KEY SCIENCE 6

MIXED-ABILITY WORKSHEETS, ANSWER KEY

Unit 1. Reinforcement 1
1. Match the three columns to make sentences.
Fever is a symptom from an infectious illness.
The flu is an illness produced by a virus.
Eating fruit is a healthy habit related to diet.
Health is a state of well-being in which we feel well.
2. Correct the sentences below.
a) Tetanus is an infectious illness that is not contagious from person to person.
b) Bronchitis is caused by bacteria and affects the respiratory system.
c) Sharing eating and drinking utensils with other people is not a healthy (is an unhealthy) habit.
3. Explain what athletes foot is. Is it a contagious illness?
Athletes foot is a fungal skin illness. To avoid contracting it, it is important to wear flip-flops in
swimming pools and changing rooms.
4. Match the pictures and the definitions.
c, a, d, b
5. Explain what a vaccine is and what it does.
A vaccine is when a doctor introduces into our bodies the micro-organism or virus that is making us
ill. The body reacts to the virus and produces substances to destroy it. If the micro-organism or
virus returns, our bodies will recognise it and fight against it. Vaccines can be oral or injections.

Unit 1. Reinforcement 2
1. Describe a healthy habit associated with each of the following concepts.
Diet: A balanced diet, avoiding sweets.
Hygiene: Wash your hands before meals and have a shower every day.
Rest: Sleep 8 or 9 hours a day.
Physical activity: Do it regularly because it is important for our health.
2. Look at the picture of a living thing that causes infectious illnesses. Tick the correct
characteristics. Say if it is a virus or bacterium.
Bacteria: Unicellular organisms and Pathogenic micro-organism
3. Complete the sentences.
Infectious illnesses are caused by micro-organisms or viruses that invade our bodies and cause
infections. Some of these illnesses are contagious so they can be easily transmitted from one
person to another. But many times we can prevent infections by practising hygienic habits, such as
washing our hands before eating or handling food.

Unit 1. Extension
1. Diabetes, which is generally hereditary, is an illness that results in the accumulation of
sugar in the blood, which causes a number of serious health problems. Is this illness
infectious? Is it contagious?
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MIXED-ABILITY WORKSHEETS, ANSWER KEY

Diabetes is not infectious or contagious.

2. Underline the correct words.
Measles are an infectious illness caused by a virus. There is a vaccine for it.
Tuberculosis is respiratory illness and is contagious.
Intoxication is a non-infectious illness that isnt contagious.
Tetanus is a non-contagious illness caused by a bacterium.
3. Surgeons and other medical professionals use extreme precautions to guarantee
disinfection: they use special soaps to wash their hands, disposable latex gloves when in
contact with a patient and they cover the patient with sterile bandages. Why are these medical
hygiene precautions necessary?
Extreme hygiene is important to prevent infection. Pathogenic micro-organisms can enter the
body through wounds or cuts, so everything must be clean. These bacteria can easily enter the
body during an operation and cause an infectious illness if things are not sterile.
4. Tick the correct answer to complete each sentence.
a) Viruses are not living things but can cause many infectious illnesses.
b) Bacteria are unicellular living things that reproduce quickly.
c) Vaccines introduce pathogenic micro-organisms into the body, so the body reacts to it by
building a tolerance to the illness.

Unit 2. Reinforcement 1
1. Match the three columns.
Feel sleepy Open our mouths to yawn Muscular response.
Smell fresh bread Saliva comes into our mouth Glandular response
Cut an onion Cry Glandular response
Our arm feels itchy We scratch it Muscular response
Touch a hot plate Take our hand away quickly Muscular response
2. Complete the sentences.
Our eyes, ears, nose, mouth and skin are our sense organs. They receive external stimuli.
Stimuli can be either external or internal. The sense organs are external receptors. The
internal receptors receive the internal stimuli our bodies produce, such as hunger or thirst.
3. Match the picture with what it represents.
a) Sense of sight organ
b) Involuntary movement
c) Central nervous system
d) Layers of skin
e) Neurone
4. Explain what are the two main components of the central nervous system and the
function of each.
The central nervous system has two parts:
- The brain is inside the skull. It is made up of the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain stem. It
produces a response in the case of involuntary movements.
- The spinal cord is made up of many neurons. It is protected by vertebrae. It produces a response
in the case of involuntary movements.
The peripheral nervous system is made up of:
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MIXED-ABILITY WORKSHEETS, ANSWER KEY

- Sensory nerves, which transmit information from the sensory and internal organs to the central
nervous system.
- Motor nerves, which transmit responses from the central nervous system to the muscles and
glands.

Unit 2. Reinforcement 2
1. Complete the sentences.
The skeletal and muscular system is made up of the skeleton and the musculature. The skeleton is
made up of bones and joints. The musculature is the set of muscles in the body.
2. Look at the pictures and label the bones and muscles.
a) 1. orbicular; 2. buccinator; 3. sternocleidomastoid; 4. deltoid; 5. pectoral; 6. intercostal; 7.biceps;
8. abdominal
b) 1. parietal; 2. temporal; 3. nasal; 4. jawbone; 5. occipital; 6. carpal; 7. metacarpal
3. Correct the sentences below.
Tendons connect muscles to the bones.
Vertebrae are semi-movable joints.
The masseter muscles help you chew.
4. Write the name of each type of joint.
a) Movable joint; b) semi-movable joint; c) fixed joint

Unit 2. Extension
1. We can easily see how dogs respond to a stimuli they like. What type of response does
a dog experience when its owner is playing with it or when it is about to go for a walk or when
it is about to eat? Are these responses muscular or glandular?
Dogs are very expressive when they are happy, for example wagging their tail, jumping and licking.
This is a muscular response. When they are about to eat and they also salivate, this is a glandular
response.
2. Walking, cycling and skating are exercises that have something in common: one must
maintain their balance. Although it takes time to learn to walk, once you learn it is never that
difficult again. What central nervous system organ is responsible for maintaining balance while
learning and what organ when the activity is learned?
When we are learning a new sport, the movements are deliberate and require a lot of
concentration. The cerebrum is responsible for these movements, as they require conscientious
attention. When we are skilled at the sport, and the action is more habitual, faster and more
efficient, the cerebellum is responsible for the action.
3. Give another word for involuntary movements. Which organ is responsible for these very
fast involuntary movements? Explain why the response is so fast and how it is transmitted.
Another word for involuntary movements is reflex. The spinal cord is responsible for these
very fast movements. The motion is so fast because it is transmitted to the muscle through
the motor nerves and not through the thought processes of the brain.
4. Look at the picture and explain which type of response it is and how it is produced.
The illustration represents a voluntary movement. The sensory nerves feel the heat and transmit
that information to the brain. The brain processes the information and takes a decision, thus
KEY SCIENCE 6
MIXED-ABILITY WORKSHEETS, ANSWER KEY

producing a response. The motor nerves transmit the central nervous systems response to the
muscles.

Unit 3. Reinforcement 1
1. Match the two columns.
Digestive system. It transforms food into nutrients.
Respiratory system. It provides oxygen to the blood.
Excretory system. It filters waste substances and removes them from the body.
Circulatory system. It transports nutrients to all the cells.
2. Label the pictures.
a) Digestive system: 1. mouth; 2. pharynx; 3. oesophagus; 4. stomach; 5. liver; 6. pancreas; 7.
small intestine; 8. large intestine
b) Respiratory system: 1. nostrils; 2. pharynx; 3. trachea; 4. bronchi; 5. lungs
3. Look at the picture of the human circulatory system and label its parts. Then colour the
pulmonary circulation blue and the systemic circulation red.
Refer to Students Book, page 29, to check answers about circulation routes.
1. pulmonary artery; 2. pulmonary veins; 3. vena cava; 4. aorta
4. Choose the correct word.
a) Blood is a red tissue made up of cells that float in a nutritious liquid.
b) The three types of blood cells are red, white and platelets.
c) Red blood cells carry oxygen and give blood their colour.
d) White blood cells are part of the bodys defence system.

Unit 3. Reinforcement 2
1.Complete the sentences using the correct words.
The digestive system gives nutrients from our food to the blood.
Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells and also collects waste substances.
Sweat glands and the urinary system make up the excretory system.
The respiratory system takes oxygen from the air and releases carbon dioxide.
The heart is a circulatory system organ that pumps the blood.
2. Correct the sentences below.
The liver is an organ that secretes bile and helps in the digestion process.
During the breathing process the body inhales oxygen that goes to the blood. Then the carbon
dioxide from the blood moves to the lungs where it is released.
The excretory system is made up of the sweat glands and the urinary system that produces
urine.
3. Choose the correct word.
Systole is the movement of contraction.
The heart is divided into two parts by a wall called the heart septum.
4. Label the picture.
1. vein; 2. arteries; 3. atria; 4. ventricles

KEY SCIENCE 6
MIXED-ABILITY WORKSHEETS, ANSWER KEY

Unit 3. Extension
1. When a person chokes on food we say the food went down the wrong pipe. Where does
choking take place?
Choking takes place at the point of the pharynx where it meets the larynx and the trachea. Its at
this complicated place that the air continues down the larynx to the trachea and food continues to
the oesophagus. To help prevent choking, there is a valve, the epiglottis, that closes the trachea
when we swallow.
2. We normally produce less urine in the summer than in the winter. Those people who do
exercise on a hot day sometimes produce 50% less urine than they do on a cold day, even
when drinking liquids. Explain the reason for the decrease in urine production.
There is a clear relationship between the amount of urine produced, temperature and physical
exercise. When it is hot and we exercise, we sweat more. When we sweat, the amount of water in
the blood decreases thus producing less urine. In this case our bodies excrete through the sweat
glands and not through urine.
3. Label the picture and explain the function of each type of blood cell.
1. Red blood cells: They carry oxygen and give blood its red colour.
2. White blood cells: They are the bodys defence. They remove bacteria, viruses and other foreign
bodies that enter the body.
3. Platelets: They form blood clots in the blood vessels to stop blood from coming out when they
are broken.
4. Tick the correct answer to complete the sentences.
a) Cholesterol is a substance that increases in the blood if we eat a lot of processed foods.
b) Blood flows from the heart through arteries.

Unit 4. Reinforcement 1
1. Explain why humans have sexual reproduction and where fertilisation occurs.
Human beings have sexual reproduction because it is necessary to unite the female reproductive
cell, the ovule, and the male reproductive cell, the sperm. Fertilisation occurs inside the female
body.
2. Draw an ovum and a sperm. Which of the two can move by itself?
Check the Students Book, page 33, for the correct answer.
The sperm can move by itself.
3. Label the parts of the female and male reproductive systems.
a) 1. ovaries; 2. Fallopian tubes; 3. uterus; 4. vagina
b) 1. vas deferens; 2. penis; 3. urethra; 4. testicles, 5. scrotum
4. Correct the sentences below.
a) The embryo is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord.
b) During afterbirth the placenta comes out of the mothers womb.
c) The mother can feel the foetus move at 5 months.

Unit 2. Reinforcement 2
1. Say which of these sentences are incorrect. Write them correctly.
a) Approximately each month an ovule matures in the ovaries.
KEY SCIENCE 6
MIXED-ABILITY WORKSHEETS, ANSWER KEY

b) Secondary sexual characteristics develop during puberty.

2. Look at the picture and label the parts.
1. uterus; 2. placenta; 3. amniotic sac; 4. foetus; 5. umbilical cord
3. Complete the sentences.
The testicles are male sexual organs in a bag of skin called the scrotum. Sperm is produced inside
them.
Inside the penis is the urethra. There are two tubes, the vas deferens, that take the sperm from the
testicles to the urethra.
4. Define fertilisation. Where does it occur?
Fertilization occurs when a sperm and an ovule connect and create an embryo. This generally
occurs in the Fallopian tubes.

Unit 4. Extension
1. Match the explanations to the picture that represents the various phases of the
fertilization process.
The zygote implants itself in the uterus. D
The mature ovule leaves the ovary. A
The fertilized ovule is a zygote. C
The ovule and sperm join together. B
2. Explain the difference between a zygote, an embryo and a foetus.
The zygote is the single-cell union of the ovule and sperm in one of the Fallopian tubes. When the
zygote travels down the Fallopian tubes and implants itself to the wall of the uterus, it turns into an
embryo. After about the first three months, all the organs are formed in the embryo and it now turns
into a foetus.
3. During labour at a point of dilation, women experience what is called breaking water. It is
called like this because the amniotic fluid flows out of the body through the vagina, therefore
signalling that birth is near. What is it that breaks at this point so that the liquid flows?
When the amniotic sac breaks. During pregnancy the foetus is in this liquid. When the water
breaks this usually coincides with the first contractions and is a signal that labour has begun.
4. Sometimes a woman can release two or more mature ovules at one time. What happens
if these ova are fertilised?
If two or more ovules are fertilized in the female reproductive system, twins, triplets, etc. can be
born. The number of ovules released and fertilized determines the number of possible babies.

Unit 5. Reinforcement 1
1. Choose the correct word.
a) When we rub our hands together and feel heat we produce thermal energy.
b) Food, batteries and fuel generate chemical energy.
c) Musical instruments produce sound energy.
d) One form of energy can change into another form of energy.
2. Look at the pictures. Explain if the energy source is renewable or non-renewable. What is
the difference between the two types of sources?
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MIXED-ABILITY WORKSHEETS, ANSWER KEY

a) Petroleum is non-renewable.
b) Solar energy is renewable.
Renewable energy is that type of energy that is regenerated after we use it. Non-renewable energy
is energy that has only a limited amount.
3. If we cover a pot of water and heat it, the water starts to boil a short time afterwards. Then
the steam rises, moving the lid of the pot. In thermal power stations something similar
happens. Explain why this occurs.
Combustion heats the water and produces steam. The movement of the steam moves the lid of the
pan. This is similar to when steam moves a turbine that generates electricity when it turns.
4. Tick the actions that help save energy.
Reusing plastic bags as rubbish bags.
Recycling paper and plastics.
Using public transportation.
Using the air conditioner moderately in summer.

Unit 5. Reinforcement 2
1. Explain why if you rub a pen with a cloth of wool it attracts pieces of paper.
After rubbing a pen with the cloth of wool, which is an insulating material, it gathers an electrical
charge. Things charged attract things that are charged with the opposite, (i.e. those things not
charged). So paper that is not charged is attracted to the pen, which is charged.
2. Look at the picture of the components of the circuit. Label it and explain their function.
a) Switch: You can open or close the circuit at this point stopping or opening the flow of electricity.
b) Wires: Metallic material, usually copper, that let the electricity flow through the circuit.
c) Battery: It is a generator that creates energy needed to make the circuit work.
d) Light bulb: It is the device connected to the circuit that uses the electric energy to function
(lighting).
3. Figures A and B represent broken magnets. Will fragment A have only a north magnetic pole
and B only a south magnetic pole? Explain your reasoning.
Each fragment of a magnet is complete with a north and south magnetic pole. Magnets with only
one or the other pole do not exist. All, however big or small, have both.
4. Classify the descriptions below as static electricity, electric current or magnetism.

Static
electricity
Turning on a flashlight.
Rubbing a balloon on a jumper and it then
sticks to your hair.
Push a button and a bell rings.
Place a fork near a compass and the
needle moves.
Combing your hair in the dark and green
sparks fly from your hair.
A decorative magnet sticks to your refrigerator.

Electric current

Magnetism

X
X
X
X
X
X

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MIXED-ABILITY WORKSHEETS, ANSWER KEY

Unit 5. Extension
1. Look at the picture. What would happen if the switch was pushed?
Circuit A will close, and the electric current will close Circuit B, thus the bell will ring.
2. Working with electricity can be very dangerous. List three safety rules for anyone who works
with electricity. Why are these recommendations so important?
It is important to 1. Use insulated gloves and tools, 2. Use shoes with rubber soles on the bottom,
and 3. Never touch wires without protective plastic. This is important because rubber, wood and
plastic are insulating materials and electrical charges cannot move through them.
3. Joe just changed the batteries from his game console joystick. Explain what he should do
with the used batteries and why.
The batteries should be put in the special recycling area for batteries. Batteries deposited in the
proper recycling area will not go to the same place as the regular rubbish. This is important
because it helps avoid polluting the soil and water. Many batteries contain harmful substances that
pollute, such as mercury.
4. Periodically electricity supply companies read the electricity meter in each home. What
is the meter and how does it function?
The electricity meter is the object that tells us how much electricity the circuit is using. In private
homes they measure kilowatts per hour (kilowatts multiplied per hour.) The device functioning at
one thousand watts for an hour (about 500 during 2 hours) consumes a kilowatt an hour.

Unit 6. Reinforcement 1
1. Complete the sentences explaining how light spreads.
Light is a form of energy that travels in all directions, but in a straight line. It travels very quickly, at
300,000 kilometres per second.
2. Read and choose the correct words to answer the question.
a) The light bulb emits light.
b) The book reflects light received from the light bulb.
3. Match the three columns.
Converging lenses Refraction It makes rays of light come together.
Mirrors Reflection It creates a clear image.
Wall Reflection Light hits the object and it changes its direction.
Diverging lenses Refraction It separates rays of light.
4. Look at the picture of the drums. Which of the drums produces a higher pitch? Why is
there a difference in sound if the two drums are hit with the same intensity?
Drum b, because it is smaller, produces a higher pitch, as the vibration is produced over a smaller
area.
5. When entering a large and empty room, voices and sound have a different sound. Why does
this phenomenon occur?
When a sound is emitted and reaches an object, depending on the distance it can either echo or
reverberate. An echo occurs when the obstacle is more than 17 metres away and there is a clear
difference between the reflected and emitted sound. Reverberation happens when the obstacle is
at a shorter distance and the reflected sound mixes with the emitted sound.
KEY SCIENCE 6
MIXED-ABILITY WORKSHEETS, ANSWER KEY

Unit 6. Reinforcement 2
1. Complete the sentences.
Light is a form of energy. There are two types of sources of light. There are bodies that emit, or
create light. Sometimes this type of light is natural, like fire, or artificial, like light bulbs.
2. Match the pictures to the descriptions.
a) 3" "
b) 2" "
c) 1
3. Tick the characteristics of each form of energy.
Travels in a straight line: Light / Sound
Travels in all directions: Light / Sound
Travels at 300,000 kms / second: Light
Travels at 340 metres / second: Sound
4. These sentences describe the characteristics of sound, but the underlined words are in
the wrong place. Rewrite the sentences so they are correct.
The timbre is the quality of a sound that lets us differentiate the object from which it originates.
When we turn up the volume of a sound we are increasing the intensity.
A sounds pitch is high or low depending on if the vibration is produced over a large or small
area.

Unit 6. Extension
1. Isaac Newton discovered that white light can separate into the seven colours of the
rainbow. What property of light is manifested when we get a rainbow after it passes through a
drop of rain or prism? What is this property?
Sample answer: Rainbows form when the ray of light passes through rain or a prism and refracts. It
then separates the colours and forms a rainbow.
2. Some animals are capable of detecting obstacles by emitting ultrasound waves. Name two
animals that have this capability.
Sample answer: Bats are capable of flying and moving around obstacles in complete darkness
without colliding with anything. Dolphins, whales and sperm are also capable of this.
3. We use the terms transparent, translucent and opaque to describe how light acts when it
reaches an object. We can also use these terms to describe how materials act when sound
reaches them. Give an example of each type of sound.
Sample answer: An opaque material would be one that does not transmit sound from one side to
the other. A sound-proof wall is an example. A material that allows the sound to pass through it, but
changes the sound is called translucent. Transparent materials allow sound to be transmitted
without altering it.
4. Determine which is the correct picture for each description.
b) It represents a diverging lens. a) This situation produces an echo.

Unit 7. Reinforcement 1
1. Match the two columns to make sentences.
a) The Pyrenees separate Spain and France.
b) The Central Chain divides the plateau into sub-plateaus.
c) The Lon Mountains separate the Galician Massif.
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d) The Toledo Mountains divide the Tajo from the Guadiana valley.
e) The Teide is located in the Canary Islands.
f) The Tramuntana Range is located on the Balearic Islands.
2. Match the pictures with the correct word.
1. gulf; 2. cape; 3. cliff; 4. beach
3. Complete the sentences with the following words: Atlantic, Valencia, river, Mio, mouth,
Tarifa, Peninsula, Mediterranean and Cantabrian.
The Cantabrian coast goes from Estaca de Bares to the mouth of the river Bidasoa.
The Atlantic coast of Galicia is in the north-west of the Peninsula and goes from Estaca de Bares
to the mouth of the river Mio.
The Mediterranean coast goes from Tarifa to Cape Creus. It also has the albufera of Valencia.
4. Read and choose the correct word.
a) The Balearic Islands are in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands are in the Atlantic
Ocean.
b) The Tramuntana Range is in Mallorca.
c) The Canary Islands are mainly made up of the islands of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Fuerteventura,
Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera y El Hierro.
d) Mount Teide is the highest mountain in Spain.

Unit 7. Reinforcement 2
1. Label the map of the Iberian Peninsula with the following items.
Refer to Students Book, page 56, and atlas to check answers.
2. Complete the sentences with the correct word.
The Central Chain divides the Plateau into two sub-plateaus.
The Duero valley is located in the North Sub-plateau.
The Tajo and Guadiana Valleys are located in the South Sub-plateau.
3. Mark C if the characteristics belong to the Canary Islands or B if the characteristics belong
to the Balearic Islands.
C They are in the Atlantic Ocean.
B It is made up of four islands.
B It has very low relief.
C It is made up of seven islands.
C Its highest peak is the Teide volcano.
B It is located in the Mediterranean Sea.
C They are volcanic.
B Its point of highest relief is the Tramuntana Range.
4. Classify the information.
Cape Gata: Mediterranean Coast
Cape Fisterra: Atlantic Coast
Ebro Delta: Mediterranean Coast
Gulf of Vizcaya: Cantabrian Coast
Gulf of Cdiz: Atlantic Coast
Cape Peas: Cantabrian Coast

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MIXED-ABILITY WORKSHEETS, ANSWER KEY

10

Unit 7. Extension
1. Name the peak and give its height.
The highest peak in Spain: Teide. It is 3718 metres high.
The highest peak on the Peninsula: Mulhacn. It is 3481 metres high.
The highest peak in the Pyrenees: Aneto. It is 3404 metres high.
The highest peak in the Cantabrian Chain: Torre Cerredo. It is 2648 metres high.
2. Look at the map. Using the scale calculate the distance between points A and B.
a) 2,750,000 cm; b) 27.5 km
3. How were the Canary Islands created?
Sample answer: The Canary Islands have a volcanic origin. All of the islands are the result of an
accumulation of lava emitted from various volcanoes. The first person to write a book about the
volcanic origin of the Canary Islands was Alexander von Humboldt.

Unit 8. Reinforcement 1

1. Use two of the following words to complete the sentences about the factors that
determine climate: Relief / Temperature / Precipitation / Latitude.
We use a thermometer to measure temperature.
We use a pluviometer to measure precipitation.
2. Look at the two climograms. Which of the two represents a Mediterranean climate and
which represents an Oceanic climate.
A: Mediterranean climate"
B: Oceanic climate
3. Match the two columns.
It is the longest river in Spain. Ebro
It starts in the Peaks of Urbin. Duero
It forms the ria of Bilbao. Nervin
It flows through Valencia. Segur
It is a ravine in La Palma. Taburiente
4. Answer the questions.
a) A watershed is the area of land through which rivers flow into the same sea.
b) The three watersheds are the Cantabrian watershed, the Atlantic watershed and the
Mediterranean watershed.
c) The Canary Islands belong to the Atlantic watershed.

Unit 8. Reinforcement 2
1. Circle the factors that affect climate.
Latitude, relief, distance to the sea, altitude
2. Match the description with the climate.
The climate is mild in the winter and hot in the summer Mediterranean climate
Mild temperatures all year round Oceanic climate
Cool temperatures in the summer and very low ones in winter Mountain climate
The climate in the Canary Islands Subtropical climate
3. Label five rivers on the map.
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11

Refer to the Students Book, page 67, and atlas to check answer.
4. Define the words.
Course: This is the path of a river.
Water flow: Is the amount of water that the river carries.
Low water level: The period of less water flow.

Unit 8. Extension
1. Why does the Sun heat less at the poles than at the equator?
The sunrays hit the poles obliquely while at the equator the rays hit the ground perpendicularly and
heat the ground more intensely.
2. Make a climogram for an interior Mediterranean climate that has cold winters and hot, dry
summers.
Refer to the Students Book, page 69, to check answer.
3. There are some provinces in Spain, such as Teruel, Burgos, Len and Soria, where the
temperatures can get to 10 below cero in the winter. There are other provinces, such as
Barcelona, Vigo, Huelva, Valencia, etc. where this does not happen. What is the factor that
determines this temperature difference?
Sample answer: Teruel, Burgos, Len and Soria are provinces within the interior of the Peninsula
and have a Continental Mediterranean climate. Barcelona, Vigo, etc. are costal provinces and their
proximity to the sea makes their temperatures milder all year round.
4. The Grazalema Mountains in the province of Cdiz, is one of the areas with the most
rainfall in Spain. The mountains are high and abrupt, near the sea and they receive humid
winds from the Atlantic Ocean. Explain the reason for this high level of precipitation.
Sample answer: This region has a typical Mediterranean climate, which usually is dry. But the
mountainous relief retains the moisture from the winds coming from the Atlantic Ocean.

Unit 9. Reinforcement 1
1. Look at the picture. Select the correct word to complete the sentences.
a) These people lived in villages and lived off agriculture.
b) They made tools out of metal.
c) They invented pottery.
d) These people belong to the Metal Ages.
2. Complete the crossword about Greek civilisation.
Horizontal: 1. G A M E S "
"
2. D E M O C R A C Y "
Vertical: 2. ATHENS

3. P O L I S

3. Read about Roman civilisation. Tick the true sentences and correct the false ones.
The emperor was the person who had the most political and military power.
The Roman Empire was divided into provinces governed by governors.
4. What are three major constructions that enriched urban life for Roman culture? What are
their uses?
Sample answer: Theatres for public events, like plays; amphitheatres for gladiator fights
and circuses for chariot racing.
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12

Unit 9. Reinforcement 2
1. Complete the sentences about people during the Palaeolithic era.
a) People lived in small groups in caves or huts, like the decorated caves in Altamira.
b) They were nomads, they moved often and lived from hunting, fishing and gathering wild plants.
c) They made their own tools made out of bone, stone or wood.
d) Thanks to fire they could cook food and protect themselves from animals.
2. Complete the chart about Mediterranean colonisation.
Region of origin
Phoenicians

Greeks

East of the
Mediterranean
Greece

Carthaginians North Africa

Destination

Reasons for colonisation

Southern parts of the

Peninsula
Looking for minerals
Eastern and southern
Commerce to exchange
parts of the
pottery for precious
Peninsula
metals.
Balearic Islands and
the south-east of the Military reasons
Peninsula

3. Choose the correct word about the Middle Ages in Spain.

a) Arab culture introduced crops such as rice saffron and cotton.
b) Al Andalus was divided into various independent territories or taifas.
c) The Muslim army arrived to conquer the Visigoths in 711.
4. Tick the sentences that are true. Correct the false ones.
In the 10th century the first caliph established the capital in Crdoba.
In the 11th century the caliphate was divided into taifas, independent territories.

Unit 9. Extension
1. Draw a medieval castle and label its parts. Then find out what was life like in castles and

write.
Check answers.
2. Hernn Corts and Francisco Pizarro are some of the most famous conquerors. Find out
what ethnic groups they fought against and what territories they conquered.
Hernn Cortes (1485-1547) fought the Aztecs and conquered the territories that more or less make
up Mexico today. Francisco Pizarro fought against the Incas and thus conquered the major part of
the western coast of South America.
3. The first universities were founded in Europe during the Middle Ages. What were the main
areas of study during that time?
The main area of study was Law. Later Theology and Medicine were also major areas of study.

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Unit 10. Reinforcement 1

1. Make a timeline of the following events.
Check the correct placement of the events on the timeline.
Beginning of Contemporary Times 1808
Start of the War of Independence 1808
The first railways in Spain 1850s
The end of the Second Republic 1939
End of Francos dictatorship 1975
Spain joins the European Union 1986
2. Complete the sentences about the War of Independence.
a) The War of Independence started in 1808 when the French troops under Napoleon invaded
Spain.
b) It ended in 1814 when the French were defeated.
c) During the war, in 1812, the first Constitution was written.
3. Explain each type of government and give an example of each from Contemporary Times in
Spain.
Parliamentary Monarchy: The Head of State is the King, but the parliament, elected by the
citizens, makes the decisions. An example is Juan Carlos I, from the transition to today.
Republic: The leaders are elected through voting. An example was the Second Republic,
1931-1939.
Dictatorship: This type of government is characterised by a restriction in citizen rights and liberties
and the leaders not elected by the citizens. An example is Francos dictatorship from 1939-1975.
4. What were some of the important changes that occurred in Spain during the 20th century?
Sample answer: Spanish society has experienced many changes. There was a great economic
and social modernisation. The following sectors grew: industry, service, trade and education. It was
a period of cultural splendour, with authors like Lorca, Alberti and Cernuda. There were important
scientists, such as Ramn y Cajal and Ochoa. There were also great artists, such as Picasso and
Dal.

Unit 10. Reinforcement 2

1. Choose the correct word.
a) In the 19th century the distribution of wealth created social classes.
b) Factory owners and landowners formed the upper classes.
c) Farmers and factory workers made up the lower classes.
d) The factory workers created political parties and trade unions to defend and protect their rights.
2. How did the Spanish Democratic Transition happen? Provide details about the major events
for the dates below.
1975: Franco died and Juan Carlos I became King of Spain.
1978: Elections take place in Spain and the Constitution is approved.
1986: Spain enters the European Union.
3. Complete the sentences with the name of an important person from Spanish history.
Velzquez, Murillo and Zurbarn were great painters from the Golden Age.
Carlos III created the Royal Academies and Royal Factories.
Cervantes was a great author of fiction, Lope de Vega was a playwright and Gngora /
Quevedo was a poet of the Golden Age.
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 Carlos I started the colonisation of the Americas.

4. Match the four columns.
The Legislature Makes the laws General Courts Congress and Senate
The Executive Governs the country Government President and Ministers
The Judiciary Administrates justice Courts of Justice Judges & Magistrates

Unit 10. Extension

1. Write the name of five key events in the recent history of Spain, adding the relevant dates
and the name of main person involved.
Sample answer:
EVENT

DATE/S

PERSON

War of Independence

1808-1814

Napoleon Bonaparte

Absolute monarchy

1814

Fernando VII

Parliamentary monarchy

1833

Isabel II

Parliamentary monarchy

1874

Alfonso XII

Dictatorship

1939 -1975

Francisco Franco

2. Read about the First Republic in Spain and write three reasons why it failed.
Sample answer:
Great political and social instability.
Civil wars
Lack of popular support.
3. Detail the organisation of your Community.
Check the answer.

Unit 11. Reinforcement 1

1. Choose the correct word.
a) The population is the number of people living in a territory.
b) There is a census every ten years to determine the population.
c) Municipalities revise their census every year.
d) Natural growth is the difference between the birth rate and the death rate.
e) Real growth is the sum of natural growth and migratory balance.
2. Circle the correct option.
a) Births / Deaths / Immigration / Emigration
b) Births / Immigration
c) Deaths / Emigration
3. Complete the sentences about population density.
Population density is the relationship between the size of a population and the area of land it is in.
It is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants of the territory by the area, expressed in
square kilometres.
The Spanish coast is more densely populated than inland, except for Madrid.

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4. Match the two columns.

Primary sector Fishing, farming and mining
Secondary sector Industry and construction
Tertiary / Service sector - Trade, transport, tourism and administration

Unit 11. Reinforcement 2

1. Answer the following questions.
a) An immigrant is the person who enters a community while an emigrant is the person who leaves
from a community.
b) The migratory balance is the difference between the numbers of immigrants and the number of
emigrants.
c) A widening of the pyramid is an increase in population.
d) The immigrant population in Spain is 13 percent.
2. Two cities, City A and City B, have the same population. City A has a larger territory than
City B. Which has a higher population density? Why?
City B has a higher population density than City A because the same number of people live in the
city, but in a smaller area. Using the mathematical equation, dividing the [number of inhabitants] is
the same, the smaller the area the divider (area) the population density increases.
3. Complete the sentences.
The inactive population is the group of people who are under 16, over 64 or those unable to work.
The active population is the group of people between the ages of 16 and 64 who are able to work.
The employed are people who have jobs.
The unemployed are people who currently do not have jobs.
4. Complete the chart about the distribution of economic sectors in Spain.
Primary sector
Andaluca

Castilla-La Mancha

Catalua
Extremadura

Secondary sector

Tertiary sector
X

X
X

Madrid

Pas Vasco

Unit 11. Extension

1. Explain the evolution of the Spanish population since the beginning of the 20th century
until today.
Sample answer: Currently Spain has 46 million inhabitants while at the beginning of the 20th
century it had only 18 million. This increase is the result of a natural population increase and a
positive migratory balance. The population growth has been positive in general. The migratory
balance has experienced some variations. For example in the 1950s until the 1970s many
Spaniards emigrated to other countries in Europe and the Americas for economic reasons.
2. Look at the population pyramids and answer the questions.
a. Children and young people are represented at the base, adults in the middle and the
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elderly at the top.

b. We know that the birth rate was higher in 1900 because the base of the pyramid is wider. But
the life expectancy is greater too, represented by the top of the pyramid (2000) being wider, so
more people are elderly.
c. The 1900 pyramid represents a younger population, as the elderly population in the 1900
pyramid is narrower. The 2000 pyramid represents an ageing population.

Unit 12. Reinforcement 1

1. What continent is connected to Europe? What oceans and seas surround it?
Europe is connected to Asia in the east. It is surrounded by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the
Atlantic Oceans to the west, and the Mediterranean Ocean to the south.
2. Northern Europe has some important peninsulas and isles. What are they?
Peninsulas: Kola, Scandinavia and Jutland
Isles: British Isles and Iceland
3. Complete the sentences.
Europe is located in a temperate zone, but its territory has four climates.
The polar climate exists in the very north and is characterised by very cold temperatures.
The oceanic climate exists in the north and north-west with mild temperatures and lots of rain.
The Mediterranean climate is typical in southern Europe where the temperatures are high /
hot and there is little precipitation.
The continental climate exists in Central Europe. In this area there is little precipitation and
temperatures are high / hot in the summer and low / cold in the winter.
4. Complete the chart about the institutions of the European Union.
The European Parliament (Strasbourg) is made up of Members elected every five years. They
make laws, approve budgets and supervise the other institutions.
The European Council (Brussels) is made up of the Heads of State and Government of all the
Member States. It is the main decision-making body of the EU.
The European Commission (Brussels) is made up of the President of the Commission and the
commissioners. It is in charge of foreign policy and common security.
The European Court of Justice (Luxembourg) makes decisions on matters of law. It is made up of
one judge per member state and eight advocates-general.

Unit 12. Reinforcement 2

1. Complete the chart.
Watershed

Characteristics

Rivers

Arctic

Heavy water flow

Dvina

Mediterranean

Short rivers with an irregular

water flow
Heavy water flow

Po, Tiber, Rhone and Ebro

Atlantic
Black and Caspian seas

Long and have a heavy and

regular water flow.

Vistula, Oder, Elbe, Rhine,

Seine, Tajo, Thames, Loire
Danube, Dniester, the Don and
Volga

2. Choose the correct word.

In the primary sector, it is mechanised and employs a small part of the population. Farmers grow
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crops in the south, like cereals, grapevines and olive trees.

The secondary sector is one of the strongest in the world where 30 percent of the Europeans
work in different types of technology and industry like food, steel, textiles and technology.
The tertiary sector employs two thirds of the population. Western Europe has the largest
percentage of workers in the service sector.
3. Tick the sentences that are correct.
The use of technology for farming is widespread in Europe.
The economic sector in Europe where most people contribute is the tertiary sector.
4. Complete the crossword with the names of the members of the European Union.
GERMANY
LUXEMBOURG
GREECE
P O LAN D
S PAI N
I R E LAN D

Unit 12. Extension

1. Look at the atlas of Europe and write the names of 3 countries that have coastlines with
these oceans or seas.
Sample answers
Atlantic Ocean: Portugal, Spain and France
Arctic Ocean: Iceland, Norway and Russia
Mediterranean Sea: Italy, Greece and Albania
Baltic Sea: Poland, Sweden and Lithuania
Black Sea: Ukrania, Romania and Bulgaria
2. Look at the population densities of these European countries. Then answer the questions.
a) Norway, Russia, Italy and Belgium.
b) Norway Northern Europe; Russia Eastern Europe; Italy Mediterranean and Belgium
Central.
c) Northern European countries, such as Norway, tend to have low population densities
because of the intense cold climate. Eastern European countries also tend to have low
population densities due to the extreme temperatures of the Continental climate and scarce
industrialisation. Mediterranean countries tend to have mid to high population densities
because of the climate. Central European countries usually have high population densities
because they are industrialised.
3. Look at a European map. Write the capital of the following countries and underline the
countries that are members of the European Union.
France: Paris. Finland: Helsinki. Ukraine: Kiev. Hungary: Budapest. Switzerland: Bern.
Russia: Moscow. Romania: Bucharest. United Kingdom: London. Austria: Vienna. Sweden:
Stockholm. Bulgaria: Sofia. Italy: Rome

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