Annotated Bibliography

Racial Profiling and How It Affects Americans of Different Ethnicities

Introduction/Overview

Zakariya Hamam
Malcolm Campbell
English 1103
19 October, 2016

Annotated bibliography
Blank, Rebecca M., Citro, Constance F., and Dabady, Marilyn. Measuring Racial
Discrimination.Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2004. Print[H1] .
Blank, Citro, and Dabady, in Measuring Racial Discrimination, discuss how racial
profiling is occurring or not occurring in law enforcement. They believe that by looking
at measured issues of nonwhite people in traffic violations, official records and direct
observations of selection decisions can detect the presence of racial profiling. They also
presented the role of racial profiling in determining individuals who may be involved in
terrorist acts[H2] .
The National Academy of Science is made up of distinguished scholars. It is a nonprofit
society that is mandated to advise the federal government on scientific and technical
matters. The research that is conducted and their findings are shared with top officials.
They gather their information through government statistics.
Gross, Samuel R. and Livingston, Debra. Racial Profiling Under Attack. Columbia Law
Review June 2002: 1413-38. Academic Search Complete. Web. 6 Oct. 2012.
Racial Profiling Under Attack written by Samuel Gross and Debra Livingston addresses
the different aspects of racial profiling and how peoples views have changed over time.
The definition of racial profiling is discussed and how the interpretations are being
altered by officers to justify their actions. This article was written in June of 2002, by
Samuel R. Gross, a Professor in Law at Michigan Law School and Debra Livingston, a
Professor in Law at Columbia Law School. It was selected and prevention. Harris
describes racial profiling, how it is used and the cost it causes society. He discusses how

racial published by the Columbia Law Review. The professors used constitutional and
law cases to support the actions taken in racial profiling. They gave concrete examples of
racial profiling. This article was found under the scholar journal.
Hanley, Delinda C. It's Time to End Racial, Religious and Ethnic Profiling of Americans.
Washington Report on Middle Eastern Affairs June/July 2012: 27-28. Academic Search
Complete. Web. 8 Oct. 2012.
Its Time to End Racial, Religious and Ethnic Profiling of Americans presented by
Hanley argues that the United States Government should stop the racial, ethnic and
religious profiling of citizens in the United States. Hanley believes that Muslim
Americans are being racially and religiously profiled due to the events that have occurred
in America. She includes specific examples where the FBI after 911 began to put a
process of profiling into place throughout the United States. The article also argues that
these actions goes against the right to religious freedom and protection.
Delinda Hanley has written many articles for the Washington Report concerning the well
being of citizens in the United States. The information shared is based on specific
incidents. There are some personal views and responses to what she has found. Her main
information is encouraging to others that racial profiling is being addressed in the United
States.
Harris, David. Profiles in Injustice: Why Racial Profiling Cannot Work. New York: New
Press, 2002. Print.

In the book Why Racial Profiling Cannot Work by David Harris, Harris argues that based
on data collected profiling is not an effective way and offers other ways to justify crime
profiling has changed since 911.
Harris makes a very strong case with accurate data collected by nationally known polls.
His work is well reasoned and makes his argument easily understood. He offers advice to
support those who feel that racial profiling cannot work.
Hirschmann, Kris. Racial Profiling. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2006. Print.
Racial Profiling written by Hirschmann, focuses on how policies in the United States
does not allow racial profiling to occur. The book states many facts about how racial
profiling is against the laws of the United States. He presents the legal side of the issue
showing how the law makes it clear that racial profiling is not being used to single out
individuals.
The sources used to state the facts about the law are included for the reader to verify the
information. This book is very factual and straightforward.
Johnson, Devon. Attitudes Toward the Use of Racial/Ethnic Profiling to Prevent Crime and
Terrorism Criminal Justice Policy Review. Dec. 2011: 422-447. Academic Search
Complete. Web. 7 Oct. 2012.
Attitudes Toward the Use of Racial/Ethnic Profiling to Prevent Crime and Terrorism
written by Johnson, analyses the data collected over years concerning the racial and
ethnic backgrounds of criminals and how this information has influenced officers to
arrest individuals based on these factors. The research also shown in this article looks at

how the public is not for racial profiling in criminal situations however very support is
when it comes to terrorism.
This article was written in December of 2011 by Devon Johnson who is the assistant
director of Criminology at George Mason University. Johnsons work was chosen to be
published in a creditable scholar journal, Criminal Justice Policy Review. Johnson was
able to reach a conclusion by documenting surveys that supported his theories.
Justice, Department of . Fact Sheet on Racial Profiling. Washington D.C.: 2003.
The Department of Justice has compiled a Fact sheet on Racial Profiling. The Department
of Justice believes that racial profiling is wrong and should not be tolerated. The Justice
Department has set up ways to ban racial profiling and steps being taken to Balance
National Security. The information given informs the citizens of the United States the
steps being taken in Washington to handle racial profiling.
The Department of Justice governs our country and sets the guidelines for us to follow.
Weitzer, R. and Tuch, S. A. Perceptions of Racial Profiling: Race, Class, and Personal
Experience Criminology May. 2002: 435-456. Wiley Online Library. Web. 10 Oct. 2012.
Weitzer and Tuch wrote in Perceptions of Racial Profiling, there argument that attitudes
toward racial profiling are based on a persons experience and their race. The article
shows data from the Gallup poll and how people are viewing racial profiling. It argues
that people who have felt that they have been the subject of racial profiling are more
likely to question the overall benefits of it in any situation.

Weitzer and Tuch work for George Washington University collecting data. They use
data collected from known polls to support their findings. They consistently evaluate
what influences people in their decision and their actions.