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Radiation
The least efficient method of heat transfer
is radiation.
Radiation is a transfer of heat in the form
of waves through space (vacuum).
In this case, heat moves through space as
an electromagnetic radiation without the
assistance of a physical substance.
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Spektrum GEM
Camera IR
GEM:
c =
E = h
c = 3x108m/s
= panjang gelombang
= frekuensi
h = 6,625x10-24 Js
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Densitas E
E yg diemisikan dr suatu permukaan
persatuan waktu persatuan luas:
8hc
u hc / kT
e
1
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k = konstanta Boltzmanns
= 1,38066x10-23 J/molekul.K
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Eb =
4
T
= konstanta Stefan-Boltzman
= 5,669x10-8 W/m2.K4
= 0,1714x10-8 Btu/h.ft2.oR4
T = derajat Kelvin
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Sifat-sifat Radiasi
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qT = q + q + q
q/qT = = reflektivitas
q/qT = = absorptivitas
q/qT = = transmitivitas
++=1
Benda hitam: = 1
Benda suram: = 0, jadi + = 1
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Light tube
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Kirchhoff identity
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Absorptivitas ()
ETA = qiA
Jk diganti benda hitam:
EbTA = qiA1
ET A qi A
EbT A
qi A
ET
E bT
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Emisivitas
Didefinisikan sbg perbandingan antara tenaga
yg dipancarkan oleh benda itu pada suhu T
dibandingkan dg panas yg dipancarkan oleh
benda hitam pd suhu yg sama.
Emisivitas total (pd seluruh ):
ET
EbT
E
d
EbT
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Emisivitas
ET
E bT
=
Persamaan di atas disebut Kirchhoffs Identity
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emisivitas
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ET
EbT
1
1
0
E d
b
EbT
Eb (T )
E b (T )
d 2
Eb (T )
E b (T )
d 3
Eb (T )
E b (T )
Rasio:
Eb 0
Eb 0
E d
b
E d
b
Eb1 2
Eb 02 Eb 01
Eb 0
E
E
b
0
b 0
Eb0- = T4
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Radiation function
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Rasio Eb0-/Eb0- vs T
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T furnace 2000oC
Pelat gelas:
Ukuran 30 cm x 30 cm
Transmisivitas gelas:
0,5 utk = 0,2 3,5 m,
0 utk selain 0,2 3,5 m.
Emisivitas:
0,3 sampai dg = 3,5 m dan
0,9 di atas tsb.
Benda abu-abu
Definisi: suatu benda disebut benda abuabu jk emisivitas monokromatik benda itu
tdk dipengaruhi oleh pj glb.
Emisivitas monokromatik didefinisikan
sbg perbandingan antara tenaga emisi
suatu benda dg pj glb dg tenaga emisi
benda hitam pd pj glb dan suhu yg sama.
= E/Eb
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E Eb d
0
Eb Eb d T
Emisivitas total:
E d
b
T 4
Eb
c1
C 2 / T
dimana:
: pj glb, m
T : temperatur, K
C1 = 3,743 x 108 W. m4/m2
C2 = 1,4387 x 104 m.K
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Plancks law
The material emits the energy according to
the temperature in the form of the
electromagnetic waves.
The relationship between the radiated
power and the wavelength depends on the
temperature of the material.
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Eb vs
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For example,
the peak wavelength () of a person with
the temperature of 36 degrees Celsius
(absolute temperature T = 36 + 273 = 309
K) becomes 2,897/309=9.4m.
The person emits the far infrared rays with
about 9.4 m as a peak.
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Jk T = 0, Eb1=Eb2, mk A1F12=A2F21
AmFmn = AnFnm
Jd pertukaran E antara benda hitam:
q1-2 = A1F12(Eb1-Eb2)
= A2F21(Eb1-Eb2)
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FdA1-A2 = D2/(4R2+D2)
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F13?
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F13?
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F19?
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A1F19 =
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hamburan
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Tahanan kedudukan
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PPR antara
2 silinder panjang konsentris
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The result is an
outstanding, energy
efficient window.
These windows provide
many advantages.
Thermal comfort is
improved as there is 80%
less radiation heat
transfer between glass
and room.
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Heat shied
Radiation shield
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