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PP RADIASI

Radiation
The least efficient method of heat transfer
is radiation.
Radiation is a transfer of heat in the form
of waves through space (vacuum).
In this case, heat moves through space as
an electromagnetic radiation without the
assistance of a physical substance.
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All materials radiate thermal energy


All materials radiate thermal energy in
amounts determined by their temperature,
where the energy is carried by photons of
light in the infrared and visible portions
of the electromagnetic spectrum.
All objects that contain heat emit some
level of radiant energy.

Spektrum GEM

Thermal radiation ; 0,1 100 m


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Camera IR

Photo of circuit board and thermogram showing hot components


Digunakan oleh teknisi untuk menentukan mana bagian yang
bekerja dengan baik, mana yang sudah tidak layak/overheat.

Mengetahui kualitas makanan yang sedang diproduksi

GEM:
c =
E = h
c = 3x108m/s
= panjang gelombang
= frekuensi
h = 6,625x10-24 Js
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Densitas E
E yg diemisikan dr suatu permukaan
persatuan waktu persatuan luas:

8hc
u hc / kT
e
1
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k = konstanta Boltzmanns
= 1,38066x10-23 J/molekul.K
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Eb : emissive power of a blackbody


Jk densitas E diintegralkan ke semua , E total
yg diemisikan oleh benda hitam per satuan wkt
per satuan luas (Eb, W/m2 ):

Eb =

4
T

= konstanta Stefan-Boltzman
= 5,669x10-8 W/m2.K4
= 0,1714x10-8 Btu/h.ft2.oR4
T = derajat Kelvin
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Sifat-sifat Radiasi

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qT = q + q + q
q/qT = = reflektivitas
q/qT = = absorptivitas
q/qT = = transmitivitas
++=1

Benda hitam: = 1
Benda suram: = 0, jadi + = 1
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Light tube

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This light tube looks


like a 100 W light bulb
but is totally natural
and free energy for
my home
www.advancedbuildings.org/lig
ht-tubes.html
March 25, 2009, 13.15

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A light tube is typically made up of three simple


components:
1. A round dome (aka cupula) which

collects as much sunlight as


possible from all angles while
blocking out 99+% of harmful UV
rays.
2. highly reflective tube. (With

short straight tubes, light


transmission efficiency can be
well over 98%.)
3. diffuser. The diffuser spreads the

light from the tube around the


room to be lit preventing hot spots
(a problem of traditional skylights)
from occuring.
www.reuk.co.uk/Light-Tubes-forInterior-Light...

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Kirchhoff identity

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Absorptivitas ()
ETA = qiA
Jk diganti benda hitam:

EbTA = qiA1

ET A qi A

EbT A
qi A

ET

E bT
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Emisivitas
Didefinisikan sbg perbandingan antara tenaga
yg dipancarkan oleh benda itu pada suhu T
dibandingkan dg panas yg dipancarkan oleh
benda hitam pd suhu yg sama.
Emisivitas total (pd seluruh ):

ET

EbT

E
d

EbT
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Emisivitas

ET

E bT
=
Persamaan di atas disebut Kirchhoffs Identity
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emisivitas

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Emisivitas bhn pd seluruh

ET

EbT
1

1
0

E d
b

EbT

Eb (T )
E b (T )

d 2

Eb (T )
E b (T )

d 3

Eb (T )
E b (T )

= 10-1 + 2(0-2 - 0-1) + 3(0- - 0-2)


0- = Eb0-T/T4 dibaca pd tabel 2. PPR
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Rasio:

Eb 0

Eb 0

E d
b

E d
b

digambarkan thd T, jg di tabel 2 PPR

Eb1 2

Eb 02 Eb 01
Eb 0

E
E
b
0

b 0

Eb0- = T4
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Radiation function

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Rasio Eb0-/Eb0- vs T

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T furnace 2000oC
Pelat gelas:
Ukuran 30 cm x 30 cm
Transmisivitas gelas:
0,5 utk = 0,2 3,5 m,
0 utk selain 0,2 3,5 m.

Emisivitas:
0,3 sampai dg = 3,5 m dan
0,9 di atas tsb.

Hitung energi yg diabsorpsi gelas dan energi yg


ditransmisikan.
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Benda abu-abu
Definisi: suatu benda disebut benda abuabu jk emisivitas monokromatik benda itu
tdk dipengaruhi oleh pj glb.
Emisivitas monokromatik didefinisikan
sbg perbandingan antara tenaga emisi
suatu benda dg pj glb dg tenaga emisi
benda hitam pd pj glb dan suhu yg sama.

= E/Eb
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Emisivitas benda abu2

E Eb d
0

Eb Eb d T

Emisivitas total:

E d
b

T 4

Benda abu2: konstan, =


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Panas yg dipancarkan benda hitam pd


T ttt

Eb

c1

C 2 / T

dimana:
: pj glb, m
T : temperatur, K
C1 = 3,743 x 108 W. m4/m2
C2 = 1,4387 x 104 m.K
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Plancks law
The material emits the energy according to
the temperature in the form of the
electromagnetic waves.
The relationship between the radiated
power and the wavelength depends on the
temperature of the material.

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Eb vs

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Wiens displacement law


As the absolute temperature of the radiator
rises, the peak wavelength (most high energy
point) shifts to a short wavelength (refer Fig. of
Plancks law).
The peak wavelength () of a black body in
absolute temperature T (K) is given as follows:
2897 [].
This is called Wien's displacement law.
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Radiant energy of the blackbody in each temperature (Plancks law)

The figure shows


the case of a black
body ( = 1).
The emissivity
depends on the
kind of a material
and its surface
condition. The
emissivity of a
material is less
than 1.
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For example,
the peak wavelength () of a person with
the temperature of 36 degrees Celsius
(absolute temperature T = 36 + 273 = 309
K) becomes 2,897/309=9.4m.
The person emits the far infrared rays with
about 9.4 m as a peak.
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A material with the same temperature as a black body has


a spectrum curve of radiated energy located below the
curve of a black body.

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Faktor pandangan (FP)

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Faktor pandangan adalah:


F1-2 : fraksi energi yg dipancarkan benda 1
yg dipotong benda 2
F2-1 : fraksi energi yg dipancarkan benda 2
yg dipotong benda 1
Fm-n : fraksi energi yg dipancarkan benda m
yg dipotong benda n
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Energi yg dipancarkan oleh


(benda hitam):
Benda 1 dan mencapai benda 2 =
Eb1A1F12
Benda 2 ke benda 1 =
Eb2A2F21
Pertukaran E antara benda hitam:

q1-2 = Eb1A1F12 Eb2A2F21


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Jk T = 0, Eb1=Eb2, mk A1F12=A2F21

AmFmn = AnFnm
Jd pertukaran E antara benda hitam:

q1-2 = A1F12(Eb1-Eb2)
= A2F21(Eb1-Eb2)
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FdA1-A2 = D2/(4R2+D2)

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View Factors for


ThreeDimensional
Geometries
[from:
Fundamentals
of Heat
Transfer, F.P.
Incropera and
D.P. DeWitt,
John Wiley and
Sons]

View Factors for


Three-Dimensional
Geometries [from:
Fundamentals of
Heat Transfer, F.P.
Incropera and D.P.
DeWitt, John Wiley
and Sons]

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Radiation shape factor for two concentric cylinder of finite


length, outer cylinder to itself

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Radiation shape factor for two concentric cylinder


of finite length, outer cylinder to inner cylinder

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Hubungan antara faktor bentuk

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F13?

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F13?

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F19?

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A1F19 =

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hamburan

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PPR antara nonblackbodies


Irradiasi (G):
panas radiasi total yg mengenai
permukaan sebuah benda persatuan wkt
persatuan luas.
Radiositas (J):
panas radiasi total yg dipancarkan oleh
permukaan sebuah benda persatuan wkt
persatuan luas.
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Radiositas (J) adl jml E yg diemisikan dan E yg


direfleksikan ketika tdk ada E yg ditransmisikan.
Energi yg meninggalkan permukaan adl selisih antara
Radiositas (J) dan Irradiasi (G)

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Konsep Tahanan pd PPR


Tahanan permukaan

Tahanan kedudukan

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PPR antara 2 Permukaan

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PPR antara 3 Permukaan

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Permukaan ke-3 melingkupi permukaan 1 dan 2

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Bidang datar paralel infinit

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PPR antara
2 silinder panjang konsentris

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PPR antara 2 Bdg sejajar


yg dipasangi penghalang
Shielding radiasi panas:
Biasanya logam yg emisivitasnya rendah,
reflektivitas tinggi.

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The windows are triple


glazed in a fiberglass
frame.

The result is an
outstanding, energy
efficient window.
These windows provide
many advantages.
Thermal comfort is
improved as there is 80%
less radiation heat
transfer between glass
and room.
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Heat shied

Radiation shield
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