Nzoia Cluster Feasibility Study

Phase II Towns Kakamega, Busia and Nambale

Feasibility Report - Busia

APPENDIX A.2.1
DESIGN CAPACITY CHECK FOR EXISTING FILTERS

The surface loading rate is the most important parameter in the design of filters. The
recommended surface loading rate for rapid sand filters is 4-6m 3/m2/hr. The adequacy of the
existing filters will be checked by checking the surface loading rate on the filters when the
treatment works is operating at full capacity. The existing filters will be deemed adequate if the
surface loading rate does not exceed 6m3/m2/hr when the treatment works operates at full
design capacity.
Existing Filters:
- Nr of filters provided, n

- Effective Sand Area of filters

nr

Length, L

Width, W

1.85

Design Calculations and Checks:

Surface Area of each filter, A (= L x W)

7.4

m2

Total Surface Area of filtration (= A x n)

22.2

m2

Treatment Works Design Capacity, Q

2700

m3/d

0.031

m3/s

2700
22.2

m3/d
m2

Surface Loading Rate on Filters when

Operating at Design Capacity (= Q / A)

Water Design
Manual (MWI)

Recommended Surface Loading Rate for Filters

121.62

m3/m2/d

5.1

m3/m2/hr

Thus the existing filters ARE NOT ADEQU for a design capacity of

m3/m2/hr

2700 m3/d

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Nzoia Cluster Feasibility Study

Phase II Towns Kakamega, Busia and Nambale

Feasibility Report - Busia

APPENDIX A.2.2
DESIGN CAPACITY CHECK FOR EXISTING FLOCCULATION CHAMBERS
The Phase II flocculation basin takes the flow for 1 sedimentation tank tank while the Phase I
flocculation basin takes the flow for 2nr sedimentation tanks. The 3nr sedimentation tanks are all of
similar size hence the total flow is proportioned equally between them

Phase I Floculation chambers

Nr of Flocculation Chamber =

Total Volume of water to be treated, Q =

2700

m3/d

112.5

m3/hr

75

m3/hr

0.0208

m3/s

Recommended inlet velocity in floculation chambers =

0.6000

m/s

Recommended outlet velocity in floculation chambers =

0.2000

m/s

Flow into Flocculation Chamber (=Q x 2/3)

Assuming average velocity in the chambers is =

0.4

m/s

Calculating headloss from equation for discharge through orifice

Q CD 2 gh

Where

Q = Discharge (m3/s)
CD = 0.6200
h = Headloss (m)

Chamber

Length

Breadth

Depth

Volume

1
2

1.1
1.1

1.1
1.1

3.15
3.13

3.812
3.787

1.1

1.1

3.11

3.767

Area of
Orifice
Required
0.052
0.052
0.052

Headloss
0.021
0.021
0.021

11.366
Detention Time =

Total Volume
Discharge into Chamber

545.55

Sec

9.09

min

Velocity Gradient in Flocculation Chamber

P
C

where

G = Velocity Gradient (s-1)

Q = Design flow in basin (m3/s)
h = Headloss (m)
= Density of Water (Kg/m3)

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g = Graviational Constant
= Absolute viscosity of water
C = Volume of fluid in chamber (m3)
Chamber
1

G
23.73

Check
OK!

23.81

OK!

No Velocity Gradient Required

Recommended range of G is 20s-1 - 75s-1

Thus the flocculation chambers

are adequate

for design capacity of

1800 m3/d

Phase II Floculation chambers

Nr of Flocculation Chamber =

Total Volume of water to be treated, Q =

2700

m3/d

112.5

m3/hr

Flow into Flocculation Chamber (=Q x 1/3)

37.5

m3/hr

0.0104

m3/s

Recommended inlet velocity in floculation chambers =

0.6000

m/s

Recommended outlet velocity in floculation chambers =

0.2000

m/s

Assuming average velocity in the chambers is =

0.4

m/s

Calculating headloss from equation for discharge through orifice

Q CD 2 gh

Where

Q = Discharge (m3/s)
CD = 0.6200
h = Headloss (m)

Chamber

Length

Breadth

Depth

Volume

0.925

0.925

3.19

2.729

Area of
Orifice
Required
0.026

0.925

0.925

3.17

2.711

0.026

0.021

3
4

0.925
0.925

0.925
0.925

3.16
3.15

2.702
2.697

0.026

0.021

Headloss
0.021

10.840
Detention Time =

Total Volume
Discharge into Chamber

1040.63

Sec

17.34

min

Velocity Gradient in Flocculation Chamber

P
C

where

P Q. .h.g

G = Velocity Gradient (s-1)

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Q = Design flow in basin (m3/s)

h = Headloss (m)
= Density of Water (Kg/m3)
g = Graviational Constant
= Absolute viscosity of water
C = Volume of fluid in chamber (m3)

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Chamber

Check

28.05

OK!

2
3

28.14
28.19

OK!
OK!

No Velocity Gradient Required

Recommended range of G is 20s-1 - 75s-1

Thus the flocculation chambers are adequate for design capacity of

900 m3/d

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APPENDIX A.2.3
DESIGN CAPACITY CHECK FOR EXISTING SEDIMENTATION TANKS

The surface overflow rate is the most important design parameter for horizontal flow sedimentation
tanks. The recommended surface overflow rate for horizontal flow sedimentation tanks is 1.0m 3/m2/hr.
The adequacy of the existing sedimentation tanks will be checked by determining the surface overflow
rate on the sedimentation tanks when the treatment works is operating at full capacity. The existing
sedimentation tanks will be deemed adequate if the surface overflow rate does not exceed 1.0m 3/m2/hr
when the treatment works operates at full design capacity.

Existing Sedimentation Tanks:

- Nr of sedimentation tanks provided, n

nr

- Dimensions of sedimentation tanks

Length, L
Width, W

9.5
4

m
m

Surface Area of each sedimentation tank, A (= L x W)

38

m2

Total Surface Area of sedimentation tanks (= A x n)

114.0

m2

Treatment Works Design Capacity, Q

2700

m3/d

0.031

m3/s

2700
114.0

m3/d
m2

23.68

m3/m2/d

0.99

m3/m2/hr

1.0

m3/m2/hr

Design Calculations and Checks:

Surface Overflow Rate on Sedimentation Tanks when

Operating at Design Capacity (= Q / A)

Water Design
Manual (MWI)

Recommended Surface Loading Rate for Horizontal Flow

Sedimentation Tanks
Thus the existing sedimentation tanks ARE ADEQUATE

for a design capacity of

2700 m3/d

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APPENDIX A.2.4
DESIGN CAPACITY CHECK FOR EXISTING CLEAR WATER TANK

The clear water reservoir is used to provide the necessary chlorine contact time for treated water prior to
distribution of treated water to consumers. It is recommended that a minimum of 30 minutes chlorine contact
time should be provided for treated water.

Existing Clear Water Reservoir:

- Nr of clear water reservoirs provided, n

nr

- Capacity of clear water reservoirs

175

m3

- Total Storage Capacty provided for clear water,

175

m3

2700

m3/d

1.875

m3/min

175
1.875

m3
m3/min

93.33

minutes

30

minutes

Design Calculations and Checks:

Treatment Works Design Capacity, Q

Chlorine contact time provided by existing clear

water reservoir (= C / Q)

Water Design
Manual (MWI)

Recommended minimum chlorine contact time

Thus the existing clear water reservoir

IS ADEQUATE

for a treatment works design capacity of 2700 m3/d

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Nzoia Cluster Feasibility Study

Phase II Towns Kakamega, Busia and Nambale

Feasibility Report - Busia

APPENDIX A.2.5
DESIGN CAPACITY CHECK FOR EXISTING BACKWASH TANK

The backwash tank should have a capacity equal to the volume of water required to backwash at least one filter at a time.
The backwash rate for a filter is dependent on the filter media characteristics, mainly the effective size of the filter medium
grain. It is recommended that a filter be backwashed at the appropriate rate for a duration of at least 10 minutes.

Existing Backwash Tank:

- Nr of backwash tanks provided, n

nr

- Capacity of existing backwash tanks

50

m3

- Total existing storage capacty for backwash water, C

50

m3

Length, L

Width, W

1.85

7.4

m2

0.5

mm

25

m3/m2/hr
minutes

Design Calculations and Checks:

Existing filters: 3nr, each of dimension

Area of one filter, A ( =L x W )

Efffective sand size in filter

Water Design
Manual (MWI)

Recommended back wash rate for a filter with effective

sand size 0.5mm, R

Recommended backwash time, T

10

Backwash Water Volume required for one filter

(=RxAxT)

30.83

m3

Capacity of backwash tank provided

50

m3

Thus the existing backwash tank IS ADEQUATE

to backwash one filter at a time

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