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,
.

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,
, .
,
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? ?
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12. ?
13. ?

1. Anderson G.S., Rhodes E.G. (1989). A review of blood
lactate and ventilatory methods of detecting transition thresholds.
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the lung built foe exercise? Medicine and Science in Sport and
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and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17, 1 9 2 1 .
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61, 331-338.
10

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11
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12
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9. ? ?

1. American College of Sports Medicine Position Statement.
(1982). The use of alcohol in sports. Medicine and Science in
Sports and Exercise, 14, ix-xi.
2. American College of Sports Medicine Position
Statement. (1987). The use of anabolic-androgenic steroids
in sports. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19,
534 - 539.
3. Anderson R.L., Wilmore J.H., Joyner M.J., Freund
B.J., Hartzell A.A., Todd C.A., Ewy G.A. (1985). Effects
of cardioselective and nonselective beta-adrenergic blockade
on the performance of highly trained runners. American
Journal of Cardiology, 55, 149D 154D.
4. Anselme F., Collomp K., Mercier ., AhmaDdi S.,
Prefaut C. (1992). Caffeine increases maximal anaerobic
power and blood lactate concentration. European Journal
5. Ariel G., Saville W. (1972). Anabolic steroids: The
physiological effects of placebos. Medicine and Science in
Sports and Exercise, 4, 124 126.
6. Bahrke M.S., Yesalis C.E., Wright J.E. (1990).
Psychological and behavioural effects of endogenous testosterone levels and anabolic-androgenic steroids among males:
A review. Sports Medicine, 10, 303 337.
7. Bannister R.G., Cunnigham D.J.C. (1954). The effects
of the respiration and performance during exercise of adding
oxygen to the inspired air. Journal of Physiology, 125, 118
137.
8. Bredle D.L., Stager J.M., Brechue W.F., Farber M.O.
(1988). Phosphate supplimentation, cardiovascular function,
and exercise performance in humans. Journal of Applied
Physiology, 65, 1821 - 1826.
9. Buick F.J., Gledhill N., Froese A.B., Spriet L., Meyers
E.G. (1980). Effect of induced erythrocythemia on aerobic
work capacity. Journal of Applied Physiology, 48, 636
642.
10. Cade R., Conte M., Zauner C., Mars D., Peterson J.,
Lunne D., Hommen N., Packer D. (1984). Effects of
phosphate loading on 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and maximal
oxygen uptake. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,
16. 263 - 268.
11. Cantwell J.D., Rose F.D. (1986). Cocaine and
cardiovascular events. The Physician and Sportsmedicine,
14(11), 77-88.
12. Chandler J.V., Blair S.N. (1980). The effect of
amphetamines on selected physiological components related to
athletics success. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,
12,65-69.
13. Collomp R., AhmaDdi S., Chatard J.C., Audran M.,
318
15

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400
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)
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50 ,
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(29 %)
- [7]. ,
, ,
.

.
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[14]. , , . , ,

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, , .
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401
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-.

\. .

1. Anderson ., Hermansen L. (1965). Aerobic work
capacity in middle-aged Norwegian men. Journal of Applied
2. Applegate W.B., Runyan J.W., Brasfield L., Williams
M.L., Konigsberg C., Fauche C. (1981). Analysis of the
1980 heat wave in Memphis. Journal of the American
Geriatrics Society, 29, 337 342.
3. Astrand I., Astrand P.-O., Hallback I., Kilbom A.
(1973). Reduction in maximal oxygen intake with age. Journal
4. Balcomb A.C., Sutton J.R. (1986). Advanced age and
altitude illness. In J.R. Sutton & R.M. Brock (Eds.), Sports
medicine for the mature athlete. Indianapolis, IN: Benchmark
Press.
5. Buskirk E.R., Hodgson J.L. (1987). Age and aerobic
power: The rate of change in men and women Federation
Proceedings, 46, 1824 1829.
6. Cempla J., Szopa J. (1985). Decreas of manmum
oxygen consumption in men and women during the fourth
to sixth decades of life, in the light of cross-sectional studies
of Cracow population. Biology in Sport, 2, 45 59.
7. Cress M.E., Thomas D.P., Johnson J., Kasch F.W.,
Cassens R.G., Smith E.L., Agre J.C. (1991). Effect of training
on v
o m thigh strength, and muscle morphology in
septuagenarian women. Medicine and Science in Sports and
Exercise, 23, 752 - 758.
8. Dill D.B., Alexander W.C., Myhre L.G., Whinnery
J.E., Tucker D.M. (1985). Aerobic capacity of D.B. Dill,
1928 1984. Federation Proceedings, 44, 1013 (abst).
9. Dill D.B., Robinson S., Ross J.C. (1967). A
longitudinal study of 16 champion runners. Journal of Sports
Medicine and Physical Fitness, 7, 4 27.
10. Frontera W.R., Meredith C.N., O'Reilly K.P.,
Knuttgen W.G., Evans W.J. (1988). Strength conditioning
in older men: Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved
function. Journal of Applied Physiology, 64,1038 1044.
11. Goodrick C.L. (1980). Effects of long-term voluntary
402
19
, ,
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, , - . ,
,
,
. :
,
.

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,
. , ,
, , . .
, . . ,
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; ,
.
1991 . ,
100 6,4 %, 1 500 11,0 %
;
14,3 % ;
400 8,4 % .
? , -
?
,
. - .

12 14 , , ,
.
609
7,5 20,5 [15]. 1213
,
20 . 1516 ,
18 20 . ,
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. 19.1.

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40
30
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. 19.1. : 1 ; 2 .
(1972)
. .

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( 25 )
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13,2
12,8
10,7
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55,0
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101,9
85,2
87,8
75,3
95,9
57,0
36,1
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30,7
27,2
25,0
23,5
14,9
19,0
14,9
36,5
42,1
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15,3
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15,3
22,8
28,8
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(60 .)
17,3
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16,9
14,0
17,3
29,6
33,1
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99,7
84,6
87,7
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93,1
56,5
100,9
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90,8
82,7
97,5
57,6
33,9
20,8
34,4
20,8
27,0
28,6
23,8
14,8
24,4
15,1
36,8
41,4
27,8
34,0
29,9
9,3
36,7
41,8
28,6
35,3
31,2
9,6
5,1
5,2
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7,9
11,7
19,3
16,0
14,9
5,3
57,5
38,5
117,0
97,4
84,0
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58,0
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22,7
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33,2
29,1
27,6
17,0
19,9
15,5
40,4
47,6
28,3
32,9
28,4
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181,7
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19,1
* , (1969 1970); ** . (1975 1976).
407
(95 .)
(84 .)
13,9
13,6
15,5
11,4
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20,6
17,4
20,2
18,5
24,8
20,6
22,0
30,0
22,2
112,5
91,4
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81,0
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6,0
- ;
;
.
19.2.

,
15- 19
20-24
22-25
24-30
27-33
30-36
30-36
13- 16
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
15-20
18-26
23-29
26-33
29-33

,
.
10 %
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,
: 160 (100 )
. , .

,
.
...
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.
2.
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3. , ,
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, , . , 43 63 %, 25 30 %,
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).
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.
.
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[7, 14]. - (90 96 % 92 98 % ),
: 69 %, 79 %.
- - ( < 45 000 2
> 80 000 2 ).
25
20
X
<
I15
, , . ,
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20
40
60
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80

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100
. 19.3. -
.
. (1977)
409
,
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, 250 -"1! .
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, . 1 3 1 5 , 18 22 .
70 75 % .

.
,
1965 ., ,
[21]. 20 30 . : -, -, -.
. 76 %
47 % ,
22 % 7 % [10]. , ,
.
,
-
90
A 1
80
7
i?0

A. A
A.
A AT
!*r *.
i '
50
40
30
10
20
30
,
40
50
. 19.4. (1) (2)

(3) (4). (1938); (1960);
(1980); (1977); ., (1987);
(1984)
410
8 12% .
,

.

, .
[9], 10
,
. , . ,
,
.

(32 %);
,
(38 %);
(65 96).
, .
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1
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411
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4.
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5.
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6.
70 75 %
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.
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6,9 %. 800 1979 .
1972 .! ,
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.

.

, , . -
414
54
11,5
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52
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48
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9,
1960
1970
1980
42
1960
1990
1970
1980
1990
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s
5
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1960
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1970
1980
12,5
1960
1990
1970
1980
1990
1970
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1990
160
34
i
I 32
150
30
130
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1960
1970
1980
120
1990
1960
. 19.6. (1) (2) ,

1960 1991 .
. 19.6, 1975
1991 . . 400
10 13 %.
,
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16
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416
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1976 .
:
(1987).
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).
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5.
.

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(1987).
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.
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),
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1990 . , ,
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-
423
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3. .
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5. .
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2. .
3. .
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.
(1990).
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.

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424
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5.

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8.

?
9.
?
?
10.
?
?
11.
?
?
?
12.
?
?

1. Bale P., Nelson G. (1985). The effect of menstruation
on performance of swimmers. Autralian Journal of Science
and Medicine in Sport, 19, 19 22
2. Boyden T.W., Pamenter R.W., Stanforth P., Rotkis
., Wilmore J.H (1983). Sex steroids and endurance running
in women. Fertility and Sterility, 39, 629 632.
3. Brooks-Gunn J., Gargiulo J.M., Warren M.P. (1986).
The effect of cycle phase on the adolescent swimmers.
Physician and Sportsmedicine, 14(3), 182 192.
4. Bullen B.A., Skrinar G.S., Beitins O.Z., von Mering
G., Turnbull B.A., McArthur J.W. (1985). Induction of
menstrual disorders by strenuous exercise in untrained women.
New England Journal of Medicine, 312, 1349 1353.
425
20

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500 000
;
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, 2 5
.
1980 1990 .
- 26,7 %, , 60- , 90- 50 %
,
-
60-
(. 20.2). , -, :
;
;
;
-
431
. 20.1
-
43,0 %

23,1 %
6,8%

4,7%

1990 .
(1993)
13,1 %

3,9 %
/
3,6 %
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19,4%
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;

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.

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200
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1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1989
. 20.2. 100 000 .,
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432
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, .
1990 . 63,6
[1]. 25 %
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21,6 % 1980 1990 ., 33 000 1990 . .
, -, .

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4,6 100 000
, 28,7
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- , , .
434
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()
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[1]. 1980 1990 . 32 %.

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1992 . , 80- ,
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220-240
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260-280
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200
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16
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16
20
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25
30
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240
120
0
180-120
90
0
100
30
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0,10
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40
50
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20.4
, -
6 -"' (5 )**
60 %

( S-T[mV])***

(
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<30
0
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(1990).
439
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,
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[41]:
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;
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.

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60

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8-12
(96 .)
(308)
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14,6
8,4
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443
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444

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[4, 9].
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24 : 1
; 2
24
; 3 24
, .
. (1984)
7 620
[36].
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[35]. . 20.8.
30
, ,
. , 30
(
, ,
),
( ).

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,
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446

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.
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, ,
.
3. 30 , ,
,
.
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.
,

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?
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8. , ,
?
9.
,
?
10. ,
.
11. , ,
?
12. , ?
13. ,
?

1. American Heart Association. (1993).1993 heart and
stroke facts. Dallas: American Heart Association.
2. Blair S.N., Goodyear N.N., Gibbons L.W., Cooper
K.H. (1984). Physical fitness and incidence of hypertension
in healthy normotensive men and women. Journal of the
American Medical Association, 252, 487 490.
3. Blair S.N, Kohl H.W., Paffenbarger R.S., Clark D.G.,
Cooper K.H., Gibbons L.W. (1989). Physical fitness and
all-cause mortality: A prospective study of healthy men and
women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 262,
2395 - 2401.
4. Cooper K.H., Pollock M.L., Martin R.P, White S.R.,
Linnerud A.C., Jackson A. (1976). Physical fitness levels vs.
selected coronary risk factors: A cross-sectional study. Journal
of the American Medical Association, 236, 166 169.
447
21

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.

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,
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1959 ., -
.

1983 .,
, , ,
.
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,
,
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(. 16).
, ,

.
.
(. 16).

. 25 % , 35 %, .
20 25 % () 30 35 % ().
450

,
. ,
""
"" .
, (
) , . 100 . , . 21.1, ,
230 (104 )
6 (183 ) 142 % [(230 : 162 )
100 = 142 %]. 162 (73 )
, 6 (183 )
(154 - 170 70 77 ).
. ,
. ,
230 (104 ) 6
(183 ) 32 /2.
, .
, , , .
,
, -
30 . , 1976
1980 .
, , 28,4 % 25 74 [13]. 13
26 % (12 17 ), 4 - 12 %
(
; , ) [6]. , , 39 % 19661970 .
54 % 6 1 1 , .
25 %
, ,

1 (0,45 ), 25 . , 55
30 (14 ).
0,5 .
,
1,5 (0,7 )
. , 30
25

1 ,
5
5
5
5
5
5
21.1
(1959)

29*
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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160-171
164-175
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124-136
127-139
130-143
134-147
138-152
142-156
146-160
150-165
154-170
158-175
162-180
167-185
172-190
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132-148
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142-161
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155-174
159-179
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173-194
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11
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2
3
4
5
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92-98
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105-113
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1 = 1 000
1 = 1 000
1 = 22,4 ( )
1 ( ) = 44,6
= :
= / ()
= /
= ()
= ()
1 = 0,0254 () = 2,54 () =
= 25,4 ()
1 = 12 = 0,304 = 30,48 = 304,8
1 = 3 = 0,9144
1 5 280 = 1 760 = 1609,35 =
= 1,61
1 () = 0,3937
1 () = 100 = 1000 = 39,37 =
= 3,28 = 1,09
1 () = 0,62
1 () = 10~6 = 1Q-3
1 () = 1 000 () =
= 4 184 () = 4,184 ()
1 = 0,2522 =
= 1,055
1 = 5,05 = 21,1
1 () = 1 000 () = 106
() = 109 () = 2,205
1 () = 1 000 = 0,03527
1 () = 1 000
1 = 16 = 453,6 = 0,454
1 = 28,35
1 1
1 () = 0,0143 --' = 1 /--' =

= 60 -"1 = 60 -/ (N--1) =
= 6,118-1
1 --1 = 69,78
= 1 () =
= 760 ..
( ) = 0,555 () - 32
= 1,8 (") + 32
= + 273
1 (/) = 16,7 -1 = 0,28 1 =

= 0,91 "1 = 0,62 /
1 (/) = 88 -"1 = 1,47 ' = 1609,3 --> = 26,8 -1 = 0,447 --1 =
= 1,6093 /
6
1 () = 1 000 () = 10
()
1 () = 1 000
1 () = 1,057
1 = 0,9463 = 946,3 = 2 = 32
1 = 4 =128 = 3785,2 = 3,785
1 = 16 = 2 = 473,1
1 = 8 = 236,6
1 = 29,57 = 2 = 6
1 = 3 =
15
1 = 5
1.

7
7
8
10
15
18
I

2.

3.

()
-

4. -

25
25
32
42
42
48
50
53
58
61
61
6.

7.

,

71
74
78
85
85
88
94
100
105
112
113
116
123
123
127
132
132
137
140
143
III
63
II
,

5.
8. -

-

161
9.

174
174
501
149
149

-
10. -

180
183
184
188
12.

,

:

:

:

190
191
195
196
196
197
209
211
215
13.

()
14. ,
,

,

.221
.221
.227
.230
.233
.236
.238
240
241
244
245
256
262
206
207
IV
.

,

176
15.

-

16.

,

502
273
274
277
282
283
288
292
293
295
305
310
321
322
334
340
343
345
351
351
352
357
358
363
VI

17.
-

18.

19.
-

369
369
374
382
388
389
390
396
399
400
405
405
408
411
414
415
VII

20. -

-

21. ,

22.

431
432
436
438
442
450
450
464
470
470
474
477
480
484
486

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" "

. 1.3. " "() ()

-.- i'.'y-* --'? ; W^s* *.

. 2.8. (), () (), ,

0,8 0,6 0,4

Brooke M.H., Kaiser K.K. (1970). Muscle fiber types: How

&Sa,l*.*J?... *,*1 >* 3FU -

1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0

. 5.19. - (]), - (2)

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. 7.5. (Q^J (1), (2) (3). Q0? . (1986)

. 8.12. - (I), (II) - (III)

( 150 200 -"') [17].

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3. Crawford M.H., Petru M.A., Rabinowitz C. (1985).

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. 10.1. (1) (2), ,

^W^^ fc,^^^^^^"^^^"^ '

. 10.7. (I, II) (1) 5 (2).

. 10.13. " "

8. Dodley G.A., Fleck S.J. (1987). Strenght and training:

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+ (0,2 32,5) + (0,1 31,5);

" " (1973).

Rnr^PTII 1 *1 ILIf 11*1 *\/1 1 1*

^"~ "~" "~"

1. Alexander L. (1946). Treatment of shock from

9. Knowlton P.P., Starling E.H. (1912). The influence of

flows of resting and exercising men immersed in cool water.

, 1 500 (4 921 ) 3 000 (9 843 )

180 160 1 140 2

12.6. - (750 -')

14. Green H.J., Sutton J., Young P., Cymerman A.,

Pulmonary and circulatory adjustments determining the limits

Blomqvist C.G. (1983). Cardiovascular adaptation to

bearing soleus muscle atrophy. Journal of Applied Physiology,

. 13.9. (1), (2) (3) 6

. 13.10. (1) 4 . , , (2)

. 14.3. , () (). . (1981)

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90 120 150 180 210 240 270

188 215 241 268 295

188 215 241 268 _295

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