zinc powder reacts faster with sulphuric acid as compared to granulated zinc.
In zinc powder, the \underline{\hspace{3cm}}surface area exposed to sulphuric acid is
\underline{\hspace{3cm}}as compared to
granulated zinc.\\
The frequency of the collision between \ch{H^{+}} ions and zinc atoms is
\enspace\hrulefill \\
The frequency of effective collision between \enspace\hrulefill \\
The number of effective collision between \enspace\hrulefill \\
Therefore the rate of reaction is higher. \\

Q: Excess of 1 mol \ch{dm^{-3}} sulphuric acid reacted with 10 g of zinc powder.The

temperature of the acid is 30\ch{^{o}C} The graph below is a measurement of tlie rate of
reaction.
\begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{figf16}\end{center}
The experiment is repeated by using 10 g of granulated zinc.
\begin{enumerate}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Is the rate of reaction becomes higher or lower? \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\item Is the total volume of hydrogen gas produced the same? (cIs the reaction completed in
shorter period of time?\underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\item Sketch the curve for 10 g of granulated zinc.
\vspace{3em}
\item State the following variables:

\begin{enumerate}
\item manipulated variable: \enspace\hrulefill
\item fixed variable: \enspace\hrulefill
\item responding variable: \enspace\hrulefill
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}

% end of this section

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------% >>>>>>>>>>>> LESSON 2 :Effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\section{Effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction}

Below are the energy level diagrams for thermic reaction and endothermic reaction. The
activation energy is measured from the energy level of reactant to the peak.\\
\begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{figf17}\end{center}
When a catalyst is added, the rate of reaction is higher.\\

Reason: \\
Catalyst lowers the \underline{\hspace{3cm}} energy of reaction and provides an easier
alternative pathway:\\
The frequency of effective collision between the particles is \underline{\hspace{3cm}} \\
The number of effective collision between the pa1ticles is \underline{\hspace{3cm}} \\

Therefore the rate ofreaction is higher.\\

\\
Important note:\\
Catalyst does not affect the frequency of collision between particles.\\
Catalyst does not affect the quantity of the product\\
\\
Q: Excess of 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid reacted with 10 g of zinc powder. The temperature of
the acid is 30C. The graph below is a measurement of the rate of reaction.
\\
The experiment is repeated by adding CuSO4 as catalyst\\
\begin{enumerate}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Is the rate of reactimi becomes higher or lower? \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\item Is the total volume ofhydrogen gas produced the same? \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\item Is the reaction completed in shorter period of time? \underline{\hspace{3cm}}
\item Sketch the curve forreaction with catalyst.
\vspace{3em}
\item State the following variables:
\begin{enumerate}
\item manipulated variable: \enspace\hrulefill
\item fixed Variable: \enspace\hrulefill
\item responding variable: \enspace\hrulefill
\item Write the chemical equation. \enspace\hrulefill
\item Write the ionic equation.\enspace\hrulefill
\end{enumerate}

\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}