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Recruitment Test Question of PRAN-RFL GROUP

Collcted by: Atiqur Rahman (RUET, EEE07)
Compiled & solved by: Rony Parvej (IUT, EEE07)
Post: Production Engineer (Electrical)
Time: unknown
Exam Date: 2013 ( !)

Full Marks: 90
Venue: unknown

1. What do you understand by PLC? Where is it used?

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PLC:
Programmable logic controller (PLC) is a control system used for automation of
electromechanical processes using electronic operations. Its easy storing procedures, handy
extending principles, functions of sequential/position control, timed counting and input/output
control are widely applied to the field of industrial automation control.
Applications:
PLC 's are used for a variety of applications. Namely automation and machine industries as it is
cost effective, time effective and a much more reliable source of "computer" than the traditional
relay controllers. They are capable of withstanding harsh environments such as heat, cold, moist
areas. Programmable Logic Controllers are obviously programmable to carry out certain
program executions using 'ladder logic' in order to activate certain outputs when the condition
are met with the inputs. Added ' Programmed Logic Controllers' keep the cost of cabling down
and simplify interlocks and logic control. A complex control panel, can control a complex
system and the only things connecting them, will be a power supply line and a small data cable.
Heavy duty power cables can be kept short and local to the machinery being controlled. The
switches and indicator amps only deal with minute control signals. The function is passed to a
local PLC receiver via a small data cable. Instead of a complex system of relays and wiring,
interlocks are controlled by a computer program, which enables changes to be made without rewiring. For example, certain pump motors can only be started when the correct valves are open.
This can be dealt with by a program instead of physical wiring.
2. (a) What is single line diagram? What is the significance of single line diagram?
Single Line Diagram
Single line diagram is graphical representation of electrical circuit drawn using single line
instead of drawing 3 separate lines for three phases. The electrical single line diagram is the
blueprint for electrical system analysis used preparing a critical response plan allowing you to
become methodically acquainted with the electrical supply system draft and design.

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(b) What is symmetrical & unsymmetrical fault? Which type is commonly occured?

The fault in electrical transmission line which gives rise to symmetrical fault current is called
symmetric fault. e.g; L-L-L-G fault.
The fault in transmission line which give rise to unsymmetrical fault current is called unsymmetrical
fault e.g; L-L , L-L-G , L-G fault.
To solve the unsymmetrical fault, the fault current can be represented by sum of the sequences--zero
phase sequence , +ve phase sequence , -ve phase sequence. where L:line and G:ground.
unsymmetrical fault specially , L-G fault is commonly occurred.
3. (a) What is coherent machine?
Machines which swing together are termed as coherent machine.

(b) What is rectifier circuit? Describe half wave rectifier & Full wave rectifier circuit.

The circuit that converts AC to DC is called rectifier circuit.

In half wave rectifier either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half
is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, mean voltage is lower.
Half-wave rectification requires a single diode in a single-phase supply, or three in a three-phase
supply.

A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or
negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to
pulsating DC (direct current), and yields a higher average output voltage. Two diodes and a center

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PRAN-RFL GROUPtapped transformer, or four diodes in a bridge configuration and any AC source (including a
transformer without center tap), are needed.

4. (a) Explain the operation & Skech the characterstics of a diode.

A PN Junction Diode is one of the simplest Semiconductor Devices around, and which has the
characteristic of passing current in only one direction only. However, unlike a resistor, a diode does not
behave linearly with respect to the applied voltage as the diode has an exponential current-voltage ( IV ) relationship and therefore we can not described its operation by simply using an equation such as
Ohms law.
If a suitable positive voltage (forward bias) is applied between the two ends of the PN junction, it can
supply free electrons and holes with the extra energy they require to cross the junction as the width of
the depletion layer around the PN junction is decreased.
By applying a negative voltage (reverse bias) results in the free charges being pulled away from the
junction resulting in the depletion layer width being increased. This has the effect of increasing or
decreasing the effective resistance of the junction itself allowing or blocking current flow through the
diode.
Then the depletion layer widens with an increase in the application of a reverse voltage and narrows
with an increase in the application of a forward voltage. This is due to the differences in the electrical
properties on the two sides of the PN junction resulting in physical changes taking place. One of the
results produces rectification as seen in the PN junction diodes static I-V (current-voltage)
characteristics. Rectification is shown by an asymmetrical current flow when the polarity of bias
voltage is altered as shown below.

Junction Diode Symbol and Static I-V Characteristics.

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But before we can use the PN junction as a practical device or as a rectifying device we need to firstly
bias the junction, ie connect a voltage potential across it. On the voltage axis above, Reverse Bias
refers to an external voltage potential which increases the potential barrier. An external voltage which
decreases the potential barrier is said to act in the Forward Bias direction.
There are two operating regions and three possible biasing conditions for the standard Junction
Diode and these are:

1. Zero Bias No external voltage potential is applied to the PN junction diode.

2. Reverse Bias The voltage potential is connected negative, (-ve) to the P-type material and
positive, (+ve) to the N-type material across the diode which has the effect of Increasing the
PN junction diodes width.
3. Forward Bias The voltage potential is connected positive, (+ve) to the P-type material and
negative, (-ve) to the N-type material across the diode which has the effect of Decreasing the
PN junction diodess width.

(b) What is Lightning arrester in power system?

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A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and telecommunications systems to
protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical
lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or
switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the
surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.
5. (a) What is the principle difference between synchronous M/C and an induction M/C?

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Synchronous and induction machines both produce torque through the interaction of a rotor magnetic
field and a stator magnetic field. The differences between the two types of machines arise because of
the differences in the way the rotor magnetic field is generated.Synchronous machines have a
stationary (relative to the rotor) magnetic field on the rotor. This field can be generated either by
permanent magnets, or by a field winding powered through slip rings. The interaction of this field with
the rotating field on the stator creates torque and causes the motor to rotate. A synchronous motor
always rotates at some multiple, determined by the number of poles, of the line frequency. If a
synchronous motor loses lock with the line frequency, e.g., by torque overload, it will stall. A
synchronous motor cannot start by itself on a fixed frequency AC source. It either needs to be fed a
variable frequency source, or it needs to be brought up to speed by an auxiliary motor, sometimes
called a pony motor, so that it can generate torque. Synchronous machines usually require some form
of control to keep the rotor speed locked to the line frequency. Induction machines have a rotating
(relative to the rotor) magnetic field on the rotor. In a squirrel cage motor, this field is created because
the motion of the stator currents generate the rotor field, which interacts with the stator field to create
torque. A wound-rotor induction machine has rotor windings similar to a synchronous machine, in
which currents are induced by the rotating stator field. Induction motors always rotate in some narrow
speed range that is less than synchronous speed. This speed difference, which is necessary to generate
the rotor field, is called the "slip." Low slip machines, which turn at very near synchronous speed, are
more efficient than high slip machines, but have lowerstarting torque. Induction machines can produce
some torque at zero speed, so they are capable of starting themselves if the load torque is low enough at
zero speed. The torque-speed characteristic of induction machines at rated speed has a negative slope
(as speed decreases, torque increases). As a result, induction machines do not require controls to
operate - the feedback mechanism is built into the machine.The winding resistance a wound-rotor
induction machine can be varyied by connecting resistors to the rotor windings via the slip rings. This
allows the torque-speed characteristics of the wound-rotor machine to be varied as needed (e.g., high
resistance (= high slip) for high starting torque and then low resistance (= low slip) for high efficiency
at rated speed).The absence of a rotor winding makes squirrel cage induction machines significantly
cheaper to manufacture than synchronous machines (or wound-rotor induction machines). Squirrel cage
machines are extremely rugged because of the lack of a wound rotor the cage is usually cast right into
the rotor laminations), and the lack of slip rings makes them more suitable for explosive environments
because there is no arcing mechanism. The circulating currents in an induction machine rotor lead to
resistive losses that make induction machines less efficient that synchronous machines.

(b) What is single line to ground fault?

4
If one phase of a 3-phase line is connected to ground and fault occurs, then that fault is called single
line to ground fault.

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6. (a) A 480 V, 60Hz, Delta connected, 4 Pole synchronous Generator has the OCC shown. This
Generator has a synchronous Resistance of 1ohm and an armature resistance of 1.5 ohm. At full
load the M/C supplies 1200 A at .8 PF lagging under full load conditions, the friction & Windage
Losses are 40 KW and core losses are 10 KW. What is the speed of a rotation of this generator? 5

As the speed of a rotation of a synchronous generator is same as the speed of magnetic field, hence the
speed of a rotation of this generator is 1800 rpm Ans.
b) A 2 Pole, 50 Hz induction motor supplying 15 KW to a load at a speed of 2950 r/min. What is the
motor slip?
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Synchronous Speed N s = 120f/P = 120*50/2 = 3000 rpm
Rotor Speed Nr = 2950 rpm
Slip, S = (Ns - Nr) / Ns = (3000-2950)/3000 = 0.0167 = 1.67% Ans.
7. (a) What is PU system?
In the power systems analysis field of electrical engineering, a per-unit system is the expression of
system quantities as fractions of a defined base unit quantity.

(b) What is power system stability?

Power system stability is the ability of the system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a
normal state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance. Stability is a condition of
equilibrium between opposing forces; instability results when a disturbance leads to a sustained
imbalance between the opposing forces.
8. Suppose you have been appointed Production Engineer PRAN-RFL Group. Now describe your
responsibilities.
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Maintenance, Production, Operation, Planning, Scheduling & follow up to meet the target
Supervise production activities to ensure that manufactured products meet or exceed the quality.
Requirements including product integrity and production order documentation.
Assures product quality, optimum utilization of men/machine& materials.
Machine Maintenance.
Supply Chain Management.
Interdepartmental Coordination
Handle the troubleshooting operation for smooth production
Manpower distribution, Control and ensure proper utilization etc.

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9. Make a sentence using the following words:

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(a) Installation, Generator, power plant
Generator Installation is a very important part of a power plant.
(b) Factory, Production, Emergency
Production of a factory shold not be stopped even in emergency case.
(c) PRAN, profit, Engineer
Engineers get the profit share of PRAN-RFL GROUP.
(d) India, Bangladesh, China
Bangladesh is improving gradually in production sector with help of India and China.
(e) Engineering, China, Bangladesh
Bangladesh is improving slowly in engineering sector compared to China.