Lighting I Course Transcript

Lighting I: Lighting Your Way Course Transcript
Slide 1
Welcome to the course Lighting Your Way: Four Principles for Efficiency.
Slide 2
This course is intended to be easy to use. You will encounter a few different screen types. Some
screens will auto-advance, and others will require you to take action to proceed. Please take a
few moments to familiarize yourself with the course layout, including the various tabs or virtual
buttons you should access and explore. When you are ready, click the next button to continue.
Slide 3
At the completion of this course, you will be able to:
List the four principles for efficient lighting design.
Discuss the importance of recommended light levels.
Identify the four basic lamp families.
List a variety of opportunities to improve energy efficiency through upgrades in lighting
and controls.
Slide 4
Lighting is considered a quick hit by many building owners and managers looking to save
energy and reduce costs.
To meet European building standards for energy consumption, lighting efficiency is a key area of
attention.
According to the National Lighting Bureaus 2003 study, only 17 percent of US commercial
buildings built before 1980 have retrofitted their lighting systems. That means more than 2.2
million US buildings could benefit just by updating their lighting systems! It is important to note,
however, that these figures also have some significant exclusions; the report did not include
shopping centers, strip malls, or industrial facilities.
Throughout the world, lighting offers opportunities to reduce consumption while maintaining
comfort and style.
2012 Schneider Electric. All rights reserved. All trademarks provided are the property of their respective owners.
Slide 5
How much energy is used for lighting? Here are some common commercial building types and
the percentage of the facilitys total energy usage consumed by lighting. It can be as much as 37
percent.
Slide 5
There are four principles of efficient lighting:
Determine how much light is needed, the appropriate quality, and where is it needed
amount, quality, and distribution. This will vary with the spaces orientation and availability
of daylight, the tasks and activities performed in the space, and the ages and visual
comfort requirements of the occupants of the space.
Use efficient luminaires designed to satisfy these criteria. The luminaire includes the lamp
and its housing, along with other components such as reflectors and diffusers.
Use lighting controls to automate the amount, distribution, and scheduling for the
luminaires.
Lastly, commission the lighting system to ensure proper operation and maintain the
system through periodic audits and maintenance.
Slide 6
Lastly, commission the lighting system to ensure proper operation and maintain the system
through periodic audits and maintenance.
Slide 6
There are four principles of efficient lighting:
Determine how much light is needed, the appropriate quality, and where is it needed
amount, quality, and distribution. This will vary with the spaces orientation and availability
of daylight, the tasks and activities performed in the space, and the ages and visual
comfort requirements of the occupants of the space.
Use efficient luminaires designed to satisfy these criteria. The luminaire includes the lamp
and its housing, along with other components such as reflectors and diffusers.
Use lighting controls to automate the amount, distribution, and scheduling for the
luminaires.
Lastly, commission the lighting system to ensure proper operation and maintain the system
through periodic audits and maintenance.
Slide 7
Whether new construction or retrofit, determining the appropriate amount, quality, and distribution
of light is the first step in providing an efficient lighting system.
Over-lighting can be as detrimental to safety, productivity, and visual comfort as under-lighting.
Slide 8
How do we measure light?
We measure the power of light in lumens, and we measure illuminance in lumens per unit area.
The SI unit of illuminance is lux, and is equal to one lumen spread evenly over one
square meter.
The US customary unit for illuminance is the footcandle, or fc, and is equal to one lumen
spread evenly over one square foot.
Illuminance is a measure of light density. It is measured with a calibrated light meter.
Lux or footcandle recommendations are meant as a guideline for lighting density, not as the only
criteria for appropriate lighting. Equally important criteria are uniformity, object reflectivity, and
glare.
Slide 9
Natural light levels vary tremendously, from the dim light of the moon to the intense light of a
sunny day.
Lighting requirements based on artificial light have a narrower range. The values shown are
general recommendations for illuminance, in lux and footcandles.
Slide 10
Some questions to ask when faced with a lighting project:
How much light do I need?
Appropriate amounts of light based on tasks and environment are published by lighting
engineering societies or government agencies and can vary by country or region.
Examples of these are the EN standards in Europe, the Illuminating Engineering Society
of North Americas, or IESNA, Handbook and Australia and New Zealands Standard
AS1680.
Where do I need the light?
Again, the reference for this will vary depending on your country.
Some applications, such as a classroom whiteboard, require light to be distributed on a

vertical surface, as opposed to reading a magazine, which may require light to be
distributed on a horizontal or angled surface.
Distribution can also describe the uniformity of light required for a particular task or
application. Uniform lighting is desirable in classrooms, offices, and parking lots, but to
create drama and draw an occupants attention to an object or area of interest, uneven
light levels provide a cue to the human brain that says look at me!
What quality of light do I need?

Color temperature in Kelvin (K) indicates the warmth or coolness of a light source.
CRI (1-100 scale) is a measurement of how true colors appear under a particular light
source using the standard incandescent light bulb as the standard at 100.
What is the age of the user?
Another factor to consider is the age of the occupants or users of the space. The older
the user, the more light that is required to achieve the same visual acuity as a younger
individual.
Slide 11
Color temperature is an indication of the hue of a specific type of light source. Higher
temperatures indicate whiter, "cooler" colors, while lower temperatures indicate yellower,
"warmer" colors. Notice the difference in these two scenes, lit with sources of different color
temperature. This chart shows you some examples of common light sources on a scale of color
temperatures.
Halogen
3150k
Warm White
Fluorescent
2900k
Cool White
Fluorescent
4100k
Daylight
5100k
Incandescent
2700k
Metal Halide
5000k
High Pressure
Sodium 1700k
Slide 12
The color rendering index (CRI) is a measure from 0 to 100 of how faithfully the light source
illuminates colors when compared to an incandescent source. Here you see the same scene,
illuminated by different light sources. To effectively compare the CRI of different light sources, the
color temperature, or K, should be the same.
A source with a low color rendering index will tend to make colors look unnatural. In some
environments, like car parking lots, that might be okay. But in environments where seeing colors
correctly is important, this would have a big impact on the choice of the light source.
Slide 13
Raw light output, or lamp lumens for any light source will depreciate over time, as the lamp ages.
In other words, older lamps typically produce less light than brand new ones. We already saw that
a lumen is the measurement of light emitted from a source. Lamp manufacturers publish intial
lumens and mean lumens, based on lumen maintenance, the percent of lumens remaining at
mid life. These data vary with the light source and will be discussed in more detail in the second
class in this series: Defining Light.
Slide 14
In addition to lamp lumen depreciation, there are other effects over time on the luminaire
operating system and environment that can reduce light levels. Light Loss Factors that an expert
will consider include:
Room surface depreciation
Luminaire surface depreciation
Luminaire Ambient Temperature (LAT)
Ballast Factor (BF)
Voltage Variation (VV)

Room Surface Depreciation
Accounts for the changes in reflectivity of room surfaces as they age.
Luminaire Surface Depreciation
Accounts for loss of fixture light output due to luminaire reflector or lens deterioration. Some
conditions that influence this light loss factor are dirt accumulation or UV damage.
Luminaire Ambient Temperature (LAT)
The temperature in which a luminaire is operated is often different than the temperature in which
the luminaire was tested. These temperature differences can increase or decrease the light
output of the fixture.
Ballast Factor (BF)
This is a multiplier which takes into account the differences between real life operation, and
component testing, which happens under controlled laboratory conditions. Ballast factor
specifically addresses potential losses when using a specific ballast/lamp combination. We'll learn
more about ballasts later in the class.
Voltage Variation (VV)
Voltage fluctuations can cause a luminaire to burn more or less brightly and can affect ballast and
lamp life.
Slide 15
Here are some general guidelines for good lighting:
Give what is needed, not what is asked for.
Use your regions official guidelines and recommended practices, and consult local codes.
Increase levels for workers over the age of 40 or dark room surfaces.
Industrial applications have seen greater emphasis on increasing maintained light levels over
system life. This provides increased safety for hazardous environments.
Commercial light levels have been dropping over the decades. Much of this change has been
driven by computer-use. Lower ambient levels of 300 or 400 lux, equal to 30 to 40 fc respectively,
are common in todays computer-based office, as compared to 1000 lux, equal to 100 fc, which
was the norm in the 1970s; or to 700 lux equal to 70 fc, which was the norm in the 1980s.
Slide 16
Not all the required lighting has to come from ceiling mounted luminaires.
Click each area of the office space to learn more.
For horizontal surfaces, general room lighting can be supplemented by task lighting
mounted close to task level. This can be more efficient because it applies the lighting
where it is most required, rather than illuminating the whole space to the same degree.
In environments where there is intensive use of visual display terminals, there is often a
preference for lower ambient light levels.
Lighting vertical room surfaces eliminates the cave effect, visually raising the ceiling and
creating a more open, vibrant space.
Examples of vertical task surfaces are shelving, white boards and retail displays.
Slide 17
There are, of course, many other factors to consider when planning lighting or a lighting retrofit for
any type of facility:
Safety and security: Is additional lighting needed to address unique safety or security
concerns?
Worker performance: Studies have shown that people feel better and perform better
under white light compared to yellow or orange light. In a facility where, for example, a
decision between a more efficient High Pressure Sodium system and a more workerfriendly fluorescent or metal halide system needs to be made, where does worker
performance or comfort fit into your calculations? Is it measurable?
System Maintenance/Life Cycle: How difficult or time-consuming is it to change out lamps?
Would you consider paying more for a system that required less maintenance?
Environmental Factors: Do the products under consideration require recycling at end of
life? What provisions are in place in your region for recycling?
Economic Considerations: Both initial cost and life cycle cost need to be considered.
Regulatory Compliance: Does the lighting system under consideration meet all of your
regions regulations? For example, does your region require RoHS compliance?
Professional Standards: In addition to meeting light level standards as determined by the
authority with jurisdiction in your region, are there other recommendations, possibly set
forth by an industry organization, specific to the type of facility you are lighting? For
example, automobile manufacturers have recommendations for different light levels
depending on the vehicle paint color, which are not part of the IES recommended
practices.
Slide 18
Think about the lighting in your facility. If you have access to a light meter, take a few readings,
but be careful where you take the measurements, because the recommendations are based on
task, as opposed to overall or general ambient light levels in the room. You can download some
examples of lighting standards for offices from the Attachments tab. How do the levels youve
measured for your facility compare with the standards for your region?
Slide 19
The second principle is to select efficient luminaires.
The luminaire is the light source in a fixture, and includes all of the auxiliary gear that helps it do
its job. Reflectors, diffusers, current regulating devices, and mounting hardware are all part of the
luminaire.
Think of the luminaire as a car and the lamp as its engine. Choosing an appropriate luminaire,
placing it correctly, and controlling it are the foundation of any lighting project. In a quality lighting
design, luminaires are part of a system that delivers an appropriate amount of light where and
when it is needed, without over- or under-illuminating or lighting unoccupied spaces.
Slide 20
For new construction and remodeling projects that affect 50 percent or more of the designed
space, using efficient luminaires, for example, lamps, fixtures, and ballasts, is no longer optional
in many parts of the world. Although the codes and standards rarely exclude inefficient
technologies, they have become impractical for a code compliant strategy that still meets
recommended light levels.
Slide 21
Today, lighting energy codes and standards often are based on lighting power density (LPD), or
watts per unit area. Maximum lighting power density can be based on building type and footprint,
or the individual spaces within a building.
EN15193 calls for lighting power density of office spaces in European buildings to be from 15 to
25 watts per square meter, and specifies benchmarks for lighting power density in three grades.
One star represents basic fulfillment of requirements, two stars represent good fulfillment of
requirements, and three stars represent comprehensive fulfillment of requirements. In the US,
the ANSI/IES/ASHRAE 90.1 standard calls for LPDs from 1.1 to 1.3 watts per square foot,
depending on the tasks performed in the office.
Generally, in an office building, corridors, conference rooms, and restrooms would each have a
prescribed maximum lighting power density, based on that particular space. Hospitals, schools,
and industrial spaces will have their own standards.
Specific standards will vary by country and global region. You can see some more examples of
recommended lighting levels and LPD in a space in a downloadable file available on the
Attachments tab.
Slide 22
The basic light source family members include: incandescent, low-pressure discharge, highintensity discharge, and Light Emitting Diode (LED).
Incandescent lamps have a tungsten filament, and are resistive in nature, which produces mostly
heat. They are available in various shapes. The A shape is the familiar elongated globe.
Reflector bulbs have a reflective coating inside the bulb, to direct the light. PAR bulbs, or
parabolic aluminized reflector bulbs, direct the light more precisely. Halogen lamps are a type of
incandescent lamp. Many countries are progressively outlawing incandescent lamps due to their
poor energy efficiency.
Gas discharge lamps work by sending an electrical discharge through an ionized gas. Examples
of these lamps where the gas is under low pressure include fluorescent and low pressure sodium.
Fluorescent lamps include the long tubes often used for office lighting and also compact
fluorescent lamps. You may have seen low-pressure sodium lamps in street lighting or in parking
lots. It is one of the most efficient lamps, but it gives a yellow light, which means it cant be used
for most applications
High-intensity discharge lamps are a family that includes mercury vapor lamps, metal halide
lamps, and high pressure sodium lamps. These lamps have a wide range of applications, and are
often found where high levels of light are required over a large area. Mercury vapor lamps are
virtually obsolete, and have been replaced by metal halide lamps. The light output of both these
types of lamps tends to decline significantly over time.
Light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, are a newer form of lighting which you may have seen on exit
signs or traffic control signals, but are becoming increasingly available for interior and exterior
commercial and residential lighting in retrofit and new construction products.
Slide 23
The choice of the right lamps will depend on factors such as the color rendering index and
temperature that we saw in our earlier discussion. It will also depend on factors such as:
Lamp life
Efficacy
Cost
Suitability for the operating conditions
Lets look at some of those now. Click each factor to learn more.
Published Lamp Life

Some lamps last longer than others. Lamp testing begins with 100 lamps. Incandescent lamps
are burned continuously, which means that field performance will always be shorter if cycled on
and off. Fluorescent lamps are cycled off for 20 minutes every three hours, which means that field
performance will usually be longer in a commercial application, where 12 hour cycles are
common. High pressure sodium and metal halide lamps have a longer, more realistic 10 hour
cycle, but are tested with magnetic ballasts, not indicating the extended life obtained with todays
electronic ballasts. Rather than published hourly life, consumers and facility owners are
concerned about calendar life. A control strategy that regulates the length and frequency of
lighting cycles increases lamp calendar life and improves energy savings by eliminating wasted
burning hours.
Lastly, because lamp life is determined when the 50th lamp burns out, theoretically half of the
lamps produced will burn out before their rated life is reached, and half the lamps will exceed their
rated life.
LED Life
The industry ideal for LED luminaires is 70 percent lumen maintenance at 50,000 hours. Since
LEDs do not fail catastrophically, they might continue to perform at diminishing levels for up to
100,000 hours, but 30 percent lumen depreciation is considered the end of useful life. This ideal
can only be achieved with high-quality components and adequate heat dissipation. The popularity
of LEDs has resulted in a plethora of inferior products. Always choose LED products tested to the
Illuminating Engineering Societys LM-80 standard.
Because the standard was initiated in 2009, there are no LED luminaires that have burned long
enough to ensure the tests accuracy, but LM-80 testing is one way to screen for manufacturers
that are committed to quality products, and willing to back them up.
Lamp Efficacy
At the heart of energy efficient lighting performance is the concept of efficacy. Lumens are used
when discussing the total light output from an omnidirectional source, such as fluorescent.
Efficacy is the ratio of lumens per watt, analogous to miles per gallon to describe fuel efficiency.
Lamps with high efficacy help us to lower lighting power density (LPD), while lamps with low
efficacy generally increase LPD.
In most of the world, you will see lumens per watt abbreviated as lm/W. In the US you may see
LPW.
Slide 24
Lets see how some different factors might influence the choice of a lamp.
The initial price and lifetime of the lamps are factors with a direct bearing on cost. Heres an
example based on US dollars, but it holds true in other countries as well. Costs are in kilo-lumens
or per thousand lumens of light output.
Initial cost shows incandescent as the clear winnerfar lower cost than the alternatives.
Slide 25
Life cycle costs show a different story. Efficacy is a measure of the efficiency of the light source.
How much light does it generate per watt of power consumed? This impacts the lifecycle cost of
the lighting system. Lamps that are cheap to buy may ultimately be expensive if they use a lot of
electricity and need frequent replacement.
Slide 26
Finally, the operating conditions can have an impact. There are a variety of environmental
conditions that affect the life and output of different lamp and luminaire types.
Among them: dirt, heat and cold, vibration, corrosive atmospheres, underground burial, lamp
position or orientation, and on-off cycling.
Slide 27
Lets look at some of the most common opportunities for improving the efficiency of lamps, which
include:
Incandescent upgrades
Fluorescent upgrades
HID upgrades
To learn about the lamp families and the advantages and disadvantages in more detail in each
case, see Lighting 3 Basic Lamp Families.
Slide 25
Life cycle costs show a different story. Efficacy is a measure of the efficiency of the light source.
How much light does it generate per watt of power consumed? This impacts the lifecycle cost of
the lighting system. Lamps that are cheap to buy may ultimately be expensive if they use a lot of
electricity and need frequent replacement.
Slide 26
Finally, the operating conditions can have an impact. There are a variety of environmental
conditions that affect the life and output of different lamp and luminaire types.
Among them: dirt, heat and cold, vibration, corrosive atmospheres, underground burial, lamp
position or orientation, and on-off cycling.
Slide 27
Lets look at some of the most common opportunities for improving the efficiency of lamps, which
include:
Incandescent upgrades
Fluorescent upgrades
HID upgrades
To learn about the lamp families and the advantages and disadvantages in more detail in each
case, see Lighting 3 Basic Lamp Families.
Slide 28
Incandescent lamps, which include halogen lamps, are comparatively inefficient. Halogen lamps
are more efficient than incandescent, but they still generate a lot of heat and not a lot of light
when compared to their power consumption. Where a 100 CRI dimmable light source is required,
low voltage halogen can be applied sparingly. Instant on and inexpensive dimming are practical
features that add to halogen lamp utility with control systems, and lengthen their life.
Compact fluorescent lamps are a possible alternative to incandescent lamps. Here we see an
example in dollars. In real situations you may encounter different prices, but the same general
principles will still apply. This table illustrates the potential savings from just one lamp. Although
the CFL may cost over five times more initially, it lasts ten times as long and pays for itself in just
a few months.
Caution should be exercised when selecting retrofit screw-in replacement options for A lamps.
Operating position is critical, and enclosing these units (such as in a recessed downlight) will
often cause them to overheat and greatly shorten the manufacturers estimated lamp life. In
addition, screw-in retrofits that can easily be returned to their A lamp configuration generally do
not comply with energy saving code regulations. This phenomenon is called snap-back.
Retrofit options that utilize pin-based compact fluorescent lamps are a better option and will
ensure that a less efficient lamp cannot be installed at end of life.
Slide 29
While they are a considerable cost upgrade, code requirements for reduced lighting power
density in retail environments have made low-wattage ceramic metal halide the technology of
choice to replace directional halogen sources. Improved CRI, 34 times the life of halogen, and
wattage reductions greater than 50 percent are significant advantages over halogen.
Directional LED sources that replace multi-faceted reflector (MR) and parabolic aluminized
reflector (PAR) halogen sources cost more than metal halide, but don't require expensive lamp
changes over their 50,000-hour useful life. Instant on and practical dimming options are LED
features, not available with metal halide, that help simulate halogen performance and facilitate
control strategies.
Slide 30
Fluorescent lamps come in different shapes and sizes. You may hear lamps referred to as T8, or
T12. What does that mean? It is based on the diameter of the lamp in eighths of an inch. So a T8
lamp is 1 inch in diameter, equivalent to 2.54cm. T12 lamps are fatter and T5 lamps are thinner.
Compared with incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps use less power for the same amount of
light and generally last longer, but they are bulkier, more complex, and require recycling because
they contain mercury.
Generally speaking, the thinner the lamp, the more efficient it is. T12 lamps are big, old, and
inefficient, so if you see them, they may represent a good opportunity to upgrade to newer
fluorescent lamps. T8 lamps are often chosen because they have the same length and pins, so
they can fit in the same fixtures, although new ballasts may be required. Some other lamps may
not be the same size. The final choice of replacement with T8, T5, or even thinner lamps will
depend on factors such as ambient temperature, existing fixtures, and willingness to replace
fixtures if necessary.
Slide 31
HID lamps have similar efficacy to fluorescent lamps, and much better efficacy than incandescent
lamps. The color of the lamps and the effect on color rendering varies depending on which type is
selected.
Older HID lamps may have poorer efficiency, which would make them candidates for upgrading
to newer lamps that produce more light per watt. In a factory or warehouse, if you look up and
see large round lamps, its worth checking how old the installation is. If it is more than 10 years
old, it may be a candidate for upgrade. Most importantly, newer technology gives us much higher
maintained light levels throughout the lamps life cycle.
One disadvantage of HID lamps is that the cold start-up time typically takes 210 minutes, and
restarting, referred to as a hot restrike, after a shutdown or power interruption takes 715 minutes.
This means they are not suitable for applications where they need to be turned off frequently.
Most importantly, if power is lost, then restored, a backup emergency lighting system is required,
so as not to keep people in the dark for an additional 10 minutes after power is restored, waiting
for a hot restrike.
Another issue is that the color of metal halide lamps shifts as they age and when they are
dimmed. In addition, metal halide units produce high levels of UV (ultraviolet) radiation that must
be shielded by glass in the lamp or fixture, or the outer jacket. Another hazard is arc tube rupture,
which produces hot glass that can cause fires and injuries. This is prevented by using a
protected arc tube or an appropriately enclosed fixture, which may be required by the local
electrical code. This is an important retrofit issue, since older, non-lensed fixtures will accept
non-protected lamps, and it is the responsibility of the installer to take the appropriate precautions.
Because of these issues, plus energy efficiency, linear fluorescent lamp usage in warehouse and
manufacturing applications has dramatically increased.
Slide 32
Lets turn our attention to the fixtures themselves: The fixture is what holds the light source and its
power connections. The design of the fixture influences efficiency because it impacts how the
light is dispersed from the lamp.
Manufacturers specification sheets publish the results of luminaire testing and include Total
Luminaire Efficiency.
Efficiency is the percentage of luminaire lumens relative to bare lamp lumens. The amount of light
emitted by the luminaire will always be less than published light output for the lamp.
An example of high luminaire efficiency may be a keyless porcelain socket with an A lamp. This
luminaire could be considered 100 percent efficient, as all of the lamp lumens escape from the
fixture, but what drawbacks does this high efficiency produce?
High efficiency often translates as glare in the installed environment. It is critical to observe a
luminaire in action to properly evaluate the light output and visual comfort.
Slide 33
Finally, lets consider ballasts. A ballast is required by all the gas discharge lamps we have
mentioned so far, including fluorescent lamps and HID lamps.
It usually does three things:
Gets the lamp ready to start by warming up the electrodes
Starts the lamp by injecting a high voltage to initiate the gas discharge
Regulates the current and voltage to the required level until the lamp is turned off
There are various types of ballast, used according to how fast the lamp has to start, and how
often it is switched off and on each day. If there is a need to dim the lights, a special type of
ballast is required.
In fluorescent ballast systems, the main efficiency opportunity is changing from magnetic to
electronic ballasts. Magnetic ballasts are an older technology and not as efficient as electronic
ballasts. The newer electronic ballasts significantly outperform the older magnetic ballasts.
However the lamp and ballast need to be considered together when efficiency improvements are
made.
Slide 34
You now know that the type of light source makes an enormous difference in energy usage.
Incandescent light bulbs have an efficiency of 5 percent as compared to fluorescent lights with an
efficiency of 45 percent. Clearly you will save money every time you replace an incandescent
lamp with a fluorescent lamp. However, all lights of the same type are not the same in terms of
efficiency.
With discharge lamps such as fluorescent and HID, the type of ballast and design of the fixture is
very important.
So what type of savings can you get when you put efficient lamps, ballasts and fixtures together?
Lets see two examples.
Slide 35
This case study is based on a manufacturer that sought a retrofit lighting solution that would
result in significant annual energy savings for the company and to research any tax breaks that
may come with the installation.
The existing manufacturing facility was lit with 534 high-pressure sodium fixtures.
This application was retrofitted with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts.
This generated 51 percent annual energy savings of US$55,600, and the company qualified for a
tax deduction of US$58,000.
Even though there was 40 percent less light, surveys showed that the workers thought that the
light level was increased. One reason is that human physiology is affected by whiter light,
resulting in greater visual acuity and depth of field. This can be perceived as more light.
Slide 36
Heres another example, implemented at 18 Schneider Electric facilities in North America.
Over 10,500 new light fixtures were installed resulting in more than a 50 percent reduction of
electrical consumption in some facilities, increasing light quality and reducing heat output. This
action alone has resulted in over US$1.1 million per year in electrical savings and tax benefits of
over US$300,000.
Increasing lighting efficiency is one of the fastest ways to decrease energy costs.
Slide 37
The third principle is efficient control. A high efficacy fluorescent lamp still wastes energy if it is
left on when it is not required. Let's look at some opportunities, which include:
Switches
Occupancy sensors
Timers
Keycard controls
Scheduling
Centralized control
Dimmers
Daylight harvesting
Twilight switch
Slide 38
The simplest lighting control device is the on/off switch! Unfortunately, they rely on people to use
them. Automatic control of lighting is more reliable.
One simple solution is occupancy sensors, also called movement sensors or presence detectors.
These devices detect motion or heat when a person is in the space and turn lights on
automatically. After a period where no occupancy is detected, the lights are turned off. They can
be mounted on walls or ceilings. Wall-mounted presence detectors are ideal for situations where
occupancy is variable in relatively small spaces, such as individual offices, classrooms, storage
cupboards, and restrooms. Ceiling-mounted occupancy sensors can be useful in larger
conference rooms, open-plan offices, or warehouses where occupancy sensors can be used aisle
by aisle, to only illuminate the areas that are in use.
Slide 39
Timer switches are another simple solution. Here, the person initiates turning the light on, and it
turns off automatically after a certain period. These are suitable where occupancy is variable and
typically for only short periods, such as corridors and restrooms.
Slide 40
Keycard controls are a popular solution for hotel rooms. The lights and other electrical sockets in
the room are controlled by a master switch near the door. The user has to place their keycard in
the receptacle for the electricity in the room to be enabled. When the user leaves the room, he
takes the keycard with him, and the lights and sockets are turned off. This avoids the waste
associated with hotel guests leaving lights and TVs on when they are not in their rooms.
Slide 41
Scheduling can be used to provide time-based control for a space. It can be implemented by
room-level controllers, or by programmable breakers at the switchboard, by dedicated lighting
control solutions based on networks such as DALI or KNX, or by a full building automation system.
Scheduling ensures that lights are turned on before occupants are expected to arrive, and turned
off after they leave. In spaces where occupancy sensors are impractical but there are clearly
defined times of use, this can make large savings on wasted energy.
Slide 42
Dedicated lighting control solutions and building automation systems also allow centralized
control thats not automated. From a control panel an operator can turn on lights in any part of the
building, and turn them off again later. That can be useful for security, and for efficient lighting
control in sites where the occupancy times are variable and cant be scheduled. The operator can
turn off all lights in the building when the last person signs out, without having to walk around and
do it manually.
Slide 43
A dimmer is a device used to vary the level of lighting from one level of output to another.
Dimming is used when the maximum light output from the lighting is not required at all times. That
can be useful in auditoriums and meeting rooms, for comfort and ambience as well as efficiency.
Not all dimmers and light sources operate effectively from 0100 percent, but often a specific
range of output can be regulated. They can be manually or automatically controlled as part of a
daylight harvesting strategy. Additionally, not all light sources can be dimmed, and some sources
might be costly and impractical to dim.
Slide 44
Daylight harvesting applies when the space is partially lit with natural light through windows or
skylights. A photo-electric sensor is used to detect the level of light in the space. If the light level
exceeds requirements, lamps are dimmed until the desired level is obtained. Normally this
requires the lights to be electrically organized on separate circuits, so that the lamps that are
nearest the window are dimmed the most or turned off entirely, while lamps that are within the
body of the room remain on.
Some movement sensors are combined with photo-electric sensors to combine the benefits of
both technologies in one product. As the sensor detects occupancy, it also checks the light level
before turning on the lights.
Outdoor light
Internal dimming
Lighting
level
Lux
Slide 45
A similar solution to daylight harvesting is the twilight switch, often applied to exterior lighting. The
sensor detects the outside light levels and switches on when the light is not sufficient, off when
the light increases. This saves energy by ensuring those lights are not on in the day when they
are not required, and improves comfort and security because people do not have to find a switch
in the darkness. However it may not be optimal if the lights are not required the whole time from
dusk until dawn. In such a case, a combination of twilight sensing and a timer, other scheduler, or
movement detector would be more efficient.
Retrofit of lighting control solutions can be made more complicated by the existing wiring of the
plant. If many lights are on the same circuit, it may not be possible to control the desired zones.
Slide 46
Lamps with a long start and restrike time, such as the HID lamp family, are not suitable for
lighting control applications that save energy by turning lights off and on frequently. Sensors are
available for HID systems to reduce light levels to 50% when areas are unoccupied, so they can
be rapidly ramped up without any strike time. However fluorescent lights would be more
appropriate.
Doesnt turning lamps off and on frequently shorten their life?
Yes, increased switching will shorten the overall lifetime of the lamp in operating hours. However,
it usually increases the total calendar life, and the energy savings can often considerably
outweigh the lamp costs.
Slide 47
To estimate the savings from a lighting retrofit, we need the following information:
First we need to estimate the existing operating hours of the system. We may be able to get this
from the operating schedule of the building, but this is not always reliable, unless there is some
way to confirm that the lights are reliably turned off when the building is unoccupied.
A simple way to check is with a lighting logger. This is a temporary device that can be mounted
on the ceiling of the room. It records motion in the space and whether the lights are off or on.
Here we see an example output. We can see that on Tuesday, the lights stayed on all night, even
though no-one was present. We can also see significant period during Thursday where lights
were on but no occupancy was sensed. Based on this type of data, we can reach conclusions
about the true operating hours that exist today, and what might be achievable with lighting control.
Measuring the actual lighting level and comparing it to the required level will allow us to determine
if the space is over illuminated, and estimate the potential savings from de-lamping.
Finally, auditing the existing lighting system for the rating and total number of lamps and ballasts
will allow us to calculate the total consumption of the lighting system today, and how much it
might be reduced with new lamps and ballasts.
You can learn more about the calculations used to estimate the savings in other classes in our
lighting series.
For now, note that each of these factors is interrelated. For example, if actions are taken to
remove lamps or retrofit new, more efficient lamps, that has to be taken into account when
calculating the impact of lighting control. At the new efficiency level, it may take a long time for an
occupancy sensor to pay for itself.
Saturday
Lit
Occ
Sunday
Lit
Occ
Monday
Lit
Occ
Tuesday
Lit
Occ
Wednesday
Lit
Occ
Thursday
Lit
Occ
Slide 48
Another factor that can be taken into account in the calculations is the impact that lighting has on
heating and cooling. Lights generate heat, so they help to warm a space during the winter, but
tend to increase the cooling requirements during the summer. When efficiency is improved, those
impacts are reduced: less warming in winter, less cooling need in summer.
You may think that over a period of a year, those two factors would balance out. This is not
necessarily the case. Some climates are biased towards greater heating or cooling needs.
Secondly, heating often relies on gas, while cooling relies on electricity and can be much more
expensive. Thirdly, many buildings contain so many heat sources such as people, equipment,
and lights, that they require cooling all year round.
Slide 49
Congratulations! You have completed your first energy efficient lighting project. All of the
luminaires and controls have been installed and energy bills should be reduced, right?
The job is not completed until the systems have been commissioned and a plan formulated for
continued maintenance. This is the fourth principle for efficient lighting.
One of the most common reasons that building owners do not realize the predicted savings is that
they or the building occupants do not understand the system. How many times is an occupancy
sensor disabled by a building occupant because it turns the lights off when they are in the space?
How often is a time clock over-ridden for a unique, one-time circumstance and never reset?
Slide 50
Part of the overall project is the commissioning of the system. This simply means that all
equipment is calibrated and functioning as the system was intended. This prevents user
tampering due to distracting light changes during business hours.
Heres an example: Its a beautiful summers day and the office building is flooded with natural
sunlight. A cloud momentarily passes over the sun and all of the office fixtures suddenly turn to
full on. The sun emerges at full brightness 20 seconds later, and the office lights quickly turn off
or dim down. This sudden and drastic change in artificial light can prove distracting in an office
environment and may result in a user taking action to disable the system.
Proper commissioning would calculate a time delay to accommodate such common occurrences
and would incorporate a gradual ramp up/ramp down of the light levels so as not to be a
distraction to workers.
Slide 51
Keeping lamps and fixtures clean and replacing burned-out lamps are important tasks to maintain
the efficiency of an installation. However, maintenance effort can be costly, so using it wisely will
help to manage the operating expenses.
One potential method is group relamping. We already heard that lamps have an average rated
life, and also lose efficacy over time. Knowing the average rated life means you can calculate, on
average, how many lamps in your installation will require replacement each year.
Number of Annual Replacements = Number of fixtures Lamps per fixture Operating hours /
Average rated lamp life.
Consider a building with 2,000 fixtures, each containing three lamps, that is open from 7 am7
pm, MondayFriday.
The average rated lamp life is given as 25,000 hours.
Operating hours = 12 hours per day 5 days per week 52 weeks per year = 3,120 hours.
Number of annual replacements = 2,000 x 3 x 3120 / 25,000 = 749 replacements per year.
Slide 52
It can be quite costly in terms of effort if each time an individual lamp burns out, the maintenance
staff are called out to replace it, because each replacement requires the staff to locate the fixture,
gain access, remove the lamp, fit the new one, and dispose of the old one correctly. The
overhead of effort in each replacement is quite high. Also, older lamps that have declined in
efficacy will be consuming energy in your installation and not providing much light. An alternative
is group relamping.
Slide 53
A group relamping strategy does not wait for lamps to burn out before replacing them. Instead, all
the lamps are replaced at one time, when they have reached some percentage of their rated life.
70 percent is recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. This reduces
the loss of light due to lamp failure, and the time, effort and complaints associated with spot
replacement of lamps. The few lamps that fail between group relamping cycles can be spotreplaced as needed.
Here is how to calculate the group relamping interval:
Group relamping interval = Average rated lamp life Threshold percentage / Annual operating
hours
= 25,000 70% / 3,120
= 5.6 years
Slide 54
Okay, lets round that down to five years. Based on a five-year relamping interval, on average,
you will be replacing 6,000 lamps / 5 years = 1,200 lamps per year.
Lets see what difference that makes to the maintenance budget. These figures for material and
labor cost are taken from a US Environmental Protection Agency study of lighting maintenance
published in 1995. Current values are likely higher, but the same principles apply.
Labor per lamp is much higher for spot relamping because of the effort to organize and perform
individual lamp replacements. Group relamping costs less per lamp because many lamps are
replaced at one time.
This example shows group relamping has the potential to reduce the maintenance effort in this
case by 65 percent.
Group relamping is also an opportune time to clean luminaire reflectors and lenses, which will
help maximize light output and improve their appearance.
Slide 55
Today, we explored the four principles for efficient lighting design:
Determine how much light is needed
Use efficient luminaires
Use lighting controls
Commission the system to ensure proper automation
We discussed required lighting levels as a factor in evaluating over-illumination. We identified the
basic lamp families, and listed opportunities to upgrade lamps, ballasts and fixtures. We saw a
variety of possibilities for improving efficiency with lighting control. We looked at the impact of
lighting upgrades on HVAC, and ended by exploring the benefits of group relamping as a way to
reduce maintenance effort.
By familiarizing ourselves with these items, we can now begin to look at the lighting in our
buildings in an informed way. By taking the necessary steps to increase the lighting efficiency in
our buildings we can quickly decrease the related energy costs.
To learn more about efficient lighting practices, please consider participating in the other courses
in our Lighting series.
Slide 56
Thank you for participating in this course.

Lighting I Course Transcript

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Lighting I Course Transcript

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Lighting I: Lighting Your Way Course Transcript

Some applications, such as a classroom whiteboard, require light to be distributed on a

What quality of light do I need?

Room surface depreciation

Luminaire surface depreciation

Luminaire Ambient Temperature (LAT)

Ballast Factor (BF)

Voltage Variation (VV)

Published Lamp Life

Вам также может понравиться