V i xu ly cho phep chon chu ky tin hieu bat ky nao do de do do di pha cua chung.

Do
phan giai khac do do di pha cua pha-met thi tuy thuoc vao tri so cac tan sd do va sai sd cua
phuong phap do sd, no quyet djnh do chfnh xac cua pha-met.

f)

Hinh 4-86 Gian do thdi gian do di pha trong mot chu ky

1

Quan he giua chung (tan sd tfn hieu can do di pha f=Y tan s XLin (^ m

sa' s

cua phuong phap do sd) duoc the hien nhu sau doi vdi do chfnh xac cua thiet bj pha-met.
Tu (1) va(3) taco:

199

Atp = ( 360 ).n = C.n

fd

(62)

f
d day: C = 360
fd
Tir (62), ket qua do di pha se co sai so la Acp = C.An, vi do sai so 1. Sai so cuc dai cua
phuong phap sai sd la +1 va -1, nen co nghTa la:
An = 1, do do Acp = C
Muon nang cao do chinh xac cua phep do do di pha co tri gia be th'i can phai tang tan so
fdva giam tan sd f.
Muon giam tan sd tin hieu can do do di pha f xuong dai tan sd thap ta co the dung
phuong phap bien doi ngoai sai, khi do tan sd thay doi nhung do di pha khong bi doi. Ngoai
ra, de tang tan sd dem fd, ta co the dung phuong phap "dem noi suy" (da trinh bay o phan thiet
bi dem dien tir). Phep do se thuc hien vdi qT va qAT thay vi cho tang fd, bo vi xu ly da l&p
trinh vdi gia tri q thich hop.
Bo vi xir ly cai dat trong pha-met con cho phep thuc hien phuong phap do thdng ke, no
cho phep xac dinh duoc cac gia tri trung binh binh phuong, ky vong toan hoc. phuong sai, do
vay da tang duoc do chinh xac ciia phep do do di pha ciia tin hieu, dac biet vdi cac do di pha
co trj gia nho.
Do la tinh uu viet cua pha-met co cai dat microprocessor.

200

Ch ifdng V
0 0 DIEN AP

5.1 DAC DIEM VA YEU CAU CUA PHEP 0 0 TIN HIEU 0IEN AP
Do dien ap la mot trong nhung phep do co ban nhat de do thong so cua tin hieu
dien tir. Khi ain kiem tra, xac dinh che do cong tac... cua thiet bi dien tu, th'i bien phap
xac dinh bang cach do dien ap duoc thuc hien nhieu hon cach do dong dien. Sd ch vay vi
phep do de tien hanh, thuc hien nhanh chong va co dp chfnh xac cao. Hon nua, do dong
dien lai phai ngiit mach dien ra. nhu vay neu phai do nhidu didm thi rat khong tien, ton
cong va mat nhidu thdi gian. Ngoai ra, do dien ap con dupe dung de xac dinh cac thong
sd khac cua tfn hieu va mach dien, bang cach thdng qua cac phep tfnh loan gian tiep nhu
do cudng do dien trudng, do he sd pham chat, do trd khang cua mach dien.
Dac diem ciia phep do dien ap trong ky thuat dien tu la khoang gia tri dien ap can
do rong, lai d trong mot dai tan sd rat rong va dudi nhidu dang ciia tfn hieu dien ap khac
nhau. Dai luong dien ap can do cd tri sd khoang tu vai microvon den vai tram kilo-von.
Dai tan so ciia dien ap can do la tir dien ap mot chieu (OH/.), dien ap cd tan so bien doi
rat cham (khoang vai phan tram Hz), den dien ap cd tan sd kha cao, tdi hang ngh'in
MHz. Vdi dien ap cd tan sd cao hon nua th'i khai niem do dien ap khong con mang y
nghTa nua, va viec do dien ap liic dd khong con thuc hien dupe.
Vdi yeu cau do nhu vay, cung nhu phep do ddng dien, do dien ap (ma cang dac
biet doi vdi dien ap ciia tfn hieu cd tan so cao) can phai giam bdt dupe sir phu thuoc ciia
thiet bi do voi tan sd ciia dien ap can do; cung nhu de che do cong tac ciia mach dupe do
ft bi anh hudng do thiet bi do gay nen. Muon vay, thiet bi do dien ap phai cd trd khang
vao ldn. Dd la mot trong nhung yeu cau co ban ciia cac thiet bi do ludng dien tir noi
chung, va dac biet vdi cac dien ap cao tan noi rieng.

5.1.1 Cac tri so dien ap do

Dien ap bien doi can do cd cac tri sd bieu thi dac tfnh la: tri sd dinh (bien do), tri
sd hieu clung, tri sd trung binh.
Tri so dinh U mla tri gia tire thdi cuc dai ciia dien ap trong khoang thdi gian quan
sat (hay trong mot chu ky). nhu hinh 5-la. Ddi vdi dien ap cd cuc tfnh khong doi xirng

201

thi co hai tri gia dinh: dinh duong va dinh am (hin.t 5-lb). Vai dien ap didu hoa th'i tri so
dinh chinh la tri so bien do.

Hinh 5-1 Cac gia tri dien ap dinh

Tri sd hieu dung U la gia trj trung b'inh b'inh phuong cua dien ap tuc thdi trong
khoang thdi gian do (hay trong mot chu ky).
U =

J>u'

dt

(!)

Doi vdi dien ap co chu ky dang khong sin, thi binh phuong tri sd hieu dung cua
dien ap nay bang tong cua binh phuong thanh phan dien ap mot chidu va binh phuong
cua cac thanh phan didu hoa:
U 2 =Uq + U f + U 2 +....

( 2)

Hay la:
(3)
k=0

Trj sd trung binh (thanh phan mot chieu) la trj sd trung binh cong cac gia tri tuc
thdi trong khoang thdi gian do (hay trong mot chu ky).

U0 = |fu (t)d t

(4)

Trong trudng hop chinh luu hai nua chu ky, th'i no bang trj sd trung b'inh cong cua
trj sd tuyet doi cac gia trj tuc thdi:

U 0 = if|u(t)|dt

(5)

Quan he giua cac trj sd dinh, trj sd hieu dung va trj sd trung b'inh duoc bieu thi
bang cac ty sd:

202

(6)

=
U

kb: he sd bien do ciia tin hieu dien ap.

U
kd =

(7)

U,

kd: he sd dang cua tin hieu dien ap.

Hinh 5-2 neu mot vf du xac dinh kb va kd

cua cac dien ap co cac dang khac nhau

H'inh 5-2a la dien ap h'inh sin:

/ V

a)

U0

U m= V 2 .U ;U n=0,9U

vay:

r\

kb=1,41; kd=1 , 1 1

Hinh 5-2b la dien ap rang cira, co bien dp

Um, chu ky T. Tri sd dien ap tuc thdi:

Um

b)

V.

u (t) =

Um
t
T

( 8)

1
1
1

Trj sd dien ap hieu dung:

c)

T
Z -

U,

Um

V3

(9)

( 10)

Hinh 5-2 Cac gia tri dien ap vdi

dang xung khac nhau

H'inh 5-2c la dien ap dang xung vuong goc

doi xung hai nua chu ky.
Gia trj tuc thdi cua dien ap:
T
u(t) =

( 11)

Tri sd dien ap U=Umva U 0 =Um; do do:

kh=l va kd=l;

203

5.1.2 Cau tao va phan loai cac von-met dien tu

Thiet bi de do dien ap la von-met. Cac von-met diing trong do ludng dien tir dupe
phan loai can cir vao cac tmh nang sau day:
-Dang chi thi: von-met chi thi bang kim hay von-met chi thi bang so.
-Thong so cua dien ap do: von-met do dien ap dinh, dien ap trung binh hay dien ap
hieu dung.
-Dai tri so dien ap do: micro von-met, mili von-met hay kilo von-met.
-Muc dich sir dung: von-met mAu (de lam chuan), von-met xoay chieu. von-met
mot chieu, von-met xung hay von-met co tinh nang dac biet khac (von-met nhay pha,
von-met chon loc ... ).
Ve cau tao chung cua eac von-met, thi cung giong nhir cac loai may do cac thdng
so tin hieu khac, chung bao gom hai khoi co ban: bp bien doi va bo chi thi.
So do khoi co ban cua von-met nhir hinh 5-3.

Hinh 5-3 Sd do khoi cua von-met

Bo bien doi cua cac von-met ma ta se set tdi sail day (trir loai von-met dien tir), la
bp tach song. Bp tach song de bien d<Si dien ap can do co chu ky thanh dien ap mot
chieu. Tuy theo loai mach tach song ma dien ap do dirpc xac dinh boi cac thong sd dien
ap khac nhau.
Vdi loai micro von-met, tin hieu trudc khi dua vao bp tach song thi duoc dua qua
bo khuech dai. Cac yeu cau cua bp khuech dai nay kha chat che: he sd khuech dai phai
on dinh, nghTa la dien ap khong bi thay doi theo thdi gian khi cac didu kien ben ngoai va
dien ap nguon cung cap thay doi; he so khuech dai khong phu thuoc tan so: tro khang
vao ciia bp khuech dai phai ldn, dien dung vao phai nho.
Dc tang trd khang vao, giam dien dung vao cho von-met, th'i cau tao cua tang dau
cua bo khuech dai thudng hay dung la tang phu tai eatot. De tang dd on dinh. bo khuech
dai thudng dupe thuc hien hoi tiep am kha sau. De loai tru eac anh hirdng cua sir phu
thuoc tan so thi bo khuech dai thudng dung cac phan tu de hieu chuain tan so cao va tan
sd thap.

204

Dai tan so cong tac cua cac von-met eo bo khuech dai d dau vao thi hep hon dai
tan so cua cac von-met thuc hien tach song ngay dien ap can do.
Bo chi thi cua von-met la cac bp do dien ap mot chidu, co thiet bi chi thi bang kim
hay chi thi bang so. Yeu cau chung cua cac bo nay la phai co dien trd vao kha ldn
(khoang hang chuc den hang tram MQ). Dd thoa man yeu cau nay, vdi eac bo chi thi cua
von-met chi thi kim thi tren thirc te, thudng hay dung cac mach khuech dai dien ap mot
chidu kidu so do cau va dong ho chi thi thudng dung loai micro ampe-met dien tu.

5.2 VON-MET DIEN T If LOAI TUONG Tlf-DUNG DIEN KE CHi TH| KIM
Khi do dien ap xoay chidu cao tfin, thi thiet bi do dupe su dung nhidu hon ca la
von-met dien tu. Sd dT nhu vay, vi von-met dien tu co mot sd uu didm co ban nhu: trd
khang vao ldn, do nhay cao, tieu thu ft nang lupng cua mach dien dupe do, va chiu dung
dirpc qua tai.
Tuy nhien von-met dien tu cung co nhung nhupc diem la can yeu cau co nguon
cung cap, nguon cung cap can phai

n dinh, va do chfnh xac cua thang dp chi thi phu

thuoc nhieu vao dac tfnh thong sd cua den dien tu hay den ban dan, nen khi thay the den
th'i thiet bj do co thd bj anh hudng.
Von-met dien tu co nhieu loai, tuy theo cau tao ma no co the dung dd do dien ap
mot chidu, dien ap xoay chidu hay do ca hai loai dien ap nay. Cung tuy theo cau tao ma
ket qua do dupe chi thj bang kim hay chi thj bang sd.
De nghien cuu tfnh nang va cau tao cua von-met dien tu, trong ehuong nay ta se
lan luot xet theo hai loai chi thj: von-met chi thj bang kim va von-met chi thj bang sd.
So do khoi chuc nang chung cua cac loai von-met chi thi bang kim nhu hinh 54a,b.

Hinh 5-4a Von-met do tri so Ion

205

Hinh 5-4b Von-met do tri so nho

H'inh 5-4a la von-met de do dien ap mot chidu va dien ap xoay chieu co tri so ldn.
H'inh 5-4b la von-met de do dien ap mot chidu va dien ap xoay chidu co tri sd nho.
Cung nhu cac may do thong sd tin hieu khac, thiet bi vao d day thudng gom cac
phan tu dd bien doi dien ap do d dau vao, nhu bo phan ap, suy giam va phu tai eatot (a
loai von-met co khuech dai dien ap dau vao) dd tang trd khang vao cua von-met. Nhiem
vu cua thiet bi vao la ghep dien ap can do mot cach thich hop vdi mach do va von-met.
Bp bien doi cua von-met d day la khoi khuech dai dong dien mot chidu (vdi cac
von-met dung dd do dien ap mot chidu), hay khoi tach song (vdi cac loai von-met do
dien ap xoay chidu).
Bo chi thi cua von-met d day la cac bo chi thi kim hay ca khoi g6 m ca bo khuech
dai dong dien mot chidu va bo chi thi kim.
5.2.1 Cac dac tinh tach song
Tach song la bien doi dien ap xoay chieu thanh dong dien hay dien ap mot chidu.
Do la khoi chu yeu nhat cua von-met, v] no xac dinh cac dac tmh co ban cua von-met
nhat la dac tfnh vd thang do.
Vd bo tach song cua von-met, co cac cach phan loai nhu sau:
-Theo tri sd dien ap hay theo dong dien ra cua bo tach song: tach song dinh (bien
do), tach song hieu dung hay tach song trung b'inh.
-Theo che do tach song: che do A, che dp B hay che dp C.
-Theo mach dien tach song: Tach song mach di-ot, tach song anot hay tach mach
dung tranzito.
-Theo cau tao mach vao tach song: Tach song mach vao dong hay tach song mach
vao md.
-Theo dac tuyen tach song! Tach song dudng thing hay tach song bac hai.
Trong ehuong nay, ta se xet bo tach song cua von-met theo each phan loai dau
tidn, vi no tuong doi tong quat va phu hop vdi cach phan loai cac loai von-met hon.

206

1. Tach song dinh

Tach song dinh (hay con goi la tach song bien do) la tach song ma dien ap d dau
ra true tiep tirong ung vdi trj sd bien do cua dien ap dau ra. Phan tu de' ghim giu lai trj sd
bien dp cua dien ap do la tu dien. Tu dien dupe nap dien tdi tri sd dinh cua dien ap do
thdng qua phan tu tach song.
C

P
i

Bo
loc

IF

i
i

b)
Hinh 5-5 Mach tach song dinh

V i du cac mach tach song dinh thudng gap nhu hinh 5-5a, nguyen ly lam viec nhu
sau:
Khi dua vao bp tach song dien ap hinh sin ux=Umsincot thi luc ban dau dien ap do
hau nhu hoan toan dat len di-ot, vi dien dung cua tu C ldn hon nhidu so vdi dien dung
CAK cua di-ot, dien dung tu C thudng khoang hang chuc nghin pF.
Trong nua chu ky duong dau tidn, co xung dong dien ldn qua diot lam cho tu C
nap, tu C dupe nap dien nhung chua hoan toan. Sang nua chu ky am, tu C phong dien
qua R, nhung lupng phong khong dupe bao nhidu vi R chon rat ldn (thudng khoang 50271
100MQ); hang sd thdi gian phong x=RC ldn hon so vdi chu ky T = cua dien ap do
co
ux. Tiep den nua chu ky duong khac, tu C lai tiep tuc dupe nap. Vi hang sd thdi gian nap

Hinh 5-6 Gian do thoi gian

a, Nap dien cho tu
b, Dong qua di-ot

207

t=R,C

(R, la dien trcf trong cua di-ot) rat be so vai t=RC. Nhu vay co nghTa la tu dien

nap thi rat nhanh ma phong thi rat cham. nen sau mot vai chu ky, dien ap cua tu Uc co
gia tri khong doi va gan bang tri so bien do Umcua dien ap dau vao ux. Gian do thdi gian
dien ap nap cho tu nhu hinh 5-6a.
Khi uc tang thi dien ap ha tren diot giam: u =ux-uc: den tach song co thien ap tircap
U c, nhung vi U c nho han U m (do su phong dien qua R), nen trong phan nua chu ky
duong, tri sd tuc thdi cua ux ldn han Ut thi co dong nap cho tu C. Dong dien chi qua diot
trong mot phan nho cua chu ky, vdi goc cat la 0 (xem hinh 5-6b).
Dien ap Uc tren tu dien dugc do bang mot von-met chi thi kim. Tri sd nay cang gan
bang U mcua dien ap uxkhi goc cat 0 cang nho. Tu hinh 5-6b:
U c * U msin(90"-0) = U mcos0.
Theo ly thuyet tach song di-ot, ta co quan he giua goc cat 0 va cac thong so cua
mach:

9=

C2)

Trong do, R, la dien trd ciia di-ot, R la dien trd tai. Tu (12) ta thay la: muon U =Um
R,
thi 0=0, dieu nay thuc te la khong dat dugc, vi R t *0 va R*co. Song neu co cang be
R
thi cang tot, nen trong mach tach song dinh thudng chon diot co R, be.
Cung can chu y la khi mac noi tiep vdi diot mot dien trd phu nao dd thi tac dung
cung nhu tang R,. Do vay, khi tinh toan sai sd do thi dung cong thuc (12) tren phai cong

Uc

J----T

o)
Hinh 5-7 a, Mach tach song tuong duong
b, Gian do dien ap -thoi gian

208

b)

U m

IV i

them R, vdi dien trd ra cua nguon dien ap can do. Muon giam - bang each tang R ldn
len qua cting khong dupe, vi nhir vay la lam tang hang sd thdi gian phong xp, bo tach
song trd thanh co quan tfnh, khi giam dien ap d dau ra thi dien ap d tren tu van khong
bien doi kip. Khuyet diem nay cung tirong tir nhu khi mach tach song dung tu C co tri sd
qua ldn, vi nhu vay da lam tang hang sd t pva xn.
Neu dien ap do la dien ap co dang khong didu hoa, ux = U 0 + U msinwt, co ca thanh
phan mot chidu va thanh phan xoay chidu, thi dien ap ma dong h6 do dupe khong phai
chi la Umma con co ca U 0 cua ux, vi mach vao cua bo tach song nay la mach vao md.
Ta lai xet mach tach song dinh co mach vao nhu hinh 5-5b. Gia su dien ap do co
dang didu hoa ux = U msincot. Khi ung vdi nua chu ky duong thi tu C dupe nap qua di-ot,
sau mot vai chu ky, tri sd cua dien ap nap gan bang tri sd U m. Dien trd R ldn, nen hang
so thdi gian phong ldn, do vay U c bien doi it va coi nhu la khong doi. Ta co the coi tu C
dupe nap dien nhu mot nguon dien ap mot chidu U L % U m. Mach tuong duong cua bp
tach song mach vao dong nhu hinh 5-la.
Dien ap tren tai R cua bp tach song:
U r = u x - U c = U m sin cot - U c
Khi dien ap uxdat gia tri cuc dai duong, thi uR 0. Khi uxdat gia tri cuc dai am, thi
uR -2Um, vl U c ~Um (hinh 5-7b). Nhu vay, dien ap xung ha tren R co the do true tiep
bang dong ho tu dien. Giua tai R va von-met chi thi kim co dat bo loc, de chi cho qua
thanh phan mot chidu U t ciia dien ap xung, d6 ng ho chi thi dupe gia tri Ut * U m
Khi do dien ap khong co thanh phan mot chieu thi bo tach song co mach vao md
va mach vao dong cung cho ket qua nhu nhau. Dien ap tren tu C deu rat gan bang U mva
tri so chi cua von-met ty le vdi bien dp cua dien ap do.
Trudng hop bo tach song mach vao dong khi dua vao la dien ap xung, thi no chi
tac dc)ng vdi bien do cua thanh phan xoay chidu, va tri sd chi cua von-met ty le vdi bien
do nay. Neu dien ap ux bao gom ca thanh phan mot chidu U (l, ux =U0 +Umsincot, thi tu C
dupe nap dien ap ldn hon U0, tuc la Uc =U0 +Um. Tat nhien, cuc tmh cua dien ap tren tu C
nap vdi dien ap mot chidu (-U0) thi ngirpc vdi thanh phan dien ap mot chidu U 0. Neu tren
tai R, tong dai sd cua hai dien ap nay bang khong, nen hau nhu von-met khong co tac
dong doi vdi thanh phan U 0 cua dien ap dau vao.
. Dien trd vao cua hai bo tach song mach vao dong va mach vao md thi khong giong
nhau. Nhu chung ta da biet, d cac giao trinh nguyen ly ky thuat dien tu, dien trd vao cua
bo tach song noi tiep (mach vao md), dupe tmh bang:

209

R v ,* ~
2

(13)

va dien trd vao cua bo tach song song song (mach vao dong):

R - * ^2 rk-+71

4)

Trong do, k-he sd truyen dat cua bp tach song;

R dien trd tai cua bo tach song.
Vdi che dp cong tac cua bo tach song dung trong cac von-met dien tir th'i k *l, nen
ta co:

va
R
R vd ~ y

(16)

Vdi cac loai von-met dien tir co khoi tach song la khoi dau tien, thi trd khang vao
ciia bo tach song cung chinh la trd khang vao ciia von-met. Cac bo tach song ciia cac
von-met nay thudng la loai mach vao dong. Khi tri sd dien ap do dua vao dii ldn (khoang
mot von), thi bo tach song do dupe coi la tach song dinh, vl hieu irng tach song duoc
thuc hien d phan dudng thing ciia dac tuyen di-ot. Neu dien ap do co tri sd be hon thi
khong con la tach song dinh,

v 'i

doan dac tuyen tach song khi trudng hop be co dang bac

hai.
Hai mach tach song ta da xet d tren (h'inh 5-5) la chi do dupe tri sd dinh cua dien
ap co cuc tinh duong. Muon dien ap co cuc tmh am, thi neu diing hai mach tren, ta phai
dao ngupc cach mac cac di-ot, (doi vi tri mac giua cuc n va cuc p).
2. Tach song hieu dung
Tach song hieu dung la bien doi dien ap xoay chidu thanh dong dien mot chidu ty
le vdi binh phuong tri sd hieu dung ciia dien ap do.
Ta co bieu thirc xac dinh tri sd dien ap hieu dung nhu cong thirc (1). Nhu vay, bo
tach song nay phai bao gom ba phan tir dd thuc hien dupe ba thao tac: binh phirong. lay
tri trung binh, va khai can.
Phan tir tach song co dang dac tuyen bac hai de thuc hien quan he giura dien ap ra
va dien ap vao la quan he binh phuong. Phan tir lam nhiem vu loc d dau ra cua mach

210

tach song, d< lay trj trung binh, tiic thanh ph<in mot chieu cua dien ap tu phan tu tach
song dua ra. Ph5n tu chi thi la d6 ng h6 do dien ap m6 t chidu; khi khac do von-met nay
thuc hidn ca phep khai can bac hai.
Nhu v$y, dac dim cua bd tach song nay la cdn co mot ph^n tu tach song co dang
dac tuyen bac hai (con goi la tach song binh phuong). Ta se xet ky hon nua phan tu nay.
Noi chung, phuong trinh bieu thj dang dac tuyen tach song la:
i=au + Pu2

(17)

Neu nhu dua vao bp tach song dien ap do la dien ap bien doi co chu ky nhung co
dang phric tap:
00

u x = Z U mk sinkwt
k=l

thi dong dien tach song dupe xac djnh qua dac tuyen von-ampe nhu (17) la:
i= a(Umlsincot+ U m2 sin2o)t+ ...) + P(U mIsintot+ U m2 sincot-K. . ) 2

(18)

Thuc hien cac bien doi lupng giac can thiet, ta co fhe tfnh rieng thanh phan mot
chieu cua dong tach song.
Muon do thanh phan dong dien mot chieu thi dung mot micro ampe-met mac song
song vdi mot tu dien. Dong dien nay bang:
1
00
->
io = - P S u L
2 k= l

Trong do. co th thay Umk=Uv 42 va U

(19)

=U

, nen co :

i = p u 2
Tir ket qua tren ta tha'y la: dong dien tach song ty le voi binh phuong ciia trj so
dien ap hieu dung, no khong phu thuoc vao dang cua dien ap do. Do do, vdi eac von-met
co tach song loai nay, dupe khac do theo trj sd hieu dung cua dien ap hinh sin thi deu co
the dung de do cac trj sd hieu dung cua cac dien ap co dang phuc tap khac.
Ve cau tao, de thuc hien tach song binh phuong, co the dung cac bien phap nhu
dac tuyen tach song chon dung la phan dau cua dac tuyen von-ampe cua di-ot. Cac dac
tuyen nay thudng co dang rat gan bac hai. Song hien nay, cac bien phap nay hau nhu rat
ft dung, do chung co cac nhupc diem la doan nay thudng ngan; khi thay den thi chung
khac nhau lam cho sir khac do von-met bj sai di; cung nhu con phai chu y nhieu den van
de chon diem cong tac.

211

Mot bien phap khac cung duoc dung nhieu la tach song thuc hien boi dac
I uyen gan dung bac hai hinh thanh boi cac duong gay thang Cach tao duong nay
thuc hien bang cach mac noi tiep cac mat diot voi nhau. Mot trong cac kieu mac
mach tach song nay nhu hinh 5-9a. Cac mat diot la bo phan ben phai cua hinh 5-9;
m6 i mat gom mot diot va bo phan ap, bang hai dien tro (hinh 5-9b).

1
r1
1

*
9U

i *

-J

V,

b)

Hinh 5-9 Tao dudng cong tir nhieu mat di-ot

De don gian van de xet, gia su diot co dien trd thuan R,h=0, va dien tro nguoc
R =0 0 . Nhu vay, se khong co dong dien qua diot khi dien ap dat vao diot be hon dien ap
khoa cua diot (hinh 5-9c). Cac mat duoc mac noi tiep vdi nhau bang cac phan ap, thi
dien trd cua chung duoc cau tao sao cho co trj sd dien ap khoa cua mot diot se ldn hon
cung trj sd dien ap nay cua diot trudc no. Vdi mach tren thi co: U I<U2 <U,. Nhu vay. dac
tuyen von-ampe cua tat ca cac mat se co dang gan nhu nira dudng parabon (hinh 5-10).
Khi u(t)<U,, thi D,, D, va D, tat, dong dien tach song bdi bo tach song kidu chinh
luu hai pha, qua dien tro R,. Khi U,<u(t)<U;, thi chi co dong i, chay trong mach gom:

212

ngudn - diot D, - dien trd R 2 - dong h6 chi thi nguOn. Khi U, <u(t)<U, thi co dong i, va i2 qua
D, va D ; va dong tong i, va i2 qua dong ho chi
thi. Khi U, <u(t) thi dong dien qua d6 ng ho chi
thi la iv=i, + i2 + iv
Neu nhu sd mat diot cang tang, thi dac
tuyen cang gan dung dang bac hai.
Neu can do tri sd hieu dung ciia dien ap
co dang phuc tap, trong do co ca thanh phan
mot chidu, thi phai dung bo tach song co dac
tuyen bac hai va khong co thanh phan bac nhat,
nghTa la co dang i=pu 2 va co mach vao md.
Them nua la tir nguPn tin hieu do tdi dau vao
cua bp tach song phai khong co cac phan tir
ngan cach thanh phan mot chidu nhu tu dien,
bien ap....
Nhu vay, von-met dien tir cd tach song
binh phuong la mot loai von-met dien tir hiey
dung, no co the do dupe tri sd hieu dung cua
dien ap co dang phirc tap. Do la mot dac diem,
cung giong nhu cac loai von-met hieu dung
khac: von-met dien tir, von-met nhiet dien. vonmet tTnh dien... . Tat nhien, loai von-met dien tir
nay thi co dai tan sd cong tac rong hon nhidu.

3. Tach song trung binh

Tach song trung binh la bien doi dien up
xoay chidu thanh dong dien mot chidu ty le voi
Hinh 5-10 Nguyen ly tao

dudng cong bac 2

...

tn so trung binh cua dien ap do. Bo tach sona

'
v
v
, '
.
thucrng dung la bo chinh luu dien ap mot nira

chu kv hay hai nira chu ky mac theo kieu cau. Dong ho chi thi thudng la ddng hd tir
dien. Goi la bo chinh luu dien ap vi phan dac tuyen ciia phan tir tach song lam viec la
phan dudng thdng. Khi do tri sd dien ap sau chinh liru ty le vdi tri sd trung binh ciia dien
ap do.
Nhu vay. dien ap clua vao bo tach song phai dii ldn, de no lam viec d phan dudng
thang ciia dac tuyen. Neu dien ap nho thi phftn dac tuyen lam viec la phan dau. thudng
co dang bac hai.

213

Cac phan tu tach song trung binh thirdng dirge dung nhidu hem ca la cac diot Ge va
didt Si, vi chung co nhidu iru diem hon diot 6-xft d6ng hay den dien tir.

Hinh 5-11 Chinh lUu 2 nda chu ky

Cac mach tach song trung binh thong dung nhat thucmg la mach kidu cau.
Nguyen ly lam viec cua mach nay nhu sau:
Mach hinh 5-1 la: dong dien di qua dong h6 chi thi trong ca hai nua chu ky ddu
theo cung mot chidu. Trong nua chu ky duong, co dong qua D,, dong h6 va D,; d trong
nufa chu ky am dong qua D 4, dong ho va D 2. Do lech kim cua dong ho micro ampe khi
dung phan dudng thang cua dac tuyen tach song ty le vdi tri sd trung binh cua dien ap
dau vao cua bo tach song.
(20)

U 0 = Y f lu(t)ldt
(Tri sd nay khi dien ap co dang khac nhau thi khac nhau).

Mach hinh 5-1 lb: Nua chu ky duong, dong

dien qua D, va dien trd R,, sinh ra ha ap tren R,
va dien ap nay dugc do bang von-met gom boi
micro ampe-met va dien trd phu R, (d nua chu ky
nay, dien ap tren R 2 la gan bang khong). Sang
nua chu ky am, dong dien qua R 2va D 2, von-met
lai do dien ap tren R,.
Dai tan sd cong tac cua cac von-met co
tach song trung binh phu thuoc chu yeu vao loai
phan tu chinh liru chgn dung, ma cu thd la dien
dung ban than cua cac phan tu do. Dd md rong
Hinh 5-12 Mac them mach bu

dai tan sd cong tac thi ngudi ta thudng mac them

tan so

vao mach taeh song bo phan bu tan sd. vf du hinh

5-12. Trong mach nay, dien trd phu R dugc noi song song vdi mach bu tan so R,C,. Khi

214

tan

SO

cua dien ap do tang, thi trd khang giua hai diem a, b giam; cung nhu trd khang

cua bp chinh luu giua hai didm b, c bi giam do dien dung ban than C0 gay nen. Do vay
sir phan bd dien ap tren cac phan ab va be la khong doi khi tan sd dien ap do thay doi.
Dien trd vao cua cac von-met loai tach song trung b'inh nay tuy thuoc vao cau tao
cua dong I1 6 do dien trd phu cua mach tach song va thay doi theo dien ap do. Vf du, neu
dong dien lam kim dong ho lech het thang do la 1mA khi dien ap do la IV , th'i dien trd
vao la 1000Q. Khi can do dien ap ldn hon, can phai mac them dien trd phu, de sut bdt
phan dien ap Ion hon IV , nhu vay, dien trd vao cung tang len. De cho thuan tien, ngudi
ta dung thir nguyen Q/V de bidu thi dien trd vao cua von-met.
Cac bp tach song trung b'inh th'i thudng dupe dung d cac von-met do dien ap d tan
so thap (khoang vai chuc kHz), de do cac dien ap co tri sd ldn. Vf du nhu cac von-met
chi thi de do dien ap dau ra cua cac thiet bi do ludng nhu cac may tao song am tan, may
do tan sd, cac cau dd do thong sd mach dien...
5.2.2 Khoi khuech dai trong von-met dien tu
Cac bo khuech dai trong von-met dien tu co the la khuech dai xoay chieu. Vi trf
cua cac bo khuech dai trong von-met dien tir duoc sap dat nhu so do khoi d cac h'inh 54a,b.
Bo khuech dai dong dien mot chidu cua von-met la khuech dai cong suat. Nhiem
vu cua bo khuech dai nay la tao ra mot cong suat can thiet tac dong len he thdng co dien
didu khien kim dich chuydn cua bo phan chi thi. Ngoai ra, no lam nhiem vu plioi hop trd
khang giua cac bo chi thi co trd khang vao nho vdi trd khang ra tuong doi ldn cua bp
tach song hay cua bo phan ap.
+

215

Yeu cau ca ban doi vai bo khuech dai mot chidu cua von-met dien tu la he so

khuech dai co do on dinh cao, it co hien tucrng troi diem lam viec. Mach khuech dai mot
chidu thudng gap nhat trong cac von-met dien tir la mach kie-u cau co hoi tiep am nhir
hinh 5-13.
So vai mach khuech dai dong dien mot chidu kieu dan, khong doi xi'mg, thi mach
khuech dai kieu ciu co nhidu uu diem han. No co the didu chuan didm khong cua thiet
bi chi thi mot cach dd dang ma khong can ngu6n phu. No lam giam dugc hien tugng troi
vi cac bien doi cua dien ap didt va dien ap emitter cua den d hai nhanh moi nira cau la
nhu nhau. No tu dong can bing dugc cac can nhidu ciia tap am vao cuc B cac den. Vi co
hoi tiep am nen nang cao dugc do on dinh cong tac va phong ngira bdt duoc cac trudng
hgp gay qua tai. Han nua, dac tuyen khuech dai ciia no lai thang trong mot dai tuang doi
rong.
Trong cac mili von-met mot chidu, vi yeu cau phai khuech dai tin hieu mot chidu
rat nho, va dd tranh hien tugng troi, nen bo khuech dai d day thudng duac thuc hien nhu
sa do khoi 5-14. Bo khuech dai mot chidu nay thuc hien bien doi dien ap mot chidu
thanh dien ap xoay chieu, roi khuech dai dien ap xoay chidu, sau do lai tach song lay ra
dien ap mot chieu. Bo bien tan d day thuc hien bien dien ap mot chieu thanh dien ap
xoay chidu, co bien do ty le vdi do ldn va pha tuy thuoc vao dau ciia dien ap mot chidu.
Sau khi khuech dai xoay chidu vdi he sd khuech dai can thiet, thi tin hieu duac tach
song. Bo tach song d day la bo tach song nhay pha, se tach ra dien ap mot chidu co dau
sao cho tuang irng vdi dien ap mot chieu a dau vao bo khuech dai. Nhu vay bo khuech
dai nay tranh dugc hien tugng troi didm lam viec ma do la mot nhugc didm chu yeu ciia
khuech dai mot chidu.

Hinh 5-14 So do khoi bo khuech dai mot chieu nho

Bo khuech dai dien ap xoay chidu trong cac von-met dien tir can co cac chi tieu ky
thuat nhu; he so khuech dai on dinh. do nhay cao. do meo khong dudng thang nho, dai
thong tan rong. Dd dam bao cac tinh nang tren, cac bo khuech dai dien ap xoay chidu
thudng thuc hien phan hoi am. Tat nhien, nhu vay se lam cho he sd khuech dai giam,
nen khi phai thuc hien khuech dai nhidu tang, thudng diing la ba tang hay sau tang
khuech dai. Moi tang co phan hoi, va trong moi nhom ba tang cung lai co phan hoi nura.
e mot vai loai von-met dien tir. muon cho do lech cua kim chi thi ty le vdi logarit
dien ap do, tuc la muon cau tao thang khac do la dirdng thang theo dan vi de-\i-ben. thi

216

ngudi ta thirong giai quyet quan he khac do do d bo khuech dai. Bo khuech dai nay la bo
khuech dai logarit.
5.2.3 Khoi chi thi bang kim
Bo chi thi bring kim diing trong cac von-met dien tir la micro ampe-met tir dien, co
gidi han do khoang 10-1000(.iA. Sd dl hay dung loai dong h6 tir dien ma khong dung cac
loai khac vi d6ng ho tir dien co uu diem la co do nhay va do chinh xac cao. Diing loai
micro ampe-met ma khong diing loai mili ampe-met vi khong chi de nang cao do nhay
ma con de thoa man co dong dien nho trong mach khuech dai mot chidu, dac biet la loai
mach cau.
Bo chi thi diing trong cac kilovon-met xung thudng la von-met tinh dien. No duoc
mac song song vdi tu C ciia bo tach song co mach vao md.
Cac bo chi thi ciia von-met dirge khac do theo don vi von (hay cac udc sd, boi sd
ciia von: micro, mili, kilo). Cac gidi han ciia thang khac do thudng lay theo quan he:
U=a.lOn

Trong do: a la mot trong cac sd: 1; 1,5; 2; 3; 5;

n la sd nguyen, co thd bang khong.
Tri sd khac do ciia hau het cac von-met la tri sd hieu dung ciia dien ap co dang
hinh sin. Vdi cac von-met do dien ap dinh, thi tri so khac do theo tri sd dinh hay bang
0,707 ciia tri sd dinh. Trudng hop dien ap do la dien ap hinh sin thi 0,707 ciia tri sd dinh
la tri so hieu dung. Song neu dien ap do co dang khac thi no se khong bang tri so hieu
dung.
5.2.4 Von-met do dien ap xung
Von-met diing de do bien do ciia dien ap xung co chu ky la von-met co tach song
dinh va khac do ciia thang do theo tri sd dinh. Cau tao so d6 khoi ciia cac von-met nay
cung bao gom cac khoi co' ban nhu von-met dien tir chi thi bang kim (hinh 5-4a) la:
Tach song-khuech dai dong dien mot chidu-thiet bi chi thi kim. Nguyen ly cong tac ciia
von-met nay cung khong khac nguyen ly cong tac ciia von-met tach song dinh do dien
ap dieu hoa. Song de do duoc tri sd dinh ciia dien ap xung thi bo tach song ciia von-met
xung cau tao co khac va cung chi khac von-met do dien ap didu hoa d khoi tach song.
Hinh 5-15 la mot vi du khoi tach song cua mot von-met do xung thi tan. Nguyen ly lam
viec ciia mach nay se xet sau day.
Khi chuydn mach d vi trf 1 nhu hinh ve 5-16, thi von-met do bien do xung duong.
Khi dua xung duong vao, D thong, hai tu C va C: dugc nap dien. Khi het xung, tire la

217

Cf

oII
o.or

o.ot
II
c?

%
-C=D-

~ Ma

i I T

Hinh 5-15 Mach tach song dinh

sang thoi gian nghi giua hai xung, tu C, phong nhanh qua R,, con tu C2 thi phong rat it
qua R, vi hang so thdi gian cua no ldn (C:R ; C IR I). Vdi xung tiep theo, tu C: lai duoc
nap them nua, cur the cho tdi khi dien ap tren C2 gan bang tri sd bien do cua xung. Dien
ap mot chidu ha tren R ; duoc loc qua bo loc R,C, va dua tdi bo chi thi cua von-met.
Muon do bien do xung am, thi chuyen mach dat d vi tri 2; vi khi do tu C2 phong
dien nhanh qua R,, con tu C, lai duoc nap tdi tri sd bien do cua xung. Dd co the chuyen
nhanh tir phep do nay sang phep do khac, thi diing khoa K de1tu phong nhanh qua R4.
Vdi phuong phap do dien ap xung nhu
mach tren, thi chi do duoc U m, tire la gia tri

Um

bien do vuot hon gia tri trung binh (hinh 5-16).

Um
_L

Nhu vay. phep do da pham phai mot sai so la:

AU=Um-U'm. Sai so nay la sai sd phuong phap,

AU

---

nghTa la do phuong phap ma co sai sd. De sai

sd do khong ldn hon gia tri cho phep. thi cac
thong sd ciia dien ap xung do bang von-met

Hinh 5-16 Tin hieu xung

nay phai duoc xac dinh. Do rong cuc tidu ciia

xung do thi tuy thuoc vao thdi gian nap ciia tu

C, va C2. He sd khoang trong cuc tieu ciia xung thi tuy thuoc vao muc do sai sd phuong
phap cho phep. Tir hinh 5-16 ta co:
AU

uT

( 21)

T
.
e day, q = la hd sd khoang trong.
i
AU
Vf du: sai sd cho phep bang = 209c . thi q cuc tieu cho phep phai bang 50.

218

He so khoang trong cuc dai cua xung lai tuy thuoc vao thdi gian phong dien cua
tu. Tuy rang he so khoang trong cang ldn thi sai sd phuong phap cang giam, song sai sd
do nguyen nhan khac lai xuA't hien, vi dien ap tren tu giam la do tu dien phong trong thdi
gian nghi giua hai xung.
Nhu vay, cac thong sd ciia dien ap xung: xmin, qmin va qm.lx la cac didu kien chi tieu
do ludng cua loai von-met co mach tach song nhu tren.
D6 giam duoc sai sd tren, nghTa la loai bo di quan he phu thuoc giua trj sd chi thj
cua von-met vdi he sd khoang trong cua dien ap xung do, thi ngudi ta con dung cach
mdc them d dau vao bo tach song dinh mot bo ghim dien ap de; hoi phuc lai thanh phan
mot chidu ciia dien ap.
Mot vi du mach tach song ciia von-met xung khac dung bien phap tren, co the do
dirge toan the bien do xung tu dinh dudi den dinh tren nhu hinh 5-17.
M
fi'
n

_________I X I

c/
si
6800p F

bto in *
[
p

*6800pFv

O---------------- 1

Hinh 5-17 Mach tach song do dien ap dinh-dinh

Um,
Ucz

Urrti
*
Umt

U c,

:/

s\
\

Hinh 5-18 Nguyen ly do dien ap dinh-dinh

Neu nhu dua vao dau vao mach tach song nay dien ap xung co chu ky vdi bien do
duong U m va am U m? nhu hinh 5-18, thi dien ap d dau ra bo tach song la
U

+ U m, . Nguyen ly cong tac ciia mach nay la: Khi co xung duong thu nhat co bien
.

do U mi thi C, va C2 dugc nap tdi trj sd

Um
'.

, vi C,=C2, D ; thong va D, tat. Nhu vay

sau phan xung duong thi dien ap tren cac tu la:

u v-1. = u,L > =

U.mi

219

Khi chuyen sang phdn xung am co bien do U mi , thi D, thong, vi dugc dat len
dien ap bang:
nii

Tu C, phong dien, va dugc nap voi cuc dien ap ngugc lai toi tri so bang U m^ . D,
tat, vi d thdi diem ban dau no dirge dat len dien ap am bang:
u, +u. + U m. = U

+ U m,

Trong thdi gian nay, C2 phong dien qua R 2, song lugng dien tich phong rat it, vi
hang sd thdi gian C ,R : ldn, (vdi tri sd nhu mach tren hinh 5-17) thi hang sd thdi gian
Um

bang 6,8s). Vi vay co thd coi uCi = ---- khong thay doi.
Sang den phan chu ky xung duong tiep theo, D, dugc dat len dien ap do bang:
U m, +Uc, - U n>, + U m,
va D 2dugc dat len dien ap duong bang:
U m|+uCi- u C!= - ^ + U m,
Tu C, phong dien, tu C2lai dugc nap mot lugng dien ap tang them la:

con tu C,:
u.. = U,

U
(Neu nhu

2 ^

+u

111-,
U

111.
u

'

> U mi thi tu C, dugc nap dien vdi cuc tmh dien ap ngugc lai. nhir

U m,
hinh 5-18. Neu n h ir--- - < U m^ thi tu C, dugc nap vdi cuc tfnh dien ap nhu cu).
Lai tiep sang phan xung am thir hai, dien ap u c^ hau nhu khong doi con u c lai
trd nen bang U nii .

220

Qua trinh dien ap nap tren tu C2 cir tiep tuc tang mai, sau mot sd chu ky, dien ap
tren C2se bang:
U CJ = I J mj + U m,
Dien ap nay dugc dua tdi thiet bj chi thj la bo khuech dai mot chidu va sau do la
d6ng ho chi thj bang kim.
Mot sd van dd can chu y cua von-met xung la khi he sd khoang trong q tang ldn thi
gay sai sd do bien do xung cang nhidu. Nguyen nhan la trong khoang thdi gian co xung,
tu dien cua bo tach song chua dugc nap hoan toan; trong khoang thdi gian nghi giua hai
xung, thi tu lai co phong dien. Nhu vay, trj sd trung b'inh cua dien ap dat tren tu trong
chu ky T se nho hon bien do xung U m. Phep do bien do xung nhu vay co sai sd.

t>r

Of

K huec/i d a i

Vdn met

87 ti/

x u n g

Hinh 5-19 Von-met xung bu tu1dong

De giam boi sai sd nay, thong thudng ngudi ta dung loai von-met xung kieu co bu
tir dong. Hinh 5-19 la mach don gian cua mot kidu von-met xung bu tir dong.
Nguyen ly cong tac cua loai von-met nay la:
Khi co xung co bien do U mdat d dau vao, th'i tu C, phong dien qua R 2dd nap cho
C2. Hang sd thdi gian phong dien th'i ldn hon hang sd thdi gian nap dien, vl R , R , cua
D,. Tren R, co dien ap xung bien thien theo ham mu uR dugc khuech dai qua bo khuech
dai xung roi nap cho tu C 2qua den D :. Dien dung cua tu C2co trj sd kha ldn (khoang vai
chuc micro fara), he sd thdi gian phong dien
cua no Ion, nen dien ap tren C2 hau nhu
khong bj giam.
Neu dien ap dat tren C2 la U t o, th'i d
dau vao bo khuech dai xung co dien ap xung
bien thien theo ham mu co bien do dirge xac
djnh bang hieu sd dien ap U m- U ( i nhu h'inh
Hinh 5-20 Dien ap dua vao bo

5-20. Cir vdi moi xung tiep theo thi U t-^ lai

khuech dai xung

221

tang, uK lai giam. Sau mot chu ky xung cua dien ap do th'i U c , hau nhu bang bien do
xung cua dien ap do U m, khi do cham dut qua trinh nap dien cua tu C,. Dien ap nap tren
C2duoc do bang mot von-met dien tu co trd khang vao rat ldn, (vf du von-met dung den
tinh dien co the tao ra duoc trd khang vao khoang 1012-10I4Q). Nhu vay, he sd thdi gian
mach phong cua C, rat ldn do dien dung C2 ldn va trd khang vao cua von-met ldn. Do
do, von-met kieiu bu tu dong nay cho phep do duoc bien do cua cac xung co chu ky ma
co he sd khoang trong ldn (V f du nhu ngudi ta da san xuat von-met kieu bu tu dong do
duoc bien do xung co do rong 1 ns, vdi sai sd nho hon 5%-7%).

5.3 CAU TAO VON-MET DIEN T I/ SO

5.3.1 Bo bien doi tuong tir - sd (the analog to digital converter)
Trong tat ca cac he thdng do luong co hai loai tfn hieu can xir ly: tfn hieu tuong tu
va tfn hieu sd.
Tfn hieu tuong tu la loai tfn hieu co mot sd vo han cac gia tri khong gian doan.
Tfn hieu sd bao g6m huu han cac gia trj.
Trong ky thuat do ludng dien tu sd, thudng phai bien doi tfn hieu tuong tu thanh
tfn hieu sd va nguoc lai.

1. Khai niem va phan loai

Bo bien doi A-D (tuong tir-so) la tat ca moi thao tac de bien doi mot tfn hieu bien
doi lien tuc theo thdi gian thanh mot sd huu han trong mot he thdng da cho.
Thudng la khau noi giua bo phan ngu6n tin va xu ly tin trong he thdng do ludng
sd.
Thong thudng, qua trinh bien doi A-D la qua trinh:

-Too dien up chuan: Dien ap chuan vf du nhu la tap hop cac gia trj khac nhau cua
mot dien ap on djnh. hay dien ap bien doi tuyen tfnh theo thdi gian.

-Thuc hien so sanh: Dien ap tuong tu can bien doi vdi dien ap chuan.
-Tao mu so: Thuc hien do bo dem xung hay true tiep do cac khoi thuat toan thuc
hien.

Cac thdng so cuu ho hien doi

-Toe do hien doi.

222

-Do chinh xac bien doi. Co sai so'do nguyen ly bien doi va sai so do dung cu bien
doi.
-D ai bien doi\ Bien do tin hieu vao tu cuc tieu den cuc dai.
N g o ai ra con cd: do nhay, do tin cay, kha nang bien doi nhidu kenh, dien trd vao,

kfch thudc...
Plidn lo a i ecu' bo bien d oi A-D

Co nhidu cach phan loai, d day chung ta se chu yeu hai cach:
-Theo d a i I trong tirong tir. Thdi gian -sd, dien ap - sd ...,
-Theo thlicit tocin bien doi: Dem noi tiep, ma theo tung bit, dem song song.

Noi chung, khi phan tfch mach cu the thi thudng phan loai theo dai luong bien doi
va ket cau mach. Khi tong hop mach mot cach t6ng quat thi theo thuat toan hay phuong
phap bien doi.

Phuong phap dem noi tiep (hay con goi la phuong phap sd) la phuong phap don
>

'

'

A,

'

gian nhat, thudng duoc su dung trong cac thiet bi do ludng so. O day, so luong tong so
cac dien ap chuan bang cac bit tie, dung de dien dat dien ap vao. Neu sd luong cuc dai
dung de mo ta bang n thi cung cAn tdi da n budc dd nhan ket qua.
Vf du cu the: Bo bien doi tfch phan (Integration) mot sudn doc hay tfch phan hai
sudn doc, de bien doi dien ap-thdi gian-xung.

Phirong phap md theo tung bit (con goi la phuong phap trong sd) la phuong phap
so sanh gan dung lien tiep (Approximation Succesive), co bao nhieu bit trong mot tir ma
nhi phan thi co bay nhidu budc so sanh va bay nhidu dien ap chuain.
Vf du cu the: Bo bien doi theo phuong phap can, bo bien doi theo ma nhan hai lien
tiep..,

Phuong phap dem song song hay con goi la phuong phap song song hay phuong
phap so sanh true tiep (Direct Comparison). Dien ap vao duoc dong thdi so sanh vdi n
dien ap chuain va duoc xac dinh xem dang nam giira hai mure nao. Loai nay can nhidu bo
so sanh, moi muc can mot bo so sanh.

2. Bo bien doi dung phuong phap dien dp rang cua (bp bien doi tich phan mot sudn
doc- the integrating, the ramp-type A-D converter)
>

So d6 khoi nhu h'inh 5-21.

Gian do thdi gian nhu h'inh 5-22.

223

Hinh 5-21 Bo bien doi tich phan mot si/on doc

Ux

t,
UssZ\

I
tz

u,'chon

Tx
U x ych o n

t
T
i I

m m l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Hill

t
Uxgdem

lllllllllllllllllllllllllllll

Hinh 5-22 Gian do thoi gian minh hoa phi/Ong phap tich phan mot sirdn doc

Nguyen ly lam viec ciia bo bien doi dira tren viec bidu dien dien ap vao banc tho'i
224

gian tfch phan ty le voi no.

Bat dau chu trinh bien doi, xung dieu khien duoc phat de khoi dong bo tfch phan
(tao dien ap rang cua), d6ng thdi xoa bo dem ve khong.
Dien ap tuyen tfnh dua vao hai bo so sanh 1 va 2, co cac ngudng so sanh khac
nhau. Khi bien do bing U (thudng rat nho), so sanh 1 cho ra mot xung md cua bo chon,
khi do cac xung dem tu bo phat xung chuan qua bo chon tdi bo dem. Khi bien do dien
ap tuyen tfnh bang U+Ux, bo so sanh 2 cho ra mot xung, dong cua bo chon, bo dem
ngung dem.
Viec so sanh d muc U0 da loai duoc doan phi tuyen ban dau cua dien ap tuyen
tfnh, va bu duoc sai sd cua thiet bj so sanh gay ra nhu thdi gian tri.
U =k.Tx= k.N.T
ik = dU
- = const
dt
T: chu ky xung dem. Sd luong xung N ty le vdi U v.
Do chfnh xac cua bo bien doi phu thuoc nhidu yeu to, nhung trong do dang kd den
la: Do tuyen tfnh cua dien ap rang cua, do on djnh cua tan sd xung chuan va sir khong
dong bo giua xung bat dau va ket thuc cua bo chon khong trung hop vdi nhjp xung.

3. Bo bien doi tich phan hai sudn doc (the dual-slope integrating type A-D converter)
Phuong phap tfch phan hai lan la khong chi tfch phan vdi dien ap chuan ma ca tfch
phan vdi dien ap vao cfin bien doi.
So do khoi cau tao nhu hinh 5-23 va hinh ve gian do thdi gian nhu h'inh 5-24.
Trong trang thai nghi K, dong, K, va K : md, dien ap ra bo tfch phan bang khong.
Khi bat driu do, K, md va K, dong, dien ap do U xduoc tfch phan. Thdi gian lay tfch phan
dien ap vao la quy djnh, bo dem thdi gian tfch phan dong vai tro bo djnh thdi (timer).
Cho den khi phep lay tfch phan ket thuc (khoang T,), dien ap ra bang:
u i <T l ) =

u *dt = -

x la lie sd tfch phan RC. Va n, la sd xung nhjp xac djnh boi bo dem thdi gian tfch
phan; T la chu ky.
Sau khi ket thuc phep do, de xac djnh duoc cac gia trj th'i K, md, K, dong, dien ap
chuan duoc dat tdi bo tfch phan va dat nguoc dau vdi dien ap vao. Dien ap ra lai giam di
nhu hinh 5-24.

225

Hinh 5-23 Bo bien doi tich phan 2 sUdn doc

Hinh 5-24 Gian do thdi gian 2 sudn xung

Khoang thdi gian T: ma khi do dien ap ra trd nen bang khong duoc xac dinh nho
bo so sanh va bo dem ket qua.
T 2 = n 2T = Tf - | U , ( T l )|

(23)

U ch

So sanh (22) va (23) ta co ket qua:

Ux
n 2 =- n,

(24)

U ch

Tur (24) ta thay la: dac didm noi bat cua phuong phap nay la tan sd nhip ( ) va
T
hang so thdi gian tfch phan t=RC khong hd anh huong tdi ket qua do. Chi yeu cau trong

226

khoang thdi gian bic'n doi T,+T\ tan sd nhip khong thay doi. Ket qua cuoi ciing khong hd
co gia tri tire thdi cua Uiln ma chi co tri tri trung binh trong thdi gian do T,. Dien ap bien
thien co tan sd bang F, = y

bi suy giam hoan toan. V i vay, neu chon tan sd nhip sao

cho T, bang hay bang boi sd cua tan sd dien ap ludi ngu6n, th'i tat ca cac nhidu do dien
ap ludi se bi loai bo. Didu nay bao dam ngay ca khi dung cac bo tao nhip don gian.

4. Bo bien doi A-D dung dien dp bac thang (the staircase-ramp type A-D converter)
a. Sot do khoi

So do khoi bo bien doi dung mach dem cong nhu h'inh 5-25.
Gian do thdi gian nhu h'inh 5-26.

Hinh 5-25 Bo bien doi dung mach dem cong

Nguyen ly bien doi la: Bat dau chu ky bien doi, thiet bi dieu khidn md cua bo chon
xung va xoa bo dem vd khong. Xung tu bo phat xung chuan qua bo chon xung den bo
bien doi so-tuong tu de tao dien ap tang tirng bac, va dong thdi den bo dem xung. Bo tao
dien ap tung bac lam viec theo nguyen tac la khi co mot xung dua tdi th'i dien ap tang
them mot luong A U X. Ca hai dien ap Uc, va U, dirge dua vao bo so sanh.
Khi Uy>Ux, th'i bo so sanh dua ra mot xung dongctiabo chon xung, khong con
xung dem dua tdi bo dem nua. Ma sd dau ra cua bo dem tuong ung vdi gia tri U x.
Do chinh xac cua bo bien doi nay phu thuoc vao do on dinh cua A U X ma khong
phu thuoc vao do on dinh cua xung dem.

227

Hinh 5-26 Gian do thdi gian dem cong

I). Bp hieu doi A-D dung much dem thuan nghich.

Hinh 5-27 Bo bien doi dung mach dem thuan nghich

So d6 khoi nhir h'inh 5-27.

Bo bien doi dung mach dem thuan nghich khac bo bien doi dung mach dem cong
d cho bo dem khong bi xoa vt khong trudc khi moi chu trinh bien ddi.
Neu U k > U x th'i dau ra (-) cua bo so sanh cho ra mot xung. Xung nay md cua bo
chon 2, cho xung chuan vao dem (-) cua bo dem.
Neu Uk > U x th'i dau ra (+) cua bo so sanh cho ra mot xung. Xung nay mo cua bo
chon 1, cho xung chuan vao dem cong cua bo dem.

228

Neu Uk=Us thi ca hai dau du khong co xung. Bo dein dirng vi ca hai bo chon dtu
dong.
Khi dem trir (-) thi dien ap Uk giam tung bac, con khi dem cong (+) thi U k tang
tung bac.
5. Bo bien doi A-D theo phuong phap "can (the successive-approximation type A-D

converter)
Phuong phap can la sir so sanh mot cach trinh tu dien ap can bien doi vdi t6ng mot
loat dien ap mSu.
Cac dien ap mSu tao ra tir bo chia niciu dien ap. Quy luat tao cac dien ap nru\u nhu
sau:
U t , = i u m ;

^k2 = ~ ^max

U k3 =

1
O

U max

- vdi Umaxla gioi han thang do.

Sd luong dien ap mAii tuong irng vdi sd bac bo bien doi, hay la sd bit cua tu ma nhi
phan d dilu ra bo bien doi. Thdi gian so sanh dien ap bien doi vdi mot trong to hop cac
dien ap mAu nhu la mot nhip can.
So do khoi cua phuong phap bien doi nhu hinh 5-28.

Hinh 5-28 Phuong phap can

Gian do thdi gian nhu hinh 5-29.

229

De rut ngan qua trinh bien doi viec can (so sanh) duoc bat dau tir mure cao nhat

JCung nhip

Ur
Umax
2

Hinh 5-29 Gian do thoi gian phuong phap can

tdi mire thap hon, va mdi mau dugc thuc hien trong mot nhip can, thao tac nay la do
mach phan nhip (giai ma didu khien) dam nhan. Ket qua se dugc ghi 1 hay O* tren
mach ghi.
Neu Uk>Ux thi bo so sanh dua ra mot xung chuyen mau nay vd khong: tong dien
ap mau khong dugc bu them.
Neu U k<UN thi bo so sanh khong dua xung, va mSu nay duoc giu nguyen: tong
dien ap mau dugc bu them mau nay.
Qua trinh can dugc tiep tuc cho tdi khi tat ca cac mau ddu dugc thir, luc la mot
chu trinh bien doi. Ma co the lay ra dong thdi hay lien tiep.
Sai sd ciia phep bien doi nay phu thuoc do chinh xac, do on dinh cua dien ap mau
Uk va sai sd ciia thiet bi so sanh. Bo bien ddi cd sai sd lugng tir, vao khoang sd gia
ciia dien ap mau can thiet dd lam thay ddi ma o' bit tie nhat.
V i du von-met sd cd cau tao theo phuong phap nay nhu hinh 5-30.
V i du diing ngudn ddng on dinh: I=lmA; cau tao dien trd mau R=10Q; Do dien ap
804mV, cd ket qua ma 1010001, bieu thi 810mV.

230

Giai
m

Chi
thiso

Hinh 5-30 Mach dien phifang phap can

Phep do cd sai sd: 81()mV-804mV=6mV la sai sd lirong tir (sai sd he thdng) cua
bo bien doi.

6. Bo bien doi A-D theo phuong phdp md song song bdng cach nhan hai lien tiep (the
serial-parallet 2n-digit A-D converter)
So dd khoi mach bien doi nhir hinh 5-31.

Hinh 5-31

Bo bien doi dung ma song song bling cach nhan 2 lien tiep

231

Nguyen ly phuong phap nay la su so sanh dien ap do voi dien ap mau khong d6i
roi nhan doi hieu cua chung roi lai so sanh lien tiep trong m6i giai doan ma hoa.
So d6 cau true g6m cac mat ma hoa lien tiep; moi mat gom mot bo trir va mot ho
nhan 2. So mat bang do dai cua tu ma dau ra song song.
Gia tri U k duoc chon bang ~ gia tri cue dai cua dien ap can bien doi (hay dien ap
do), tuc cung bang nua gidi han thang do.
Neu goi U la dien ap dau vao, U ml la dien ap dau ra cua mat ma hoa n, thi thuat
toan bien doi duoc thuc hien la:
u

U n =2

max

voi a ma dau ra, se bang

V i du:

1 khi

khi

> Umax
2

gioi han thang bien doi: Umax =32v

Dien ap can bien doi U x=25.6v dung 5 mat lien tiep.

Mat n

Dien ap dau vao U

Ma dau ra a

Dien ap dau ra Un+I

25,6 (>16)

19,2 |=(25,6-16)x2|

19.2 (>16)

6,4 [=( 19,2-16)x2|

6,4 (< 16)

12,8 (=6.4x2)

12,8(< 16)

25.6 (=12,8x2)

25,6 (>16)

Ma hoa ra 11001,bieu dien 25,10) tuong ling vdi 25v, sai so 0,6v (5bit)
7. Bo bien doi so sanh true tiep (D irect Comparison)
So do khoi hinh 5-32 trinh bay thuc hien phuong phap bien doi so sanh true tiep
(phuong phap song song) cho mot so 3 bit (the parallet A-D converter or sampling
converter).

Vdi 3 bit co the bieu dien 8 so khac nhau, ke ca sd 0, do dd, can cd 7 bo so sanh 7
dien ap chuain tung nac dugc tao ra bdi cac phan ap.
Neu U x vao nam trong khoang 5/2Ulsb+7/2Ulsb thi cac bo so sanh tu thur 1 den thir
3 xac lap d trang thai 1 con cac bo so sanh tu thu 4 den thir 7 d trang thai 0 . Cac
mach logic ma hoa can thiet dien dat trang thai nay tu ma dem thanh ma nhi phan.
Trang thai cua cac bo so sanh: K,, K 2, ... , K 7: 0000111
Cac dau ra co ma nhi phan:

Z 2, Z,, Z (); tu 000-^ 111.

Co 8 muc dien ap chuan, va 7 bo so sanh, de xac dinh dien ap U x ldn hon, be hon
hay bang so vdi m6i mot trong 8 gia tri chuan do. Cac bo so sanh chi so sanh d mot dien
ap chuain cd dinh trong ca chu ky bien ddi.
Loai mach bien doi nay co tac dong nhanh, vi la so sanh true tiep, dong thdi trong
mot xung nhip. D l thuc hien nhung khong kinh te vi can nhieu bo so sanh va dien ap
chuan. Do chinh xac thap, muon co do chinh xac cao thi phai yeu cau cac mure dien ap
chuan rat sit nhau, sd cac dien ap chuain bang 2n', n la sd bit cua tu ma nhi phan cua tin
hieu sd.

Ngudn
Uchuan

7 ulsb
r

~2 M

2 ULSB

So sanh

UK7
So sanh

2U

Uk6

Ulsb

Uks

K5

S o so n h

Ke

6
So sanh

Ky

Ka

ULSB

So sanh

Ukz
Uis b
R_

Uk i

Zz

K3

,Z o

K2

Z
So sanh

ma hoa

.2,

3
So sanh

ThiStbi.

A>

Hinh 5-32

Bo bien doi so sanh true tiep

233

5.3.2 V i du ve bo giai ma de thuc hien ky tir so 5-rap

Bo giai ma la mach dien gom co mot so dau vao ma mot so dau ra de! bien doi ma.
Ma hieu can bien ddi duoc cho dudi dang tong hop cua cac dien ap d dau vao; va se
duoc bien thanh mot dien ap d dau ra tuong ung. Bo giai ma thap phan th'i cd mudi du
dua ra, d cho ra dien ap tao thanh mot trong cac so cua he thap phan (cac so tu sd 0 den
sd 9). Dien ap nay duoc bien doi tir tdng hop cac dien ap vao, ca'u tao theo ma hieu co so
hai, lay tu cac mat tri-go ciia bo dem. V i du nhu mot bo giai ma thap phan cd bon dau
vao (tuong irng vdi mot trang thai nao dd ciia bon mat tri-go), va mudi dau ra, thi khi
phfa dau vao cd ma hieu 0101 thanh 0111 thi se khong cd tfn hieu dien ap ra o dau ra so
5 ma d dau ra sd 7.
+
-o

h *,

h *s I}* ? [V *

A
i
'^ 5

Art

A o2

/
/

o ___

&

rt

y
*

'

Rt

A o i>

o------

> - *&

o
0

0
1

6
2

O
3

J-.? I I I T .I.? ? Y
Hinh 5-33 Mach giai ma dung ma tran di-ot

Mot loai giai ma duoc diing pho bien trong cac bo dem ciia von-met chi thi so ma
la ma tran di-ot (hinh 5-33).
Nguyen ly cau tao ciia bd giai ma bang ma trail di-ot nhu sau: Cac dudng day
ngang (6 day la 3 day), duoc noi vdi cac dau anot ciia cac tri-go. Cac dudng day doc (6
day la 10 day) thi duoc doi vdi cue duong ciia ngudn dien ra ciia bo giai ma tir 0 den 9.
Cac dudng day ngang va cac dudng day doc khong cd diem nao noi true tiep \di nhau.

234

Tuy theo trang thai cua cac bo tri-go la 0 hay 1 , tuc tuong ung voi vi tri A 0i
hay A n (i la so thu tu cua cac tri-go: xem hinh 5-33) ma duong day ngang duoc noi voi
diem dat cua mang ma tran thong qua dien tro trong cua tri-ga R r (tuc dien tra trong cua
den thong cua tri-go). Va trong hinh ve tren, cac tri-go dugc bidu thi nhu mot chuydn
mach, cac dien trd R T tiep xuc vdi A ni hay A (, la bieu thi den ben trai hay den ben phai
cua tri-ga thdng.
Nguon E chi ha ap qua dien trd R k (k=0, 1, ..., 9) dua ra dau ra khi cac day doc thu
k khong dugc noi dat qua R x va R D la dien trd trong cua di-ot.
Neu khi co noi thi dien ap dua ra d dau ra thur k la:
U , =E-

R P + R T

R k +R D +RT
Khi R k R d+Rx, thi U k E . Muon co dien ap ra d dau thu k tuong ung vdi cac
dien ap dau vao d he dem co sd hai, thi can phai mac giua day doc va day ngang mot sd
cac di-ot dugc xac dinh. Va cin phai chon dien ap E co tri sd sao cho be han dien ap
anot tri-ga khi no tat va ldn hon dien ap anot tri-ga khi no thong. Co nhu vay, thi khi
anot cua tri-ga thdng thi di-ot mdi dan dien, va khi anot cua tri-ga tat, tufc dudng day
ngang co dien the cao, thi di-ot khong din dien, khi do, day doc cach ly vdi day ngang.
Nhu vay, muon cho cac dau ra tu 0 den 9 co dien ap ra thi cac anot tri-go phai co
cac dien the (cung tuc la dien the d cac dudng day ngang), nhu d bang trang thai cua cac
tri-ga. Ta thdng ke lai cac trang thai cua cac tri-ga tuang ling vdi cac dau ra nhu sau:
0

A 0i Ao2 A

A()4

A A ()2 A

A()4

Aoi a I2 A

A()4

A A |2 A

A(|4

A,,, Aq2 A

A 04

A,, A ()2 A

A()4

A qi a 12 A

A()4

A A |2 A

A()4

A 0| A(J2 A

A,4

A A()2 A

A14

Nhu vay, mot bo giai ma ca sd hai thanh co sd 10 bang ma tran di-ot nhu tren, neu
cau tao hgp ly thi chi can 30 di-ot nhu tren hinh 5-33.

235

Tuy vay, 6 mot so bo chi thi ciia cac may dem khac duoc dung trong ky thuat do
luong, thi con duoc cau tao don gian hon, trong do khong can phai dung cac bo giai ma
dac biet, ma cac mach o day duoc mac theo each noi suy.

5.3.3 Von-met dien tii so co cai dat j i P

Von-met dien tu so co cai dat (.iP duoc thiet ke de do dien ap mot chidu va xoay
chieu. doi khi con de do ca dien trcr nua. No la loai thiet bi do so co nhieu chuc nang,
nhieu thang do; duoc didu khidn bang tay hay tu dong dd chon cuc tmh dien ap do, chon
thang do, tu dong chuain may, phan tich thong kd cac so lieu dien ap do hay thuc hien
cac vi du ehuong trinh rieng biet. No la loai thiet bi do cao cap.

Bien doi

tuang ti/so

chuan

Ph6ighep
vdo

Bus dieu khien

Phat xung nhip

'dock)
Hinh 5-34 Von-met co cai dat j.iP
V i du: von-met dien tu so voi thang do IQmV, co do nhay l(X)nV, eo sai so
().()() 1 i khi do dien ap mot chieu.

236

Khi do dien ap dang hinh sin, xoay chieu, vdi thang do lOOmV, co do nhay lm V;
co sai so 0,03% trong dai tan tir 50Hz deii 10kHz, va sai so 0,1% trong dai tan tir 40Hz
den 100k Hz.
Sai so do tri so dien ap hieu dung con phu thuoc vao cach thirc hien lay tri so hieu
dung: do cach bien doi dien ap xoay chieu thanh mot chieu bang tach song, hay bang
cach dung |^P tinh toan tu cac so lieu do cac gia tri tuc thoi cua dien ap do.
Mot so d6 khoi ciia von-met so co cau tao j.iP nhu hinh 5-34.
Microprocessor (f.iP) thiet lap thu tuc do, dieu khien sir lam viec cua tat ca cac
khoi; thuc hien cac phep tinh so hoc va logic vdi cac sd lieu duoc dua tir bo bien doi AD, qua bo phoi ghep vao va kenh sd lieu.
Chuong trinh de |aP chay, duoc lap boi ngudi sir dung von-met. duoc luu tru tai bo
nhd ROM. Nd duoc luu tru ngay ca khi mat dien cung cap. RO M con luu tru cac so lieu
diing cho cac vi chuong trinh khac nhau va cho ca yeu cau tu chuan hoa ciia von-met.
RA M la bo nhd trung gian, diing lam noi luu tru dir lieu tarn thdi.
jiP va tat ca cac khoi duoc noi vdi nhau thdng qua cac kenh: kenh sd lieu, kenh dia
chi va kenh dieu khien.
Bo bien doi A-D va ban phim diroc noi vdi cac kenh qua bo phoi hop dau vao.
Bo hien thi ket qua do, may in, bo tu chuan va tu dong chon thang do (khong ve
tren so do hinh 5-34, ma nam chung d khoi mach vao) duoc noi vdi cac kenh thong qua
bo phoi ghep ra.
Card phoi ghep (Interface Card- IC A R ) de giiip von-met sd thuc hien kha nang noi
vdi cac he thdng phoi hop, he thdng chuyen mach, he thdng dieu khien, he thdng kiem
tra ngoai cung nhu ket hop vdi he thdng do ludng tu dong. Can xet them mot sd khoi sau
day:

-Khoi bien doi tuong tu so

Thong thudng mot von-met sd cd cai dat |iP cd the sir dung bat cu loai bien ddi AD nao da noi trong phan trudc. Song thdng dung hon ca thi von-met sd diing de do true
tiep dien ap mot chieu thi hay dung loai bien doi A-D vdi phuong phap tich phan hai
sudn doc (the dual-slope integrating); sau la den loai bien doi A-D dung dien ap tich
phan dudng thang (the ramp type A-D converter), de bien doi muc dien ap thanh khoang
thdi gian bang may dein dien tu.
Khi do dien ap xoay chieu bang von-met so cai dat |.iP. bd bien doi A-D hay diing
la loai bien doi diing phuong phap sai so gan diing lien tiep (successive approximation

237

type). U tan so cao thi hay dung bp bien doi A-D loai song song (parallel type). Tren
thuc te, co loai bien doi A-D don tinh the 8 bit dung cho tin hieu tuong tir co tan so toi
75MHz.
Dau ra bo bien doi A-D dua ra ma nhi phan song song. Voi loai bien doi mot sudn
doc va hai sudn doc, thi cd xung nhip xuat hien d dau ra. Sd lupng cua xung th'i ty le voi
dien ap vao can do, se dupe dua lien tiep tdi bp dem, va dau ra bo dem se la sd dem tong
so xung va dupe didn dat dudi dang ma nhi phan song song, rdi chung duoc dua tdi bo
phoi ghep vao. Cong vao cua bo phoi ghep dong thdi cd tin hieu tir dau ra cua pP, khi co
tfn hieu cua kenh dia chi noi vdi cong dd.
Vdi von-met sd dung bo bien doi A-D hai sudn doc, th'i pP didu khien thdi gian
tfch phan, thdi gian nay dupe chon khi ngudi dung von-met an phim de chon sd con so
dirpc dung de hien thi ket qua do.

-Ban phim
Ban phim cung la thiet bi vao. Vdi von-met so cd sir dung pP th'i dung loai ban
phim ft phim hon. Vd tong the, nd cung giong nhu may danh chu dien, vdi mot he thdng
phim bam d panel phfa trudc may do. Cac phfm didu khien cac chuydn mach, de dong
md cac mach tuong ung. V i pP nhan thong tin vao dudi dang song song (tat ca 8 bit
d6ng thdi), nen ban phim cung dua thdng tin vao dudi dang song song, khi an phim la
tao ra ma 8 bit. Mdi phim khi an chi tao sir ddng chuyen mach mot thdi gian ngan, roi
lai md mach, tren ban phfm cd dupe cau tao mot di-ot phat quang (L E D ) de chi thi cho
biet tinh tang dang lam viec hay khong lam viec.
Cac phim dupe bd trf thanh cac nhom chuc nang nhu: che do cong tac, chuc nang
van hanh, thang dp,...d mot sd thiet bi, dd don gian didu khidn, dupe danh dau bang ba
mau d cac phim. Mot sd von-met sd con dupe thiet kd de thuc hien mot sd chuong trinh,
va dupe chon boi phfm cd khac nhan chuong trinh . Khi bam phim nay, ngudi sir dung
chon duoc chuong trinh thich hop de do rieng.

-Bo hien thi so

Bd hien thi sd lam nhiem vu hien thi sd lieu do dupe dudi dang so, nen

110

la mot

day cac con so. Thudng cd su phan loai von-met dien tu so theo cac so con so duoc hien
thi hoan toan, nhu: loai von-met sd 3 so, loai von-met sd 4 so....
Bo hien thi khong chi hien thi chu so, ma con cd the: hien thi dupe ca don vi, dau
(dau + hay dau - ), tu hay ky tu de thdng bao nhung thdng tin can thiet cho ngudi sir
dung.
Linh kien hien thi sd thdng dung

von-met hien nay la loai hien thi bang LE D 7

thanh sang. Cac thanh sang dupe dieu khidn boi cac tin hieu ra cua bp ghi dem. ma cac

dau vao cua no dirge ndi vdi kenh so lieu cua pP. Tat ca cac thao tac bien doi so lieu
thanh ma bay thanh va dau dcrn vi, dirge thirc hien nhd phan mdm cua may.
Ngoai LED , linh kien hien thi con dirge dung la den sgi nung, va nhu vay, chir sd
hien thi lai bao gdm nhidu phan tu sang han. Mat ngudi khong the thay dugc sir chop
sang (sang, tdi) cua linh kien hidn thi, didu nay dugc thuc hien do chu trinh hien thi, va
chu trinh nay dugc dong bo va dieu khidn bdi pP.

-Mach tu chuan
Mach tu chuan cua von-met sd dd dam bao do chfnh xac, su ddng nhat cua so doc
cua thiet bi vdi tri sd cua dien ap chuan cung cap cho von-met.
Mach tu dong chuain la de loai bd sai sd he thong, ma sai so nay sinh ra do sir thay
doi cac thdng so cua mach dien ban than cua thiet bi do. Nhung thao tac de tu dong
chuain dugc tien hanh do pP vdi mot so tfnh toan can thiet va chuang trinh dugc luu tru
trong bo nhd.
Mach tu dong chuan dugc xay dung tren ca sd mach bien doi so-tirang tu (digitalto-Analog Conterter), dugc ndi vdi pP qua mach phoi ghep ra va dieu khien mach vao.
Mot trong nhung muc tieu cua mach tirdong chuan la didu chuain troi diem khong,
dirge tien hanh bdi lenh cua pP, khong ndi vao vdi dien ap dd, va dugc luu tru trong bo
nhd, phan dir lieu nay dirge cung cap cho may do khi nd tien hanh do, phdn dir lieu dd
dugc sir dung nhu nhung dir lieu chuan cua von-met.
Mot muc tieu khac cua vide tu dong dieu chuan la kiem tra gia tri thang do, ma nd
hi bien doi do mach vao cua von-met. Nhung mach nay nhu: bo suy giam, bo khuech
dai, bo tach song ..., d phan dau vao cua thiet bi. He sd khuech dai chfnh xac ciia mach
vao, tfnh tu dau vao tdi bo bien doi A-D, dugc luu tru trong bo RA M . Cac sai khac khi
chuyen thang do va che do do, la cac lie so cung dugc luu tru, dd xu ly nhu so lieu
chuan.
Mot mach tu dong hieu chuan cua von-met xoay chidu so, de tir dong hieu chuain
do khuech dai va tan so cao nhu hinh 5-35. Mach dien (hinh 5-35a) gdm khuech dai
thuat toan va tach song (bien doi didn ap xoay chidu thanh dien ap mot chidu), da thuc
hien mot lie so truyen dat K 0, he so nay hi thay doi theo tan sd. Vd ly thuyet, K se
C
R
khong thay doi khi: R ^ ^ R .C , hay la: a=b, vdi a = va b = (hinh 5-35b).
C2
Ri
Mach tu ddng chuan dugc thuc hien bdi bo bien ddi D-A va Varicap nhu hinh 535a.

239

C2

b)

a)
Hinh 5-35 Mach tii dong dieu chuan dp khuech dai

-Luu do thuc hien do dien dp (Algorit)

Von-met dien ap so eo cau tao microprocessor co the thirc hien nhung chirong
trinh rat rong. De khai quat chung, mot luu d6 do tri so hieu dung cua dien ap, eo the
thuc hien nhu hinh 5-36.
Voi luu d6 hinh 5-36, mot dien ap tuc thoi d diu vao do u(t) dupe do lay mAu a
nhung thoi di6m roi rac va dupe ti'nh theo phuong trinh:
I
N

U = S [U (iT )]
N i=i
Trong do:

U la gia tri hieu dung ciia u(t).

U (iT 0) la gia tri tire thai ciia u(t) tai thdi diem lay mau thu i (trong

budc thu i ciia bo bien doi tuang tu-so)

N la tong so eac mAu do dd do tri sd trung binh binh phuang.
T0 la thdi gian giua hai mAu do kd sat nhau.
Algorit tren khong cd gi bi gidi han khi dung de do dien ap d tan sd thap. Tuy
nhien, d tan sd cao, nd bi gidi han bdi tdc dp bien doi ciia bo bien doi tuang tu-so va sir
tinh toan ciia j.iP. Dd cung chinh la ly do tai sao mot von-met dien tir sd bang rong dimg
dd do dien ap xoay chidu lai can phai cd them bo tach song (nhu hinh 5-35a).

240

Hinh 5-36 Liiu do thu'c hien do dien ap

241

Tri so hieu dung cua dien ap can do, co the tfnh tu N miki do bang hai each: Cach
thu nhat, eac ket qua do rieng biet cua cac mau da dugc nap trong RA M , dugc thuc hien
xu ly. Cach thu hai, dem b'inh phuong cua sd trong mau do thu i cong vdi tong cua cac
b'inh phuong cua cac mau thu (i-1) trd v l trudc. Tuy la cach thu hai cd su hap dan han vi
bo nhd R A M can it hon, song cung it dugc thuc hien. Bdi vi cd su lien quan den toe do
tmh toan cua |aP, neu dilu nay chiem nhilu thdi gian hon khoang giua hai thdi diem lay
mau gan sat k I nhau (hai thdi diem bien doi cua bo bien doi A-D), th'i se khong thirc
hien dugc.

242

Chifctng VI
0O CONG SUAT
6.1 CAC KHAI NIEM VA PHlfONG PHAP DO CONG SUAT
6.1.1 Khai niem
Do cong suat la mot trong nhung phep do co' ban de do ludng cac thdng sd cua tin
hieu dien tir.
Cong suat cao tan cua mot ngudn dao ddng nao dd, du la tin hieu dang lien tuc hay
tfn hieu dang xung, diu la mot dai luong cua nang luong dien tu tieu thu tren tai trong
mot don vi thdi gian.
Trong mach dien mot chilu, cong suat tieu thu tren tai bang tfch so cua ddng dien
va dien ap dat tren tai. Trong mach dien xoay chieu. cong suat tire thdi cung duoc xac
dinh bang tfch so p = u.i; d day, u va i la tri so tuc thdi cua dien ap va ddng dien. Trong
mach dien cd dang dilu hoa, thi bilu thuc cong suat tieu thu tren tai la:
(

1)

Bilu thuc ( I ) la tri trung binh cua cong suat trong mot chu ky, nd con duoc goi la
cong suat thuc hien. Con cong suat phan khang th'i bang:
Q = IJIsinq)
6 day, U va I la tri sd hieu dung, con cp la goc lech pha gifra dien ap va ddng dien.
Tri sd coscp bieu thi dac tmh ciia tai:
R

COS(p =

Z
R la thanh phan thuan trd.
Z = yj R ~ + X~ la trd khang: X la thanh phan dien khang ciia tai.
Tren thuc te th'i thdng thudng chi can xac dinh duoc tri sd cong suat thuc hien.

243

a)
Hinh 6-1 Tin hieu dien

Khi mach dien cong tac d che do xung, th'i can xac dinh tri sd cong suat xung. Tri
sd cong suat xung la tri sd cong suat trung b'inh trong khoang thdi gian tdn tai x cua
xung (nhu h'inh 6-1a).

Tri sd cong suat trung b'inh th'i bang tri trung b'inh trong khoang chu ky lap lai cua
xung:
f uidt
T Jl
Quan he giua P x va P la:
P =P

i
T

Trudng hop tin hieu xung cd dang nhu h'inh 6-lb, th'i cong suat xung P

tim dugc

xac dinh nhu xung tuong duong cd h'inh chu nhat ma bien do cung bang U m, va thdi gian
bAng khoang thdi gian tmh tu cac diem tuong ung vdi muc nira bien do

U.

Trong ky thuat dien tir, thong tin, gidi han luong trinh do cong suat kha rong. Tir
cac thiet bi cd cong suat ldn nhu may phat, den cac thiet bi cd cong suat nho nhu may
thu, may do... . Cac thiet bi nay co cong suat tir l() flW den 107W , d cac che dd cong tac
khac nhau, nhu che do cong tac lien tuc hay che do xung.
V6 don vi do cong suat. don vi tuyet doi la Oat (W ); ke: ca cac don vi udc sd va boi
sd ciia oat, tir micro oat (}iW ) tdi mega oat (M W ). Ngoai ra trong do ludng con duoc
diing cac don vi cong suat tuong ddi nhu dexiben oat, dexiben mili oat... (dbW. dbmW
...) vdi cac don vi nay, cho ta khai niem ve so sanh cac mire cong suat o cac vi tri khac
nhau mot cach thuan tien, nhat la trong ky thuat thong tin.

244

Don vi cong suat tuong doi duoc xac dinh theo bieu thuc:

a = 101g

(2)

P.
C) day, P la trj so cong suat tinh bang W (hay m W ) tai mot vi trf do nao do: P, la
tri so cong suat ban dau, bang 1W (hay lm W ); a do bang dbW ( hay dbmW) co dau
duong khi P>P, va dau am khi P<P,.
6.1.2 Phuong phap do cong suat
Trong do cong suat, d sieu cao tan, thudng cd hai nhiem vu phai giai quyet:
1.

Do cong suat tren tai cd phoi hop trd khang, hay do cong suat cuc dai duoc hap

thu, cua nang luong tir mot nguon cd cong suat can do. Trong phep do nay, tai duoc xac
dinh. cd tri so bang trd khang dac tfnh cua dudng day va tai la thuan dien trd. So dd
khoi cua phep do nay nhu hinh 6-2.

truVn

O a t m et

Hinh 6-2

Khi do. Oat-met duoc mac vdi ngudn cong suat cao tan can do thdng qua day
truyen tai. Nhu vay cong suat hap thu tren dien trd tai cua oat-met phu thuoc vao su
phoi hop cua ngudn cong suat can do khong nhung chi phu thuoc vao cap chfnh xac cua
oat-met ma con phu thuoc ca vao muc do phoi hop cua dudng day vdi ngudn va vdi tai.
2.

Do cong suat duoc hap thu tren tai bat kv hay do cong suat truydn thdng. Trong

phep do nay, cong suat do duoc la mot phan cua nguon cong suat can do. V f du can do
cong suat buc xa tren anten tu ngudn cong suat phat ra cua mot may phat; hay cong suat
dua tdi tang cong suat cuoi cua tang trudc cuoi cua mot may phat... So dd khoi cua phep
do nav nhu hinh 6-3.
Ve cau tao, thi oat-met thudng gdm ba khoi ( cac khoi cd ve trong khung net rdi
tren cac hinh 6-3 va 6-2): tai hap thu; bo bien doi nang luong va thiet bi chi thi.

Tuy theo phuong phap do ma ngudi ta cd cac bien phap bien ddi nang luong thfch
hop va true tiep hay gian tiep chi' thi. Dd cCing chinh la co sd cau tao ciia cac loai oatmet.
Viec do cong suat trong ky thuat dien tir, ngoai didu phai thuc hien vdi mot dai
luong trinh do ldn, ta con phai thuc hien vdi mot dai tan so do rat rong. Do dd cd nhidu
phuong phap do khac nhau thfch ung vdi cac trudng hop cu the dd dat duoc sai so do cho
phep. Thudng thi eac phuong phap do co ban tuy thuoc vao kha nang che tao thiet bi nen
chi thfch hop cho sir dung trong tung tan doan. Tuy nhien, cung cd cac phuong phap co
the ap dung vdi moi tan doan tuy theo yeu cfiu cu thd ciia phep do vdi mot mire do nao
dd.
?

eac mach dien mot chidu, mach xoay chidu tan sd cong nghiep (50Hz, 60Hz),

am tan, va ca tan sd cao tan, thi phep do cong suat duoc thuc hien bang phuong phap do
true tiep hay do gian tiep. Do true tiep cong suat cd the thuc hien bang oat-met. Oat-met
co do bien doi cac dai luong didn la mot thiet bi "nhan" didn ap, va ddng didn tren tai, dd
sao cho no dau ra dirge true tiep chi thi dai lugng do la: P=UIcos<p. Thiet bi nhan nay vf
du nhu dung cu dien dong, loai oat-met diing bo bien doi "H all" va loai diing eac bo
nhan dien tir.
i

D a y tru yen song

Hinh 6-3 Do cong suat truyen thong

Do gian tiep cong suat thi dirge thuc hien bang phep do ddng dien, dien ap va trd
khang. Phep do cong suat bang von-met va ampe-met thi don gian, song trong nhidu
trudng hop, khong the dugc thuan lgi nhu phuong phap do true tiep.
?

sieu cao tan, do cong suat la mot trong nhung phep do co ban, chu yeu de xac

dinh thdng so dac tfnh ciia tin hieu. Phep do dirge thuc hien bang cac phuong phap bien
doi nang lugng dien tir thanh cac dang nang lugng khac dd do. Cac dang nang luong
khac vf du nhu quang nang (phuong phap diing te bao quang dien). nhiet nang (phuong

246

phap dung nhiet lugng-met, dien trcf), hay co nang (phirong phap dung tac dung co hoc
cua song dien tu). Cac phan tic'p theo sau day se xet toi cac phirong phap co ban de do
cong suat sieu cao tan.
Hien nay, co mot phuong phap do cong suat duoc dung nhidu d tat ca cac tan doan
trong dai tan so trong dien tir la phuong phap dung hieu ung "Hall" trong chat ban dan.
Ta cung se xet toi phuong phap nay.
Do chinh xac cua cac phep do cong suat d ky thuat dien tu, dirge coi la cao neu
nhu sai sd khong qua 5%, va la trung binh neu sai sd khong qua 25%.
Vd muc do, thi cong suat ciia thiet bi duoc coi la ldn khi cd tri sd Ion hon 10W; la
trung binh khi cd tri so tu 10W den 0, IW ; va dugc coi la be khi tri sd tir 0,1W den 10
r,W.
6.1.3 Do cong suat o tan so thap va tan so cao
Van dd do cong suat o' am tan va cao tan ft du'o'c quan tarn. Vi khi can khao sat
mach didn hay thiet bi o' am tan va cao tan, ta cd the thuc hien cac phep do ludng don
gian hon qua cac thdng so dac tmh ciia trudng hop khac nhu ddng didn hay dien ap.
Song cung cd nhung trudng hgp do true tiep cong suat thi tien Igi hon. Ta se xet tdi
nhung phuong phap do cong suat d am tan va cao tan hay diing, ddng thdi nd cung la co
sd cau tao ciia oat-met d tan doan nay.

1. Phuong phap nhan

Nhu da trinh bay d phan tren, vi cong suat lac dung can do tren tai trong trudng
hop ddng dien la didu hoa, bang tfch so ciia dong dien va dien ap tren tai: P=Ulcosq).
Viec do cong suat tren tai cd thd thuc hien true tiep phep nhan dien ap va ddng dien tren
tai bang mot thiet bunhan. Oat-met dien dong duoc cau tao theo phuong phap nay, tri so
chi thi ciia kim oat-met la mot dai lugng ty le true tiep vdi tich sd cua dien ap va ddng

Hinh 6-4 Thiet bi nhan dung dac tuyen bac 2 cua den ban dan
247

dien tren tai cAn do. Song loai oat-met dien dong chi co the dung de: do cong suat d tdn
so thap va mure cong suat tuong ddi ldn thdi. va dac tfnh tan sd cua nd bi han che nhidu
do cam khang cua cac cuon day va cac dien dung tap tan.
Mot thiet bj mach nhan cd nhieu uu didm va duoc pho bieii dung la thiet bj nhan
sir dung dac tuyen bac hai cua den ban dan. Nguyen ly cua mach dien cua loai nay nhu
hinh 6-4. 6 day da diing thuat toan bien doi phep nhan theo dang thirc:
(3)

( x , + x 2 )2 ( x , - x 2 )2

Neu d dau vao mach dien ma cd: x,=Usin(Ot; va x;=Isin(o)t-cp), tire la cac thanh
phan dien ap va ddng dien tren tai, thi d dau ra se cd dien ap:
4xlx2=4UIsincotsin(oi)t-(p)
Bien doi hrong giac tich sd tren, ta cd:
4xlx2=2UIcos(p-2UIcos(2cL>t-(p)
O

day, dien ap duoc do bang ddng hd tir dien, song song vdi ddng hd cd duoc mac

tu dien, nen trj sd chi thj ciia kim ddng ho la chi tirong irng vdi thanh phan mot chidu:
2UIcos(p, tire la cong suat can do tren tai.
De cd duoc phan tir cd dac tuyen bac hai thi cd the diing nhidu each nhu cac phan
tir tach song hieu dung (gidi thieu trong chuong do didn ap). V i du nhu phan dau ciia dac
tuyen ddng dien-dien ap ciia di-ot hoac ciia tranzito. Nhuoc diem ciia cac oat-met diing
phirong phap nhan bang dac tuyeii bac hai la yeu cau den phai cd dac tuyen ddng nhat.
Vi vay nd thirong cd sai so khi den cd bien doi dac tuyen, nhu khi den bi gia di. khi den
bj thay the hay khi cd sir thay doi
dien ap cung cap. De nang cao do
chinh xac thi dien ap cung cap cho
mach phai on djnh; nen thudng hay
thirc hien hoi tiep ddng dien.
Sai sd ciia cac loai oat-met nay
thudng vao khoang 5^1()( f. Hinh 65 la mot vi du mach dien cua mot oatmet don gian diing di-ot. Phan tir co
dac tuyen bac hai o' day chinh la di
dt.

248

2. Phuong phap do ddng dien tren mach dien co tro khang dd biet
Phuong phap nay thudng dung de do cong suat ra cua mot may phat. Khi do, ngudi
ta mac thay tai cua mot may phat (vf du nhu anten) bang mot dien trd tuong duong dac
biet; nghTa la mot dien trd cd tmh tieu chuain cao, ft thanh phan dien khang, cd kha nang
hap thu nhidu nang luong.
Tien hanh do ddng dien tren dien trd tai, thi tir do cd the xac dinh duoc cong suat
ra cua may phat theo cong thuc:
P= 1JR

3. Phuong phap so sanh

Do cong suat cua mot ngudn dien o cao tan, cd the bang each so sanh nd vdi
nguon cong suat ddng dien mot chieu hay ngudn ddng dien cd tan so thap.
Ta da biet phuong phap do cong suat ddng dien mot chieu hay ddng dien tan so
cong nghiep (50Hz-60Hz); cac phuong phap do nay thudng de thuc hien va cd do chfnh
xac cao. Vf du nhu do cong suat bang oat-met dien ddng thi sai sd cd the dat tdi (0,1%0 ,2 %).

Phep do so sanh ngudn cong suat cd the duoc thuc hien bang nhidu cach. Mot
trong cac each nay duoc dung thong dung la so sanh cudng do sang ciia hai den. Trong
hai den nay, mot den duoc ndi vdi ngudn cong suat can do, den thu hai duoc ndi vdi mot
nguon cong suat mot chidu hay tan sd thap. Khi do sang cua hai den bang nhau, dieu
nay cd the xac dinh duoc nhd mot thiet bi do anh sang (quang do-met), hay bang te bao
quang dien. Khi da xac dinh duoc ngudn cd cong suat ddng dien mot chidu, cd thd biet
duoc cong suat ciia ngudn cong suat cao tan can do.

4. Phuong phap do cong suat bdng hieu ung "H a ll"

Do cong suat bang phuong phap hieu ung "Hall " la dung oat-met cau tao bang bo
bieii doi Hall.
Bo bien doi Hall la bo bien doi dung hieu ung Hall, dd la thiet bi cd thd thuc hien
duoc phep nhan hai dai luong. Ket qua bien ddi duoc cho dudi dang dien ap, va la mot
tri sd ty le vdi tfch sd cua hai dai lirong dua vao bo bien doi.
Hieu ung Hall thirc hien bang vat lieu ban dan thi cho ddng linh dong ldn. Vi vay
cac bo bien ddi Hall thudng duoc cau tao bang cac chat ban dan (Ge, Si, Se ...).
Nguyen ly cau tao cua bo bien doi Hall nhu hinh 6-6. Nd gdm mot ban mong bang
chat ban dan don tinh thd, cd hai cap didn cuc: cap ddng dien D va cap dien ap Hall H.
Cap D duoc cung cap la ddng dien mot chieu hay xoay chieu. Khi tren ban cd tac dung

249

cua tu truorng, thi giua hai cuc H se sinh

ra mot sue dien dong Hall eH. Trj so ciia
eH ty I? voi tich so cua dong i va tir
trudng H:
eH=kBi=k|i|inHi

(4)

6 day, k la he so ty le. no phu

thuoc vao vat lieu, kfch thudc va dang
ciia ban than ban ban dan:

110

eon phu

thuoc ca vao nhiet dd va cudng do tir

trirdng ciia mdi trudng xung quanh. B la
trj so dien trudng , nd duoc sinh bdi
ddng dien iL trong cuon day L va dugc
can tao sao cho quan he giua ddng iL va
B la quan he bac nhat:
Hinh 6-6 Bo bien doi Hall

B=k1.iL = kll.uL

(5)

Thay (5) vao (4). ta cd:

eL=k k,.i, i=k ku.uLi

6)

Cuon day dien tu duoc cung cap bdi dong dien mot chidu hay xoay chieu tuy theo
cac trudng hop cong suat can do.
Bo bien doi Hail tren thuc te co the coi la khong cd quan tinh,

110

cd cau tao tirong

ddi don gian, kich thudc be. thdi gian lam viec duoc lau va ben vung. Cd thd diing bo
bic'n doi Hall de do cong suat thuc hien (cong suat tac dung) va cong suat hien dang
(cong suat bieu kien) trong mot dai tan sd rat rong, tdi ca tan so sieu cao tan. Dd la cac
uu diem cua bo bien doi Hall. Khuyet diem ciia bo nay la cac thdng sd cua nd bj phu
thudc nhidu vao nhiet dd.
Oat-met cau tao bang bd bien doi Hall dung de do cong suat ddng mot chieu thi
cung dua theo ket qua cua bieu thuc (6) d tren. Neu ddng dien cung cap cho cap D ciia
bo bidii doi la ddng dien qua tai, con dien ap dat tren cuon L la dien ap ha tren tai. thi
dien ap eH la dai luong tii le vdi cong suat tieu thu tren tai:
P,= U,1,

Khi do ludng cong suat cua ddng dien xoay chieu hinh sin, neu dien ap va dong
dien tuc thdi qua tai la:
u = U msino)t
i = lmsin( (ol-(p)

250

Th'i khi U[ va i la dong dien qua bo bien doi, ta cung co:

e,,= k.kllU mIn,sin(o)t-cp) sincot
= kkUIcos(p - kkUIcos(2o)t-(p)
Sue dien dong eH duoc do bang mot dong ho dien tu, nhu vay tri so chi thi cua
ddng ho la ty le vdi cong suat trung b'inh trong mach dong dien xoay chidu.
Cac so do oat-met cau tao bang bo bien ddi Hall nhu cac h'inh 6-7, 6-Xva 6-9.

Hinh 6-7 So do oat-met dung bo bien doi Hall

Hinh 6-8 So do oat-met dung bo bien doi Hall do 0 am tan

H'inh 6-7 la mot mach dien don gian. Trong do, cuon day dien tu L duoc cung cap
boi ddng dien ty le vdi ddng dien qua tai Z,; con ddng dien qua bo bien doi Hall th'i ty le
vdi dien ap sut tren tai Z t. Dien trd R de han che ddng dien. Dudng sue tu cam B nhu
dudng gach tren h'inh ve. Ddng hd de do sue dien dong Hall la loai ddng hd tir dien.
V'l do nhay cua bo bien doi khong phu thuoc tAn sd trong mot dai tan sd rong, nen
dac tfnh thdng sd cua oat-met hau nhu chi phu thuoc vao cac phan tu cua mach, ma

251

trudc het la cua cuon day dien tir Nhung oat-met dung de do cong suat cd tan sd cao
hon thudng cd them cac phan tir bii tin sd, bu pha.
H'inh 6-8 la so dd mach ciia oat-met do cong suat d am tan (den 20kHz). Trong do,
R, diing de bii tin so, L, de bii meo pha, R : de; can bang dien the giua cac dien cue khi
chua cd tac dung ciia trudng dien tir.

Hinh 6-9 So do oat-met dung bo bien doi Hall do a cao tan

Hinh 6-9 la so dd mach dien oat-met do cong suat 6 cao tan. Ddng dien cung cap
cho bo bien ddi qua bo bien doi ddng BD. Cuon L, cd loi bang anxiphe de lam cuon day
tir hoa cd pham chat cao. C, va R, tao thanh bo phan ap ciia dien ap cung cap cho tai Z,,
nd co tac dung bii tan sd, nen tir trudng tac dung thuc te la it bien doi theo tan sd.
Cac nguyen nhan gay sai sd ciia oat-met cau tao theo hieu irng Hall la: do cau tao
mach do, do su bien thien cua nhiet do moi trudng chung quanh, va do ca tan sd ciia
nguon do... . Vdi cac oat-met do cong suat d tan so cong nghiep khi sir dung o nhiet do
(10-50)C thi sai sd cd the dat duoc muc nho hon 0,5%. Ve dai tan, thi ngay nay cac
oat-met loai nay cd the duoc cau tao de do cong suat ciia dao dong dien tir tdi tan so
4000MHz.
6.1.4 Do cong suat <i sieu cao tan dung nhiet dien trd
De do cong suat, ngudi ta thudng diing hai loai dien trd nhiet la "bolomet" va
tecmisto . Vi vay cac phuong phap do nay thudng dupe la phuong phap bolomel va
tecmisto. Bd bien ddi o day chinh la cac dien tro nhiet. Phuong phap nay diing de do cac
ngudn cong suat cao tan, cd tri so be. Bolomet hay tecmisto ddng vai trd tai hap thu ciia

252

ngudn cong suat do. Thong qua phep do su bien doi tro khang cua tai hap thu ma suy
doan ra cong suat can do.
Vd cau tao, bolomet la soi day bang bach kim hay vonphram rat manh dat trong
mot ong thuy tinh, nhu hinh 6-10. Trong ong thuy tinh
co chira khf tro de tang cong suat cho soi day khi duoc
dot bang dong dien yeu cau:l <

A.

""" , de cho sir phan

8
bo dong dien tren soi day dupe dong ddu; Xmjn la dp dai
budc song cuc tieu cua nguon cong suat do.

P(mW)

Hinh 6-11 Dac tuyen cong suat-dien tro cua bolomet

Bolomet la mot loai dien trd nhiet, khi nhiet do tang thi tri so dien trd cung tang.
Do thi bic-u didn quan lie phu thuoc giua tri sd dien trd R h va cong suat tieu thu nhu hinh
6-11, (h'inh 6-1la la trudng hop soi day lam bang bach kim; h'inh 6-1lb la trudng hop spi
day lam bang von-phram).
Dien trd trung b'inh cua bolomet khong ldn lam, loai vonphram khoang 50Q va
loai bach kim khoang 200Q.
Tecmisto la loai dien trd nhiet bang chat ban dan co h'inh dang cau tao nhu hinh 612. Hai day bang bach kim hay iridiom co dudng kfnh bang 20-30f.im, ndi vdi hai dau
dng thuy tinh, ndi vdi nhau bang nipt hat cau be lam bang
chat bot ban dan.
Dien trd cua tecmisto khoang chung 100Q den
3000Q. No la loai dien trd nhiet, khi nhiet do tang th'i tri
sd dien trd giam. Do thi bieu dien quan lie tri so dien trd R,
Hinh 6-12 Tecmisto

cua tecmisto phu thuoc vao cong suat nlur tren h'inh 6-13.

253

So sanh giira bolomet

va tecmisto. co mot so iru va
nhuoc diem sau.
Uu diem cua bolomet
la: dd che tao. it bi phu thuoc
vao nhiet do cua moi trudng
chung quanh. Nhuoc diem
cua bolomet la de hi qua tai;
kich thudc che tao ldn nen bi
han che kha nang sir dung a
doan song cm (khi /.clOcm);
dien khang vao be; kho thirc
Hinh 6-13 Dac tuyen cong suat-dien tro cua tecmisto

hien phoi hop vdi day truydn

tai; tri sd dien trd phu thuoc

vao tan sd (do hieu ung be mat); co tri sd dien cam va dien dung ban than ldn; su phan
bd dong dien doc theo soi day dot khong deu.
Uu diem cua tecmisto la dp nhay cao, luong trinh bien thien cua tri so didn tro
rong; ft bi qua tai ; kich tac nhd; tri sd dien cam va dien dung ciia ban than be; thdi gian
lam viec lau. Nhuoc diem cua tecmisto la che tao kho hon va dd bi anh huong bdi nhiet
do cua moi trudng chung quanh (xem hinh 6-13).
Do cac uu nhiroc didm tren day, nen tecmisto duoc sir dung nhieu hem de do cong
suat. O doan song cm thi hau nhu khong con dung dupe bolomet nua.

_l L_

1 -------ir

L K

t
p

T tfim ach do'

Hinh 6-14 Oat-met dung bolomet trong mach do dung day dong true

Vi bolomet va tecmisto dong vai tro tai hap thu trong phep do cong suat. nen no
duoc mac o bo phan mach dien cao tan. H'inh 6-14 la so do mach dien oat-met diing
bolomet trong mach do diing day ddng true. Nhd bo phan ndi tat P va bo di chuydn K
ma cd the thirc hien didu chinh sir phoi hop cua didn tro' bolomet va tro khang ra cua

254

nguon cong suat cao tAn can do. Bolomet mac vao true giua cua doan day dong true, va
gan vi tri bung eua dong dien phan bd tren dudng day truydn, (chidu dai tuong duong
cua doan day d6ng true bang A/2). Khe hd cua day ddng true (xem hinh 6-14) hinh
thanh dien dung C, no doan mach ddi vdi cao tan, nhung cd tac dung ngan cach dong
dien mot chidu khong di qua bolomet va mach do.
Hinh 6-15 la mot mach so d6 oatmet dung tecmisto trong mach do dung
dng dAn song. Nhd cac pittong ndi tat P,

P,

va P2 ma co the didu chinh bung eua

dong dien d vi trf mac tecmisto, (chidu
dai tuong duong cua P, va P2 bang X).

--------- -

Pittong ndi tat P, dung de phoi hop trd

khang cua tecmisto vdi ong' dan song.

A J"

Khe hd giua day d6ng true va dng dAn

song hinh thanh dien dung C, de phan

chia mach dong dien mot chieu va dong

Jcfimach do

dien xoay chidu cao tan.

Thuc chat cua viec do cong suat
bang bolomet hay tecmisto la do sir bien
thien
Hinh 6-15 Oat-met dung tecmisto trong
mach do dung ong dan song

trd

khang

cua

bolomet

hay

tecmisto. Nen loai mach do trd khang

dupe dung nhidu hon ca la loai mach cau,
vi loai mach nay co dp nhay cao va dd

thuc hien dieu chinh. Co the sir dung ca hai loai mach cau la loai mach cau cAn bang va
khong cAn bang. Sir khac nhau cua hai loai mach cAu nay chi d cach do sir bien thien ciia
can khi co cong suat ciia nguon do tac dung.
Hinh 6-16 la mot mach cAu can bang don gian.
Tecmisto mac d bp phan mach cao tAn, (d day dupe
ve trong mot nhanh cau co ky hieu net rdi tren hinh
6-16). Dien trd R

ddi voi dong dien mot chidu la

mot trong bon nhanh cau khi cAu can bang. Cac
nhanh khac deu la cac dien trd thuan. Mot dudng
cheo ciia cAu dupe cung cap bdi nguon didn ap mot
chidu E, con dudng cheo nira mAc d6ng ho tir dien (vf
du nhu mot micro-ampe met tir dien) de chi thi su
Hinh 6-16 Mach cau can
bang gan tecmisto

cAn bang ciia cau.

Khi chua co cong suat nguon cao tan tac dung,

dong dien mot chidu cua ngu6n dien E di qua dien trd nhiet tecmisto; dien trd R (0 co
the thay ddi duoc tri sd dien trd R (0 de thoa man su can bing cua cau. NghTa la khi cau
can bang thi
R ((| .Ri =R,.R,
Sir can bing ciia ciu duoc chi thi bang d6ng hd M,; mire do xac dinh dung sir can
bing tuy thuoc vao do nhay ciia ddng ho chi thi va ciia mach do.
Khi co cong suat cao tan tac dung, dien trd R ,, giam, cau do bi mat can bang. Sir
mat can bing nay dirpc chi thi bing ddng h6 M,. Muon hoi phuc lai su can bang thi c;in
phai giam dong dien mot chidu I() xuong tri sd I,,. Cac tri sd I() va I0 dupe chi thi bang
dong h6 M :. Trong ca hai lan do cau can bang thi tri sd dien trd R (0 la bang nhau, vi
cong suit tieu thu trong hai trudng hop tren la nhu nhau. Ta cd:

I()R o (lo) R o
P t = -------- = -------------- + p

Ft

do do cong suit cao tan cin do P_ la:

P

R n
I,2,- O ',,)2

R,
,
T - d s K i S + r )

(7)

Nhu vay, biet dien trd R (l> va cac tri so ddng didn I, I,, thi cd the tinh dupe cong
suit P. cin do theo cong thirc (7).
Loai mach do kidu ciu khong can bang ciia oat-met nhu hinh 6-17. Mach dien loai
nay khong khac gi mach dien hinh 6-16 cua loai ciu can bang. Sir khac biet chi la cong
suit do dupe bieu thi bang mire do mit can bang ciia ciu, va dupe chi thi boi dong dien
I M qua dong h6 M. Nhu vay thang do cua ddng h6 M
phai dupe chuin theo don vi cong suit. Su chuin hoa
nay dupe tien hanh bang cach thay the dien tro nhiet
bang dien trd miu. Biet trj sd dien trd miu va trj so
dong dien qua no thi biet dirpc cong suit tieu thu, va
can cir vao do ma tien hanh khac do hay chuan thang
do cua dong hd. Khi cac thong sd cua tecmisto bien
doi va nhit la trudng hop khi thay the tecmisto. thi cin
phai chuan lai ddng hd. Do la mot nhuoc diem ciia
may, dong thdi cung la mot nguyen nhan chu yeu gay
can bing dung tecmisto

nen sai so, boi vj khi nhiet dp chung quanh thay doi.

cac thong so cua tecmisto cung bi thay doi, may do se bi mat chuan. Mot nhuoc diem
nira eua mach cau loai nay la khi tri sd cong suat do thay doi thi dien trd cua tecmisto va
day truydn tai thay doi (trong mach cau can bang th'i dien trd tecmisto la khong doi).
Uu diem cua loai oat-met co mach cau khong can bang la co kha nang do dupe
true tiep sir thay doi eua cong suat do.
Trong mach do cua oat-met con
co bo phan de bu sir bien doi dien trd
cua tecmisto do anh hudng cua nhiet
do cua mdi trudng xung quanh. Sir bii
nay thudng dupe thuc hien bang each
them mot tecmisto nua co dac tinh
thong sd tuong tir vao mot nhanh cau
Hinh 6-18 Mach bu dung tecmisto
mac ngoai

lan can. Khi nhiet dp ben ngoai thay

doi, th'i chung cung bi bien doi dien trd

ban than vdi mot sd tri nhu nhau. Mach 6-18 la mot vf du kieu mach bu khac, d day
tecmisto dung de bu nhiet do mac d mach ngoai de phan dong vdi bp phan cau. Gia sir
cau dang can bang, do nhiet do moi trudng chung quanh bien doi giam xuong, th'i
R (0ciia tecmisto tang, cau bi lech can bang. Nhung ddng thdi vi R (b (dien trd ciia
tecmisto de bu nhiet do) cung tang, dong dien trong mach bii giam, lam tang dien ap dat
tren cau, dong dien cung cap cho mach cau tang do vay bii dupe sir tang ciia R 0 .
Cac riguyen nhan gay sai sd cua phuong phap do cong suat bang dien trd nhiet la:
1. Sai sd do khong phoi hop trd khang giua dien trd ciia bolomet hay tecmisto vdi
day ndi. V'i nhu vay cong suat do dupe se khac vdi cong suat khi co he sd song dung K d
=l . Khi K (1bien doi trong khoang tir l,2-1,3 th'i sai sd nay bang 2%.
2. Sai sd do sir bien doi ciia tri sd dien trd bolomet hay tecmisto phu thuoc vao sir
thay doi ciia nhiet do moi trudng ben ngoai. Sai sd nay ciia loai oat-met diing bolomet
thi nho hon oat-met diing tecmisto. Do cung la ly do giai thich tai sao khi dung oat-met
loai tecmisto th'i phai thirc hien bii nhiet do.
2.

Sai sd do ngudn cung cap dien ap cho cau khong on dinh. Sai sd nay ldn hon ddi

vdi loai oat-met diing mach cau khong can bang. Neu co on ap bang dien tir, th'i sai sd
nay co the giam.
Do la nhung sai sd co ban, ngoai ra con phai ke tdi cac sai sd ciia thiet bi chi thi
nhu: sai sd ciia ddng hd; sai sd do khac do; sai sd didu chuan chi thi khong...

257

6.2 DO CONG SUAT HAP THU

6.2.1 Phirong phap von-met ( va ampe-met)
Phirong phap von-met (va ampe-met) eon goi la co sd cau tao cua cac Oat-met
kieu tach song dung de true tiep do cong suat d tan sd cao, tdi 1.OOOMHz.

Hinh 6-19 Oat-met dung phuong phap von-met

So do khoi loai oat-met nay nhu h'inh 6-19. Phep do d day dirpc thuc hien bang
cach do dien ap tren mot tai da biet. Khi co phoi hop trd khang thi:
p=

v 2m

2R

( X)

Vdi R, la trd khang tai, no bang trd khang dac tmh (trd khang song) W ciia dudng
day, Umla tri sd dinh cua dien ap tren tai.
Dien trd R, la tai hap thu, dupe cau tao dudi dang dien tro bd mat. nd la mot hinh
tru bang gom, tren phu mot ldp than chi dac biet cd dudng kfnh bien thien theo ham so
mu. Muc dich nhu vay de dam bao khong gay meo trudng dien tir dudng truydn tren
dudng truydn, lam cho tai co tinh chat dien trd va phoi hop dupe vdi trd khang song ciia
dudng day truydn tai. (Cau tao ciia tai phoi hop se duoc dd cap ky hon d chuong do cac
thong sd ciia mach cd phan tir phan bd).
De giam bdt su ghep dien khang vao mach do va md rong dupe lupng trinh do
cong suat, von-met dupe mac dc^ do dien ap chi d tren mot phAn ciia tai. Ngoai ra day noi
tir tai deii von-met cung can phai ngAn. Von-met do la loai tach song dinh. mach vao hd:
co so dd khoi kieu: tach song - khuech dai - d6ii hd chi thi.
Neu bieu thi phan doan tai ma von-met do dien ap tren do la R d, thi dien ap do la

25 X

U d = U nl| i

(9)

K t

Thay bieiu thuc (9) vao bieu thuc (8) ta co:

p = u j- ^
2 R

( ,())

d
2

Vi R (l la tri so dien trd da biet, va cd dinh doi vdi oat-met, nen thang do ciia dong
h6 chi thi la cd th6 khdc do true tiep theo don vi cong suat (W ).
Sai sd ciia phep do nay la do cac dien trd R, va R (l co sai sd (vi chua duoc hoan
toan tieu chuain, va tri sd bi bien doi trong qua trinh sir dung); sai sd cua von-met (do
nguon cung cap thay doi, sir thay doi ciia nhiet do xung quanh trong qua trinh do luong
... ) va nhat la sai sd do su phoi hop trd khang chua tot.
6.2.2 Phirong phap do cuong do anh sang
Hinh 6-20 la cau tao ciia oat-met diing cach bien doi dien nang thanh quang nang
de do cong suat. Tai hap thu cong suat cao tan ciia oat-met la den diot D mac giua true
ciia doan day d6ng true (hinh 6-20). Day d6ng true co mot dau ndi tat bang pit-tong P,
mot diiii ndi tiep vdi mot dng BD de co thd thay doi duoc chidu dai ong, tac dung ciia no
la de tao ra sir phoi hop trd khang ciia den di-ot D trong mot dai tan so rong.
I________ BD

Hinh 6-20 Oat-met dung cach bien doi dien nang thanh quang nang

Den didt D la mot den co cau tao dac biet; dien trd trong ciia den gan bang trd
khang song ciia day ddng true, de co the dam bao su phoi hop ciia day. Spi dot ciia den
la mot doan day thiing, manh dc tranh dupe hieu irng bd mat khi do d cac tan sd khac
nhau. Os' cho sir phan bd dong dien doc tren spi day dot dupe ddng deu, chieu dai spi
dot dirpc chon ngan hon 8-10 lan \mmciia doan song cong tac quy dinh ciia oat-met.
Trong dng thuy tinh ciia den co chira khi hydro de nang duoc cong suait cuc dai can do.

259

, nh sang phat ra tir den D di qua 16 O va tarn kfnh chan nhiet CN r6i tac dung vao te bao
quang dien Q. Mach dien cua te bao quang dien co mic dong ho tu dien. thang khac d6
cua d6ng ho dupe chuan theo don vj cong suat.
Loai oat-met nay dung de do cong suat chu yeu 6 doan song dm, lupng trinh do
cong suat tdi 20W. Sai so' do khoang 12%. Cau tao cua oat-met nay tuong doi don gian,
song co nhuoc diem la do nhay cua no bj phu thuoc nhidu vao te bao quang dien nen dd
bj thay doi theo thoi gian su dung.
6.2.3 Phirong phap nhiet lirong met
Phuong phap do cong suat bang cach bien doi nang lupng dien tu thanh nang
lupng nhiet la mot trong nhung phuong phap do cong suat Ion chfnh xac nhat. Phuong
phap nay co the dung cho bat cu tn doan nao, nhung vi didu kien gon nhe cua thiet bj,
nen no chi thong dung d pham vi song cuc ngan (cm, dm va mot phan song m) , voi
lupng trinh do cong suat tu 5-1000W.
Co hai loai oat-met cau tao theo phuong phap do nhiet lupng: mot loai dung de do
true tiep, va mot loai dung de: so sanh.
Ca hai loai oat-met tren ddu thudng dung tai hap thu la "tai nude", tuc tai co chat
hap thu nang lupng dien tu la nude, nude dupe chay qua mot bp phan phat nhiet dupe
nung nong bdi cong suat cua ngudn dien can do.
Corg suat dupe hap thu tren tai nhu vay dupe xac djnh bang cong thuc:
P=69vAt
6 day, v la toe dp chay cua nude ( co tlur nguyen la enr/s). At" la dp chenh lech
nhiet do cua nude d dau ra va dau vao cua binh chura tai, no dupe tfnh bang dp bach
phan.
De do nhiet dp cua nude thi cd the dung cac loai nhiet bieu nhu nhiet bieu thuy
ngan, nhiet ngfiu hay nhiet dien trd....

Hinh 6-21 Hinh dang cua tai nude

260

Hinh dang cua cac tai nude thi khac nhau tuy theo luong trinh cong suat do va vao
'hieu dai budc song cua nguon cong sut do. Hinh 6-21 la cac kidu tai nude thdng dung
hinh 6-2la va 6-21b la tai kieu day dong true; hinh 6-21c la kieu dung dng dan song).
7

So do khoi cua oat-met do true tiep cong suat nhu hinh 6-22. O day, nang lirong
Jien tir dupe dua vao dot nong bo phan phat nhiet PN va dupe hap thu gay nong nude.

Hinh 6-22 Oat-met do true tiep cong suat

Nude tir ngudn nude chay qua bo phan phat nhiet PN va dirpc dun nong bdi bo
phan nay. Su chenh lech nhiet do cua nude dirpc do bang hai nhiet bieu cua bo phan do
At0. Hinh 6-23 la mot vf du bo phan do At0 bang nhiet ngau, va ddng hd tu dien j.iA d day
eo the true tiep khac do theo don vi cong suat.
Toe do cua nude chay thudng
dupe chon vua phai dd de phat hien su
chenh lech nhiet do va de oat-met ft
quan tfnh khi can chuyen tu phep do
dai lupng cong suat nay sang phep do
khac. Thudng ngudi ta hay lay toe do
trung binh la: v=l,5 1ft/phut.
De do toe do cua nude thi dung
mot binh dung nude cd dung lupng da
dupe khac do va vdi cd van ham dieu
chinh dupe nhu hinh 6-24. Khi do, didu
chinh de nude chay, rdi do muc nude
sut trong binh da khac dp dung lupng
Hinh 6-23 Phan do nhiet do bang

trong mot khoang thdi gian nao dd, thi

nhiet ngau

tu dd biet dupe toe do cua nude chay.

Sai so cua phep do cong suat bang loai oat-met tren gdm sai so cua phep do tdc do
nude, sai so do do chenh lech nhiet do, sai sd do khong phoi hop trd khang cua tai va sai
sd do sir truydn nhiet ra mdi trudng xung quanh.

261

Hinh 6-24 Binh nUdc co voi dieu chinh dupe

Hinh 6-25 Oat-met do so sanh

Trudng hop do so sanh tin oat-mct co cau tao so do khoi vf du nhu hinh 6-25.
Cung nhu so d6 h'inh 6-22, 6 day nang lupng dien tu duoc dua vao dot nong bo phan
phat nhiet PN co nude chay qua. Dau ong nude vao cua bo phan nay co do chenh lech
nhiet do bang bo do At*,1. Sau do, nude lai chay qua bo phan dot nong DN. la dien trd
dupe nung nong bang nguon dien ap co tan sd 50Hz. Do chenh lech nhiet do o dau vao
va dau ra cua bp DN dupe do bang bo do A t " . Bo DC dung de dieu chinh muc dien ap
xoay chieu 5()Hz. Cong suat tieu thu tren dien tro bo DN duoc do true tiep bang oat-met
d tan sd 5()Hz. Khi dieu chinh cong suat nguon 5()Hz de co A t" = A t" th'i da dat dupe
cong suat cao tan can do co tri so bang cong suat duoc chi thi tren oat-met W . Bo do toe

262

do v cua nude d day chi cd tac dung giu cho toe do chay cua nude khong thay doi trong
qua trinh do ma thoi.
Sai sd cua oat-met nay do cac nguyen nhan: sai so do At'/, va A t"; sai so doc va
didu chinh de cho At" bing At , sai sd do toe dp nude chay thay doi; sai sd do khong
phoi hop trd khang; sai sd do ban than oat-met do cong suat tan sd 50Hz va sai sd do cau
tao tai nude khong hoan hao da gay nen sir khuech tan nhiet ra moi trudng xung quanh.
Nhu vay, bieu thuc tmh tri sd sai sd tuyet doi cuc dai cua phep do cong suat bang
phuong phap nay la:

Mp = M 'M| + M
Vdi M .\l I va M

+ M () + M v + M k + M

la sai so khi do At?i va A t";

\l
>

+M

+ Mg^

la sai sd doc
sir chi kim bang

<-

nhau giua At" va At" ; M v la sai sd do toe do nude chay; M k la sai so do khong phoi hop
trd khang giua oat-met va nguon cao tan can do; Mw la sai so cua ban than oat-met do
cong suat d tan so 50Hz; Myi va M y2 la sai sd trong trudng hop do gian tiep, ta co bieu
thuc tmh nhu tren.
Hinh 6-25 la so do cau tao don gian cua oat-met loai nay, nhung cd he thdng din
nude la dong km chu khong phai la de md nhu cac he thdng da gidi thieu d tren. Nhu
vay khong can phai dung nguon nude d ngoai, ma nude d day dupe luu chuydn mot cach
tir dong nhd mot he thdng bom va he thdng lam ngudi. Phep do d day dupe thuc hien
bAng each so sanh ngudn cong suat cao tan can do vdi nguon cong suat tan sd cong
nghiep; va thuc hien bang phuong phap do thay the. Cong suat cao tan se dupe chi thi
true tiep bang oat-met cong suat tan so thap.

6.3 0 0 CONG SUAT TRUYEN THONG

Tren thirc te do cong suat, cd trudng hop phai do cong suat ciia thiet bi dupe hap
thu tren tai bat ky: nghTa la ngudn cong suat dang cong tac o che do co tai thuc khi do
tinh trang giua tai vdi day truydn song, cung nhu giua day truyen song vdi trd khang ra
ciia ngudn cong suat cd thd khong hoan toan phoi hop. Do cong suat nhu trudng hop nay
dupe thuc hien vdi so do khoi ciia phep do nhu hinh 6-3. Trong do, oat-met do cong suat
chi hap thu mot phan nho nang lupng ghep tu dirdng truyen giua nguon cong suat deii
tai, chu khong phai la hap thu hoan toan cong suat ciia nguon cong suat nhu trong trudng
hop do ludng da xet d tren. Ta goi trudng hop do cong suat nhu vay la do cong suat
truyen thdng. Nhung phuong phap do cong suat truyen thong hay dupe thuc hien trong
ky thuat do ludng dien tu nhu: phirong phap dung phan mach dinh hudng (phuong phap

263

phan xa-met), phirong phap dung hieu ung Hall, phuong phap dung hieu urng ap suat cua
song dien tu.

6.3.1 Phuong phap phan mach dinh huong

Nhu chung ta da biet, trong trudng hop can do cong suat truydn thdng giua nguon
cong suat va tai, va khong co phoi hop trd khang, nen co mot phan nang luong bi phan
xa tid lai. Cong suat duoc hap thu tren tai trong trudng hop nay se la hieu cua cong suat
phat ra cua nguon va cong suat phan xa vd. V i du ve mach can do thuc te nhu: d cac
doan song r.gAn va cuc ngAn. th'i trd khang cua an-ten phu thuoc nhieu vao cac didu kien
cua tan sd va moi trudng song lan truyen. Khi cac yeu to tren thay doi th'i trd khang vao
cua an-ten bi bien doi, do vay trd khang vao cua day phide cung thay ddi theo, chung
lam thay ddi cong suat cua may phat buc xa qua an-ten. Muon khao sat che do cong tac
cua may phat cao t&n va an-ten, cung nhu cAn biet muc cong suat thuc te duoc buc xa di
qua an-ten so vdi muc cong suat duoc phat di tu may phat, th'i can do cong suat truyen
thong tren day phide.

Hinh 6-26 Phuong phap phan mach dinh hudng

Phuong phap do cong suat bang cach phan mach dinh hudng nhu h'inh 6-26. Voi
mach do nay, no cung co chuc nang va so do khoi giong nhu mach do o h'inh 6-3; chi
khac la bp phan ghep nang luong ra mach do d day chinh la bo phan mach dinh hudng.
Phuong phap do bang mach nay con goi la phuong phap phan xa met, (vd cau tao va
^

Hinh 6-27 Phan mach dinh hudng dung day dong true

nguyen ly tmh nang cua phan xa met, ta se xet ky hon trong chuong do cac thong sd cua
mach dien cd cac phan tir phan bd). Vdi cach ghep bang bo phan mach dinh hirons, thi

264

co kha nang phan biet duoc nang lupng truydn tu ngudn den tai, cung nhu nang lirong tir
tai phan xa trd ve. Neu bp phan mach dinh hudng co them tai va thiet bi chi thi nufa th'i
co the do rieng re cong suat cua song tdi va cong suat cua song phan xa, do chinh la
phan xa met.
H'inh 6-27 la so dd cau tao ciia mot kieu phan mach djnh hudng diing day dong
true. Trong h'inh nay, doan day b, c va vong ghep V cau thanh bo phan mach djnh
hirdng. Doan a, b va c, d chi la doan day bien doi trd khang ciia dudng day truydn, dd
cho trd khang ciia dudng day truyen phoi hop dupe vdi bo phan mach djnh hudng. Vong
ghep V co kich thudc nho so vdi chieu dai ciia budc song. No co ghep ca bang dien dung
lAn dien cam vdi dudng day truydn. Vi co ghep dien dung vdi dudng day, nen tren vong
ghep eo xuat hien dong dien Ic do dien trudng ciia song lan truydn sinh ra; dong nay
chay ca vd hai phia khac nhau. Vi co ghep dien cam vdi dudng day, nen tren vong ghep
co xuat hien dong dien IMdo tir trudng ciia song truydn lan sinh ra; dong nay chi chay vd
mot phia. Neu kich thudc ciia chidu dai vong ghep V va khoang cach tir vong ghep true
dirdng day dong true dupe chon sao cho de co IC=IM, thi tai dau ra A ciia bo phan mach
co nang lupng dien tir dupe ghep ra, con dau B thi khong co, vi tai nira vong ghep nay,
cac dong dien khir lSn nhau di. Tai dau A co mac Oat-met de do cong suat, va neu biet
dupe he so ghep ra ciia bo phan mach thi co the tinh duoc cong suat truydn thong tren
day d6ng true.
Neu doi chidu truydn din ciia song dien tir tren dudng day, th'i chidu ddng IM doi,
va chi co nang lupng dupe ghep d dau ra B.
Neu nang lupng ciia song dien tir truydn tren dirdng day, co ca song tdi va song
phan xa, chidu ciia chung nguoc nhau, thi tai moi dau ra A va B ciia bo phan mach co
nang lupng ghep ra th'i chi co mot loai song, song tdi hay song phan xa.
>
4

Hinh 6-28 Phan mach dmh hudng dung ong dan song

Hinh 6-2S la so do cau tao ciia bo phan mach dinh huong diing dng dAn song.
Trong dd, cac dng ghep ra 2 va 3 cd cung trd khang song nhu ong 1, nd dupe ghep vdi I

265

bang hai 16 a va b. Hai 16 ghep a va b each nhau mot khoang each bang >./4 (xem h'rnh 628).
Nang luong song dien tir tai ong dein song chfnh 1 dupe ghep sang bo phan mach
tu hai 16 ghep a va b dupe truydn theo hai chieu khac nhau trong bo phan mach. Vf du
neu nang lupng song toi P, dirpc truyen tu trai sang phai nhu h'inh ve. th'i bo phan truong
dupe ghep tai a va bp phan truong dupe ghep tai b (chidu truydn tir trai sang phai) se
cong pha nhau, vi khoang duong truydn d5n cua chung bang nhau. Bo phan truong glicp
tai a va tai b voi chidu truyen theo hirdng ngupc lai ( tu phai sang trai) trong bo phan
mach dinh huong lam suy giam lAn nhau, vi doan duong truydn dan cua chung chenh
lech khac nhau mot khoang chfnh bing A./2. Nhu vay, nang lupng cua song toi chi dirpc
ghep ra d dau B.
Ngupc lai, nang luong song phan xa P|1X truyen dfm theo huong tu phai sang trai
(xem h'inh 6-28), th'i chi dupe ghep ra 6 dau A cua bo phan mach.
Neu mic vao dau A hay B eua oat-met de do cong suat th'i co thd do rieng re dupe
cong suat cua song toi va cong suat cua song phan xa.
Nguyen ly cong tac cua eac bo phan mach dinh huong tren la trudng hop ly tuong.
Thuc te th'i vi do cau tao co khi khong that hoan hao, nen tai moi dau A va B co ghep ra
ca hai phan lupng song. Mot phan lirong song dung chidu th'i co bien do Ion hon. con
phan lupng song ngupc chidu th'i co bien do nho. Ty so bien do cua hai phan lupng song
nay goi la he so dinh hudng.
He so dinh hudng cua loai dung day dong true nhu h'inh 6-27 th'i hfiu nhu khong
phu thuoc tan sd, vl kfch thudc cua no nho hon nhieu so vdi chidu dai budc song. Con
ddi vdi loai dung dng dAn song nhu hinh 6-28 tin he sd dinh hudng cua nd phu thuoc
nhieu vao tan so,

v 'i

khoang each cua cac lo a va b la phai bang A./4.

De md rong lupng trinh thang tan sd do th'i con co loai phan mach dinh hudng
dupe cau tao them nhidu lo ghep nua.
Oat-met dung de do cong suat tu bp phan mach dinh hudng th'i dung loai micro
oat-met, v'i sir ghep nang lupng ra cua bo phan mach nhu vay phai la ghep rat long, de
khong gay nen ton hao nhieu, co the lam anh hudng tdi cong suat cua mach do.

6.3.2 Phuong phap do dp suat song dien tir

Song didn tir truyen tren dudng day truyen song, th'i cung nhu anh sang, no co gay
ra mot ap suat co hoc. , p suat nay tac dong ldn be mat thanh dng song khi song dien tir
truydn lan trong dng. Khi dat mot vat vao trong dng dan song co song dien tir truydn lan
trong dng th'i vat do cung bi mot sire day ciia song. Cudng dp ciia ap suat nav ty le vdi
modun ciia vecto Umop-Pointinh, tire la cung ty le vdi cong suat ciia song dien tir truydn

266

lan. Do vay, do cong suat cua song dien tu co

the thong qua phep do ap suat cua song dien tu
tac dong len thanh dng song hay ap suat cua
song dien tu tac dong len mot vat trong dng
song. Thang khic do cua ap suat nhu vay co
the true tiep chuyen doi thanh thang khac do
theo don vi cong suat.
Hinh 6-29 Co cau do tac dong cua
truong dien tu

Tri sd cua ap suat nay rat nho, vf du nhu

. ,
voi cong suat cua song truyen lan tren duong

,
,
day la lm W , co ap suat vao khoang

10 l2N/cm2. Do vay, khong the true tiep do duoc ap suat nay. Ta phai do thdng qua cac
bo bien doi khac nua mdi cd the do duoc.
Nhung cach thuc hien bien doi de do ap suat co hoc thudng duoc sir dung nhu:
dung phan tir ap dien, dung tu vi chinh, dung dong h6 do ap suat co hoc...
Nhu da biet tir phan ly thuyet trudng dien tir, khi song dien tir lan truyen trong dng
song hinh chir nhat, thi ap suat ciia song co trj sd khong doi doc theo thanh hep ciia dng
song, va co trj sd bien doi theo quy luat hinh sin doc theo thanh rong ciia dng. Khi tiet
dien ciia dng song cang be thi ap suat cang ldn. V i vay, cac bo bien doi la thach anh hay
ban kim loai mong linh dong duoc ddu duoc dat d thanh hep ciia dng.
H'inh 6-29 la so do cau tao ciia mot loai thiet bj de do cong suat diing phuong phap
nay. Nguyen ly ciia thiet bj do d day la bo phan chi thj eua no duoc tac dong cua truong
dien tir len mot ban kim loai duoc tfch dien dat trong trudng nay. Ban kim loai minh
duoc tfch dien, nd coi nhu tirong duong mot ngiu cue dien vdi momen m=el, (vdi e la
dien tfch diem, va 1 la chidu dai ciia ngiu cue). Ngiu cue nay trong trudng dien tao nen
mot cap lire tac dung vdi momen quay: M=mEsin0 (vdi 0 la goc tao bdi true cua ngiu
cue vdi chieu ciia vecto dien trudng E). Momen quay M tang theo goc 0, va nd ty le vdi
cong suat truydn di trong dng song.
7
'

*
'
O hinh 6-29 mo ta nguyen ly cau tao co cau do, no gom co: ong song 1 dd truydn
din nang luong can do; soi day thach anh 3 co dudng kfnh rat mong. khoang lOjam,
diroc ndi vdi ban kim loai 2 dat ben trong dng song. Soi day thach anh nay duoc xuyen
qua dng song va ndi d ben ngoai vdi bo phan khac do 7, ndi vdi guong phan xa 4 va
quay duoc tren de 6. Ban kim loai duoc dat nghieng goc 45" vdi chidu truyen lan ciia
song dien tir, va d vj trf nay, no tuong irng vdi diem khac do diu tien ciia thang do. Dudi
tie dong ciia didn trudng, ban kim loai quay va giy xoiin diy treo, goc quay ciia bin
duoc xic djnh bang vj trf chi thi ciia diem sing phit ra tir ngudn sing 5 duoc phin chieu
qua guong 4 va chieu len thang do do.

267

Nhung uu diem ciia thiet bi do cong suat bang phuong phap do ap suat song dien
tir la: gioi han luong trinh do cong suat rong, tir vai phan tram W toi vai tram K W ; no
khong gay ton hao cong suat nhidu, dd phoi hop voi nguon do; rat it bi qua tai, it quan
tinh. Sai so do khoang 1,5%.
Nhuoc diem ciia phuong phap nay la sai so ciia phep do phu thuoc vao do mat phoi
hop tro khang; rat nhay cam voi chan dong co gidi va co yeu cu cao vd do chinh xac
che tao.
Phuong phap nay con goi la phuong phap ap suat quang, duoc diing nhieu trong
cac thiet bi do cong suat d sieu cao tan.

6.4 OAT-MET DUNG KY THUAT SO

6.4.1. Oat-met so (Digital Wattm eter)
Tren hinh 6-30 la so d6 khoi ciia oat-met dien trd nhiet vdi bo didu chinh tu dong
va tinh toan bang ky thuat sd. Trong so d6 gom co hai cau nhu nhau. Cau thu nhat la cAu
chinh duoc goi la cau lam viec, co chira mot dien trd dd hap thu cong suat cao tan. Cau
thu hai, goi la cau bii, diing de giam anh hudng ciia nhiet do moi trudng xung quanh den
ket qua do. Su thay doi ciia nhiet do khong pha vd qua trinh lam viec binh thudng ciia
thiet bi, bdi vi no gay ra su thay doi nhu nhau cho dien trd lam viec R h va dien trd bii Rlv
Ca hai cau duoc cung cap bdi nhung nguon dac biet - cac bo khuech dai ddng dien mot
chidu de theo ddi, tu dong giu can bang cac cau. Giua hai diem A-B ciia cau lam viec co
mot hieu dien the lam viec U lv tir dau ra ciia bo khuech dai dong mot chidu cho cau lam
viec. Con giua hai diem A-B ciia cau bii co hieu dien the U b tir dau ra ciia bo khuech dai
dong mot chidu cho cau bii.
Trudc khi truydn cong suat ciia song cao tan vao dien trd lam viec thi hieu dien the
lam viec va hieu didn the bii se bang nhau. Khi dien trd lam viec chiu cong suat ciia song
cao tan thi dien trd ciia no giam di va hai hieu dien the U b se khong doi, con hieu dien
the U lv thi giam di. Khi qua trinh tu dong can bang ket thuc, cau cd hieu dien the la U lv\
Ta co:

U 2 - U '2
Pso caotAn=-- ^
4R t

(11)

Thay gia tri U,v = U b vao cong thuc tren

p
JUhQ+U'K
r song cao Ifln

h i

4R t

268

u 'k

(I

Cong thirc nay xac dinh thuat toan lam viec cua thiet bi. Bdi vi gia tri R t, xac dinh
duoc neu muon tmh bang cong suat P ta phai biet duoc tong U bl, va U K mot chidu duoc
dua vao dau vao I va 2 ciia bo cong dien ap, hieu dien the cong d dau ra se duoc dua vao
dau vao I ciia bo bien doi dien ap khoang thdi gian, nhung trong oat-met nay chirc
nang bien ddi duoc gidi han bang cach tao khoang thdi gian At cd do dai ty le vdi gia tri
Ub + Ulv( khong lap khoang thdi gian nay bang cac xung dem). 6 dau vao thu hai ciia
bo bien doi tir dau ra ciia bo didu khien duoc dua vao cac chuoi xung theo chu ky Tch (vi
du 1,28ms), chu ky nay tao ra do dai ciia chu ky bien ddi, con do dai xpT (vi du T, =
40ms). Khoang thdi gian do dai phan d tren . Chuoi xung duoc tao ra trong bo didu
khien tir cac tin hieu xung ciia bo tao dao dong thach anh vdi chu ky ft, (vi du fta =
lOOKHz). Mot xung chu nhat d dudi cd do dai At=K(Ubil+ U lv) duoc tao ra d dau ra
ciia bo bien doi khi ket thuc bien doi dirge dua vao dau vao 1 ciia bo nhan analog. Cac
xung nhu the dugc lap lai vdi tan sd Tch.
Dd nhan dugc tin hieu tuong ung vdi tin hieu ciia U bi,-U|v ngudi ta diing hai bo
didu che I va II. Hai hieu dien the Uhu va U lv dirge dua vao dau vao 1 ciia chung. Den
dau vao 2 ciia bo dieu che I cd mot hieu dien the ddi xung chu nhat cd chu ky Tch tir dau
ra 2 cua bo didu khidn, trong dd trong nira chu ky dau ciia hieu dien the cd dau duong,
con den dau vao 2 ciia bo didu che II cd tin hieu tuong tir vd hinh dang va do dai nhung
co dau ngugc lai, tin hieu nay di tir dau ra 3 ciia bo didu khidn. Xung dau ra ciia bo didu
che I vdi bien do U bll dugc dua vao clan vao 1 ciia bo tao dien hieu cua hieu dien the va
tich vao tu den didn the U bjl. Tir bo dieu che II tdi dau vao 2 ciia bo tao hieu dien the la
xung cd bien do U lv\ nd tao ra sir phong dien mot phan ciia tu didn, va hieu dien the giira
hai cuc cua tu la Ubll-Ulv. Sau khi khuech dai hieu dien the tren qua mot bo chia hieu
dien the, (lie sd truyen ciia bo nay xac dinh gia tri gidi han ciia phep do, nd dugc dua vao
dau vao 2 cua bo nhan. O dau ra ciia bo nhan tao ra mot chuoi xung chu nhat cd chu ky,
cd do dai At ty le vdi tong U Wl + Ulv , con bien do thi ty le vdi hieu U bll-Ulv\ Cho chuoi
xung nay qua mot bo chia trung binh, ta thu duoc mot hieu dien the thanh phan khong
doi cd gia tri tuong ling vdi (U bil + U lv)( U bi, - U lv), cd nghTa la cong suat ciia song cao
tan da duoc do bang von-met sd la gia tri cong suat can do ciia song cao tan. Vdi gia tri
duoc xac dinh do von-met. mach se tu dong thay ddi lie so cua bo chia.

269

Hinh 6-30 Oat-met dung ky thuat so

270

6.4.2. Oat-met cai (tat vi xu Iv

Tren hinh 6-31 the hien mot so do khoi eua mot oat-met dung ho vi xir ly. Trong
so do nay, ngudi ta chi dung mot cau duoc tu dong can bang. Oat-met lam viec theo
nguyC'n tac duoc trinh bay sau day.
Khi bat thiet bi do, tren dau vao cua ca hai bo bien ddi so-tuong tu bang 0 va viec
can bang can do mot bo khuech dai dong mot chieu bao dam. Day la che do tir can bang
ciia cAu. Trong do dong dien nuoi cau co gia tri 1 (dong di qua dien tro R p khong co).
Sir sut hieu dien the tai dien tro R , duoc do bang von-met so va ket qua do duoc dua vao
bo vi xu ly.

Hinh 6-31 Oat-met co dung j.iP

Bd vi xu ly dua mot so vao bo bien doi so-tu'Ong tu II dc cho ra mot dong dien In
tircrng ung tai dau ra ciia bo khuech dai dong them vao. Nhu vay dong dien dua vao cau
duoc tang len, no la long cua 2 dong. No se lam cho bo khuech dai dong mot chieu nuoi
cau giam dong xudng con A I , = l-l, trong do A I , I Hieu dien the khong can bang ciia
cau qua bo khuech dai duoc dua vao bo bien doi tuong tu-sd, tu hieu dien the sang mot
sd. Sd nay duoc dua vao bi) vi xir ly va lai day, gia tri I(l va AI, se duoc xac dinh de tuang
Une
duoc dua vao bo nhd ciia bd vi xir
C vdi trang
C thai can bane ciia can. Ca hai ceia tri. nav
J

271

ly: I0cho qua dien tra R |)2 va do sir sut ap tai day, AI,-sau khi do sut the tai dien tro R |tl .
Cac dau vao cua von-met so dirge noi qua bo multiplexer.
Sau khi cho cong suat cua song cao tan qua dien tra nhiet thi cAu mat can bang. De
lap can bang, ngirdi ta giam dong AI den gia tri A I2 (I0 van giu nguyen). AL dirac do
bang von-met so va gia tri do dirge dugc dira vao bo nhd cua bo vi xir ly.
Ta tim cong thirc de tmh cong suat cua song cao tan theo cac gia tri ddng dien do
dirac khi ciu cd sir can bang ban dau, ddng dien dua vao dau A B la I, = I(1+ AI,. khi co
sir can bang lan sau (sau khi cho cong suat cua song cao tan qua) thi ddng dien la:
L = I,, + A L

Vay:

hay:

L(I +A1,); - {] + A K ^ J r ,
P = ---------------------------------------------------4

( 2 I 0 + AI 1 + A I 2 ): - ( A I

+ A I 2 ) : Jr

13)

Bo vi xir ly se tfnh toan gia tri nay va the hien ra ngoai man hinh.
Thiet bi cho phep tien hanh nhieu lan do va tir ddng xir ly cac ket qua do.
Tir (13) ta thay phep do cong suat la gian tiep bdi vl quan he giua cong suat Ps. I
va AI khong tuyen tmh. do vay de danh gia sai sd cua phep do. ta phai dung ly thuyen
tmh sai sd trong tnrdng hap do gian tiep. De rut gon phep tmh, gia sir rang : A I, = 0;
a i 2=a i

i .

Nhir vay (13) dirge viet lai thanh: P.^I,,.AI.R,(/2

Ky hieu Ps = Z, I = x,, AI=x: va R/2=a ta cd:
Z=a.x 1.x2
Gia sir sai so cua dong I(l va AI la ngau nhien. ta cd sai sd cua phep do:
5P - V 8^. +8m
Vay nen neu d, = d M =0,01% thi dp^0.015%.

M d rong gidi han phep do.

Gidi han tren cua cong suat do dirac bang dien tro' nhiet cd the dirac ma rontz khi
ta cam them a dau vao cua thiet hi mot bo bien ddi cd chia do (bo suy giam). Luc dd.
cong suat do dirge bang so do tren oat-met nhan vdi he so cua bd bien ddi (bo suv uiam).

272

Cac thiet bj do neu tren la cac thiet bj hap thu cong suat, co the sir dung thiet bj
cho cong suat di qua, muon vAy phai co mot dirdng dan cong suat. Dirdng chinh duoc
noi tu may phat va phan chju cong suat. Thiet bj do duoc noi vao duong re co mot phan
cong suat nho di qua. Nhanh re nay duoc xac djnh, chia do cho mot cong suat tt dan chi
trong mot khoang gidi han cho trudc. Cong suat di qua dudng chinh d cuoi dudng se ldn
hon cong suat do duoc bing oat-met tren nhanh re la C Ian:
P

* di q u a

= 1Pdo C

Trong do, C= Pch(l)h/P|lhll la ty le cong suat tren dudng chfnh va dudng re.

273

C hiidng VII

DO CAC THAM SO DIEU CHE VA DAC TINH

PHO CUA TIN HIEU

7.1 DO HE SO BIEU CHE

Trong ky thuat dien tir, thong tin, co rat nhieu loai tin hieu dao dong dieu che dime
sir dung. Cac tin hieu dao dong duoc dieu che vdi cac phirong thirc khac nhau tuy theo
yeu cau cua sir truydn tin hieu va kha nang cau tao cua thiet bi. Co nhieu phuong thuc
dieu che, vf du nhu: didu che bien do, didu che tan sd, didu che pha, didu che don bien,
didu che xung, va con ca cac phuong thuc didu che phuc tap khac nhu didu che xung-cot

Cac gia trj ciia tan so didu che tuy thuoc vao dac tfnh cua sir truydn tin hieu, vf du
nhu d kf thuat vd tuyen dien thoai thi tan sd nay vao khoang 300 -h 3400 Hz; d kT thuat
vo tuyen truyen thanh thi khoang 40

10000 Hz; d kT thuat truydn hinh thi vao khoang

(2^6,5.106) Hz...
Dao dong didu che bien do duoc bieu thj bang he so didu che m. Dao dong didu
che tan sd (dao dong dieu tan), duoc bieu thj bang chi sd didu tan mf. Tat ca cac loai dao
dong didu che ddu duoc bieu thj bang do sau didu che, do sau didu che bang ty sd cua he
sd didu che hay chi sd didu che so vdi trj sd didu che cuc dai co thd thuc hien. no duoc
tfnh bang sd phAn tram.
Khi didu che' xung thi cAn phai do cac thong sd cua xung va tan so lap lai cua xung
didu che nay.
Nhu da xet tu chuong md dau (chuong 1), mot didn ap cao tan duoc didu che bien
do bang mot tfn hieu thuan tuy didu hoa, co the viet dudi dang:
u = U m(1 + mcosQt) coscot
O

day

U m

la bien do ciia dien ap bi dieu che; co =

(1)
2 n f,

vdi f la tan sd cua cac dao

dong bi didu che (tan so mang); Q = 2ttF, vdi F la tan so cua dao dong dieu che; m la he
sd didu che. (Cung can chii y, trong trudng hop didu bien, f va F deu la gia tri tan so
trung binh: f F(). De don gian d day ta bo ky hieu chi sd "0 ).

274

He so didu che m cua dien ap cao tan bang ty so cua luong bien thien bien do dien
ap AU voi tri so bien do dien ap Umkhi khong co dieu che:
AU
m = --Um

(2 )

Bidu thuc (2) duoc tfnh theo so phan tram. Tri so bien thien bien do cuc dai khong
the ldn hon duoc trj so bien do, vi vay ma he so dieu che bien do, he so dieu che cuc dai
bang 1. Khi khong co dieu che, thi m = 0. Trong truong hop dieu che bien do, he so dieu
che va do sau dieu che la cung nghTa, cac trj so nay bang nhau.
Hinh 7-1 la d6 thj bieu dien dao dong dieu che tuong ung voi bieu thuc (1). Tu do
thj nay co the xac djnh duoc he so dieu che' nhu sau:
m = ^max
^

max

^m in

(3)

^ miu

Cac cong thirc (2) va (3) chi diing trong truong hop dieu che ddi xirng. Khi dieu
che khong ddi xung thi he so dieu che duoc phan biet thanh he sd dieu che tren va he
so'dieu che dudi (xem hinh 7-lb):

Hinh 7-1 Tin hieu dieu bien

He sd dieu che theo phan nira tren :

AU tr

mt = ---U
w

(4a)

111

va he so dieu che' theo phan nua dudi :

AU,
md =

U,

(4b)

275

Mot dien ap cao tan dirge didu che tan so bang mot tin hieu thuan tuy didu hoa th'i
bieu thufc cua dien ap didu tin nay co the: viet dudi dang :
(5)

u = U mcos(co()t + mfsinQt)

d day, U mla bien do cua dien ap co tan so bi didu che (on = 2nf. voi f,, la tin so cua
dien ap bi didu chd; Ll = 2nF, voi F la tan so cua dien ap dieu che; m, la chi so didu tan,
dugc xac dinh bang bieu thuc:
m, =

Aw

Af

(6)

Q
6 cong thuc (6), Af la do
lech tan so khi didu chd tan so, tire
la do di tan.
Tri so tan so tuc thdi cua tin
hieu didu tan bang:
f = f<> Af
Tri so do di tan khi didu tan

Hinh 7-2 Tin hieu dieu tan

ty le vdi bien do cua didn ap didu

che, va khong phu thuoc vao tan sd cua dien ap didu chd:
Af = aUF

(7)

FTinh 7-2, la do thi bieu

didn ap dieu tan. tuong ung
vdi bieu thuc (5).
Tan so cua dien ap didu
che xac dinh toe do bien
thien tri so tuc thdi cua do di
tan:
Af = AfmaxcosQt
>

day, Afmjv la do di tan

cuc dai.
Tren thuc te do ludng
cac thdng so cua dien ap dieu
tan, vdi cac trudng hgp nlnr
khi o trong dieu kien khai
Hinh 7-3 Tin hieu dieu che xung

276

thac, th'i thudng do do di tan

Af, sau do dung cong thirc (6) de' xac dinh chi so didu tan. Ddi vdi cac trudng hop can do
chinh xac, nhir khi can didu chuain may phat hay hieu chinh may do, thi thudng do do di
tin mf. Sau do diing cong thirc (6) de xac dinh do di tan Af.
Cac dang dieu che xung duoc minh hoa nhu hinh 7-3. Hinh 7-3a la gian d6 ciia
day xung tua. Hinh 7-3b la dang dien ap didu che. Hinh 7-3c la gian do dieu che bien do
xung. Hinh 7-3d la gian dd dieu che tan sd xung. Hinh 7-3d la gian dd didu che thdi gian
xung (hay pha xung). Hinh 7-3e la gian dP dieu che do rong xung. Hinh 7-3g la gian do
didu che xung-cot.
Do cac thong sd va dac tmh ciia cac dang dieu che xung thi can do bien do, do
rong ciia xung, thdi gian tao sudn va suy giam ciia dinh. Vdi xung bien doi co tinh chu
ky thi con can do tin sd lap lai va he sd khoang trong ciia xung.
7.1.1 Do he sd dieu che bien dp
He sd didu che bien do thudng dupe do bang hai phuong phap: Phuong phap ve do
thi bang dao dong ky, va phuong phap tach song.

Phifo'ng phap ve dao dong do.

De xac dinh he sd dieu che bien dp bang dao dong ky thi cd thd diing ba cach tao
quet: quet dudng thang. quet hinh sin va quet hinh elip (hay quet tron).
Khi do bang cach quet dudng thing, thi dien ap quet rang cua dupe dua vao cap
phien lech ngang; dien ap ciia dao dong cao tan da dieu che dua vao cap phien lech
diing. Tan sd ciia dien ap quet thudng lay khoang 2 - 3 lan nho hon tan so dieu che. Khi
do tren man ciia dao dong ky se co dao dong do nhu hinh 7-la dudi dang ham sd u f(t). De do lie sd didu che, ta do cac kich thudc hinh hoc ciia dao dong dd A va B (hinh
7-1a), roi tinh theo cong thirc (3). Ta co A = 2U1111X, va B = 2Ummdo do:
A-B
m = --------A +B

(S)

Muon co dao dong do diing yen, till phai thuc hien dong bo giua dien ap quet va

_L
B

1
a,

Hinh 7-4 Dang hien thi khi quet hinh sin

111

dien ap didu che.

Khi do bang cach quet hinh sin, thi dien ap cua dao dong da ducrc dieu che dugc
dua vao cap phien lech dung, con dien ap didu che, thi dua vao cap phien lech ngang.
Khi do cac hinh bao cua dao dong da didu che' lam cho tia dien tu bi dich chuydn theo
phuong thang dung, voi bieu thuc: y = U m(l + mcosQt). Dien ap dieu che lam cho tia
dien tu bi dich chuydn theo phuong nam ngang voi bidu thuc: x = U,ncosQt. Khu thanh
phan cosQt, ta co: y = Um+ mx, nghTa la cac gioi han tren va dudi cua dao dong do la
cac doan thang ma do nghieng cua chung tuy thuoc vao tri so he so dieu che m. Tren
man dao dong ky xuat hien mot dao dong dd la mot midn sang cd dang hinh thang nhir
hinh 7-4-a. Hai doan thang gidi han tren va dudi cua dao dong do chinh la hai do thi
Litsagiu. Cac do thi Litsagiu chinh la do tac dong quet I5n nhau cua hinh bao dien ap da
didu che' va dien ap didu che, khi hai dien ap nay khong lech pha nhau. Cac kich thudc
hinh hoc A va B cua dao dong do hinh 7-4 cung la tuong ung vdi cac trj so cuc dai va
cuc tidu cua dien ap didu che. V i vay, he didu che d day cung duoc xac djnh nhu cong
thuc (8).
Hinh 7-4b la dao dong do cd duoc khi cd lech pha giua hai dien ap dua vao cap
phien lech. Su di pha nay cd thd thudng la do bo khuyech dai ciia dao dong ky gay ra do
dd khi do cac dien ap duoc dua true tiep tdi cac cap phien lam lech.
Hinh 7-4c la trudng hop khi cd meo khong dirdng thang cua mot trong hai dien ap
cung cap tdi cac cap phien lech.
Khi do bang cach quet elip, thi dien ap cua dao dong da didu che duoc dua vao he
thong hai cap phien lech qua bo tao di pha 90 nhu hinh 7-5a. (Luc nay bo tao dien ap
quet rang cua ciia dao dong ky khong lam viec). Tren man dao dong ky xuat hien dao'
dong dd la mot mien sang hinh vanh elip nhu hinh 7-5b. Cac kich thudc A va B ciia hinh
vanh nay tuy thuoc vao do sau dieu che cua dien ap can do. He so didu che m cung duoc
tmh nhu cong thuc (8). Dudng elip ve cham cham tren hinh 7-5b la dao dong do khi
khong cd didu che.

Hinh 7-5 Quet elip

278

Phirong phap do he so dieu che bang dao dong ky co iru didm la don gian, ro rang
va de thirc hien. Phuong phap nay thudng duoc dung trong trudng hop do ma dien ap
dieu che co dang thuan sin va co tan so trong dai am tan. Nhuoc diem cua phuong phap
nay la tan so mang cua dao dong dieu che' con bi han che bdi dai thdng tan cua bo
khuyech dai dao dong ky. V i vay nen cac dien ap do thudng dupe dua true tiep tdi cac
cap phie'n lech cua dng tia dien tu.
Phuong phap nay cd the do dupe he so dieu che' tu 0 den 100%, va quan sat duoc
ca che do qua dieu che'. Do chinh xac khong cao, v'i bi han che' bdi cac sai so do kha
nang tieu tu va do cac kich thudc hinh hoc cua dao dong do. Sai so do thudng vao
khoang (8 - 10)%.
Khi tm hieu dieu che la tuong ung vdi tieng ndi hay am nhac, thi thfch hop hon ca
la quan sat dao dong dieu che' nay bang cach thuc hien quet dudng thang. Tin hieu dupe
bieu dien dudi dang ham sd theo thdi gian, dl quan sat song khong thuc hien do dupe, vl
dac tfnh ngau nhien cua tfn hieu nay.
Phuong phap nay con
dupe dung de quan sat chi so
dieu che' cua tfn hieu vd tuyen
truyen hinh, de tir dd co the
kiem tra dupe de dang cac
muc trang , muc den , cung
nhu cac xung ddng bo. Hinh
7-6 la vf du dao dong do cua
tfn hieu truyen hinh.

PhKOng phap tach song.

Phuong phap tach song dung de do hieu so dieu che' bien do dua tren nguyen ly
tach song dien ap cao tan da dieu che, va do cac thanh phan mot chieu, thanh phan xoay
chieu cua dien ap nay.

Hinh 7-7 Mach do dung von-met tach song co dac tuyen bac 2

279

Thiet bi do thirc hien theo phirong phap tren duoc goi la may do he so didu che.
Thang dp chi thi ciia may duoc khac do true tiep theo sd phan tram ciia he so dieu che
m.
Tuy theo thiet bi chi thi dupe chon diing, phuong phap tach song de do he so didu
che co cac bien phap thuc hien khac nhau. Cac bien phap dupe thirc hien pho bien hon
ca la diing von-met tach song co dac tuyen bac hai, von-met tach song dinh va von-met
diing mach bii chi thi khong.
Mach do diing von-met tach song co dac tuyen bac hai vf du nhu hinh 7-7. O dau
vao ciia mach nay co m&c diot tach song cao tan. Tach song nay la tach song co dac
tuyen dudng thAng, sau didt tach song la bd loc cao tan. Nhu vay, dien ap ra tren tai ciia
didt tach song nay la dien ap xung co tan sd thap. Thanh phan xoay chieu cua dien ap
xung chinh la dang hinh bao ciia dao dong da didu che, tire la dien ap cua tan sd dieu
che.
Thanh phan didn ap mot chieu ciia dien ap xung tuong ung vdi tri sd trung binh
ciia dao dong didu che U mot chieu cung la dien ap ciia tan sd mang Um. Tri so didn ap
mot chieu nay dupe do bang ddng ho do dong dien mot chidu, va mach do mac them
cuon chan de ngan thanh phan didn ap xoay chieu. Thanh phan dien ap xoav chieu tan
sd thap dupe do bang von-met nay la tri sd dien ap hieu dung: U = 0,707mU:n. Do vay,
lie so didu che bang:
.1
m = ,1.41
U
Um

(9)

Dc thuan loi co the la cau tao sao cho tri so chi ciia hai von-met nhu nhau khi dieu
che 1()C)9r. Boi vi, cd giu cho chi sd ciia hai von-met do didn ap mot chieu o gia tri nao
dd, de quy dinh dieu kien don vi khac dd. thi thang do von-met do dien ;ip xoay chidu
mdi cd the khac do theo "m r/r". Tir cong thirc (9) thay la, muon thuc hien duoc didu noi
tren, thi can mac trudc von-met tach song bac hai mot bien ap hay mot bien ap tu ngau

m*

Hinh 7-8 Mach do dung von-met tach song dinh

2X0

co he so bien ap bang 1,41.

Neu d mach do hinh 7-6, thay von-met tach song bac hai bang von-met tach song
dinh, bang diot cd mach vao ddng, thi tri sd chi cua von-met nay se ty le vdi bien do
duong AUm+ hay bien do am AUm- cua dien ap tan sd thap. Nhu vay, cd the xac dinh
duoc tri sd he sd didu che phan tren va phan dudi theo cong thuc trong phan do dien
ap. Dien ap mot chidu U _ dupe luon giu' bang may do didu che cd cau tao bang von-met
dinh nhu vay dupe dung nhidu trong thuc te. So do khoi cua mot trong sd nhung loai nay
nhu hinh 7-8.
Hinh 7-9 la vf du mot mach do he sd didu che bang von-met dung mach bu chi thi
khong. Vi du nhu trong hinh 7-9: Ngudn dao dong didu che can do d day duoc dua vao
dau D l, mach do nay khong bi tieu hao cong suat. Chiet ap R d day dupe didu chinh dd
cho ha ap tren nd sao cho den D l, d muc ngudng dan dien (luc nay chuyen mach do o' vi
tri 1).
Ket qua didu chinh nay cd the biet dupe nhd ddng hd micro ampe-met. Tri sd ha
ap tren chiet ap R la dien ap E,, dupe do bang von-met tu dien . E, bang tri sd cuc dai
Umaxcua hinh bao dien ap didu che:
E, = U m( 1 + m)

( 10)

Neu doi chuyen mach sang vi tri 2, thi didu chinh ha ap E 2 tren chiet ap R sao cho
den D2d muc ngudng dan dien. Khi dd:
E 2= U m( 1 - m)

(11)

o-

*
O-

O-

Hinh 7-9 Mach do he so dieu che bang von-met dung mach bu chi thi khong
Do vay, cd thd tinh dupe he sd didu che m:

m=

(12)

281

De nang cao do chinh xac, thi dien ap cua dao dong didu che dung vdi each do nay
phai ldn, (khoang chung ldn hon 20V).
7.1.2 Do cac thong sd (lieu tan

1. Do do di tdn
Phuong phap do do di tan don gian hon ca la phuong phap tach song tan so.
Nguyen ly cua phuong phap nay la bien doi dao dong dieu tan thanh dao dong didu bidn
roi sau dd tach song bien dc).
Ket qua la dien ap tach song ty
le vdi dien ap tdn sd dieu chd'.
Dien ap nay duoc do bang
von-met dinh mac d dau ra cua
bo tach song bien do. Nhu vay,
theo cdng thurc (7), thang dc)
cua von-met dinh co the true
tid'p khac do theo don vi do di
Hinh 7-10 Bo tach song tan sd

tan ( kHz).

Uf

Dao dong dieu tan co thd

bien doi thanh dao dong tan sS'
thap bang bo tach song tan so,
vf du nhu hinh 7-10. Dac

tuyen cua bo tach song nay la

u, = cp(Af), co dang chu S nhu
hinh 7-11. Cac linh kien cua
be) tach song tdn so yeu cau co
pham chat cao, dac biet la
mach cong hudng. Vi

neu

thdng sd cua chung bi thay doi

ft thi cung gay nen sai sd dang
ke.
Mach so do khoi cua cac
Hinh 7-11 Bac tuyen tach song tan sd

thiet bi do do di tan bang

phuong phap tach song tan so

nhu hinh 7-12. Thiet bi nay tuang tu mot may thu dieu tdn chuan cd chat lupng cao, co
them cac ddng hd do de true tiep chi thi cac dai lupng cdn thiet. Tfn hieu didu che tan sd

282

can do duoc hien doi thanh trung tan, dupe khuech dai va han che roi dua toi bo tach
song tan so. Dien ap ra ciia bo tach song nay ty le voi do di tdn, dupe dua qua bp phan
loc tan so thap, dupe khuech dai va dupe do bdng von-met dinh. Thang dp ciia von-met
nay dupe khde do theo dem vj di tan. Bo khuech dai trung tan va bo han che co tac dung
khii bo anh huong dilu che bien do ky sinh ciia tin hieu do, va giu cho tin hieu co bien
do khong doi de dua vao bo tach song tan so. Bo chuain cua thiet bi do dung de kiem tra
bo tach song tdn so' va cac dong h6 do. Chuyen. mach CM de do do di tdn khi didu che
khong doi xung.

Hinh 7-12 May do do di tan dung bo tach song tan so

2. Do chi so dieu tdn

Bieu thuc (5) ciia dao dong didu tdn, co thd dupe bieu didn duoi dang pho nhu sau:
00

u = U mJ 0(m, )cosco0t + U m X ^ n( m r)lcosco0 + ( - l ) n cos(co() - n Q )t ] (13)

n=l

6 day:

J 0(mr) la ham so Betxen cap khong ciia chi so didu tdn mf;
.Fn(mf) la ham so Betxen cap n ciia chi so didu tdn mf.

So tdn so bien (bien tdn) ciia dao dong didu tdn la 2n. Hinh 7-13 la eac do thi pho
ciia dao dong didu tdn ung voi vai tri so ciia chi so didu che khac nhau. Hinh 7-14 la do
thi bieu didn ham so Betxen cap khong cua mr: J 0(mf).

Tir bieu thirc (13), luu y tdi thanh phan dau cua bidu thuc nay, ta thay bien dp cua
thanh phan tan so mang co0 bien doi tuong ung voi ham so' J 0(mf). Khi m, = 2,4; 5,52;
8,65; 11,79; 14,93; 18,07, . . . thi ham so J(m f) triet tieu, thanh phan tan so mang cua
pho dao dong didu tan cung triet tieu.

Hinh 7-14 Ham so Betxen bac 0

Dua tren hien tuong nay ma ta thuc hien phuong phap do chi so dieu tan, goi la
phuong phap do khi mat tan so mang.
De thuc hien phuong phap nay co hai each: giu nguyen tan so didu che va gifr
nguyen bien dp cua dien ap tan so didu che. So do khoi cua phuong phap do chung cho
ca hai cach nay nhu hinh 7-15.
Viec xac dinh chi so didu tdn cua mot bp tao dao dong (hay may phat) bang
phuong phap do khi phat hien mat tan so' mang dupe thuc hien nhu sau: Ta giu nguyen
tan so didu che, mac 6 dau vao bp didu chd tan so mot chiet ap dd didu chinh dupe hien
do cua dien ap didu che. Dau ra ciia bp phat song didu tan co the dung mot may thu didu
tan co dai thong tdn hep cte phat hien cac thoi diem khi mat dien ap ciia tdn so mang.

Hinh 7-15 Phuong phap do chi so dieu tan khi mat tan so song mang

284

Dai thong tan cua bo khuech dai trung tan cua may thu cdn phai nho hon hai lan tri
so cua tdn so didu che de ngan cac bien tan thu" nhat.
Dau tien, didu chinh may thu 6 tan so mang cua dao dong dieu che tan khi may
phat chua dupe didu chd so (xem hinh 7-13a), va bo chi thi dupe didu chinh toi tri so doc
thfch hop. Neu bo chi thi la ong nghe thi bo ngoai sai thir hai didu chinh sao cho dau ra
tdi ong nghe co am thfch hop (vf du 1.000Hz).
Sau do bien doi dien ap cua tan so didu che tang ddn; con tan so didu che thi vdn
co tri so khong doi (vf du nhu bang 3 kHz); nhu vay thi tri so chi cua bo chi thi (hay
cirdng do am trong ong nghe) giam dan va bien mat, vf du khi do bien do dien ap tdn so
didu che bdng U F,. Nhu vay Up, la irng vdi didm trd vd tri sd khong dau tien ciia ham sd
Betxen J 0(mf) (xem hinh 7-14). Ta co mfl = 2,4. Dp di tdn luc nay bang:
Af, = mfl.F = 2,4.3 = 7,2 kHz
Tiep tuc tang dien ap didu chd, ta lai dupe tri sd thur hai U F2 tuong irng vdi tri sd
quay trd vd diem khong ciia ham sd J 0(mf) la 5,52. Ta co mf2 = 5,52, do do do di tdn
bdng:
Af, = 16,56 kHz.
Cac ket qua do dupe lap thanh bang va ve dupe do thi bidu didn dac tuyen didu
che. Tir do ta co thd xac dinh dupe cac tri sd trung gian ciia mf va dien ap U F; cung nhu
co the biet dupe pham vi dudng thdng ciia dac tuyen didu che nay (xem bang 7-1 va hinh
7-16).
Muon do di tdn do dupe co tri sd be, thi can phai giam nho tdn sd didu che; song
nhir vay thi khong con thoa man didu kien dai thong tdn ciia may thu phai nho hon hai
ldn tri sd didu che. Didu nay dan
tdi hien tupng la ca bien tdn cung
thong qua tdi dupe bo chi thi, do
do khong xac dinh dupe didm
khong ciia thanh phan tdn sd
mang.
Viec xac dinh chi sd dieu tan
con co thd thuc hien bang cach giu
nguyen dien ap dieu chd U h va
bien ddi tdn sd dieu che. Trudng
hop nay khi da chon tri sd ciia dien
ap didu che, ta giu nguyen khong
doi, chi tien hanh bien doi tdn so F

285

cua no hat dau tir nhirng tri so cao. Sd dT phai bAt dau tu tan sd that cao de- cd the chic
chan la vdi nhung tan sd dd thi mr < 2,4. Vf du, gia sir tan sd F bdt dau bang 25kHz, khi
phat hien tfn hieu dau ra bien mat ung vdi F, = 20kHz, mf = 2,4 thi Af = 2.4. 20 = 48kHz.
Tiep tuc giam tdn sd F, ta lai co diem phat hien tfn hieu d ddu ra bien mat, ta cd nif: =
5,52, diem nay tuong ung khi F: = Af/mr:= 48/5.52 = 8,7kHz,...
Bang 7-1

Tri so chi sd dilu che va do di tdn khi

Dien ap tdn sd dilu che

F= const(3 kHz)
mf

Af kHz

U R)

u FI

2,4

7,2

u F2

5,52

16.56

Up,

8,65

25.95

Up4

11,79

35,37

Ups

14,93

44.79

Up*

18,07

54,21

U F7

21,21

63,63

Up,

24.35

73.05

Up,

27.49

82,47

Cach do thu nhat cd uu diem la thuan loi va day du hon, vl vay tren thuc te thudng
dung each do nay. Dp chfnh xac ciia phirong phap do nay cao va cd kha nang co do
chfnh xac cao hon khi cd dai thdng tdn cua may thu hep hon.
7.1.3 Do cac thong so dieu che xung

1. Do bien do rong vd tdn so lap lai eua xung

Phirong phap do cac thong sd cua xung khi dien ap xung pho bien nho hon 100V,
la dung dao dong ky xung. Phuong phap xac dinh bang dao dong do nay khong nhirng
cho phep do duoc bien do ma con do duoc cac tri gia tire thdi eua dien ap o bat ky diem
nao cua tfn hieu xung.
Do do sau dieu che bien do xung (hinh 7-3c) bang phuong phap dao ddng do tlnrc
hien quet dudng thang va tfnh toan nhu do he sd didu che bien dp.
Cac tin hieu xung dirpc diing trong ky thuat dien tu co cac dd rong khac nhau. no
vao khoang tir 1 sec tdi 1nanosec. Do do rong xung thudng dung phuong phap dao ddng

28b

d6 va phuong phap ddm tin hidu rdi rac. Phuong phap dao dong do durgc thirc hien bang
cach dung dao dong ky thdi gian chuan hay dung cach do so sanh vdi xung cd chu ky,
d6 rdng da bid't. Cac xung chuan de so sanh thudng dung la xung co dang gdn giong
hinh chu nhat va hd sd khoang trdng khdng ldn lam, d i dao dong do cd the dd dang cd
dugc hai xung nhu hinh 7-17. 6 hinh nay cd the do dugc cac khoang 1,= x va 1, = T tren
thang do ke ly do do cd the tinh dugc do idng xung theo cong thuc: x = (1,/12)T
Do d6 rong xung bang phuong phap dd'rn rdi rac cung giong nhu cach do khoang
thdi gian bang phuong phap dd'rn rdi rac.
Tan sd lap lai cua xung thudng xe
dich trong khoang tur vai chuc Hz den vai
tram MHz. Phuong phap do tan sd don gian
va thuan tien hon ca la phuong phap so
sanh bang dao d6ng ky. No dugc thuc hien
bang cach dua dien ap cua xung can do tan
sd vao cap phien lech Y; con dien ap dat
vao phid'n lech X la dien ap td bo tao dao
dong chuan co tan sd tuong ung. Khi dd,
Hinh 7-17 Xung chuf nhat

dao dong ky khdng dung bo tao quet. Tan

sd cua bd tao dao dong chuan dugc dieu

chinh d l sao cho tren man dao dong ky cd xuat hien dao dong dd vdi moi xung. Nhu vay
I lie do tdn sd cua bo tao dao dong bang tdn sd lap lai cua xung. Do chinh xac cua phep
do nay dugc xac dinh bdi do chinh xac khac do cua tao dao dong chuan. Vdi tdn sd lap
lai cua xung cd nanosec thi dung each do bang dao dong ky sieu cao tan, hay la dao
dong ky kem them mot thiet bi hoat nghiem. Tdn sd lap lai cua xung con co the do bang
tdn sd met. Vdi yeu cdu do khong cao lam (sai sd ldn hon 2/.) thi co the dung loai tdn sd
met cau tao theo nguyen ly nap va phong cua tu didn; con neu vdi yeu cdu cao hon thi co
the dung loai tdn sd met cd bo phan dem dien tu.
2. Do khoang thai gian
Do dai khoang thdi gian giua hai xung la mot thong sd dac tfnh quan trong d nhidu
qua trinh xung, nhu dieu che' tan sd xung, didu che' pha xung, do ludng xa, rada, xung
dong b6 trong vd tuye'n truydn hinh... Lugng trinh khoang thdi gian nay thudng nam
trong gidi han tu1vai microsec den vai milisec, co thi tdi vai sec.
Do khoang thdi gian thudng dugc dung hai phuong phap chu ye'u la phuong phap
dao dong do va phuong phap dem rdi rac.
Phuong phap dao dong do thudng dugc thuc hien bang dao dong ky co thdi gian
chuan hay dao dong ky cd quet xodn dc.

287

Khi do khoang thdi gian bang dao dong ky co thori gian chuan, th'i dau vao cap
phien lech Y dirpc dua tdi cac xung co khoang thdi gian giira chung cdn do. Tan so quel
dupe didu chinh de sao cho tren man hinh dao dong ky co xuat hien ca hai xung. Sau do
cho bo chuain khAc do thdi gian cong tac. VI dp dai khac do da biet, nen khoang thdi
gian giua cac xung do dupe xac dinh bAng so lupng khoang khde do giura chung. Sai so
ciia cach do nay cang nho neu co khoang cach giua hai xung do Iren man cang cao. Sai
sd do nay thudng vao khoang 3.104.
Khi khoang thdi gian do ldn hon, thi
muon do theo phuong phap dao dong dd con
dung cach quet xoan dc. Vdi cach quet xoan dc
thi co thd keo dai quy dao cua tin hieu dien tir
tren man dao ddng ky tdi vai chuc lan. Qua
trinh do dupe thuc hien nhu sau: Khi khdng co
tin hieu do th'i dng tia dien tu tat tia, va bo quet
Hinh 7-18 Quet xoan oc

cung khdng lam viec. Khi cd xung thu nhSit,

xung nay xac dinh thdi diem bat dau cua

khoang thdi gian do thi no kfch bd tao quet xoan dc va cung tao xung lam cho co tia
dien tu (co tao diem sang tren man), dua tdi cuc didu che' cua dng hinh. Khi cd xung thur
hai, xung nay tuong ung vdi thdi diem cuoi cua khoang thdi gian do, thi nd lat bo tao
quet va tat ca tia dien tu cua dng. Nhu vay, dd dai cua khoang thdi gian do dupe xac
dinh bang sd vong cua dudng quet xoan dc tren man dao dong ky (xem hinh 7-18a),
chidu dai cua mot vong da bid't. Phep do nay co do chfnh xac kha cao, vl bo tao dao dong
quet tron de thuc hien quet xoAn dc thudng lay tu bo tao dao dong bang thach anh cd do
on dinh cao. Vf du, khi tan sd cua bo tao dao ddng thach anh la 100 kHz, thi chieu dai
mdi vong la 10|asec; neu so vong do dupe la 20, thi do dai khoang thdi gian do la 200
|j.sec va sai sd cua no khdng bi vugt qua sai sd cua bo tao dao ddng thach anh.
De nang cao do chfnh xac cua phuong phap do bang cach quet xoan dc cd the dua
vao mach anot A-, cua dng tia dien tu dien ap khac do thdi gian. Nhu vay, dao ddng d6
cua dudng quet xoan dc cd xuat hien cac mui nhd nhu hinh 7-18b. Khoang cach giua hai
mui bang chu ky cua dien ap khac dd. Vf du, neu tan so cua bd tao dao ddng khde do
bang 5MHz, thi khoang thdi gian khac do bAng 0,2|isec.
Khi do khoang thdi gian cua cac qua trinh bien doi co chu ky, thi dao ddng do
quan sat dupe kha ro rang. Song khi do khoang thdi gian giua hai xung don thi can phai
chup anh dao dong do. Dao dong ky cd them thiet bi chup anh va bd phan co khf de
chup dupe khdng che bang mot co cau dien co dupe ddng bd vdi xung tao quet cua dao
dong ky. Ong tia dien tu cua dao ddng ky dupe dung la loai cd dd du huy cao.

288

Do khoang thdi gian bang phirang phap dem rdi rac thi cung co nguyen ly do
giong nhir khi do chu ky cua dao dong. Trong khoang thai gian do thi bo chon thai gian
dugc ma de dua tai bo dem dien tu cac xung tu bo tao dao dong thach anh co do on dinh
cao. Tir so lugng cac xung dem dugc va chu ky ciia chung, ta co the xac dinh dugc do
dai khoang thai gian cdn do. Vai phirang phap nay con co the do dugc ca do rong cua
xung. Khi do, bo chon thai gian dugc ma va dong bang cac xung co do rong rat hep,
tuang ung vai sudn trudc va sau cua xung can do. Do chinh xac cua phuong phap do nay
dugc nang cao khi khoang thoi gian do cang Ion va toe do dem cang cao. Vai cac thiet bi
do khoang thdi gian hien nay thi sai sd co the dat khoang 0,01%.
Tren thirc te do ludng dien tu hien nay, da co cac loai may do xung dugc cau tao
theo nguyen ly ve do thi thdi gian tren dng tia hay nguyen ly dem rdi rac. Nhung thiet bi
nay cho phep thuc hien dugc hdu nhu tat ca cac yeu cau do cac thong sd cua xung can
thiet.

7.2 0 0 MEO KHONG 0L/ONG THANG

Hien tuong meo khong duong thang xuat hien d he thdng mach dien co cac phan
tu khong dudng thang (vf du den dien tir, den ban dan, cuon day co loi...).
Nhung trudng hgp can xac dinh he sd meo khong dudng th/mg khi ta can xac dinh
cac thong sd ciia bo khuech dai hay cac bo tao dao dong dieu hoa. Trong ky thuat am
tan va cao tan ta thudng hay gap cac dao dong eo chu ky khong phai thuan tuy didu hoa.
Nguyen nhan co' ban cua meo khong dudng thing la do tfnh khong dudng thdng
cua he dac tuyen von-ampe khi co tac dung cua dien ap tfn hieu. Trong trudng hgp
chung thi dac tuyen nay co the viet theo dang gan diing la:
i = a + a,u + a ,u : +... + anu"

(14)

Trong do, u la trj sd dien ap tuc thdi d dau vao ciia mach, i la trj sd dong dien tuc
thdi d dau ra ; a(l...anla cac he sd.
Neu dat vao mach dien (hay he thdng) co phuong trinh bieu dien nhir (14) mot
dien ap co dang thuan dieu hoa thi o' dau ra ciia mach, ngoai thanh phan mot chidu va
thanh phan dong dien co tan so bang tan sd dien ap dua vao, con xuat hien mot so cac
phan lugng hai tan so khac ciia dong dien. Sir xuat hien cac phan luong hai do cac phan
tir khong dudng thang gay ra lam cho tfn hieu duoc truyen dat bj meo khong dudng
thang.
Hinh dang meo cang phuc tap neu nhu dua vao he thong (14) khong phai la mot
dien ap hinh sin. ma la tong so cac dien ap hinh sin. Khi do d dau ra ciia lie thdng. ngoai

289

cac phan luong song co tdn so hoi. thi con cac phan lirong song co tan so to hop. Vf du
truong hop don gian dien ap tong dua vao co hai thanh phan tan so:
u = U nll sin Q,t U in, sinQ ,t

(15)

th'i dau ra cua he thong, ngoai cac phan luong la tan so boi cua Q, va S2:. th'i con
cac tan so to hop:
(16)

mQ, p Q i
o day, ni va p la nhung so nguyen hat ky.

Van d6 nghien ciru cac dao dong chu ky co dang khong didu hoa tien hanh theo
hai cach voi hai yen cdu khac nhau:
a. Cach phan tich cac song hai rieng biet nhau. Khi muon tim cac nguyen nhan
gay meo khong duong thdng. thi can phai xet nhiem vu rieng biet ciia moi thanh phan
trong song phuc tap nay, nghTa la xac dinh tri so hieu dung ciia dien ap moi phan luong
song hai trong dien ap long hop.
Phuong phap nay ta xet toi trong tiet sau. no la phuong phap phan tich pho ciia dao
dong.
b. Cach xac dinh tong hop cac phan luong song hai. Khi meo dang it. thi su xac
dinh trj sd cua moi thanh phan song hai rieng biet thudng cling khong can thiet, hon nira
no con lam cho van de them phuc tap. yeu cdu thiet bi may moc dat tidn. Do vay, voi
truong hop nay thong thudng ngudi ta bo qua dien dp tdn sd co ban cua song nghien ciru,
va do trj sd hieu dung ciia cac dien ap song hai con lai. Cach do nay goi la do do meo
khong dudng thang.
He sd meo khdng dudng thang cua mot tin hieu duoc xac dinh bang ty sd ciia tri
sd dien ap hieu dung ciia tat ca cac song hai cua phd tin hieu trir thanh phan song hai co
ban, vdi trj sd dien ap hieu dung cua song hai co ban:

100%

(17)

Nhu vay, muon do lie so meo khong dudng thang thi can chia toan the phd ciia tin
hieu thanh hai thanh phan: mot thanh phan chi co song hai co ban, va mot thanh phan
khac gdm tat ca cac song hai, trir song hai co ban. Sau do, do tri sd hieu duns ciia moi
thanh phan tren, rdi tinh K, theo cong tlurc (17).
Tren tlurc te do ludng, thudng de cho thuan tien, ngudi ta do he so meo khong
duong thang bang:

290

Kr =

yj\j\ + U 3 + ...

100% =

a/u

?+ U : +...

-JU j" +-U ? + U 3 + ...

100% (IS )

d day , K n bdng ty so cua tri so dien ap hieu dung tat ca cac song hai trir song hai
bac nhat, voi tri so hieu dung cua tat ca tin hieu u(t). Nhu vay, voi trudng hop nay cdn
tach rieng song hai bac nhat, rdi do cac tri sd hieu dung cua chung.
Hai cong thirc (17) va (IX ) de xac dinh he sd meo khong dudng thang cd quan h&
vd nhau, neu do dirge K fl thi cd the tmh dirge K,. De tun dugc quan he giua chung, bien
doi cong thirc (18) bring cach dua U, ra khoi dau can thuc.
Ta cd:
K,

(19)

1+ K i
va cung tir (19)
K,- =

K,

(2 0 )

1- K;
Tren thuc te neu tin hieu cd do meo nhd, tuc K, khdng ldn qua vai phan tram th'i:
Kr|* K,. Trudng hop can do chinh xac K th'i dung cong thirc (20).

Hinh 7-19 Nguyen ly do meo khong dUdng thSng

So dd khoi cua cac may

do he so meo khong dudng
thdng theo nguyen ly cua cong
thuc (18) nhu h'inh 7-19.
Dien ap nghien cuu dugc
dua qua bd khuyech dai khong
gay meo cd he sd khuyech dai
dieu chinh duoc. Chuyen mach
CM 6 vi tii 1 la vi tri chuan.
Khi dd tri so chi cua von-met

291

ty le vai tri so dien ap hieu dung eua tfn hieu a dau vao bo khuech dai, nglua la dien ap a
mdu so eua cong thirc (18).
Didu chinh he so khuyech dai cua bo khuyech dai, sao cho co duoc tri so chi thfch
ung tren thang khac do cua von-met. Vf du nhir tirong ung vai vi trf cuoi thang cua dong
h6.
Sau do chuyen mach CM dugc chuyen vd vi trf 2 la vi trf cong tac. Tri so chi cua
von-met liic nay se thap hon, vl no ty le vai tri so hieu dung cua tat ca cac song hai trir
song hai bac nhat, nghTa la theo bieu thuc tir so ciia cong thirc (18). Song hai bac nhat bi
suy giam hoan toan, khong qua dugc bo loc chan. Tri so chi ciia von-met a Ian do thir
hai nay th'i ty le vai K fl va tlurang thi thang chia do ciia von-met dugc khac do theo tri so
K n.Von-met diing la loai von-met do tri so hieu dung cua dien ap; va trong hai lan do thi
tri so he so khuech dai ciia bo khuech dai dirge giu khong doi.
Bo loc chan de chgn loc song hai thuang dimg la loai loc R-C. Hinh 7-20 la so do
bo loc chan kidu cdu Vien. Hinh 7-21
____

____

la sa do bo loc chan kidu cau chir T

kep. Dac didm ciia cac bo loc nay la
chan dugc thanh phan song hai bac
Ur

Uy

rO

nhat, va cho qua tat ca cac thanh phan

ciia pho con lai. Uu diem ciia cac so
d6 nay la co the didu chinh dugc tan
so dd do khi can do a tan so bat ky
nao do trong dai tan so da xac dinh.

Hinh 7-21 Bo loc chan kieu cau chu T

7.3 PH A N TICH PH O TIN H IEU

Nhu ta da biet, mot tfn hieu vo tuyen dien co thd dugc dien dat bang hai phirang
phap, phirong phap ham so thai gian va phirang phap ham so theo tan so.
6

chuong dao dong ky ta da xet cac phuang phap quan sat tfn hieu kin no duoc

bidu didn theo ham so thai gian va each quan sat nay dugc thuc hien bang dao dong ky.
Ta con co the quan sat va nghien cuu tin hieu khi tfn hieu duoc bieu bieu dien theo
ham so ciia tan so va cung dugc thuc hien bang dao dong ky. Luc nay dao dong do co
dugc la theo quan he phu thuoc giira bien do cac thanh phan song hai cua tfn hieu. theo
tan so. Muon co cac dao dong do nhu vay, th'i true x ciia man ong tia dien tu la true
thang do tan so, con true y la true thang do bien do.

292

H'inh 7-22 la vf du dao dong do

~1

r~
mU0
2

bidu dien pho cua tfn hieu h'inh sin cao

1

mUp
2

|
\

t- F

tan duoc didu che bien do bdng dao

" 'f

Uo

1 .. ........

fa r F

Hinh 7-22 Phd cua tfn hieu dieu che

dong co dang thuan sin.

Cac thiet bi co the dung de tu
dong ve duoc d6 thi pho bien do - tan
so cua dao dong tfn hieu, co the do
duoc tan so va ty so bien do cac phan

luong rieng biet ciia pho la may phan tich phd. Cung con co loai may phan tfch ve d6 thi
pho theo quan lie binh phuong cua bien do ddi voi tan so. Loai nay bieu thi pho nang
luong (tire pho cong suat), va duoc dung dd nghien cuu cac tin hieu tap am.
Voi eac do thi phd da ve duoc, la co the phan tfch dac tfnh va do ludng duoc cac
thong sd ciia tin hieu. Vf du. cd the do duoc ty so cudng do ciia cac phan luong song hai
bac cao so vdi phan luong song hai bac nhat, tuc la xac dinh duoc he sd meo khong
dirdng thang cua tfn hieu. Vf du nhu vdi do thi pho ciia dao dong didu bien (hinh 7-22),
thi ta co the do duoc he sd didu che bien do. Thiet bi phan tfch pho con co the dung nhu
thiet bi chi thi, vf du chi thi do chon loc tan sd, chi thi do suy giam, chi thi do di tan cua
tfn hieu didu tan...
Nguyen ly cua thiet bi phan tfch pho la dua tren co sddung hien tuong cong hudng
de chon loc tan sd. Nhu ta eta biet, vdi cac mach cong hudng cd dai thong tan hep (tuc la
mach nay co he sd pham chat kha cao), thi bien do eua dao dong cudng buc se cuc dai
neu nlur tan sd tac dong trung hop vdi tan sd ban than (tan sd cong hudng) cua mach
cong hirdng va bien do do cd tri sd rat nho khi co lech cong hudng. Nhu vay, mach cong
hirdng d day co tac dung nhu mot bo loc, bo loc nay co kha nang tach rieng duoc cac
phan luong song hai khac nhau ciia tfn hieu vdi phan luong song hai co tan sd trung hop
vdi tan sd ban than ciia mach.
7.3.1 Phuong phap phan tich
Vd phuong phap phan tfch, cac thiet bi phan tfch ph6 co hai loai la loai phan tfch
song song va loai phan tfch ndi tiep.
H'inh 7-23 la so do mach dien va do thi giai thfch nguyen ly hoat dong ciia thiet bi
phan tfch phd loai song song, tlie la loai co nhieu dirdng phan tfch.
Vf du co mot he thdng bo loc dai duoc sap xep lien tiep ke sat nhau theo thang tan
so trong dai tan tu l mill-H'nuv. Moi dirdng cong cong hirdng ciia bo loc duoc bieu thi don
gian bang mot binh chu nhat; dai thong tan ciia bo loc nay bang At (hinh 7-23a). 6 day,
trong dai tan sd cua thiet bi phan tfch eo n bo loc nhu vay. vi:

293

n=

fmax - f m m
Af
Neu tin hieu dirge phan

a)

t
'mm

b)

i
I
i
I

i
I
I
I

i i
I I
- r

'

I '

f
max

tfch co pho nam trong dai tdn

cong tac cua he thong bo loc
nhu tren (hinh 7-23b); thi co tfn
hieu vao, moi bo loc se duoc
tac dong doi voi rieng tung

thanh phan pho ma tan so cua

thanh phan pho nay tuong ung
vdi tan so ban than cua bo loc.
Dau ra cua moi bo loc nay se
co dien ap ty le voi bien do cua
thanh phan pho tuong ung. Cac
dien ap nay dugc do bang cac
von met nhu (hinh 7-23c).
Biet tri so chi cua cac von
met, va biet tan so cong hudng
cua moi bo loc, thi co thd cau
tao dugc do thi ph6 cua tfn hieu
dien ap nghien cuu.
Thiet bi co phuong phap

Hinh 7-23 Phan tich pho kieu song song

phan tfch noi tiep thi chi co mot

bo cong huong. Bo cong hudng

nay co the dieu chinh dugc de tuong ung vdi tung tan so' mot trong dai tan so phan tfch
pho tu1fmm^fmaV Nhir vay, loai nay chi co mot dirdng va co the didu chinh duoc. No dem
gian hon nhieu so vdi loai phan tfch song song, vl loai phan tfch song song can phai co
nhieu dirdng phan tfch. Tuy nhien, ve thdi gian phan tfch thi loai nay lai tang hon. Do do
neu nhu bo loc cua thiet bi phan tfch loai song song can mot thdi gian bang At(sec) thi
mdi cham dirt dugc qua trinh qua do, thi de quan sat dugc thanh phan pho bang thiet bi
phan tfch loai ndi tiep, (ngay ca khi gia sir la sir bien doi tu thanh pho nay sang thanh
phan ke tiep la tuc thdi), thi can nAt(sec); vl vdi m6i sir didu chinh mdi cua bo loc thi
deu can thdi gian de co bien do on dinh.
Cung can phan biet cac bo phan tfch song hai va cac bo phan tfch phci. Cac bo
phan tfch song hai thi dung de do bien do va tan sd cua cac thanh phan song hai rieng
biet cua tfn hieu nghien cuu. Cac bo phan tfch pho thi de ve dugc do thi pho tren man
cua ong tia didn tu.

294

Hinh 7-24 la so d6 can tao cua may phan tich pho. No gom co bo loc dai hep didu
chinh dirge va mot dao dong ky. Nguyen ly cong tac cua thiet bi nay nhu hinh 7-24.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - i

Hinh 7-24 Nguyen ly phan tich pho kieu noi tiep

Dien ap tu bo tao dien ap quet rang cua dugc dua tdi cap phien lech X cua ong tia
dien tu. Dong thdi, cung dien ap nay dugc dua tdi de didu che tan sd bo chu song cua bo
tao dao dong didu tan. Tai bo tron tan co hai tin hieu dugc dua tdi la tin hieu can nghien
ciru pho va didn ap cua bo tao song didu tan. 6 bo tron tan. tan so cua bo tao song didu
tan ngoai sai cung vdi mot trong cac thanh phdn song hai cua tin hieu se tao ra mot tan
so mdi co tri gia bang hieu ciia hai tdn sd tren. Khi tan sd hieu nay bang tan sd cong
huong cua bo khuech dai trung tan tin phan lugng dien ap co tan sd do duoc khuech dai,
sau do duoc tach song roi lai dugc khuech dai bang bo khuech dai tan thap dd dua tdi
cap phien lech Y cua dng tia dien tir.
Tia dien tir se dugc lech so vdi dudng nam ngang (tuong ung vdi vi tri ban dau khi
chua co tin hieu tac dong), mot tri sd ty le vdi tri sd tiling binh ciia dien ap tin hieu
nghien ciru dua tdi, trong dai thong tan Af, (khi bo tach song co dac tuyen bac hai). Cu
qua mot khoang thdi gian nao do, khi tri sd tuc thdi ciia tan sd bo dao dong dieu tan bien
doi tao nen mot tan sd hieu bang trung tan vdi lan lugt hai thanh phan song hai ke tiep
nhau ciia tin hieu, thi dong thdi tia dien tir cung duoc dich chuyen theo true hoanh va
tren man lai xuat hien mot vach sang khac theo true dgc. Bien do ciia cac vach nay
tirong irng vdi dien ap (hay cong suat) ciia cac phan lugng thanh phan ciia pho. Nhu vay
qua mot thdi gian bang chu ky quet, vdi mot tia didn tir, no da ve dugc tren man dao
dong ky toan the cac vach phd ciia tin hieu nghien ciru.
Dd dien giai sir phan tfch tan sd tren duoc cu the hon, ta co thd vf du no tuong tir
nhir phirong phap bien tan bang cach ngoai sai nhu sau:

295

Gia sir co mot

may thu sieu ngoai

sai, co tan so ngoai

H r'

sai duoc didu chinh

trong dai tan la tir
C5n b
khuech dai trung tdn
duoc didu chinh co
dinh o tan so f. Vf
du

trong

dai

co

11

tan

dai lam

viec, chung co cac

tfn hieu voi cac tan
so la f,, f2,..., f.
Dd co the thu
duoc cac tan so tren,
thi ta didu chinh tan
so cua bo ngoai sai.
Khi tan so cua bo
ngoai sai la fn(ll sai
lech vdi tan so f,
mot trj sd dung bang
f,r
thi tan
sd f, cua dai thu nhat
duoc thu. Khi didu
chinh tan sd ngoai
sai tdi trj sd f ; de
f2- fn?2= f thi tan so
f, cua dai thir hai
duoc thu... Nhu vay
khi didu chinh tdn so
bo ngoai sai bien doi
Hinh 7-25

theo mot chu trinh tir

thi may thu

se thu duoc tat ca cac tfn hieu cua cac dai tu tdn so f, den fn.
Neu gia su d dau vao cua may thu, thay tin hieu cac dai la tfn hieu co dang:

2%

U(t) = X C K cos(27rkf,t + (pK )

k=l

d day, n thanh phan pho ciia no la I,; 2f, = f2; 3f, = fv ..nf, = fM.
Bo tao dao done
sai duoc didu che tan sd sao cho do di tan cua no bao triim
G
C* n&oai
dirge tat ca cac thanh phdn cua phd Nlnr the, khi bien doi tan sd cua bo ngoai sai thi tat
ca cac thanh phan pho se lan lugt
co sai lech vdi tan sd ngoai sai mot
tri sd bang

va chiing ddu duoc

lan luot thong qua dai thong tdn

ciia bo khuech dai trung tan.
Nguyen ly tao duoc do thi
pho ciia tin hieu tren man dng tia
dien tir dirge dien giai nhu hinh 7Hinh 7-25d Hien thj do thi pho tren
man hien song

25. 6 day, duoc dien giai vdi vf

du la

Tin hieu dugc phan tich pho la tin hieu xung vuong bien doi co chu ky va co he sd
ldn nhu hinh 7-25a. Hinh 7-25b la pho lien tuc (nho dac) ciia mot xuns don. Hinh 7T
25c la sir bien thien tan so cua dao dong didu tan va hinh 7-25d la do thj cac vach pho
tren man dao dong ky. (Cung can luu y la tren cac hinh ve 7-25 ty le xich thdi gian ciia
cac hinh khong giong nhau).
Mdi thanh phan pho duoc bieu thj bang mot vach sang tren man. Khoang each hai
vach tren thang tan so bang tan sd lap lai ciia xung tin hieu F = .
Bo tao song didu tan ciia thiet bj phan tich phd cung dugc cau tao vdi tinh nang
gioiig nhu ciia thiet bj de ve dac tuyeii tan sd. Vi bo phan tich pho thudng duoc diing cho
dai tan so rong hon. co khi tdi ca song cm, nen bo phat song didu tan con diing ca cac
den sieu cao tan nhu den Klystron phan xa. Tlurc hien didu che bang cach dua dien ap
rang cua vao cue phan xa. Yen can chii yeu ciia bo tao dao dong dieu tan nay la phai on
djnh tan so trung tain. Bdi vi neu khong on djnh se dan tdi tinh trang hoac lam djch
chuyen tai ca pho theo true tdn sd (khi tdn sd bien ddi tir tir). hoac la lam djch chuyen
tirng thanh phan rieng biet ciia phd (khi tdn sd bien doi nhanh). Nhu vay se kho quan sat
va lam giam do chinh xac do ludng cac thong sd cua phd.
Dac tuyen dieu che ciia bo tao dao dong dieu tdn phai thang (xem hinh 7-26). Khi
dac tuyeii thang thi phd cd hinh dang nhu hinh 7-27a, neu khong thdng thi thang do tdn

297

so se khac nhau doi voi cac phan khac

nhau theo duong quet ngang va pho se
bi meo dang theo chidu ngang nhu h'inh
7-27b.
Bo tao dien ap quet o day cung
giong nhu cua may ve dac tuyen tan so.
No dung de tao nen dudng quet ngang
tren ong tia clien tir va de dieu che tan
so.
Hinh 7-26 Dac tuyen dieu che
cua bo tao dao dong dieu tan

Toe do bien doi tan so cua bo phat

song didu tan phai sao cho dien ap tin
hieu tang toi duoc mure dien ap cuc dai
trong khoang thoi gian ung voi dai
thong tan cua bo khuech dai trung tan.
V'i vay, van dd chon h'inh dang va tan so
cua dien ap quet ciing can phai nho hon

25 Hz nhidu, va nhu vay muon quan sat

o)

duoc toan thd dao dong d6 cua pho can

chon ong tia dien tu co do du huy ldn.
Mot trong nhung khoi quan trong
ciia thiet bi phan tich phd la bo khuyech
dai trung tan tuy thuoc vao muc dich,
cong dung ciia may phan tich phd. Voi

b)

cac may phan tich tan sd thap th'i dai

Hinh 7-27 Meo phd do quet

thong tan duoc chon sao cho de cd kha

khong dudng thang

nang phan biet ro rang duoc hai thanh

phdn phd lan can nhau. Neu phd cdn

nghien ciru cd bang tan sd long va bao gdm nhidu thanh phan (vi du xung cd do rong
nhd va tan sd lap lai be), th'i van dd ve duoc tat ca cac thanh phan phd tren mot man cua
dng tia dien tir khong ldn lam la mot didu kho thuc hien duoc. Trong trudng hop nay chi
cd the ve duoc h'inh bao ciia phd. Dai thong tan khong can chon qua hep, ma chi can sao
cho thoa man ve duoc hinh bao. Do vay. cho thong qua dai thong tan khong phai chi
tirng thanh phan, ma la mot so thanh phan ciia phd. Dau ra ciia bo khuech dai cd cac
xung ma bien do ciia nd ty le vdi nang luong ciia tirng bo phan ciia phd. Do thi tren man
dao dong ky se rat giong voi pho thuc te. nhung d day moi vach pho doc la tuong irng
vdi nang luong xac dinh mot bo phan ciia phd.

298

Tan so trung tdn duoc chon dua tren yen can la sao cho loai bo duoc sir cho qua tin
hieu tan so anh. VI neu khong thi tren man hinh dao dong ky se xuat hien dong thoi ca
hai dang pho: mot la phd thuc, mot la pho anh. Muon khu bo su thong qua dudng anh thi
can phai tang tri sd tan sd trung tan.

Hinh 7-28 Mac tan so met 6 dau vao

Hai yeu cau: tang tan sd trung tan va giam nho dai thong tan la xung khac nhau, vi
trung tan cang cao thi cang kho thuc hien dai thong tan hep (do kha nang cau tao ma he
sd pham chat ciia bo khuech dai trung tan khong the thoa man). De khac phuc, trong
mot sd may phan tich pho thudng thirc hien hai bo bien tdn va khuech dai trung tdn.
He sd khuech dai duoc chon dua tren yeu cdu vd bien do cue tieu cua tin hieu
nghien cuu va bien do dua vao bo tach song. Bien do tin hieu dua tdi bo tach song khong
ty le vdi tat ca nang luong pho ma chi ty le vdi mot phan cua no, vi vay cung can phai
tmh tdi sir suy giam bien do nay.
Khi nghien cuu phd, dieu quan trong khong chi la quan sat dang pho, ma con van
dd do cac thong sd khac, nhu do bd rong cua tirng phan hay ca dai phd...
Dd do tdn sd, trong cac thiet bi
phan tich pho thudng diing tdn sd met
cong hudng mdc d dau vao (hinh 7-28).
Khi didu chuan tdn sd met, bien do vach
phd bieu thi co tdn sd tuong irng vdi tdn
1

|||

|||

| |

Hinh 7-29 Suy giam do mdc tan so met

so cong hudng ciia tdn so met bi suy

giam di khoang 15-35% do sir hap thu
nang luong ciia tdn sd met o' tdn sd do

nay (hinh 7-29).

De do bd rong ciia pho, ta diing cach so sanh phd can do vdi pho chuan. Thdng
thudng pho chuan duoc diing la phd ciia tin hieu dieu tan ma tdn sd dieu che cd dang
didu hoa. Hinh 7-30 la so' dd khoi ciia bo phan tao tin hieu cd phd chuan. Bo tao song
didu che phat ra dien ap hinh sin cd tdn so tir 1-10 MH/.. Dien dp nay dua tdi dieu chd bo
tao song chuan (ciing giong nhu bo tao song didu tdn tir bo phat song chuan duoc vao

299

bo tron tan cung vdi tin

hieu nghien cuu. Nhir
vay, d tren man eua
dao dong ky se xuat
hien pho cua tin hieu
nghien cuu va ca pho
cua tin hieu didu tan
chuan.

Khoang

cach

giua cac thanh phAn

cua pho chuan nhu vay
co the biet duoc.
Bien doi tan so

Hinh 7-30 Mach tao tin hieu co phd chuan

cua bo phat song dieu

che, thi cd the phoi hop hai thanh phan cua phd chuan vdi gidi han cac phan doan ciia
phd nghien cuu. Biet tan sd dieu che va sd luong cac thanh phan ciia pho chuan thi co
the xac dinh duoc diing cac phan doan ciia phd can do. Nhu vay, bien doi bien do dien
ap didu che thi cd the bien doi duoc sd luong cac thanh phan ciia phd chuan. Con bien
ddi tfiii sd dieu che se bien ddi duoc khoang each giua cac thanh phan cua phd chuan.
Do dd, cd the do duoc bd rong

(a)

ciia bat ky phd nao. H'inh 7-31

bieu thi cac vach phd khi do so

(b)
V

sanh, cac vach phd (a) la cac

thanh phan ciia pho can do, cac
_

Hinh 7-31 Do so sanh

300

vach (b) la cac thanh phan ciia

nho chuain.

bo bien doi tirong tir - sd hay bic'n doi so-tuong tir, ma vai trd cua chung quyet dinh toe
do xir ly ciia thiet bi do sd. Cac may phan tich pho co m icroprosessor didu khidn va bo
phan to hop cac tan so, da cho phep loai bo hay giam di dang ke cac han che dac trung
ciia may phan tfch pho tuong tir, vl da thu hep dang kd dai thong tan ciia cac bo chon loc
tan sd.
a. Nhi'fng nhn'cfc diem ciia m ay phan rich phd tiiong ti(

Khi xem xet ky so do khoi va nguyen tac hoat dong co the thay cac nhuoc didm
ciia may phan tfch phd loai tuong tu nhu sau:
- Gap kho khan khi xac dinh chfnh xac tan sd va do phan biet cho phep cao, khi
thay ddi tan sd ciia bo tao dao dong (ngoai sai)
- Do tuyen tfnh khong cao ciia true tan sd ciia man anh bdi vl dien ap hinh rang
cua khong phai la dien ap co do tuyen tfnh cao khi dien ap nay diing dd tao dao
dong didu tan, do do co sir khdng tuyen tfnh ciia dac tuyen didu che.
- Su' khdng trung hop (co dich chuyen) ciia cac thdi diem bfit dau cac chu ky tao
dao dong ngoai sai.
- Sir chfnh xac khdng cao ciia phep do dien ap (hay cong suat) tuong irng vdi cac
diem cuc dai ciia phd.
- Khdng thuan tien va cd sai sd ldn khi do do rong ciia phd; khdng cd kha nang
khach quan so sanh cac dir lieu thu duoc trong qua trinh thi nghiem va qua trinh
ghi lai cac ket qua do.
h. C ac kha nang ciia m ay phan tich phd lo a i so

Cac kha nang co' ban ciia may phan tfch phd sd la :
- Phan tfch duoc cac tin hieu dudi dang tuong tu hay dang sd.
- Phan tfch song song (nhidu kenh) bang thiet bi tuong ddi don gian va gon nhe.
- Phan tfch duoc trong linh vuc thdi gian thirc.
- Kha nang phan giai cao.
- Cd cac dang lay tri trung binh khac nhau (tuyen tfnh, hay ham mu).
- Cd bo bien ddi sd de do cac gia tri tiling binh binh phuong.
- Nhd duoc thdng tin ve phd trong mot thdi diem tuc thdi.
- Cd cac thiet bi nhd rieng de luu giu' cac ket qua phan tfch phd vdi muc dfch dua
ra man anh hinh anh ciia phd va so sanh voi cac pho khac.

301

- Liru giu cac dir lieu vd cac gia tii cue dai cua cac thanh phan, hay cong suat trung
binh ciia cac phd ma cac kenh dua ra.
- Chi thi bang sd va chu cac muc va tfin sd trung binh cac kenh tren man hinh ciia
dng tia dien tir.
- Didu khidn bring tay hoac theo chuong trinh cac che do lam viec.
- Co kha nang didu khien duoc tir xa.
- Co dau ra vdi giao dien bus chuan, co kha nang cimg lam viec vdi cac thiet bi
khac va may dien toan nho.

c. Ccic phitctng phap plum tic h

Cac may phan tich pho sd hien dai lam viec trong linh vuc thdi gian thuc da so
diing phuong phap nen ty le thdi gian va phirong phap loc.
Phuong phap loc cung dirge diing trong phan tich song song bang cach Igc so va
phan tich ndi tic'p bang each diing ngoai sai bien doi tan sd, trong dd viec do cac tan so
ciia bo ngoai sai hay thay doi cac tan sd to hop ciia no till diing cac thiet bi sd.

2. Thiet bi phan tich pho so diing he chon tuang tu

a. May plian tich vdi sit nen tin hieu trong ITnh vn'c thdi gian
Dd co the phan tich ndi tiep mot pho tin hieu co bd rong F bing may phan tich pho
tuong tir vdi dai thong tan cho phep Af ciia bo loc, thi can mot khoang thdi gian
AF'
,
,
t,i,, =---- - . Neu dai cho phep tirong ung vdi F la hep thi thdi gian phan tich se rat ldn.
(AO Mat khac, neu nhu gidi han tren ciia tan sd phd ma thap thi viec loc vdi dai thong cho
phep hep la mot viec rat kho ve mat ky thuat.
Thdi gian phan tfch co thd giam dang kd khi din dai tan ma pho ciia tfn hieu chiem
giir. Thuc te,*neu nhu chidu long ciia pho la F = nF, thi co the tang n lan dai thong tan
cho phep ciia cac may phan tfch (A f = nAf) ma vfui giu nguyen kha nang phan giai
khong thay doi. Ket qua la thdi gian phan tfch giam
Mo long pho len
ma co do dai nho hon

11
11

11

lan.

lan co the nhan duoc mot do thi (copy) ciia tfn hieu nghien cuu
lan tfn hieu ban dau (o dau vao ciia thiet bi do), cd nghla la da

nen tfn hieu trong linh vuc thdi gian lai (he sd nen la

11

). Viec chuyen hoa thang do thdi

gian dugc thuc hien nhd cac bo nhd. Trong do tuong ling vdi cac tfnh chat cua bien doi
Fourrier, cac pho nen va tin hieu ban dau co lien he sau:
S Jn F )= S (F )
n

302

So do khoi cua phan tich pho dung cac khoi so nen tin hieu trong lTnh vuc thoi
gian duoc bieu didn tren hinh 7-32.

Khoi nen tin hieu trong linh vdc thdi gian

X(1)

Bo nhd
gitfa

Bo biln doi
Tuong tu -So

Mach chon
va Uu

Khoi vao

Bo bien doi
So -Tuong tu 1

TV

---Bo nhd
ghi lai

Bo
dilu khien

May phat
Tin hieu - Dau

Bp biln doi
So -Tifdng tu 2

Bo loc
tSn so thip
(Trung tin)

Khoi tao
ngoai sai
bien doi tan s6

Y(t)

Man hinh
hien thi

Bo bien doi
S6 -Tuong tu 3

Mach
a)a so"

Bo trung
binh s6

Mach
chon va Il/u

Bo binh
phUdng so

Bo biln doi
TL/dng tu -S6

Hinh 7-32 May phan tich pho dung khoi nen tin hieu

De hieu ro hon cac kha nang cua thiet bi ta se xem xet cac tfnh chat co ban cua
mot may phan tich pho lam viec trong dai tan tir 0, l Hz den 20 Hz. Dai tan nay co the
chia ra lam 11 dai tan nho vdi cac tan sd bien tren (F h) la 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 Hz,
1, 2, 5, 10 va 20 kHz. Do rong tdi da cua dai thong cua bo chon la Af=0,025 Fb. NghTa
la d dai tan nhd thu nhat Af = 0,025 Hz, con d dai tan cuoi Af = 50 Hz. Nhu vay co ket
qua la bien ddi thang do thdi gian (nen tin hieu nghien cuu).
Thiet bi se lam viec nhu sau: tin hieu nghien ciru x,., duoc dua vao mach chon va
liru qua khoi vao, co chua bo suy giam,'bo loc tan sd thap va

khuech dai. Vdi sir tro

giiip ciia mach nay thi viec rdi rac hoa dien ap ciia tin hieu nghien cuu tien hanh trong su
lira chon vdi tan sd F = 3Fh, co nghTa la khoang cach lira chon T = l/3Fh. Nhung gia tri
da chon x(iT0) duoc ghi nhd d khoang thdi gian ngan can thiet dd co the chuyen doi
duoc bang bo bien doi tuong tu-so dien ap x(iT) thanh cac gia tri sd- tuong tu bang byte
(X bit). Nhung byte nhan duoc duoc ghi va bo nhd giua sau dd duoc dua vao bo nhd ghi
lai vdi dung lirong C (khoang 1200 bytes). Nhung byte duoc doc vdi tan sd cao

303

fd=12MHz hay van toe doc la v = 12.106 bytes/s trong khoang thoi gian AT = C/v (AT =
100 (.is) va chuyen tdi bo bien doi sd- tuong tir 1, bien doi sd thanh dien ap. Tfn hieu
tirong tir d dfiu ra y,n la mot copy nen cua tin hieu nghien cuu x(11 vdi bd rong pho (0...4
MHz). He sd nen k duoc xac dinh bAng ty le: fj/3Fb. Suy ra cho n, dai tan nhd thu nhat la
(F h= 10), k = 40000, con cho dai tan thu 11 la: k = 200.
Tin hieu y(ll dirge dua qua bo loc tan so thap trong dd Fc,t(F ) bang gidi han tren
ciia pho tin hieu nen (F c = 4 MHz). Tin hieu sau khi da loai trir moi thanh phan co tiin so
cao hon F duoc dira vao khoi tao ngoai sai bien doi tan sd. Dien ap dau ra ciia bo bien
d6 i sd-tirong tu 2 se ngay cang tang len theo quy luat tuyen tinh va lam viec lac" tan so
cua bo tao ngoai sai dau tien. Dien ap nay cung la dien ap quet cho man hinh dung dng
tia dien tir. Mot vong ldc tan so tir Fllg0ili siluninden Fn&0;lisaim;ix chiem mot khoang thdi gian
being N sd t&n sd ghi sd va doc no, nghTa la Tv6llg = N. AT =NC/v (N = 400: Tv11(. = 40
ms). Tin hieu sau ba lan bien doi ngoai sai
= 2,54 MHz; fg()n, s;

s., = 16,27 MHz;

Sill = 13,73 MHz;

= 2,29 MHz; flliy6nlinh = 250 MHz) cd thd bi sira khi cho

qua mach cira s6 co nghTa la tirong dirong vdi viec thay doi bien do-tan sd ciia bo loc.
Neu nhu' mach ciia sci khong mac vao mach ma tin hieu phai qua thi ta coi tin
hieu qua cira sd vuong . Tiep do tin hieu bien thanh dang sd nhd mach chon va liru
cung nhu' mach bien doi tuong tu-so va qua bo binh phuong sd hay la bo trung binh so.
Co cac che do lam viec khac nhau: truydn den bo bien doi so-tuong tu 3 khong qua phep
trung binh, hay qua phep trung binh tuyeii tinh hay ham sd mu, ghi lai eac gia tri cuc
dai. Trong khoi trung binh co hai bo nhd de nap va luu phd. Noi dung ciia chung co the
duoc the hien duoc thd hien tren man hinh dng tia dien tu, dong thdi hay lan luot. Tir dau
ra ciia bo trung binh sd, ma sd dirge chuyen den bo bien doi so-tuong tir 3 ma tir day so
chuydn thanh dien ap. Dien ap nay se xuat hien d dau vao Y cua kenh lech dgc. Dau vao
X cua kenh lech ngang man hinh cung xuat hien cac dien ap tir d&u ra cua bo bien doi
so-tuong tu 2 ma dien ap quet ngang cua dng tia dien tu.
Tren man hinh xuat hien N dai sang nho, tuong ufng vdi cac kenh phan tich tan so
(N = 400). Dien ap didu khien bang sd duoc sir dung dd didu khien bo tao dao dong
ngoai sai co tan sd bien doi tuyen tinh va quet ngang cua dng tia dien tir. No cung se
dam bao rang tat ca cac diem bat dau cac vong tao dao dong tAn sd se trung nhau va tai
dai sang thir i (ciia kenh thir i) cung se xuat hien trung nhau tai cimg mot ch6 tren man
anh trong nidi vong dao dong. Co kha nang nira la ngudi sir dung cd thd danh dau kenh
rieng quan tain (vi du kenh k). Muon vay tren bo do tan sd (tren so do khoi hinh 7-32
khong thd hien) can phai dua gia tri trung binh tan sd ciia kenh k vao, va bat len bang
tay. Dai k se sang hon. Gia tri bien dg ciia thanh phan phcS (gia tri trung binh cua cong
suat tren phan pho nay) se dugc hien bit tren man hinh dudi dang so.
h. M ux pln'in tich phd vdi bd to hop tun sd cluo'c dieu khien bung Microprocessor

304

- Viec ap dung bo to hop tan so dirge didu khidn bdng microprocessor giai quyet
duoc hai van dd chinh:
- Xac dinh duoc chfnh xac tdn so trung binh cua dai tdn so dao dong bo ngoai sai
(sai so I Hz trong tdn so trung binh 40 MHz) va cac tan so d bien.
Dat duoc do phan biet cao (vf du dai thong tan cua bo loc Af = 3 Hz khi tan sd
trung binh cua tfn hieu la 40 MHz).
Ngoai ra do chfnh xac phep do bien do cac thanh phan tan sd duoc nang cao, ket
qua do duoc the hien tren man h'inh dng tia dien tu dudi dang sd va duoc luu lai trong bo
nhd; viec didu khien thiet bi don gian, co the lap chuong trinh duoc.
Bo to hop tan sd ma thuc hien chuc nang cua bo ngoai sai se thay the' may phat dao
dong didu tdn. Didu dd cho phep thuc hien viec didu chfnh chain tan sd cua bo ngoai sai
trong didu kien tan sd thay d6 i theo tuyen tmh va co do on dinh Ion.
Do cac tfnh nang cao eua bo to hop tan sd dat duoc trong cac to hop tfch cue tan sd
vdi viec dung bo tu dong didu chinh pha tan sd. Cung can nhac lai nguyen ly bo tu dong
didu chinh pha tdn so.
So d6 khoi cua bo tu' dong didu chinh pha tan sd nhu hinh 7-33.

Hinh 7-33 Bo tudong dieu chinh pha-tan so

Tren mot dau vao cua bo tach song pha xuat hien dien ap tdn sd chuan fchlL111, con d
dau vao khac la hieu didn the fph. tir may phat didu khien bang dien ap. Dien ap dau ra
bo tach song pha lam nhiem vu tron tan xac dinh bang tan so va pha cua tfn hieu dau
vao. Do la mot tap hop cac dien ap cd cac tdn sd khac nhau. Bo loc tan so thap cho qua
cac nhung dien ap la hieu cua tan sd fchlK,n - f|)h. Bdi vl tdn sd cat f cua bo loc tdn sd thap
nen tin hieu lot qua bo loc tdn sd thap khi ma f

(i s khac ft vdi fchufln, tuc la khdng ldn

hon fL Tfn hieu ra cua bo loc sau khi duoc khuech dai se ra dau ra cua bo tu dong didu
chinh pha tdn sd, cung nhu theo dudng phan hoi nguoc lai may phat dd thay doi tan sd
fphal cho gan vao tdn sd fchlumcho den khi fpha, bdng fdluAn, sau do mach tu dong didu chinh

pha tdn sd theo doi theo tan sd fph.ir VI co sir khac nhau giua cac pha cua tfn hieu vao bo
tach song nen o' dau ra xuat hien dien ap mot chidu cd gia tri du de giu cho tan sd f h;il

305

bdng tan sd fchllin. Mach tir dong dieu chinh pha tdn sd se thuc hien chirc nang neu f^, va
fthuan khong khac nhau nhieu 1dm. Cac gidi han duoc xac dinh bdng dai tdn theo doi
(khac vdi dai tdn ndm bat).
Bay gid chung ta xem bo tong hop tdn sd co chura mach tu dong didu chinh pha
(hay con goi la mach vong khoa pha).
Sod 6 khoi bieu dien tren h'inh 7-34.

Bo loc
tin s6 thap

May phat dude dilu

khiln bang dien ap

Dau ra

fph^nfo

Diu vao
fch

Khuech
dai

'

Bo tach
song pha

fph/n

4-----

Bo chia tin sd dude

chucfng trinh hoa

<--

fph

Z X
Ma so dieu khien

Hinh 7-34 Bo tong hgp tan so chda mach vong khoa .pha

sau khi t;ua bo chia tdn sd va dugc giam di n ldn. Cd nghTa la d cac dau vao ciia bo tach
song pha cd: fch;inva fphil/n, d day tin hieu tir may phat se dong bo vdi tin hieu chuan. He
sd chia n d bo chia tdn sd co thd thay doi dugc nhd sir thay doi ma sd didu khidn tir khoi
didu khien. Nhu vay khi thay doi gia tri n co thd nhan dugc mot tap hgp cac gia tri ciia
tdn sd tin hieu ra tir may phat tan sd ma thudng goi la ludi tan so . Nhung nhung budc
ciia ludi tdn bang gia tri fthllAll. De co the giam dugc nhung budc ciia ludi tdn ngudi ta
diing bo chia tan sd vdi he sd chia co phan bd thay doi. Nhung sir khac nhau giira bo t6
hgp dung mach tu dong didu chinh pha tan sd cd chira bo chia tdn sd phan sd thay doi
vdi nhirng bo to hgp thudng la tin hieu ra ciia may phat co thd dong bo vdi tin hieu co
tdn sd n f'ch,ul vdi n la gia tri nguyen hay la phan sd. Ta hay xem xet nguyen tac hoat
dong ciia mach tu dong dieu chinh pha tan sd vdi bo chia tdn sd co phan sd thay doi.
Sod 6 khoi the hien tren hinh 7-35.
Trong trudng hgp chung gia tri tan sd tin hieu ra ciia bo phat tdn sd didu khidn
bdng dien ap co the viet dudi dang: fK1 = (n + a ) .fchua-n/ d day n la sd nguyen a la phan
sd thap phan (0<a<l). Phan n. f.humgpi la phan nguyen, con af.hlKmla phan le cua gia tri

306

fra. Neu cho fchlliin khong d6\ thi so n co the thay doi bang bo chia tan so de thay doi he so
tfnh. Vf du cho fchu1n= l MHz va cho he sd chia n = 10 thi phan nguyen frase la 10 MHz.
Neu cho a = 0 ,1

(ngudi ta thudng ndi trong trudng hop nay la tan sd bi lech di mot

phan thap phan). Mdi mot chu ky tfn hieu chuan tuong irng vdi (n+a)

chu ky tfn hieu

ra cua bo may phat. Cd nghTa la vdi mdi mot chu ky mdi cua tfn hieu chuan tfn hieu ra
ngay cang lech pha (sdm hon) so vdi pha cua. tfn hieu la phan nguyen nfchu!jn. Trong
quang thdi gian (l/ a )T chu!ln phan lech pha sdm trudc se bang chu ky cua tfn hieu ra,

Hinh 7-35 Bo chinh pha tan

sd dung bo chia tan co phan sd thay doi

trong vf du tren vdi a = 0,1 thi la sau 10 chu ky cua tfn hieu chuain (hay 101 chu ky
cua tfn hieu ra).
Sau khi chia tan sd, tfn hieu ra n d dau vao hai bo tach song pha se cd tfn hieu ma
sdm trudc tfn hieu chuan vd pha fchu1n vao dau l, trong dd su khac biet vd pha ngay cang
ldn. De khac phuc trong so dd khoi cd nhung nut dd chinh lai. Nguyen ly cua nd la khi
ma do lech pha bang chan nguyen mot chu ky thi tir tfn hieu ra se cat mot doan cd do dai
bring mot chu ky ciia tfn hieu dd qua bo chia. Liic dd gia tri trung binh cua tan so d dau
ra cua bo chia tan sd se la fchuan. Viec cat chu ky phai duoc lap lai nhidu lan mdi khi do
lech pha bang mot chu ky. Do do lech pha ngay cang ldn cua tfn hieu chuan cua tin hieu
vao bo tach song tir bo chia thi dien ap o' dau ra cua bo tach song se tang tuyen tfnh. Khi
do lech bang mot chu ky nguyen ciia tfn hieu ra tir bo phat va xay ra viec cat thi dien
ap tut nhanh xuong khdng. Nhu vay d dau ra cua bo tach song pha se tao ra dien ap cd
hinh rang cua vdi chu ky T = ( l/a) .Tch(trong vf du tren thi T = 10 (is). Dien ap nay se
cong vdi dien ap ddng mot chidu.

307

06 co the "cat dung dirpc chu ky cua tfn hieu ra cua bo phat th'i can xac dinh va
chot diing thoi diem khi ma do lech pha bang mot chu ky va lenh cho mach cat . Didu
do xay ra nhu sau: Trong bo ghi phan thap phan so co ghi gia tri a .

M 6 1 mot chu ky

moi cua tin hieu chuan th'i so do chuyen sang bo ghi luu. Trong bo ghi gia tri nay tfch
dan len so ma no dac trung cho do lech pha: sau mot chu ky ghi a
sau hai chu ky ghi 2 a
6

(6

(6

vf du tren la 0 , 1 );

vf du tren la 0,2); ...v.v. Khi nao gia tri bang 1 th'i bo ghi day va

dau ra xuat hien tfn hieu trail. Luc do la thoi didm ma do lech pha co gia tri bang mot

chu ky. Tfn hieu tran la lenh cho mach cat . Tu so do khoi thay rang de co the giam
duoc cac budc cua ludi tan so th'i can tang lupng bac trong bo ghi phan so. Cung co the
xay ra trudng hop khi so lan (x khong bang 1 (vf du a = 0,3), liic dd mach lam viec nhir
sau. Sau chu ky dau cua tfn hieu chuan trong bo ghi nhd nhirng dich chuyen pha se ghi
a, sau hai chu ky la 2a, sau ba chu ky la 3a va ...v.v. Vf du sau ba chu ky la 3x0.3 = 0,9.
Sau bon chu ky se la 1,2, nhung v'i dung lupng cua bo ghi chi la 1 nen phan thua 0,2 se
dupe chuydn vao bo tong bang sd va vong thu hai luu se khdng bat dau tu 0 ma tu 0 , 2 va
cir nhu the. Khi nao trong bo ghi co bang 1 th'i bo ghi phat tfn hieu day" o dau ra . Luc
do cung vdi thdi diem su lech pha bang mot chu ky tfn hieu chuan.
Tfn hieu ra cua bo tach song pha, nhu da noi d tren la mot tong gdm hai phan: mot
phan khong doi va mot phan thay doi la didn ap cd dang rang cua. Phan khong thay doi
dupe dung de didu khien bo phat tan sd trong mach tu dong dieu chinh pha tan sd, con
phan thay doi phai tim each loai trir bdi v'i no se tao ra sir dieu chd tan so khdng can thiet
cho tfn hieu dau ra cua bo tach phat tan sd. Dc trung hoa phfm thay doi ngirdi ta dung bo
bien doi so-tuong tu va bo dao mach. Tren dau vao cua bo bicn doi so-tuong tu se thay
doi tuong irng vdi nhung thay doi cua cac sd ghi trong bo ghi luu va se duoc trung binh
hoa nhung dien ap co dang rang cira. Sau khi dao mach dien ap nay cua bd bien doi se
cd cue ngupc vdi cuc cua didn ap dau ra cua bo tach song pha (co h'inh rang cua) va
dirpc dua vao bo cong dien ap, o day se didn ra qua trinh trung hoa can thiet.
Can noi them d phan ket luan rang bo vi xu ly co trong thanh phan cua may phan
tfch pho (bai toan chu yeu cua no la didu khidn bo phan tfch tan sd) da lam cho bo phan
tfch pho tfn hieu co cac tfnh chat mdi. No cho phep giam sd lupng cac bo phan didu
khien, dua thong tin vao thiet bi trong cac dang khac nhau, hieu chinh dd. xac dinh dirpc
tan so cua tfn hieu can phan tfch; do dupe tan sd cua cac phan cua phci (hay la tan so
trung binh cua mot doan cua pho), tir dong thiet lap cac dai phan do. ket hop duoc chirc
nang dieu khien do cho phep cua may phan tfch va do dai didn ap quet vdi chuc nang dc
didu khien do di tan.
Bo vi xir ly tien hanh hieu chuan tu dong sau mot khoang thdi gian dinh k\. No se
do cac gia tri lie sd truyen dat cua kenh tfn hieu va thirc hien cac dieu chinh can thiet;
cho cac lie sd chinh vao khi bi yeu do bo

3OX

sun

giam khac so vdi b'inh thudng; chinh lai

cac tan so cua bo tao ngoai sai khi co sir sai lech cua cac gia tri thuc te cua tan so so voi
yeu cau ...v.v.
7.3.3 May phan tich pho dung bo vi xir ly voi thuat toan bien doi nhanh Fourrier

1. Khai quat ve bien doi nhanh Fourrier

Bien doi nhanh Fourrier la mot thuat toan de! tmh nhanh ham bien doi Fourrier:

va

S(M)= jx,ue

(2D

x (t) =

(22)

J S ((0)eJ,,,l.d(o

voi o) = 2nf la tan so goc

Cong thirc (21) va (22) goi la cap bien doi Fourrier, trong do ham S((0| chua ca
thong tin v i pho cua bien do va pho cua cua pha. Phan tfch pho bang so dua tren viec
tfnh toan bien doi roi rac Fourrier.
Neu phan diem thdi gian thi tfn hieu x((1), se bien thanh mot tap hop cac diem chon
roi rac. Neu nhu viec chon duoc thirc hien sau mot khoang thdi gian T 0 th'i ta se co day
x,(iT), d day i = 0, 1, 2, ..., N-1, do dai la: T = NT,,.
Ta se cho rang ham x,(iT) la tuan hoan va chu ky cua no la T = NT,,. Ham tuong
irng vdi no trong vung tan sd la S,(l),(kAf) la ham cua cac gia trj rdi rac tan sd k = 0, 1,2,
..., N-l, vdi A f = ---- la khoang cach giua cac tan sd.

M-T0
Hai ham x,(iT0) va S((1))(kAf) lien he vdi nhau qua cap bien d6 i rdi rac Fourrier
N-l

S((t>)(kA f) = T0 X x(t)(iT()).e

27Ilk

(23)

i=()
N -l

j27T,k

x(t)(iT0) = Af X S,(i)1(kAf).e N

(24)

k= 0

Trong do: T,,Af = 1/N

Bdi ham x,(iT) dirge xem xet la tuan hoan vdi chu ky NT,, th'i khi ham S(,.,,(kAf)
bien ddi thanh ham x,(iT) ta co mot chu ky tfn hieu x,(iT).

309

Tir cap bien doi fourrier (21) va (22) co the viet dudi dang:
x
r
x(l)(iT0) = Af +2>[(i
+ lN)T0]i

va

S (w)(kA f) = T0 X S [(k + pN)Af]

(25)

(26)

p=-x-

Tir (25) va (26) thi (23) va (24) co the viet dudi dang:
1 N-l

S i=

- E V
IN j=()
N -l

- j2 k

(27)

J 27l,k

X (D = A f Z s k-e N
k=0

(28)

trong dd: Sj. = S(0))(kAf). Af va x(j) = xt(iT0) vdi i la diem chon cua day (25) ma m6 i
chu ky chua N diem.
Tfnh toan (27) va (28) ddi hoi sd lugng cac phep tinh rat ldn. No ddi hoi khoang
N: cac phep sd hgc. (V f du N =1000 thi can 1.000.000 phep tfnh). De; rut gon khoi lugng
va thdi gian tfnh ngudi ta dung cac thuat toan bien doi nhanh Fourrier (BN F).
Dang thuat toan BN F phu thuoc vao chgn sd N. Thuat toan don gian nhat la khi N
= 2" (n la sd nguyen). Thong thudng theo dinh ly Ka-chen-nhi-cop th'i N co gia tri Ion
hon 2 B L trong do B la do rong ciia pho tfn hieu x(<0) do bang Hz, con L la dd dai ciia tfn
hieu do bang giay (s).
Ta se xem xet ban chat BN F .
Bieu thirc (27) viet dudi dang:
1 N >

S k = r : S x lll.W ,k

(29)

N i=()

)2n
Trong do W = e

N va j = V T

Vi N cd gia tri chan nen khi ham rdi rac hoa tfn hieu x((.,, th'i cd the chia lam hai
day chdn va le: xl2l) va x(:i+ll, trong do i = 0, 1,2, ..., (N/2 - 1)
Mdi day co N/2 thanh phan.
Vf du:
Khi N = 21 = 8 ta cd day:

310

X,2i,
(2i+l,

x (2) X(4) X<6)

(I)

X(l)

X(3) X(5) X(7)

(II)

, p dung ham bien doi roi rac Fourrier voi hai day vai N/2 thanh phan.
Theo (29) thi:

S . O O ^ Z x ^ . W 2*

(30)

N i=0

N-i

S|i(k) = - ^ 2
Z x , 2lill.W 2ik

(31)

N i=()

Trong do: k = 0, 1,2, ..., (N/2-1)

Can phai tim cac gia tri cua S(k, vai day x(j) cho trudc. Bdi vi Slk) bao gom hai day
\ 2 i , V a X (2i+1 > n e , 1 :

r 1

r 1

i=()

i=()

sk= - Z
k

X|2,,.W 2ik + Z xl2jtll.W :

hay

Sk =

-I

x(, , , . w 2ik + W,kk Z

I x , 2 i+i,.W

1=0

2ik

1=0

vai 0< k < N/2

Sk = S,(k) + W kSu(k)

(32)

Vdi nhung gia tri N/2< k < N thi S,(k) va Sn(k) se nhan lai nhung gia tri sau chu ky
N/2 bang nhirng gia tri vdi k<N/2.
Ta co

W k+N/: = W k.e'j7t = -Wk

nen

Sk = S,(k) + W kSn(k)

(33)

Ket hop (32) va (33):

S,kl = S,(k) + W kSM(k)
^(k+N/2) = S,(k) - W kSM(k)
vdi ()< k < N/2.

311

Vi du: vdi N = 8 va k =2 th'i:

S(2) = S,(2) + W :S|,(2)
S(6) = S,(2) - W 2S(2)
Nhir vay la co the xac dinh dugc gia tri cua ham S(k) cua day x(jl tu N diem chon
bdng cac he so cua bien doi vi phan Fourrier day x(2j) va x(2i+l) voi mdi day co N/2 diem
chgn. Dd tinh

va Sk+N/2 ta chi c&n tinh S,(k); S(k); W k S(k), tuc la N phep tfnh cong va

N/2 phep nhan voi W k.

Tuong tu nhu the viec tfnh cac gia tri cua bien doi vi phan Fourrier ciia hai day x(2i)
va x(2j+h se bien thanh viec tinh cac gia tri he sd ciia bien doi vi phan Fourrier ciia bon
day vdi N/4 didm chgn cho m6i day. Lay vi du tren (N=X) th'i tir day x(2il ta tao hai day:
x,o,

xl4,

(III)

x,2)

xl6)

(IV )

tir day x(2i+1)ta tao:

X,l,

X(5,

(V )

X(3)

X,7)

(V I)

Trong trirdng hgp chung N= 2" th'i co n budc lam

11

= log2N, nhu vay de giam bac

tinh ciia bien doi vi phan Fourrier. Tren moi budc can N phep cong va N/2 phep nhan,
nen de thuc hien xong BN F can n x N phep cong va (N/2) x n phep nhan. Sd lugng phep
tfnh can lam la: 3/2Nn = 3/2Nvlog2N. B'inh thudng sd lugng phep tmh la 2N\ nhu vay khi
diing BN F cho phep ta giam dugc:4/3Nlog2N lan. Vf du: N = 2" = 1024 th'i diing BNF so
lugng phep tinh giam hon 100 lan.

2. So do khoi cua may phan tich

Thong thudng trong cac may phan tich diing thuat toan BN F th'i sd diem chon
thudng lay la N = 2" (n la so nguyen). Neu n = 10 th'i N = 1024, th'i BN F la bien doi
trong khoang tan sd 1024 gia tri ciia diem chgn rdi rac hoa theo thdi gian. Ta se nhan
dugc trong viing bien doi tan sd N gia tri tong hgp ma phan bd tren true tan so sau mot
quang 1/NT() (T la quang each diem chon rdi rac hoa theo thdi gian). Dd cho dd ta xem
xet nhung pho nam trong cac phan co gia tri duong ciia tan sd.
Sd lugng p la cac bo lgc tuong duong dugc tao ra do BN F la tuong do! ldn, vi du
p
neu N = 1024 th'i p = 400. Bo loc se co khoang cach dai tan (3 = .
P

312

Dai cho phep (gia tri cua cac tan sd bien thap horn gia tri trung binh cua dai la 3
dB) se la; (),XXf3 trong trudng hop djch chinh tuyen tfnh va 1,44 trong trudng hop djch
chinh d cua so".
Tren h'inh 7-36 la so do khoi ciia phan tich pho dung bo vi xir ly de tinh toan theo
thuat toan BNF, lam duoc cac chuc nang didu khien dua thdng tin vao bdi ban phfm, the
hien ket qua phan tfch len man h'inh, .v.v.
Bo vi xir ly (microprocessor) tfnh toan theo chuong trinh luu trong bo nhd. Trong
do bo giai ma ciia phep tfnh giai ma khong chf cac lenh trong chuong trinh ma con
thong tin vd tmh trang cac co quan didu khien ban phfm bing cac chuong trinh khac. De
tang nhanh qua trinh xir ly trong bo vi xir ly cd ca bo nhd cd chua bang tfnh luong giac.
No cung dupe diing khi tidn hanh djch chinh d cira sd . Viec do dupe tien hanh vdi
nhom cac gia trj chon lira trong vung thdi gian, co nghTa la trudc khi bien doi trong vung

Hinh 7-36 May phan tich pho dung pP

tan sd. Bang tfnh logarit cung co chira trong bo nhd cho phep day nhanh qua trinh
chuyen tir ty Id tuyen tfnh sang ty Id logarit.

313

De liru gia cac dir lieu tmh th'i dung RAM . Dung luong cua no phu thuoc vao kha
nang cua may phan tfch. V f du trong mot may phan tfch lam viec trong dai tu 0,025 Hz
den 20 KHz th'i dung dung luong R A M la 8Kbyte.
Thiet bi con co card

giao dien (tren h'inh 7-36 khong bidu didn) noi voi

microprocessor cho phep ndi may phan tfch vdi giao didn he thdng.
Mac du BN F cho phep tang nhanh loi giai nhung van phai thuc hien mot sd lupng
ldn phep tfnh, vf du N = 2" = 1024 th'i cn 10.000 phep tfnh. Cac phep nhan la lau nhat vi
vay muon md rong dai tan cua may phan tfch th'i cdn tang nhanh phep nhan. Muon the
ngudi ta cho them mot microprocessor rieng vao mach ciia may phan tfch de lam phep
nhan ma tran hoac la dung microprocessor 16 bit loai tong hop.

3. Block vdo
Kha nang cua may phan tfch phan ldn phu thuoc vao block vao (dupe didu khien
bAng bo vi xir ly). So do va so do didu khien dupe bieu didn tren hinh 7-37.
Bo
khuyech dai
1 <>

Bo
suy giam
. ---- J

Bo loc
tan so thap
..j

Bien doi
Tuang ta -S6

Mach chon
va Uu
tk

Den giao
dien vao I

Ngu6n tin
hieu chuan

Bo ghi dieu khin

ch do lam viec

Bo chia tin so
cac xung chon

---- 7%----Tif giao dien ra I

T ii may phai
tin hieu nhjp

Hinh 7-37 Bo dieu khien block vao

Tu hinh 7-36 va h'inh 7-37 ta thay mach dieu khidn nhan dupe lech tu bo vi xir ly
qua giao dien ra 1 se tir dong xac djnh he sd tang ciia bo khuyech dai va he sd truyen ciia
bo suy giam. Bo loc tan sd thap de loai bdt mot sd thanh phan ciia tfn hieu cd tan sd cao
hon tan sd F h la gidi han tren ciia dai t;in nho ciia may phan tfch cung do bo xir ly didu
khidn, tuc la tu dong xac lap tan sd ciia Fc ciia phan loc: no dupe thiet lap sao cho Fc = Fh
trong moi dai tan nho.
Tfn hieu d dau ra ciia bo loc tan sd thap se dupe qua mach chon va luu, d day se
chon cac diem tuong ling vdi cac xung chon nhjp tir bo chia tan sd. Tan so ndi tiep ciia
cac xung dd khi chuydn cac dai tan nho dupe tir dong xac djnh la 2,56 Fh nhd bo chia
tdn. Trong khoang thdi gian ngan do cac gia trj ciia tfn hieu qua bo bien doi tuong tu - so
se bien ddi thanh cac gia trj sd - tuong ung. No dirpc chuydn vao bus dir lieu cua bo vi
xir ly qua giao dien 1 va dirpc xir ly theo thuat toan BNF.

314

Trong thanh phan cua bp vao co chira nguon tin hieu chuan dung de hieu chinh cac
thong sd ciia bo khuyech dai va suy giam, cung nhu ciia cac phan khac. Tan sd ciia tin
hieu chuan dupe tu dong chon sao cho gia tri ciia nd tuong utng vdi mot dai phat sang d
man hien thi.

4. Man bien thi

Tren hinh 7-38 la so dd khoi ciia man hidn thj ciia may phan tfch. Nhirng thong tin
eSn dupe the hien tren man hinh dng phong tia dien tir dupe bo vi xir ly dua thong qua
giao dien ra 2 vao bp nhd sd (bam cac phim quy djnh tren ban tai mat trudc ciia thiet bj).
Trong bo nhd cd the chua chu sd, nhan dupe khi lay m&u va nhd bp bien doi tuong tu-so:
cac di? lieu ciia mot phd trong mot thdi diem tire thdi hoac cac du lieu dac trung ciia mot
pho trong mot thdi diem tuc thdi hoac cac du lieu dac trung cho mot pho trung binh.

Bo bin doi
S6 -Ti/dng tu
quet ngang

-----

iL

-K
V

Bo chon
dai sang

Ong tia
dien ti)
ik

4-----

Bo bien ddi
S6 -Tudng tu
quet dcc

ZY

May phat
ky tU

Hinh 7-38 Man hien thi cua may phan tich phd
Man hinh co the the hien dupe mot sd lupng ldn nhung gia trj phan biet diem trong
bp nhd (vi du p = 400). Trong trudng hop cd nhu cau the hien gia trj cac diem chon ciia
tin hieu thi tir nhom chon (vi du N = 1024) chi the hien mot phan ciia no (k diem chon);
vi du nhu cach 2 diem thi chon 1. Tat nhien cd kha nang the hien cac didm chon lien tuc
nhau va co thd djch chuydn dupe theo true thdi gian.
Kich thudc hinh anh theo chieu doc tuong irng vdi dai tan dong ma the hien qua
don vj logarit (vi du 80 dB). Gidi han tren va dudi dai tan tuong irng vdi cac dudng bien
ciia khac dd ciia man hinh. Gia trj gidi han tren dupe thiet lap tir ban phim (80, 40, hay
20 dB). Do co thd thay doi bac ciia dao dong tat dan ciia bo suy giam trong khoi vao mPi

315

10 dB nen xuat hien kha nang quan sat pho trong tat ca dai tan dong (80 dB) hoac pho
md rong theo chidu doc mot phan cua no, (40 hay 20 dB).
Tren man h'inh dng tia dien tir ddng thdi vdi may phat ky tu co dua ra thdng tin
bang chu sd vd viec thiet lap cac gidi han dong va tung phdn cua dai tan nhd, cac gia tri
bang sd va cac don vi do cac thong sd khac ciia tin hieu dupe nghien ciru, cac gia tri
phan didm (lay mau), gia tri trung b'inh ciia phd cung nhu tan sd va gidi han ciia dai sang
dupe chon. Neu may phan tich cd bo ghi tu dong thi hinh anh phd co the dupe ghi ra.

5. Chuong trinh dieu khien

Chuong trinh didu khien toan bo hoat dong ciia may phan tfch nam trong bo nho
ROM. Ngoai chuong trinh chfnh no con chura nhieu chuong trinh con. Mot trong sd do
la chuong trinh ngat khi dua thong tin vao. Nd dupe kfch hoat tir ban phfm va tu chon
cac nhom phan diem va dua du lieu vao. Thdi diem bat dau xir ly nhom chon co the
trung vdi thdi didm chay hay cham hon mot khoang thdi gian nhat dinh (den 9,9 N).
Nhu tren da ndi nhung hieu chinh theo cira so" cd thd dupe tien hanh trong vung thoi
gian, va mot chuong trinh con didu khien viec dd. Mot chuong trinh khac diing de dira
dir lieu tir R A M vao bo nhd sd ciia man hinh.
Mot sd chuong trinh con rieng diing de trung binh hoa phd. Cd cac thuat toan
trung binh tuyen tfnh va trung binh sd mu. Cd cac chuong trinh dd nhd cac gia tri cua
cac bien do cua pho tuong ung vdi chidu cao ciia dai sang.

316

C hiidng VIII
0 0 CAC THONG SO VA DAC TINH CAC PHAN T lf

CUA MACH
DIEN

8.1 0 0 CAC TH O N G S O C U A MACH D IEN CO C A C PH A N T L/T A P T R U N G

8.1.1 Do cac thong sd cua cac linh kien duong thang

Cac thong sd cua cac linh kien dudng thdng trong manh dien co phan tu tap trung
dirge diing trong ky thuat dien tir nhu: dien dung ciia tu dien, dien cam ciia cuon day,
dien trd ciia cac trd khang va he sd pham chat ciia mach dao dong...
Cac phuong phap thong dung nhat de do cac thong sd nay la phuong phap phan ap
bing von-ampe-met, phirong phap do so sanh bang mach cau va phuong phap cong
hirdng. Ngoai ra, gan day con pho bien phuong phap do bang eac thiet bi do chi thi sd.
Ta se xet rieng tirng phuong phap, va co chii trong hon vd cac phuong phap duoc diing
nhidu d cao tdn.

1. Phuong phap do phan dp bang von-ampe-met

Phuong phap von-ampe-met la do true tiep ddng dien I va dien ap U r6i tinh ra trd
khang Z theo dinh luat Om.
Mach dien do nhu hinh 8-1. hinh 8-la la thuc hien do mach trong trirdng hop trd
khang can do Z cd tri sd be hon nhidu so vdi trd khang vao ciia von-met. Dong dien I2
chay qua von-met co the bo qua , vi no co tri sd rat be so vdi I, la dong dien di qua trd
khang can do Z. Nhu vay:

317

d day, Z la trd khang can do, U la dien ap hieu dung tren Z, I la dong dien hieu
dung chay qua Z.

a.)

'

6)

Hinh 8-1 Do phan ap b^ng Von-Ampe-met

Neu trd khang can do cd tri sd ldn hon trd khang vao cua von-met, hay hai tri so
nay co the so sanh duoc vdi nhau, thi dong dien qua von-met khdng the: coi la bo qua
duoc. Khi do mach do phai mic nhu hinh 8-lb. Trong trudng hop nay, tri sd dien tro ban
than cua ampe-met phai be hon nhidu so vdi tri sd trd khang can do.
Tri sd trd khang do duoc d day chi la modun ciia trd khang (Z= \ R~ + X 2 ), ma
khong do duoc goc pha.
Khi do dien dung ciia tu dien C hay dien cam cua cuon day L, thi chung phai co
thanh phan dien trd nho hon nhidu so vdi thanh phan dien khang. Khi do:
* Z = V r 2+ X : * X

(2)

Nen ta co:
L=
0) I

va:
C=
coU
6 day, co la tan so goc ciia nguon dien cung cap cho mach dien do.
Khi do dien trd, thi cung can phai sao cho thanh phan dien khang cua no nho hon
nhidu so vdi thanh phan dien trd .
Do dong dien thi diing loai ampe-met nhiet didn, con do dien ap thi diing von-met
dien tir.
Vd cau tao, cac thiet bi do theo nguyen ly nay co the chi diing mot ddng hd chi thi,
neu co mot thong sd do la thay doi con hai thong sd nira duoc giu cd dinh. Vf du. khi do

3 IS

dien dung, thi hai thong so dirge giir eo dinh la tan sd va dien ap, con dong dien dugc do
bang ddng hd do dong dien. Do do, thang khac do ciia ddng ho do dong dien c o the khac

true tiep theo thang don vi ciia dien dung (cau tao Fara-met).
Lirong trinh do cac thdng sd bang phirong phap nay la : do dien trd tir vai oin den
vai tram megom; do dien dung thi vai picophara den vai tram microphara.
Phuong phap von-ampe-met con co the do
duoc tri sd h6 cam. Manh dien do nhir hinh 8-2,
mot trong hai cuon day (vf du cuon day L ;) diroc
mac vao mach dien co tan sd o>. Dong dien I,
dirge do bang dong h6 do dong dien. Hai dau cuoi
Hinh 8-2 Oo dien ap va dong

cua cuon day L : dirge mac mot von-met de do sire

qua cuon cam irng

dien dong cam irng U,. Tri sd nay bang :

U2= I,wM

(3)

Do do:

col
Sai sd ciia phuong phap do nay la do sai sd do cap chfnh xac ciia ddng ho do; sai
so do ghep trd khang cua dong h6 do trd lai mach do. Sai so ciia phirong phap nay
khoang tu 5-10%
Cac d6ng ho de do trd khang theo phuong phap von-ampe-met nay thi thudng
dung loai do dong dien mot chidu hay dong dien am tan. Sd di nhu vay vi d tan doan nay
de thuc hien do ddng dien va dien ap va ft gay sai sd hon.

2. Do so sanh bang phuong phap mach cdu

a. Can din bang kieu bon nhanh

Do dien trd, dien dung, dien cam thirong dung la phuong phap mach cau. So do
nguyen ly mach can bon nhanh nhu tren hinh 8-3.
6

mach cau nay, mdi nhanh can co the la mot hay lion hop cac dien trd, dien dung

va dien cam. Tren dirdng cheo CD cua cau duoc noi vdi ngudn dien E, cd noi trd la Z f .
Dudng cheo A B ciia cau duoc ndi vdi thiet bi chi thi M. Tri sd chi ciia dong h6 chi thi ty
le vdi hieu sd dien the tai hai diem A va B.
Khi cau can bang thi dong dien qua dudng cheo A B bang khong. Dieu kien can
bang ciia cau la:

319

( 4)

Z jZ '3 = z 2 Z ' 4

Cac trd khang Z \ , Z '2. Z '3va Z '4 trong cac nhanh cau d day cd thd la dien tro,
dien dung va dien cam. Trong do cd mot trd khang la phin tir can do thdng sd dien cua
no, con ba trd khang kia la da biet.
Trong trudng hop tong quat, didu kien can bang ciia cau cd the viet la:
Z, e 1'1
'1Z ,e "P2= Z 2em Z4e m

(5)

Bidu thirc can bang nay co the phan tich thanh hai
bidu thirc rieng re cho moduli trd khang va goc pha tro
khang:
Z, Z y - Z 2Z4

( 6)

cpi+cp, =cp2+ <p4

(7)

Tir cac bidu thirc tren ta thay rang de can bang ciu doi
vdi cac dong dien xoay chidu thi can thiet phai co ft nhat la
hai sir didu chinh can bang vd mddun trd khang va can bang
Hinh 8-3 Cau 4 nhanh vd goc pha trd khang.
Hai sir dieu chinh nay co lien quan vdi nhau, nen khi didu chinh may do phai thao
tac lan luot de didu chinh can bang mddun, r6i can bang pha, sao cho mdi lan co tri so
chi ciia dong ho chi thi la cue tieu. Gidi han cuoi ciia su didu chinh la vi trf in a khi do
dat duoc cuc tieu. Neu lai tiep tuc didu chinh them nua, hoac la mddun, hoac la goc pha,
thi tri sd chi ciia dong h6 chi thi khong giam hay giir nguyen cuc tieu ma tang len. Khi
cau can bang thi dong dien di qua bo phan chi thi co the bang khong.
Su can bang tong goc pha cac trd khang <pi+<p-, =(p^ + (p4 cho thay la: didu kien can
bang tuy thuoc vao tfnh chat ciia cac trd khang khi da cd mot sir sip xep cac phan tir tren
cac nhanh mot cach nao do. Neu hai nhanh 1 va 2 chi bao gom cac phan tir thuan dien
trd: (p,= (p2 = 0 ; thi can cd thd can bang khi <p? = cp4. NghTa la tai hai nhanh 3 va 4 ciia
cau, cac trd khang phai ciing tfnh: ciing la dien dung hay ciing la dien cam. Neu cac dien
trd lai mac d cac nhanh ddi dien ciia cau, nghTa la neu <p, = 0 va (p, = 0, thi cau co thd
can bang khi trd khang cac nhanh ddi 2 va 4 la khac tfnh, nghTa la hai dien khang o hai
nhanh 2 va 4 la nguoc pha nhau. Noi khac di tire la neu mac tren mot nhanh la dien dung
thi nhanh con lai phai mac dien cam.
Nhu vay, do tfnh chat trd khang ciia cac nhanh, do tri sd trd khang cac nhanh ma
cAn co thd diing dd do cac trd khang cac loai khac nhau va tri so ldn be khac nhau.

320

H'inh 8-4 la hai mach cau don gian de do dien dung va dien cam. Hinh 8-4a con
goi la ciiu tfch so va hinh 8-4 b con goi la cau ty so .
Phuong trinh can bang cua mach cau 8-4a de do dien cam la:
1
R, R, = (rv + jc o L J-------D

(8)

+ j C 4

Do dd ta eo :
L v = R ,R ,C 4

(9)

R |R 3
rx = - ^ - L

d )

Hai tri sd can do L x va rv duoc tfnh theo tfch sd cua cac dien trd R, va R v Mach
cau hinh 8-4b de do dien dung. Tu didu kien can bang cua cau va phan tfch rieng phan
thuc va phan ao cua cac trd khang, ta cung co:
R,
Q = --C ,
Ki

(11)

Rx= l R,

(12)

Hai tri sd can do Cxva R xdupe tfnh theo ty sd cua hai dien trd R, va R,.
Tri so goc tPn hao cua tu dien tgft bang :
tg8 =o)RvC\ =coR,C,

(13)
Nguon dien cung cap cho
mach c;tu do phai la dien ap co
dang that dieu hoa, vi didu kien
can bang cau chi thuc hien vdi
mot tri so tan sd da xac dinh.
Neu didn ap cua nguon dien cung
cap cho cau co dang khong didu
hoa. tuc la ngoai tan so co ban
(tan sd thoa man didu kien can

Hinh 8-4 Cau do dien dung va dien cam

bang cau) con cd cac phan lirong

321

hai, th'i dien ap tren duong cheo cua cau dat tren bo chi thi se khong bang khong. Do
vay, 6 cac cau do thudng dung bo khuech dai chon loc tan sd d mach chi thi de lam giam
anh hudng cua cac phan luong hai va tang dirpc do chfnh xac cua phep do.
Bo phan chi thi dd xac dinh can bang cau
dung pho bien la cac loai: ong nghe (khi co
ngudn cung cap vdi tan sd tir 200 Hz den 6000
Hz), von-met chinh luu bang chat ran hay von
met dien tu, va co khi dung ca dng tia dien tu.
Mot didm can luu y khi dung cau do co
ngu6n cung cap bang dong dien xoay chieu la
kha nang bi phan mach ddng dien do su ghep tap
tan giua cac linh kien. Cac hien tuong ghep tap
tan nay sinh ra giua cac phan tir trong manh do
(giua vat do, ngu6n cung cap, dong ho chi thi ...
vdi nhau va vdi vd may) co the la ghep dien tro,
Hinh 8-5 Xet tdi cac dien dung

dien dung va dien cam, nhung chu yeu van la

tap tan

dien dung. Hinh 8-5 la so dd mach dien khi co

xet tdi cac dien dung tap tan. Cac dien dung ghep nay lam cho dong dien bi sai khac va
ket qua do cung sai di. Su ghep nay lai khong phai la co dinh, nd tuy vao vi trf dat vat
do. vao anh hirdng cua tay ngudi didu chinh...
Do vay, dd lam giam anh
hudng cua dien dung tap tan thudng
dung cac phan tir cua mach cau co

Z
-C Zh

L _
I___I __

X
I

_____ 1

T
b)

o)

Hinh 8-6 Boc kim. a, Mot I6p

b, Hai ldp

kfch thudc be va phai boc kim

chung. H'inh 8-6 la so d6 boc kim
loai mot ldp (h'inh 8-6a) hay loai hai
lop (h'inh 8-6b) cua cac phan tir
mach cau.
De dam bao boc kim tot va

khong tang dien dung giua man boc kim vdi dat (hay vdi vo may) th'i dung cach boc kim
hai ldp. Tuy nhir vay co the lam tang dien dung lap rap cua mach, nhirng v'i man boc
duoc cd dinh, nen tri sd dien dung nay khdng doi nen co the tfnh toan, dieu chuan dd
loai bo anh hudng cua chung tdi ket qua do.

b. Can cliff T can bang

Nguyen ly cau tao cua mach dien cau kieu chu T nhu h'inh 8-7. Cau nay bao gom
hai mang bon cue chu' T mac song song, mot mang gom cac trd khang Z ',. Z \ va Z',;

322

mot mang nua gom cac trd khangZa, Z b

It

Zc

va Z c . Dau vao cua mach dien co nguon

dien cung cap U; dau ra cd dong ho chi thi
M.
Cac trd khang cua cau co mot quan
he da duoc xac dinh; trong do cd mot trd
khang la cua linh kien can do thong sd.
Cau can bang khi ddng h6 chi thi d muc
cue tieu (hay muc khdng).

Hinh 8-7 Mach dien cau kieu chu T

j * x (l dilsu kjj n c4n bj ng c(la cSu

can tinh cac tri sd ddng dien dau ra cua cac mang bon cuc.
Dong dien dau ra cua mang bon cuc thu nhat I, (duoc tmh khi dau ra ngan mach)
co tri sd bang:
I, =

Z 7
Z ,+ Z ,+
!^ 3
z,

Z tdi

(14)

.
Z .z ,
d day, Z t(M = Z, + Z 3 H t- la tong trd tuong duong cua mang bon cue thu
^2
nhat.
Dong dien dau ra cua mang bon cuc thu hai co tri sd bang i 2:

I-. =

7 a7c

(15)

7 td2

Heft

d day,

Z ld2 = Z a + Z c +

la tcing trd

tuong duong cua mang bon cuc thu hai.

Ta co mach tuong duong cua hinh 8-7 nhu mach
tren h'inh 8-8.
cua dien cau kieu chu T

323

6 day, cau can bang khi:

I = 1, + I2 =0

(16)

Didu kien (16) cung con co nghTa la trd khang tuong duong cua hai tro khang Z |d|
va Z lcP cua mach hinh 8-8 co trj so bang vo cung:
7 td I 7 Id2
^ id I +

(17)

= 00

Id]

Didu kien cua phuong trinh (17) cung tuc la:

(18)

Adi + Ad2 = 0

Tu phuong trinh (18) co xac djnh dupe phan tu can do theo cac phan tir da biet.
Nguon dien dung de cung cap cho cau chu T cung cd ciic yeu cau giong nhau nhu nguon
cung cap cho can bang kieu bon nhanh.
So sanh vdi cau can bang kieu nhanh
thi cau can bang kieu chu T cd uu diem la:
giua nguon dien cung cap, ddng hP chi thj
cung nhu trd khang can do cd mot didm
chung ndi dat. Do vay, van de boc kim a
cau nay dupe don gian hon, tan doan sir
dung cua cau nay do do cd the cao hon.
Khuyet diem cua loai nay la gidi han
do bj han che theo trj sd cua vat mau, no
khdng md rong dupe theo quan he ty so
Hinh 8-9 Mach cau chu T do
dien cam

hay rich sd cua cac nhanh cau nhu loai cau

can bans bon nhanh.

V i du mot mach cau chu T dung tren thuc te de do dien cam nhu h'inh 8-9. e mach
nay C, la tu mau mac song song vdi dien dung tap tan cua cuon dien cam can do. Didu
kien can bang la:
1

R +j
coC

to2C 2

+ jcoC,

Can bang phan thuc va phan ao rieng re cua phuong trinh (19), ta cd:

324

(19)

(20)

R
4I 2 p 2

co L XC

2+

'

1+

rx2 '
2X
w L j

C,
/

.2

(21)

co L VC 1+ 2X
v
03 ^ x y

Khi (V tan sd cao, cd the cho didu kien :

rx o r L x

( 22 )

Tu cac phuong trinh (20), (21) va (22) ta co:

'x

o): (2C + C ,)

'

R
/ C'
c, \

(23)

(24)

vC y
Trong trudng hop C , C , th'i cac cong thuc (23) va (24) co the don gian thanh:
1
2o> C
R

(25)

(26)

Nhu vay, cd the; true tiep khac dp rx tren dien trd mau bien doi duoc R va khac do
Lv tren tu dien mSu bien doi dupe C.
Tri sd dien dung tap tan cua cuon L x d day co the xac dinh dupe bang hai lan do
vdi hai tri sd C, khac nhau hay vdi hai lan do co va khong co tu dien C,. Tir sd lieu do
dupe cua hai lan do nay ma ta tmh dupe tri sd C ban than ciia L x.
Cau T nay cd the dung do dien cam d cao tan tdi tan sd 30MHz.
Tom lai, do cau tao mach dien cua cac loai cau, de khu bo anh hudng cua cac
thong sd dien khang ky sinh, nen cac cau dung de do trd khang chu yeu chi dung d doan
tan sd thap (tdi vai kHz). Cung co loai vdi cac cach boc kim tot hon hay dung cac bien
phap mach cau kep de can bang cac dien khang tap tan, th'i cd thd diing d tan sd cao hon.
Vi du cau chu T, cau vi phan... co thd do d tan sd cao hon 30MHz. Sai sd ciia phep do
bang phuong phap cau cd the dat dupe khoang 1-5%.

325

Ngoai cac trudng hop mach do dirge cau tao thanh cac may do LCR rieng re, cac
loai mach cau tren con co thd dugc dung de lam cac bo phan chon loc tan so chi thi can
bang... trong cac may do luong khac nhu d cau do do meo khong dudng thang, von-met
dien tu, bo tao dao dong am tan kidu RC...

3. Phuong phap mach cong huong

Nguyen ly ciia phep do cac thdng sd mach dien bang phuong phap mach cong
hudng la Igi dung hieu ung cong hudng cua mach dao dong. Phuong phap nay co do
chinh xac kha cao va dugc dung d cac dai tan so sir dung trong vd tuyen dien tu.
Cac nguyen nhan chii yeu gay sai sd cua phuong phap nay la: sir xac dinh khong
chinh xac vi tri diem cong hirdng ciia mach dien; do sir khong on dinh eua tan so bo tao
dao dong; do anh hudng cac thong sd dien khang tap tan ciia mach do. Sai sd ciia
phuong phap nay khoang 2^-5% .
So vdi phuong phap cau, thi phirong phap cong hirdng cd uu didm la do dugc cac
thong sd ciia phan tir can do tai tan sd thuc te ma phan tir do se cong tac tai mach dien.
Tan sd ciia nguon do cung cao hon, co the ldn tdi 100MHz, do vay cd the do dugc cac tri
sd ciia cac thong sd do nho.

a. Do dien dung
Mach dien do dien dung bang phuong
phap cong hudng thi gdm cd dien cam L co tri
sd da biet va didn dung can do Cx. Hai linh kien
nay hinh thanh mot mach cong huong va mach
nay dugc ghep yeu vdi bo tao dao dong nhu
hinh 8-10.
Neu tan sd cua bo tao dao dong f tuong
Hinh 8-10 Do dien dung bling

urng vdi sir dieu chuan cong hudng cua mach do

phuong phap cong huong

thi tri sd Cs dugc xac dinh bang:

c. =

47Tt'-L

(27)

d day Cxtmh ra don vi Fara; f tmh theo don vi Hz; L tmh theo don vi Henri.
Neu bien doi don vi: f tmh theo MHz; L tinh theo (.iH thi cong thuc (27) tro thanh:

2,53.104
-- (PF)
C x=

326

(28)

Tir cong thurc (28) thay la: sai sd cua phep do Cxd day thi phu thuoc vao sai sd cua
sir xac dinh tri so tAn so cong hudng f va tri sd cua dien cam mau L.
Tri sd Cxdirpc tinh nhu (28) bao g6m tri sd dien dung chung cua ca mach. No gom
ca dien dung ban than cua cuon cam dien va dien dung cua cac day ndi mach dien... Vi
vay ket qua do dupe la ldn hon trj so thirc ciia Cx.
Muon loai bo anh hudng cua dien
dung ban than cuon day L, dien dung va

\L

Cri

7TCm
?

Hinh 8-11 Mach do thay the

dien cam cua day ndi thi ta dung phuong

phap do thay the . Mach do thay the vf
du nhu hinh 8-11. Qua trinh thao tac nhu
sau: dau tien didu chinh tSn sd cua bo
tao dao dong tdi t;in sd ma mach do
cong hudng. Mach do luc nay bao gom

So tao
dao tfong

"1 J

J \

C77'M
7T
\---
-o
oH H

dien cam L mac song song vdi tu dien

mfiu co khac do va bien doi dupe Cm
(xem hinh 8-11). Sau dd, giu nguyen tan
sd ciia bp dao dong, mac tu dien Cx can
do song song vdi tu mSu Cm. Didu chinh

Hinh 8-12 Do thay the, trudng hgp CX>C

tu Cmde mach dien cong hudng vdi tan

sd dang dung. Nhu vay, tuong ling vdi

hai trj gia xac djnh cong hudng tren thang khdc dp ciia C,n ta co the tinh dirpc tri sd Cx.
Sai sd do Cx trong trudng hop nay chi con la do xac djnh khong chinh xac vj trf
cong hudng ; sai sd do tan sd nguon cung cap cho mach do khong on dinh va sai sd khac
do tu dien mfiu .
Neu trj sd tu dien can do ldn hon trj so cue dai cua tu dien mau thi mac Cxndi tiep
vdi Cmnhir hinh 8-12.
De nang cao dp chfnh
xac xac dinh didm cong
hirdng thi con dung phuong
phap chi thj ngoai sai. Mach
do dupe dung hai bp tao dao
dong cao tan; bo phan .chi
thj cong huong la mach tach
song va dng nghe nhu hinh
8-13. Qua trinh thao tac ciia
phep do nay la: dau tien,
Hinh 8-13 Phuong phap chi thi ngoai sai

327

chira mac Cx, bien doi tan so cua bp tao dao dong thur hai bang cach bien doi Cmsao cho
co phach bang khong. Tri so' Cx dirpc xac dinh boi thang khac dp cua Cm, no bang hieu
so' hai tri so' tuong urng vdi hai lan dieu chuain de! co phach bang khong.

h. Do dien ( dm
Phep do dien cam cua mot cuon day bang phuong phap mach cong huong co the
dung mach dien do giong nhu dien dung (h'rnh 8-14). Mach cong hirdng o day gom co
cuon day dien cam can do L x, va tu dien mau bien doi Cm. Bien dpi Cmth'i dieu chuain
dirpc mach cong hirdng tdi che do cong hirdng tirong ung vdi tan sd cua bp tao dao dong.
Tri sd dien cam L v duoc tfnh theo cons thirc:
2,53.104

(29)

f C
Tri so L x dupe tfnh theo
/.S C

-o

don vi |iH; f theo MHz va C

theo pF.

o-

Lm

J
7T

Dien dung C cua mach

L-/77

do nay la tong dien dung cua

tu mau Cm va dien dung ban
than cua cuon day. Neu khong

Hinh 8-14 Phirang phap do thay the

tfnh den tri sd dien dung ban

than cua cuon day th'i tri so

dien cam L v do duoc la tri so dien cam thuc te.

Do dien cam con co the thuc hien bang phirong phap do thay the. Mach dien do
nhir h'inh 8-14. Dieu chuan mach dien cong hudng bang tu Cmtrong hai trudng hop do:
khi co L x bang L mla cuon dien cam mau. Hai tri sd cua Cmtrong hai trudng hop la Cml va
Cm2. Neii dien dung ban than cua cuon day dien cam be so vdi Cml va Cm2th'i:
co =

(30)

Tu (30) ta co :
C.
C ml

(31)

c. Do dien tro' much cong In fang

Phuong phap mach cong hirdng con dirpc dung kha pho bien de do dien tro cua
mach cong hudng. Ta xet tdi cac phuong phap cu thd nay.

328

c. 1. Phirong phap thay doi dien dung

Mach do bang phuong phap nay nhu hinh 8-15. Ta co ty s6' trj so dong dien hieu
dung cua mach vdi trj sd hieu dung cua dong dien khi cd cong hudng bang:
R2
I ch

R 2 + coL

1 V
coC

Khi mach co cong hudng thi:

coL = -

Hinh 8-15 Phi/dng phap thay doi dien dung

C() la trj sd dien dung khi mach co cong hudng.

Tu cac bieu thuc (32) va(33) thong qua cac tmh toan gan dung, ta co:
R =

1 C ,- C 2
co

(34)

2C;

d day C, va C: la trj sd dien dung d hai phia cua C ung vdi :

-

= -!= = 0,707

Ich

c.2. Phirong phap thay doi tan sd

Ngoai each thay doi dien dung,
didu kien =
con cd thd dat duoc
'
1
V2
bang cach bien doi tan sd cua bo tao dao
dong. Cac tan sd tuong utng la co,, co2va co0
(xem hinh 8-16).
Tu cac bidu thuc (32) va (33) khi
thuc hien tmh toan gan dung:
0

,0 ) 2 =

ta cd :
R =

1 co, -co2
C

(35)

2co;

Hinh 8-16 Quan he 1 va C

329

Nguyen nhan sai so eua ca hai phirong phap bien doi dien dung va bien ddi tan sd,
chu yeu la d muc dp xac djnh chfnh xac hieu so dien dung cung nhu hieu so hai trj so
t^n so.
c.3. Phuong phap dung dien trd mau
Mach dien do cua phuong phap nay nhir h'inh 8-17. Dau tien, ttoi tat dien trd miiu
R, didu chfnh tan so cua bo dao dong cho mach cong hirdng. Gia su, khi cong hudng thi
dong dien trong mach cong hudng la
I,. Sue dien dong cam irng trong
Hh

7 a

j-y - j

mach khi do la : I,( R+ Rs, ) (d day

R m la dien trd cua ddng hd do dong
dien M 2) . Sau dd mac dien trd mSu

/ MZ
Hinh 8-17 Phi/ong phap dung dien tra mau

R () vao, va didu chinh tan sd cua bo

tao dao dong sao cho mach lai cong
hudng va giu cho dong dien bp tao

dao dong khong ddi so vdi lan trudc. Gia sir la dong dien trong mach cong hirdng luc
nay la I2; sue dien dong cam ung bang: I;(R+ RM+R0). Vi sue dien dong cam urng trong
ca hai lan do bang nhau vi ddng dien ben cuon day so cap la khong doi, ta cd:
I,(R + R m) - L(R+ R m+R)

(36)

Do do:
i,R ,

R =

(37)

I.- I,
Tu bieu thirc (37) ta thay la: muon nang cao do chfnh xac cua phep do thi can chon
diing dPng hP do dong dien sao cho co trj sd dien trd R Mcang be thi cang tot.
cl. D o he so pham chat

>

Vdi mach cong hirdng cd cac linh kien L. C va R la phan tir tap trung thi he so
pham chat cua cuon day L co the xac dinh gan diing theo cong thuc:
wL

Q=

(38)

r7

d day, w la tan sd goc; L la trj sd dien cam , tfnh ra Henri; R[ la trj so dien trd cua
cuon day d tan so do, tfnh ra Om.
Thiet bi dung de do he sd pham chat cua mach cong hudng, cua cuon day . ciia tu
dien... la may do lie sd pham chat hay Q-met

330

So d6 khoi cua mach do he so pham chat cua cuon day hay so do khoi cau tao cua
Q-met nhu hinh 8-18. No bao g6m cac bo phan'co ban la: bo tao dao dong; mach do
(g6m L va Cm); von-met dien tu va nguon dien cung cap.
Bo

tao

dao

dong

duoc ghep voi mach do

qua mot dien trd mau Rm,
co tri sd kha nho.
Nhu da biet d mach
Nguon
cung dp

cong hudng ndi tiep, tri sd

dien ap U 2 tren tu dien C
khi mach co cong hudng

Hinh 8-18 Cau tao cua Q-met

thi bang Q lan ldn hon tri

sd dien ap U, cung cap cho

mach. NghTa la:

U 2= QU,

(39)

Dien ap cao tan U, d day duoc do bang ampe-met cao tan mac ndi tiep vdi dien trd
mau Rm:
u,= iRm
I la dong dien qua ampe-met.
Vi dien ap U, la mot tri sd da xac dinh, no luon duoc chuain lai trong qua trinh do,
nen thang do ciia von-met dien tir co the true tiep khac do theo tri sd Q.
Cac sai sd cua Q-met la: sai sd do do khdng on dinh tan sd cua bo dao dong; sai sd
cua d6ng h6 do ddng dien va von-met dien tu; sai sd khac do cua tu mau Cm, va sai sd do
cac thong sd dien dung, dien cam ky sinh cua day ndi mach dien.
Ngoai nhiem vu dung de do he sd pham chat, Q met con co the do duoc dien cam,
dien dung, dien trd, tg8... cua cac linh kien theo nguyen ly do cua phirong phap mach
cong hirdng. Vi vay, Q-met la loai may do co nhieu tfnh nang va kha thong dung.

4. Phuong phap do bang cac thiet bi chi thi so

Do cac thdng sd cua mach dien co phan tir tap trung bang cac thiet bi do chi thi co
cac uu didm la dd doc, ket qua do dupe nhanh va co do chinh xac cao. Tuy nhien vd cau
tao thiet bi do thi co phuc tap hon.
Dc xet nguyen ly chung ciia cac phirong phap do nay ta xet mot mach do don gian
cua cac thiet bi chi thi sd do didn dung bang phirong phap hang sd nhir hinh 8-19.
Nguyen ly cong tac ciia mach do nay nhu sau:

331

Hinh 8-19 Mach do dien dung chi thj so

Trudc khi do, chuyen mach d vi trf N, tu Cxdugc nap dien den muc dien ap E cua
ngu6n on ap. Khi bat dau do chuyen mach chuydn sang vi tri P, tu Cx phong dien qua
dien trd miki R m. Dien ap cua tu bang:
i
u( = Ee 1

..

(40)

d day, x=RmCxla hang sd thdi gian cua mach phong dien. Khi bat dau dat ngiin
mach Cx, tuc khi Cxbat dau phong dien, th'i trong mach co tu dong tao mot xung dua toi
dau vao ben phai cua trigo T, kfch trigo T chuyen trang thai tu trang thai ban dau la 0
sang trai I . Bo dem bat dau dem cac xung tir bo phat xung dem dua tdi.
i
Cac dien ap duoc dua tdi bo chon thdi gian la dien ap: u( = Ee 1 va dien ap
U R = E ----- lay tu bo phan ap R, - R, mac song song vdi ngudn on ap E. Cac dien
R ,+ R :
trd R, va R ; d day duoc chon chfnh xac sao cho co duoc ty sd phan ap:
R,
1
1
----
-- = Khi do tin: L L = E
R,+R2 e
c
Tu Cxphong dien sau mot khoang thdi gian t=RmCx th'i dien ap tren tu giam so vdi
muc ban dau, va con bang I J C = - E nghTa la: U,=UK. Khi hai dien ap o dau vao bo so

e
sanh bang nhau, th'i a dau ra bo so sanh co mot xung dua tdi kfch cho tri-go T lam cho
tri-go chuyen trang thai tu trang thai 1 trd ve trang thai ban dau 0 . Bo chon thdi
gian dong lai, cac xung khdng tdi duoc bo dem nua. Nhu vay, bo dem da dem duoc m
xung, co tan sd lap lai la F X), , trong khoang thdi gian la

332

Ta eo:

Khi F

X[!

(41)

=t = R A

va R mla da biet thi eo the tfnh dupe Cxtheo so lupng xung dem dirpc m:
C. =

(42)

m = Km

Nhir vay, Cx dirpc tfnh theo (41). Khi R m= lM Q va F =1MHz thi:

C = m(pF)
J
Trudng hop do dien dung l.OOOpF tire la tirong irng voi 1.000 xung dem. Sai so
dem xung la 1 don vi, tuc cung la lpF; nhir vay sai so tirong ddi la 0,1%. Neu thay doi
Rmthi co the chuyen mach thang do dien dung tir 1.000 pF den 100(aF .
Cung phirong phap do nhir mach dien tren, neu thay cac dien trd mSu bang cac
dien dung ituUi thi co the: do dirpc dien trd bang cac thiet bi chi thi sd.
8,1.2. Do thir cac thong sd cua den ban dan.
Den ban d5n ngay nay dupe diing d hau khap cac thiet bi dien tir vi vay nen co
nhidu phuong phap va loai may do cac thong sd ban dan khac nhau. Trong phan nay chi
dat van de gidi thieu phuong phap do cac thong sd ciia cac loai den ban dan.
Tranzixto ban dan (hay con goi la triot)
du'pc dung d cac thiet bi dien tir th'i hau het la
loai ban dAn tiep mat. Triot ban dan loai tiep
mat co trd khang vao be va trd khang ra rat ldn.
Hinh 8-20 Tranzixto nhu' mang
4

CLJ.C

V i v^ ' ,r4n *)" di4m do krdnS cac thong so

ma xet thi thong sd H thuan loi va hop ly hon

cac thong sd Y va Z. Chang han nhu muon do thong sd Y, thi can phai thuc hien che do
ng^n mach dau vao va dau ra ddi vdi dien ap xoay chieu. Van dd ngan mach dau ra thuc
hien dupe tuong ddi dd dang ddi vdi triot co trd khang ra ldn, do vay chi can mach ra co
trd khang tirong ddi be so vdi trd khang ra ciia triot la xem nhu thuc hien dupe ngan
mach. Trai lai van de ngan mach dau vao tuong ddi kho, vi muon mach vao xem nhu
ngdn mach ddi vdi xoay chieu th'i didn trd mile trong mach dd phai nho hon nhidu so vdi
dien trd vao ciia triot, ma didn trd vao ciia triot th'i von da rat be. Do thong so Z cung
tuong tir, muon tlurc hien hd mach dau vao th'i tuong ddi de, song thuc hien hd mach dau
ra th'i gap phai kho khan.

333

Cho nen doi vdi tri-ot tiep mat thi thudng dung he thdng sd H vi he thdng sd nay la
mot he thong sd hon hop, do d che do hd mach dau vao va ngan mach dau ra. Nhu vay,
khac phuc dupe cac nhuoc didm cua hai he thong sd tren.
Mot triot ban dan can do thong sd dupe coi nhu mot mang bon cue (hinh 8-20).
Trong he thdng sd H thi no co cac phuong trinh co ban la:
U, = H ,,i, + H ,2U 2

(43)

i : = H :ii, + H 22U 2

(44)

Trong pham vi do ludng d tan sd thap, khi tac dung cac phan tu dien khang co the
coi nhu bo qua dupe, thi cac phuong trinh (43) va (44) cd the' viet dudi dang:
U, = hMl,+ h l2U ,

(45)

1, = h2lI, +h22U 2

(46)

Tu cac phuong trinh (45) va (46) co the de dang xac dinh dupe:
hu = - khi U 2= 0, la trd khang vao cua triot khi dau ra ngan mach (ddi voi
11
thanh phan xoay chidu).
h ^, = --- khi U2= 0, la he so khuech dai ddng dien cua triot khi ngan mach dau ra
11
(ddi vdi thanh phan xoay chidu).
h12 = ^

khi I, =0, la lie so hoi tiep dien dp cua triot khi dau vao ho mach (doi

vdi thanh phan xoay chidu).

h22 = ^

khi I, =0, la Jan nap ra cua triot khi hd mach dau vao (ddi vdi thanh

phan xoay chieu).

Co hai phuong phap do cac thong so tren dupe dung nhidu hon ca la phuong phap
von-ampe va phuong phap cau do.
Phuong phap von-ampe de do cac thong so hM va h,, vi du nhu mach do hinh 8-21.
e day co thuc hien cac dieu kien lam cho thanh phan cd chua U 2 cua cac phuong trinh
(45) va (46) nhd, cd the coi nhu ho qua duoc.

334

Trd khang cua tai doi vdi ddng dien xoay chidu trong mach gop thi duoc thurc hien
nho hon nhidu so vdi trd khang cuc gop rk = . T&n sd dung cho mach do la tan sd
h22
tha'p, nen cd the bd qua duoc tac dung ciia dien dung cuc gop. Vdi cac triot tiep mat thi
thudng do thir d cac tan sd 250-4(K)Hz.
De djnh che do
cong tac cua triot ddi
vdi dong mot chieu thi
diing chiet ap R, vi co
thd didu

chinh

duoc

dong trong mach goc.

Dien ap xoay chidu cd
bien do chuan U f dua
vao cue goc cua triot
qua dien trd m^u R,. Trj
sd R, dupe chon sao
cho R , r B (rB la trd
Hinh 8-21 Do cac thong so hn va h21
bdi Ur va R, : I, =

khang cue goc) de I,

hau nhu dupe xac djnh

. Dung cac von-met co trd khang vao ldn dd do dien ap U, la dien

ap goc phat ciia triot, va do dien ap U 2 la dien ap ty le vdi dong dien ra: U \= I 2.R2. Tir
do thi co the tfnh dupe cac thong sd:
h,

I,

=^ R ,
U,

h ,.J^
"
I,

R ,U .

(47)

R,

(48)

Vi d mach do nay, triot duoc mac theo so do phat chung, nen: h 2l = P = --- , d

-a

day p la he so khuech dai ddng dien trong so do phat chung; a la he so khuech dai dong
didn trong so dd goc chung.
Neii chon trj sd U,= lV ; R, = lOOQ, con U, va U 2do bang don vj mV, thi h,, va h22
co quan he mot each don gian vdi IJ, va U\:
h,,= lO()U,Q

335

va:

h21= U\

Sai so do hM thi tuy thuoc vao do ti6u

chuan cua dien trd R, , ngu6n dien ap U f va
vao sai so do dien ap U,. Sai so do h2l thi
tuy thuoc vao do tieu chuain R- va sai so do
U 2Cac thong so hP va h22 dupe do bang
mach dien nhu hinh 8-22. Neu d mach nay
dien tro R 4 dupe chon du Ion thi dong dien
d mach vao I, =

rat nho. Nhu vay didu

R4

kien do h12va h22dupc thoa man (tuc la cac

thanh phan co chura I, trong cac phucmg
Hinh 8-22 Do cac thong so h21va h22

trinh (45) va (46) la co thd bo qua). Che d6

cung cap ngudn dien mot chidu cho triot

dupe didu chinh bang chiet ap R,. Dien ap xoay chidu cd bien do chuan U f dupe dua vao
mach gop thong qua bien ap bang 1; Do vay, U,=Uf. V I R 2 r k (rk la trd khang cuc gop)
nen U 2

U 2. Cac thdng sd can do dupe xac dinh theo U, va U 2:

- "I

u,

u,

12

I2

U'

U2

R 2U,

Neu chon U,= l V, R 2=100Q con don vi do U, va U \ la mili-von, thi:

h 12 =10'3U,
h = 10"5U \

336

(49)

(50)

8.2 DO CAC THONG SO CIIA MACH DIEN CO PHAN T If PHAN BO

8.2.1 Khai niem
i
Trong phan 8.1, ta da xet eac phirong phap co ban de do cac thong so cua mach
dien co phan tir tap trung. 6 phan nay se xet tdi cac phirong phap co ban de do cac thong
so cua mach dien co phan tir phan bd.
Nhir da biet, mach co phan tir tap trung la mach cd the phan tich bang cac ly thuyet
mach dien thong thudng vdi gia dinh la khi co mot dien ap dat vao mach thi turc khac no
gay tac dung dong thdi tren moi didm cua mach, va dong dien tren mot mach vong khep
km nao do cua mach se cd tri so vd bien dp va pha nhu nhau. Do vay, cac phuong phap
do thong sd cua mach la co the: dua theo cac dinh luat co ban nhu dinh luat Om, Kiechop...
Khi kfch thudc cua mach, nghTa la chidu dai cac day dan va cac linh kien cua
mach bang mot ty sd dang ke nao do so vdi budc song cua nang lupng truyen lan doc
theo day dan, luc do neu cd mot dien ap dat vao mach, thi dong dien cd tri sd pha khac
nhau tai cac didm khac nhau trong mach. Khi do, dung phuong phap phan tich mach,
cac phirong phap do cac thdng sd nhu tren se khong hoan toan chfnh xac nua va ngay ca
tu cac khai niem vd cac thdng sd nhu dien cam, dien dung... nhu mach co phan tu tap
trung cung khdng con dung nua. Vdi loai mach nhu vay, tuc mach ma sir truyen nang
lupng phai mat mot thdi gian dang ke, khong the bo qua dupe th'i la loai mach co phan tu
phan bd. Do vay, cac thdng sd cua mach cung dupe dac trung mot cach khac. Vf du nhu
6 day co hien tuong xuat hien song dung cua dong dien va dien ap tren dudng day
truydn va trd khang vao cua mot doan mach la dai luong thay doi theo tan sd. Cac
phuong phap do cac thdng sd cung khac, ma co sd cua no la ly thuyet truydn song tren
dudng day (day ddng true, dng dan song).
De bieu thi tfnh chat va muc do phoi hop trd khang cua dudng day truydn song
hai thong sd thudng dupe dung nhidu hon ca la: he sd phan xa p va he sd song dung k(1
(hay he so song chay kch)
Ty sd cua dien ap phan xa (tire dien ap cua song phan xa) va dien ap tdi (tuc dien
ap cua song tdi) tai tai goi la he sd phan xa;

E,

337

d day, E, la dien ap song tdi; E ph la dien ap song phan xa; 0 la goc di pha giira
dien ap song tdi va song phan xa.
Noi chung p la mot sd phuc, dung ra phai goi la he sd phan xa dien ap tai tai , dd
phan biet vdi he so phan xa ddng dien, va de luu y la he so phan xa thay ddi theo vi tri
tren dudng day truydn.
He sd phan xa khi dupe tmh theo tri sd trd khang tai va trd khang dac tfnh ciia
dudng day truydn song th'i cong thirc:
Z, - W
P=

(52)

z, +w

d day Z t la trd khang tai; W la trd khang dac tfnh thay trd khang song ciia dudng
day truydn song:

U max U mm

Trudng hop dudng day bi ngan mach, tuc Z ( =0 th'i he so phan xa p=-l; neu dudng
day truydn khdng tai, tuc Z, = 2 0 th'i p=+l ; neu co phoi hop trd khang. turc Z, =W thi
p=0.
Nhu vay, he sd phan xa co
the dung de bieu thi che do cong
tac ciia dudng day truydn song.
Song trong thuc te do ludng th'i
viec xac dinh tri sd phan xa
thudng phuc tap hon v'i can phai
do dupe rieng re mddun cua dien
ap song tdi va ciia dien ap song
Hinh 8-23 Song truyen lan

phan xa. Nen cd mot thong so

thudng con dupe diing hon la he

sd song dung, ky hieu la kd. He sd song diing la ty sd dien ap tai diem cuc dai U mA va
dien ap tai diem cuc tidu Umin(h'inh 8-23) tren dudng day:
k, = Umax
U min
Ciing ciing tfnh chat nay ngudi ta con diing mot dinh nghTa tirong tir la he so song
chay, ky hieu la kdl:

338

ch

U m;
U max

Quan he giira he sd phan xa va he sd song dung la:

k' = -1-|P|
rF i

(53)

Bieu thuc nay rat hay dung tren thirc te do ludng, tu do co thd rut ra:

P = VkdLZ+1
T

(54)

Vd phuong phap do, khi do he sd song dung (hay he sd song chay), va do mddun
cua he sd phan xa, thi can phai hoac la do bien do dien ap tai cac diem cuc dai va cuc
tieu hoac do rieng re dupe bien do cua dien ap song tdi va cua song phan xa. Muon do
trd khang thi con phai xac dinh duoc them vi trf dien trudng cuc tieu, hay xac dinh dupe
goc lech pha giua song tdi va song phan xa. Vi vay, cac thiet bi dung de do cac thong sd
nay co the phan chia thanh cac loai sau:
Loai thiet bi dung de do duoc ty sd dien ap tai didm co dien trudng cuc dai va cue
tieu, hay xac dinh vi trf cua dien trudng cue tieu (hay circ dai) tfnh tu mot diem cuoi nao
do... Cac thiet bi nay vf du nhu cac loai day do, loai day do co dau do di dong duoc, va
loai day do co dau do dat cd dinh co them bo bien doi pha hay bo ndi tat bien doi dupe.
Loai thiet bi do thu hai la loai dung de do duoc ty sd bien do cua dien ap song tdi
va song phan xa. Cac thiet bi cua loai nay vi du nhu phan xa met cau tao bang cac bo
phan mach dinh hudng.
Loai thiet bi do thu ba la eac loai cau do bang day ddng true hay dng dan song,
dung de do trd khang. Cac cau nay dung phuong phap do so sanh trd khang can do vdi
trd khang mau.
Noi dung cua chuong nay se xet tdi ba phuong phap co ban dd do cac thong sd ciia
mach co phan tu phan bd. Phuong phap day do, phuong phap phan xa met va phuong
phap cau. Trong ba phuong phap nay thi phuong phap day do la chii yeu va cung se dupe
dd cap tdi nhieu hon ca. Dc thuc hien dupe cac phep do thi cung xet tdi cau tao ciia cac
thiet bi , linh kien co ban dung cho cong tac do ludng d sieu cao tan, va sau het la each
xac dinh cac sai sd ciia phep do.

339

8.2.2 Cac linh kien do ludng a sieu cao tan

l.B o suy giam

Nhirng bp suy giam sieu cao tan la linh kien dung de thay doi cong suat sieu cao
tan trong he thdng day dPng true hay dng dan song. No thudng dupe dung trong ky thuat
do ludng d sieu cao tan. Cac trudng hop do dupe sir dung vf du nhu can lam giam cong
suat ra ciia may phat tfn hieu chuan mot sd lan nao dd theo y muon, hay lam bo khir
ghep giua tai va nguon tfn hieu. tire trir bo anh hudng do tai phan xa gay ra vdi cong suat
va tan sd ciia nguPn phat dao dong,... Trong cac thiet bi do ludng thudng phai lam yeu
tfn hieu dua vao thiet bi do, nen bo suy giam d day lam giam cong suat vao ciia thiet bj
do. Do vay ma vdi mot may do cong suat nho co the diing de do dupe cac ngudn cong
suat tuong ddi ldn. Cac oat-met dung dd do cong suat ldn thudng cd gan cac bp suy
giam d dau vao.
Tuy theo each phan loai ma cd nhidu loai suy giam. Phan loai theo nguyen ly cong
tac thi cd cac loai nhu bp suy giam kieu hap thu, kieu tdi han va kieu diing dng phe-rft.
Phan loai theo cau tao thi cd loai day dong true, loai dng d&n song; theo kha nang didu
chinh thi co loai cd djnh hay loai dieu chinh duoc...
He sd suy giam ciia bo suy giam dupe tfnh theo don vj dexiben, theo bieu thirc:
S = 101g-^-

d day, Pv: cong suat d dau vao bp suy giam, va Pr : cong suat dau ra ciia bo suy
giam.
Sau day, ta xet tdi mot sd loai suy giam co ban diing trong ky thuat do ludng.

a. Bo suy giam hap thu

Nhung bo suy giam loai nay hap thu mot phan cong suat dupe dua vao dirdng dng

1
1

i
i
i

I--1

i
^ v . y ' v i

1-1

"

s '

B ____ H .

o)

Hinh 8-24 Cac bo suy giam hap thu kieu ong hinh chu nhat

340

dan song. Cong suat nay dupe bien thanh nhiet va toa ra ngoai. Loai nay co tfnh chat suy
giam thuan nghich, nghTa la theo ca hai chieu cua song truydn tren dirdng day. No
thudng chi dirpc dung trong trudng hop cong suat nho.
Vd cau tao, dang thudng gap la mot doan dng dan song cd vat lieu hap thu dat ben
trong. Vat lieu ha'p thu la mot (hay nhidu) phien hap thu bang chat dien moi co phu mot
ldp bot kim loai ngoai mat de hap thu va co dang vat cheo dd giam dp phan xa.
Hinh 8-24 la so do cau tao cac bo suy giam hap thu kieu dng song chu nhat thudng
dung trong dudng day do ludng viba. He sd suy giam d day cd the didu chinh dupe.
H'inh 8-24a la loai phien hap thu co the thay doi dupe do sau cam vao dng song; he sd
phan xa se cd trj sd eye dai khi phien hap thu duoc dat noi co dien trudng cuc dai. H'inh
8-24b la loai he sd suy giam bien doi do nong sau cua phien hap thu qua khe giua thanh
rong cua ong nhu kidu : dao cau .
Nhung bo suy giam kieu nay thudng co lie sd suy giam bien doi trong khoang 0.540dB. Dd tang he sd suy giam thudng hay dung hai hay nhidu phien hap thu n dat ndi
tiep nhau. Do phoi hop trd khang co the dam bao dupe khi tan sd thay doi tu 10+15%.
He sd song dung thudngnho hon 1.02+1.05.
Hien nay con sir dung eac bp suy giam hap thu kieu co cue tmh (h'inh 8-25a la so
d6 nguyen ly cau tao va hinh 8-25b la so dP ket cau bd ngoai cua bo suy giam kieu nay).
Nguyen ly cua bo suy giam nay nhu sau:
Bo suy giam gdm ba doan dng song ndi tiep nhau, dng song giua h'inh tron. Dau
fbon dng chuyen ttip

-ban dng song tron

tbon dhg chvy 'n ficp

341

vao va dau ra cua bo suy giam la ong song hinh chu nhat, cac ong song nay chuyen tiep
dang tu hinh chu nhat chuydn thanh hinh tron. Su chuydn tiep dang ong nay duoc cau
tao sao cho bien do eua thanh phan dien trudng (vec-to E ) co phuong khong doi. Tai m6i
doan dng song ddu cd dat cac ban hap thu nhu hinh 8-25b. Neu ba ban hap thu duoc dat
tren cung mot mat phang thi eac dng nay khong suy giam. Khi thay doi vi trf cua ban
hap thu d giua, quay no di quanh true dng song tron thi do suy giam tang. V I ban ha'p
thu chi tac dung ddi vdi dien trudng khi phuong cua dien trudng trung vdi mat phang eua
ban. Gia su ban hap thu d giira quay lech di tao vdi hai ban hap thu d hai dau mot goc 0
nhu hinh 8-25a. Luc nay vec-to E tao vdi mat phang cua ban hap thu giura mot goc 0; no
co hai thanh phan: Esin0 song song vdi ban va Ecos0 thang goc vdi ban. Nhu vay d dau
ra cua dng din song tron co dien trudng vdi bien do bang Ecos0 va phuong cua no khac
di. Dien trudng nay lai gap ban hap thu cua doan dng song chuydn tiep dang d dau ra va
phuong cua dien trudng cung tao vdi mat phang ban mot goc 0. Hien tuong nay cung lai
duoc phan tfch nhu tren, d day vec-to dien trudng co hai thanh phan: Esin0cos0 bi suy
giam con thanh phan thang goc vdi ban Ecos:0 thi dupe truydn qua dau ra.
Cong suat truydn ty le vdi binh phuong cua trudng nhu vay d day no ty le voi
cos20. Do suy giam cua bp suy giam hap thu kieu cd cue tfnh nay bang:
S = - 4Olgcos0 (dB)
Uu diem cua bp suy giam loai nay la he sd suy giam chi phu thuoc vao goc quay
cua dng song tron d giua ma khong bi phu thuoc vao tfnh on dinh hap thu cua ban hap
thu va hau nhu khdng phu thuoc vao tan sd.
b. B o suy giam tai ban

Nguyen ly cau tao cua bo suy giam nay la loi dung dac tfnh tdi han cua dng dSn
song. Trong eac dudng day truydn la day dong true, cong tac d doan song dm, muon che
tao cac bo suy giam didu chinh dupe kidu hap thu thi gap kho khan vd ket cau va cong
nghe. Song che tao cac bo suy giam kieu tdi han didu chinh dupe he sd suy giam thudng
de dang hon.
Cau tao cua bo suy giam kieu tdi han la mot dng song nao dd co mot budc song toi
han. Khi trudng dien tu truyen lan truydn tdi dudng day cd budc song nho hon buoc
song tdi han cua dng song, thi no truydn qua dupe. Khi trudng dien tu cd budc song ldn
hon budc song tdi han thi no suy giam. Sir suy giam cang nhidu khi budc song cua nang
lupng truydn cang ldn hon nhidu so vdi budc song tdi han. Dp suy giam nay phu thuoc
vao chidu dai budc song, kfch tac cua dng song va loai song truydn trong dng (vi trong
dng dan cd the truyen nhidu loai song khac nhau). Vf du, vdi loai song H u, thi trong dng
dan song tron co do suy giam dupe xac dinh theo bieu thuc:

342

(55)

S = 8.69,
/

d day a: ban kfnh cua ong song; A.0:

chidu dai budc song trong truydn lan tu
do.
Hinh 8-26 la hinh ve cau tao cua bo

<

S'

suy giam dung ong song tron. Do suy

giam cua chung dupe xac djnh bang

\ H

~\/

o)

khoang cach cac phan tir ghep va dupe

xac djnh bang dudng kmh ciia dng song.

T r ff k h o n g p h o i h o p

Hinh 8-26a la trudng hop ghep dien cam

va hinh 8-26b la ghep dien dung; va d
day I la chieu dai tdi han ciia dng song.
Tuy theo sd dexiben suy giam S cho
trudc theo y muon ma co thd tinh dupe do

I
Hinh 8-26 Bo suy giam dung ong
song tron

b)

dai 1tdi han ciia dng song.

Bo suy giam tdi han cd do suy giam
ban dau tuong ddi ldn nen khong tien

dung lam, do la mot khuyet didm ciia loai

nay; khuyet didm khac nua la dau vao va diu ra ciia no ddu khong co phoi hop cao; do
vay no thudng dupe ghep them vdi bo suy giam hap thu dd co dupe sir gin hoan toan
phoi hop.

c. Bo siiv giam pheiit.

Trong ky thuat do ludng dupe diing nhidu bo suy giam kidu pherit. No khac vdi
cac bo suy giam d tren la loai nay do suy giam co tinh chat thuan nghjeh. Tfnh chat
thuan nghjeh nghTa la nang luong truydn theo chidu nay thi it suy giam (0.5-ldB) con
truydn theo chidu ngupc lai thi bi suy giam nhieu (>2()dB). Nhu vay, neu diing no trong
trudng hop mac giua ngudn phat dao dong va tai de khir ghep thi no it gay ton hao cong
suat han ca.
Nguyen ly ciia bp suy giam pherit dua tren co sd hieu ung Farade doi vdi chat hap
thu la phei it, la tac dung lam quay mot cach khong thuan nghjeh mat phang cuc hoa ciia
song truydn lan tren dudng truydn co chua pherit. Nguyen ly cau rao ciia bp suy giam
kidu nay nhu hinh 8-27a. Bp nay gdm doan dng dan song tron I, d doc theo true dng co
dat thanh pherit 2 co hai dan nhon de giam bdi cuon day 3 quan chung quanh dng dan
song. Cudng do cua trudng nay phai sao cho de co duoc tan sd cong huong sat tir thap

343

Hinh 8-27 Bo suy giam pherit

hon tan so cua dao dong truyen tren dudng day can suy giam. Hai dau cua doan dng
song tron duoc ndi vdi hai doan bien doi dang dng song de bien dang tron thanh dang
chu1nhat 4 va 5. Tai hai doan dng nay co hai ban hap thu 6 va 7, ma tiet dien cua cac ban
nay song song vdi tiet dien cua dng song chu nhat.
Song can suy giam dupe dua vao dng din song tron qua doan ong bien doi dang 4,
no dupe kfch thfch thanh dang song H n. Do cd thanh pherit dupe tu hoa ma nd lam quay
mat phang cuc hoa mot goc 0. Kfch tac cua thanh pherit (chieu dai va dudng kfnh), va
cudng dp cua tu trudng (dong dien cua cuon day), dupe chon sao cho co 0=45". Doan
dng song 5 cung duoc tao nghieng 45" so vdi doan dng song 4. V'i vay song truydn theo
chidu tu doan dng 4 sang tao doan dng 5 th'i hiii nhu khdng suy giam, v'i do ca hai ban
hap thu 6 va 7 ddu thifng goc vdi vec-to dien trudng (xem hinh 8-27b). Nhung khi song
truydn theo chidu ngupc lai (hinh 8-27c) thi mat pluing cue hoa khi vao dng dan song
tron da lech di 45" do doan dng 5 gay nen. Do tac dung ciia thanh pherit cluing lai bi
lech them di 45" nua. Vi vay vec-to dien trudng trd thanh song song vdi ban hap thu 6,
nen song truyen lan se bi suy giam di nhidu.
Do suy giam ciia bp suy giam kidu nay co thd didu chfnh dupe bing cach bien doi
dong dien qua cuon day, vi do co thd thay doi dupe goc lech 0 cua mat phing cuc hoa
trong dng song tron cd thanh pherit.

2. Bo dich pha.
Bo dich pha dung de dich chuydn pha ciia song dien tu truyen lan dudng day
truydn song.

344

Cau tao ciia cac bo dich pha dung trong ky thuat do ludng sieu cao tan khac han so
vdi cac bo dich pha d tan sd thap. Cac bo dich pha dung day ddng true cd the chia thanh
hai loai. Mot loai dupe cau tao bang each bien doi chidu dai hinh hoc ciia dirdng day.
Dang don gian la dung hai doan dng song hinh chir nhat hay dng tron Idng vao nhau
thanh mot dng song Idng. Khi thay ddi chidu dai cua dng song long nay tren dudng day
do se thay doi dupe pha ciia song truydn tren dirdng day. Loai nay cd nhidu nhuoc diem,
trudc het la trong khi do phai thay doi chidu dai thi phai dich chuydn tai hay ngudn, nhu
vay se gay nhidu phuc tap cho thao tac. Hon nua, de cho chd ndi Idng hai dng song it
gay ra phan xa, thi vd dng phai mong, ve cong nghe che' tao cung gap nhidu kho khan.
De do phai dich chuyen khoang each giua dau ra va dau vao thi cd loai dich pha dupe
eaii tao theo hinh vong cung nhu hinh 8-28a.

b)

Hinh 8-28a,b Cac bo dich pha

Mot loai thu hai dupe cau tao bang each do

diiy vao trong day ddng true mot chat dien moi.
Vi chieu dai budc song cd giam ty le vdi can bac
hai ciia hang so dien moi cua chat dien moi nay.
Didu nay cung tuong duong nhu tang do dai cua
dirdng day. Hien tuong nay cung xuat hien tuong
tu nhu khi dat vao trong day ddng true 1 la dien
mdi cd thd dieu chinh duoc dp nong sau qua khe
doc theo day nhu hinh 8-28b. Nhu vay, tuy theo
dp nong sau ciia la nay ma chidu dai tuong
Hinh 8-28c Bo djch pha dung

duong ciia doan day ddng true cung thay doi. tuc

la dien mdi

la lam cho pha ciia song thay ddi.

Cau tao eua cac bo dich pha diing dng song cung thuc hien bang each dua vao dng
cac la dien mdi cluing cung lam cho pha cua song thay doi. Trong dng song chu nhat
thudng la dien mdi dat song song vdi thanh hep. Dung hai thanh dien mdi xuyen qua
thanh hep dc keo day la didn mdi nhu hinh 8-28c. Khi la dien mdi nam d chinh giua ong

345

Hinh 8-29 Bo dich pha ghep ti/ cac ong dan song

thi sir dich pha Ion nhat, vl d do co dien trudng manh nhat. La dien mdi cang dich lai
gan thanh thi su dich pha cang ft. Cac bo dich pha nay khac vdi cac bd suy giam dich
chuydn ngang d chd la cac la dien mdi nay phai ton hao ft hon. Cac loai dich pha nay
khdng dung de do goc pha duoc. vl khi la dien mdi dich chuyen tu vi trf sat thanh hep tdi
vi trf udc do khoang mot phan ba chidu thanh rong thi da tao nen dich pha 360". Do vay,
vf du nhu doan song 3cm, muon yeu cau cd do chuan xac la 1, thi cu ly dich chuyen cua
la dien mdi khdng duoc cd sai so qua 0,03cm, dd la didu rat kho thuc hien. Hon nura, con
vl do van dd cir ly dich chuyen cua la dien mdi va goc dich pha khdng phai la tuyen tfnh,
nen van dd do dac va hieu chinh cung kho khan.
Mot loai bo dich pha dung dng d&n song cd tfnh nang tuong doi tot hon nhu hinh
8-29. Cau tao cua bo dich pha nay gdm cd hai doan dng song tron cd dinh kep giira mot
doan dng song tron quay duoc xung quanh true. De cd thd dung duoc vao dudng day do
dng song hinh chu nhat, d hai dau con cd hai doan dng chuyen tiep dang ong song hinh
chu nhat sang ong song tron. Trong hai doan ong song co dinh cd gan hai la dien mdi
tren dudng kfnh tao goc lech cp=45" vdi vecto dien trudng E cua song truyen, ong song
quay dupe cung gan hai la nhu vay tren dudng kfnh, vi trf goc lech cua nd thay doi theo
goc quay cua dng song.
Nguyen ly djch pha cua loai nay dupe giai thfch nhu sau: Dat true y xuyen qua
dudng kfnh cd gan hai la dien mdi, va true x thdng goc vdi y. Do tac dung cua la dien

Hinh 8-30 Pha trong dng dan song

346

moi, nen khi lan truydn qua dng song tron, song phan cue theo hirdng y so voi song phan
cuc theo hudng x se cham hon mot goc pha A ma tri sd eua A thi phu thuoc vao do dai
cua dng song. Chon chieu dai hai doan dng cd dinh d hai dau bo dich pha de cho goc
cham pha A=90, Lira cho chidu dai doan dng song quay duoc dai gap doi chidu dai dng
song cd dinh, nen goc cham pha do no sinh ra se la A= 180" (xem hinh 8-29).
Song co ban trong dng song chu nhat sau khi qua bp chuyen tiep dang ong se
thanh song H n trong dng song tron phan cuc theo dudng ki'nh, (vec-to E tren hinh 8-30)
VI vec-to E hop vdi true x mot goc 45", nen d d&u ben trai ong song co dinh thu nhat co:
(56)
E x ~ E y ~V2
De don gian d day gia thiet pha ban dau bang khong. Do goc cham pha cua doan
nay la A=90 nen d dau ben phai dng song nay co :
E

= e "
4 i

(57)

E v = - jE x
Vi ong song 2 quay di mot goc 0 (xem hinh 8-30) nen cac phan lupng dien trudng
tren hai true x va y cua ong song 2 la:
E x. = /,Ex + m ,Ey

(58)

/2E X + m2E,
d day cac he so bien dpi toa do co gia tri la:
/1

m,

cosO

sinO

12

m2

-sinO

cosO

VI chieu dai cua dng song 2 dai gap doi chidu dai cua ong song 1. A=180" nen khi
song truydn qua ong song 2 thi :
e J 11(/, - jm ,)
(59)
E n = -= e \u ( I - jm-,)
V2
Tuong tu nhu vay o dau vao cua dng song 3 co:

347

E\ = /,Ex + m ,Ey

(60)

E y = /2E x + m2E y
Con d dau ra ciia ong song 3 (cung la dau ra ciia bo dich pha) th'i co:
E x = (/,Ex. +/2E y.)e-j = J L e~J<4M+20)

(61)

E N= - j(m ,E x. + m ,E y.)e~'" =E x

(62)

Tir do thay la: song d dau ra ciia bo dich pha van la song phan cuc vuong goc co
bien do khong thay doi. Con dich pha thi g6m hai phan: dich pha co dinh 4a va dich pha
thay doi 20. Do vay, co thd thong qua trj so goc quay ciia oiig song 2 quay duoc ma xac
djnh goc djch pha ciia song truyen. No vira dung bang hai lan trj so ciia goc quay ong
song.

3. Tdi phoi hgp

Tai phoi hop la thiet bj mac d cuoi duong day truydn song de hap thu toan bo nang
luong sieu cao tan; lam cho khong co su buc xa nang luong do ra xung quanh hay phan
xa tro lai. Tai phoi hop con goi la tai gia; trong ky thuat do ludng no diing la tieu chuan
phoi hop, de lay dac tuyen cong tac cac may moc 6 sieu cao tan. Loai nay vi du nhu la
mot ang-ten tuong duong de didu chuan may hay nhu mot bp hap thu de do cong suat.
Phan loai theo cong suat hap thu, thi thirong chia tai phoi hop thanh hai loai: loai
cong suat nho va loai cong suat ldn. Loai cong suat nho cong tac dupe trong he thoiig
cong suat tiling binh nho lion 1W. Loai cong suat ldn la khi cong tac trong he thong co
cong suat trung blnli ldn hon IW . .

Hinh 8-31 Tai phoi hop

Hinh 8-32 Phien toa nhiet cho tai

Vd cau tao, tai phoi hop co rat nhidu kieu. Tai phoi hop cong suat nho thudng la
mot doan dng song ngan mach dau cuoi, trong co cac phien hap thu dat o mat phang
dien trudng. Cac phien hap thu thudng co dang vat cheo de cho co su phoi hop tot hon

348

vdi dng song chinh nhu hinh 8-31. No thudng duoc dat d giira be thanh rong cua dng.
Vat lieu cac phien hap thu la cac chat dien moi nhu thuy tinh, gdm, su, chat deo... ben
ngoai co phu mot ldp bot kim loai rat morrgjihu bach kim, graphit, vang... Chidu dai ciia
dp vat nghieng thudng dupe chon bang thuc nghiem sao cho tai co he sd song dung nho
nhat, ung vdi mot dai tan sd cang rong cang tot. Thong thudng mat vat cheo co chidu dai
bang hay ldn hon nira chidu dai budc song. Tren thuc te co the che tao dupe cac tai gia
voi kd=1,02-1,05, irng vdi dai tan sd bang (10-15%) quanh tan sd trung tam.
Nhung tai cong suat ldn thudng che tao bang cac chat ran nhu hop chat graphit va
xi-rmmg chira day trong dng dan song. De tang them cong suat tai ngudi ta co the lam
them cac phien toa nhiet nhu hinh 8-32. Vdi cong suat ldn co the cong tac trong pham vi
cong suat trung binh hang may tram oat hay bang kW; khi do co bo hap thu bang nude.
Nude dupe dung trong mot dng thuy tinh, cho chay tuan hoan va hap thu cong suat roi
thai ra dudi dang nhiet nang. Loai tai nay cung thudng co thiet bi toa nhiet va dd cho
phoi hop cung cau tao co mot mat vat nghieng thich hop (xem chuong do cong suat).

4. Pit- tong ngan mach

Khi can bien doi trd khang trong do ludng thi phai diing den nhung pit-tong ngan
mach. Yeu cau co ban doi vdi mot pit-tong ngan mach la phai dam bao ton hao nho tai
ch6 tiep xuc. Khi pit-tong dich chuydn thi ton hao khong dupe thay doi theo vi trf cua
pit-tong va cung khong dupe bien dpi theo thdi gian. Khi truydn cong suat ldn thi cung
yeu cau khong gay tia lira giua pit-tong va dirdng day truydn song.
Muon thoa man didu do thi phai dam bao tiep xuc co khi giua pit-tong va dng song
tot. NghTa la tiep xuc phai rat ciing va co dung sai nho. Nhu vay, chat lupng che tao rat
kho hoan hao; nen cac pit-tong tiep xiic kieu don gian thudng la khong dat yeu cau (xem
hinh 8-33a)

-A z WV/
/
/
Ll
<r)

(-4 -j

i
y a/ ' / / / < /u

Lt./// / A

b)

Hinh 8-33 Pit tong ngSn mach

W //

Hinh 8-34 Pit tong khong tiep xiic

Diing cac la tiep xiic dan hoi (kidu 16 xo ep) co thd cai thien dupe tinh nang ciia

pit-tong tiep xuc. Tot nhat la diing la tiep xiic dai bang de diem tiep xiic giua la va
4
thanh dng diing vao nut dong dien cao tan. Song loai nay van co mot sd nhuoc diem nhu
khi pit-tong dich chuyen thi tiep xuc khong on dinh, la tiep xuc dd bi mai mon va van
gay danh lira khi cong suat ldn (hinh 8-33b).

349

Hien nay, ngudi ta thudng thay the loai pit-tong tiep xuc bang loai pit-tong khong
tiep xuc co thiet bi chan song nhu hinh 8-34. Sd dT goi la khong tiep xuc" vl o cuoi dng
song dien trd tiep xuc giu pit-tong nay va thanh ong song khong phai ndi vao bung dong
dien, ma la noi vao nut dong dien. Do vay, tiep xuc co hoc giua pit-tong va thanh ong
song tot hay xau ddu khong quan trong. Unh hudng cua dien trd tiep xuc tdi ton hao cua
pit-tong co th6 giam xuong tdi mure tdi thieu. Thuc nghiem thay la dung pit-tong loai
nay 6 cuoi dudng day co the co he sd song dung ldn hon 100. Khi pit-tong di chuyen,
tmh khong dpi cua tiep xuc cung co the dat duoc mure yeu cau. Nhuoc diem cua loai nay
la dac tinh chin dong phu thuoc vao budc song cong tac. Thudng loai pit-tong khong
tiep xuc co the cong tac tot trong pham vi dai tdn ( 10%+15%) quanh tan sd trung tarn.

5. Ddu tach song vd ddu nhiet dien tro

6 sieu cao tdn, van de do cong suat la mot trong nhung thong sd pho bien nhu do
he so song dung va do tro khang. Nhu da biet (6 chuong do cong suat) do cong suat
bdng phuong phap do nhiet do tai nude, thi thudng chi do duoc vdi cong suat ldn hon
1W. Con khi can do cong suat nho nhu vai micro oat thi phai dung phuong phap do
khac. Phuong phap don gian nhat la dung bp tach song tinh the co bo chi thi la micro
ampe-met.
6

che do cong suat nho, neu dong tach song nho hon lOpA thi quan he giua dong

tach song va cong suat tieu hao tren di-ot tach song la bac nhat:
l,s = KP
Trong do he so K dac trung cho do nhay cua di-ot khi tach song. Ddi vdi cac di-ot
thong dung hien nay, K thudng vao khoang 0,5+2(.iA/pW.
Gidi han do cong suat chi vao khoang 5^-20pW. Con vdi cong suat ldn hon thi
quan he bac nhat tren khong con dung nua.
Do cong suat theo phuong phap nay con co khuyet diem nua la dac tfnh cua cac
di-ot ban dan nay thay doi rat nhieu theo thdi gian va phu thuoc nhieu vao tac dong co
hoc va dien hoc d ben ngoai. Do do khong the xac dinh quan he giua dong dien da tach
song vdi cong suat mot each chinh xac dupe. Day chinh la nguyen nhan tai sao khong
dung bp tach song dc do tri so tuyet doi cua cong suat ma chi co the do duoc tri so tuong
doi.
Cac di-ot dupe mac vao dau ong ddn song nhd mot thiet bi dac biet goi la ddu tach
song. Dau tach song cau tao bang day dong true nhu lilnh 8-35. De nang luong sieu cao
tdn khong bi tieu hao trong mach chi thi (mac pA-met) thi dung mot doan ong dan song
ngan mach, mot ddu dupe cau tao dong kin. con mot ddu thi de hd, chieu dai doan nay

350

A,
bang . H'inh 8-36 la cdu tao cua dau tach song dung day d6ng true ghep voi dng song
4
chir nhat bdng vong ghep de do tri sd tuong ddi cua cong suat sieu cao tan truyen trong
ong ddn song. 6 day, dp ghep co the didu chinh dupe bang each chuyen dich vong ghep
doi vdi dng song chu nhat.
I

A
(

Lz z

Hinh 8-36 Dau tach song co ghep

vdi ong song hinh chur nhat

Hinh 8-35 Dau tach song

Bp chi thi cua ddu tach song co the diing micro ampe-met tir dien de do dong tach
song, khi nguon phat tin hieu do cong tac d che do lien tuc. Khi nguon phat tin hieu
,

cong tac o che do xung, ma he so khoang trong ldn, thi khong the diing micro ampeT
met de: do dong tach song trung b'inh dupe, ma yeu cdu bo chi thi phai do dupe tri sd
xung cua dong tdch song. Co nhu vay, di-ot mdi khong bi chay do dong dien xung ldn
qua ma trong khi dong dien trung b'inh vdn con nho. Bp chi thi diing de do tri sd xung
tren thuc te hay diing la dao dong ky dien tir, v'i no la thiet bi co quan tinh nho.
Nhiet dien trd khang la mot dung cu ban ddn dien ma dien trd cua no phu thuoc
vao cong suat sieu cao tdn tuc cung la phu thuoc vao nhiet do. (Cau tao ciia nhiet dien
trd co the xem d chuong do cong suat, goi la dien trd nhiet)
Diing nhiet dien trd de do cong suat sieu cao tdn nho. Cach mac nhiet dien trd vao
mach phai lam sao cho no hap thu dupe toan bp cong suat sieu cao tdn truydn trong dng
song. Tat ca co cau hoan chinh do goi
la ddu nhiet dien trd. Hinh 8-37 la so

M H M J

ai)
i

do cau tao ciia ddu nhiet dien trd; d

day co ba dc chfnh la bp bien doi trd
khang diing de didu chinh phoi hop
trd khang.
Noi chung vd cau tao cua dau

Hinh 8-37 Dau nhiet dien tro

nhiet dien trd khang cung giong nhu

351

cua dau tach song. Diem khac la d chP yeu cau vd phoi hop tro khang. vd dp ton hao
nang lupng do tiep xuc hay cac dang khac d day co khat khe hon, vi d day tri gia do
dupe la tri gia tuyet ddi cua cong suat sieu cao tan.
Mach dien do cua nhiet dien trd khang thudng ^o dang mach cau. ma mot trong
nhung nhanh cau la nhiet dien trd (xem chuong do corig Suat)

6. Day do
Day do la mot thiet bj do ludng diing sieu cao tan, no co kha nang phan tich sir
phan bo ciia dien ap hay dong dien (dien trudng hay tir truong) doc theo dudng day
truydn. Tir do ma co the xac djnh duoc he sd song diing (hay he sd song chay) he so
phan xa, trd khang ciia tai, chidu dai budc song cua nang lupng truydn tren dudng day.
No cung con co kha nang xac djnh duoc suy giam va trd khang dac tinh (trd khang
song) ciia duong day can nghien ciru, neu dudng day nay dupe mac ndi tiep de diing lam
tai ciia day do.
Tren thuc te do ludng, day
do dupe diing trong doan song
met, dm va cm; no cd tac dung nhir
mot thiet bj do lirong van nang 6
cac doan song nay. e doan song
met va dm thi day do duoc che tao
dudi dang dPng true; d doan song
Hinh 8-38a Day do cau tao bang day dong true

cm thi no dupe chd tao dudi dang

6ng s6ng m y do m>, dl/oc cAl| tao

la doan day song hanh thi rat it khi gap.

Hinh 8-38a la so do nguyen ly ciia day do loai cau tao bang day dong true.
Cau tao ciia loai nay gPm mot doan day dong true cung 1, co trd khang dac tinh
i .7~i

352

bang trd khang dac tmh cua doan day d6ng true ndi day do vdi may phat.
Tren day do co mot dirdng ranh hep doc theo day 2 va co dau do 3 co the dich
chuyen cung vdi dau do 4. Dau do d day dirpc ghep rat yeu vdi day do, de khong gay
thay doi su phan bd trudng tren day do. Dau do 3 co pit-tong doan mach 5 de' co the didu
chuan sao cho trd khang vao cua mach dau do circ dai va su phan tac dung cua mach nay
vdi day do thi cuc tieu. Trong dau do con co vong ghep 6 ghep giua mach dau do va
mach tach song 7. Vj trf cua dau do tren day do dupe xac djnh co the biet dupe hinh
dang phan bd dien trudng tu trudng doc tren day bang trj sd chi thj cua micro ampe-met
8. Vi dau do dupe cdm sau vao khe ranh cua day, nen dupe chon d muc do sao cho
khong lam anh huong tdi su cau tao cua trudng d ben trong day. Khi do co thd coi day la
dong ddu va su phan bd dien ap doc tren day la thoa dang vdi phep tfnh toan ly thuyet
cho dudng day khong ton hao.
Trong he thdng day d6ng true con co loai day do kieu phien phang nhu hinh 838b. Kieu nay co tfnh nang tirong ddi tot. Dac diem ciia no la khong dung day dong true
xe ranh, ma la diing hai phien kim loai phang dat song song, de mot day dSn tron nam
giua. Vdi loai nay co the tranh dupe nhuoc diem la kho khan vd cong nghe khi che tao
day dong true xe ranh. V i trong day dong true muon giam nho anh hudng ciia ranh tdi
dien tir trudng trong day, ranh can phai het sue hep song nhu vay lai kho dam bao
khoang each giua dau do tdi hai mep ranh khong bj thay doi. Trong khi do, loai day do
kieu phien phang da co mot
ranh rong, nen khong gap
phai nhung kho khan noi
tren.
Hinh 8-39 la vf du kieu
so do day do dung dng dan
song. 6 day dng dan song co
tiet dien vuong goc (hay
hinh chii nhat) thudng dupe
Hinh 8-39 Day do dung ong dan song

kfch thfch bang loai song

H l0. Cac bo phan khac ciia

day do cung giong nhu hinh 8-37.

Chidu dai / ciia day do thudng dupe chon sao cho:
>/ > ^

353

d day, A.mix la chidu dai budc song cong tac cuc dai tren day do. Neu lay / < 1
~
thi trong mot sd trudng hop do khong the xac djnh duoc vj trf dien ap cuc tieu d gan dau
vd phfa ndi vdi trd khang can do. Con neu day co chidu dai X > 3Xm3X th'i cong nghe che
tao se rat phuc tap vi chieu dai ldn dang ke nhu vay ma yeu cau dam bao tfnh dong nhat
kfch thudc dav
la mot didu kho.
/
Kfch thudc tiet dien cua day do phai dupe chon sao cho de trd khang dac tfnh cua
day do bang trd khang dac tfnh cua dudng day ndi vdi nguon phat tfn hieu, hay bang tro
khang ra cua bo suy giam. Tiet dien cua no phai khong doi suot doc day, vi neu khong
thi trd khang dac tfnh cua day se bj thay doi; tu do se phat sinh ra sir phan xa phu, va
nhu vay sinh ra meo trudng phan bd tren dudng day can nghien cuu.
Dirdng ranh doc can phai hep va duoc xe ddi xung ddi vdi true day. Trudng hop
day do la dng dan song chii nhat thi tiet dien ranh duoc xe d mot bd mat cua bd rong
dng, d day no co dien trudng cuc dai.
Bo chi thj ciia day do dupe diing la tach song tfnh thd hay tach song bang den hai
cuc. Dau ra ciia tach song la dong h6 tir dien, dupe mac true tiep hay thong qua bo
khuyech dai. Muon giam bdt sir hieu chinh cac ket qua do thi bo tach song can chon loai
co dac tuyeii tach song la dudng thang hay bac hai.
8.2.3 Cong dung do ludng ciia day do
De do cac thong sd cua mach co phan tir phan bd thi mot phuong phap chii yeu va
dupe diing pho bien hon ca la phuong phap day do. 6 chuong nay cung se xet nhidu hon
tdi phuong phap nay thong qua cong dung do ludng cac thong sd co ban ciia no.
/. Do chieu ddi budc song A
Hinh 8-40a la gian d6 bieu didn sir phan bd dien ap doc tren day, trong trudng hop
chung khi co mac tai.
Nhu da biet tir ly thuyet dudng day truydn song la khoang each giua hai diem cuc
..........................................

tieu hay giira hai diem cue dai cua dien ap phan bd thi bang . Vi cac didm dien ap circ
tieu, do cong co dang nhon hon, nen trong do ludng thong thudng ngudi ta do khoang
each giira hai diem cue tieu.
Chidu dai budc song X dupe xac dinh theo cong thuc:

1 = 2(/,-/,)

354

(63)

Nhu da biet (tu chuong vd danh gia ket

qua do) khi xac dinh diem cuc tidu, thi sai so
m^c phai phu thuoc kha nang cho phep vd do
phan biet vach khac do ciia thiet bi chi thi va
dao ham bac hai tai vj tri cue trj nay ciia dudng
cong phan bd dien ap. Muon tim dao ham bac
hai thi phai biet phuong phap bie?u thj dudng
cong phan bd dien ap doc tren dudng day.
Tir ly thuyet day truydn song da biet: tai
Hinh 8-40a Dien ap phan b6 doc

diem cuc tieu (U mm) thi trd khang vao ciia day

theo day

la thuan trd va bang:

(64)

Z v= W .k .

Voi tai thuan trd thi bieu thuc dien ap phan bo doc tren dudng day la:
U,

= U min COS 271Y + J 1maxW S'n

(65)

d day:
U mjn : dien ap tai didm dien ap cuc tieu
I mm: dong didn tai diem didn ap cuc tieu
W : trd khang dac tmh ciia dudng day

lm: khoang cach tir diem dien ap xac djnh tdi diem dien ap cue tieu.

U,

Dat thira sd chung

cho bieu thirc (65):

u.

U,

kch

kch cos2tt^- + j-jY^ W kch sin2^

(66)

Ta da biet d dudng day truydn:

U

(67)

= Z v = W .k t

Do vay, bidu thirc (66) co the viet dudi dang:

U,

IJ

x
/
/ ^
mm k | cos 271 + j sin 2n

(68)

355

Modun cua U y la :

(69)

|k2ch cos2 271 + sin2 271

X
X

U,

Khi dac tuyen tach song la bac nhat, th'i bieu thurc (69) co dang:
a =

a.
Lch

(70)

/k 2ch cos2 271-+ sin2 271

X
X

Nhu da biet d chuong danh gia ket qua do,

cong thuc tinh sai so trong trudng hop do d tri sd
cue tri (xem hinh 8-40b) la :
2Aa

A/ =

M,

(71)

f"(/o)
d day, f(/0) la dao ham bac hai cua dudng
cong dien ap phan bd tai vi tri cuc tidu.
Dao ham bac nhat bieu thuc (70) ta co:

Hinh 8-40b Do tai tri so cuc tri

da _ a min ti
i
111
k ch X

L
sin 47:
X
ch'"

k 2h cos2 2tt

(72)

+ sin2 2n ^m

Dao ham bac hai:

min n2

4 cos 4ti

(1 - k'ch )x

ch X2
(
m k
X V

k 2h cos2 271

(1 - k ch ).sin2 2n 111

(73)

+sin2 2n^m
X

Khi lm= 0, dao ham bac hai co dang:

d a

7iz 1- k" ch
= 4a.mm 2
i 2
dl 111I!/
A.
k ch
-()
'm
Dung cac bieu thuc (71) va (74) de tfnh sai sd khi xac dinh vi trf cue tieu:

356

(74)

Aa

Xk ch

M ,=

7TV1- k 2ch V
VI

(75)

miu

khi xac djnh hai didm cuc tieu th'i sai so ngSu nhien M, nhu nhau, chung hoan

toan khong co lien he, anh huong vdi nhau. Theo (63) th'i tfnh sai so budc song X la:
M j = 4(M,2 + M 2 )
vdi M , = M ; = M ; , nen M 2 = 8M 2; tir do ta co:
M ^= 2V2M /

(76)

TCr bieu thuc tinh sai sd (75) ta cung con co nhan xet la: neu nhu trong phep do da
cho, chi can do chidu dai budc song khong thoi, th'i nen chon che do cong tac hoac ngSn
mach, hoac hd mach. Khi do kch*0, nen M, 0.
Khi dac tuyen tach song la bac hai, th'i bieu thuc (69) co dang:

a.
k 2ch

k 2ch cos2 2ti + sin2 2n

X
X

(77)

Cung cach bien doi nhu loai tach song co dac tuyen bac nhaif, sai sd trong trudng
hop do nay la:
M/ =

Aa

Xk ch
Lch

a.

Vd phuong phap do, dd nang cao do chfnh xac th'i con dung phuong phap do hai trj
so cung muc d hai phfa diem cuc trj, nhu trong h'inh 8-41.
Tren hinh ve ta co:
/
/ '+/ "

(78)

Thay cac bieu thuc cua (78) vao (63), ta co:

x = i\ + r\ - i\ + r\
6

(79)

day co van dd can chon trj sd muc do a d, no nen lay tai muc nao tu a mjn de ket

qua do dat dupe do chfnh xac cao. Trj sd a (, nen lay tai didm uon cua dudng cong phan
bd dien ap (hinh 8-42). V i tai day, dudng cong co do doc ldn nhat, khi do dd phan biet

357

Of

Hinh 8-41 Oo tai 2 diem hai ben cua ci/c tri

Hinh 8-42 Duong phan b6 dien ap

va cung tien xac dinh tri so sai so. Muon xac dinh toa do ciia didm uon, thi biet la tai
diem uon cua duong cong phan bo dien ap ta co dao ham bac hai ciia ham so bidu didn
dudng cong nay bang khong. Vdi loai chi thj co dac tuyen tach song la dudng thdng thi
khi bieu thuc (73) bang khong, ta co:
/ f
4 cos 4n k :h cos2 271 + sin2 2 t i^
J
X
X

= (1 - k 2Ch ).sin2 4ti

X

(80)

Chia hai ve cua (80) cho 4cos47t cos2 27t , ta co:

X

k c l,

tg 2

2 t I - 7L

(1 -

k 2 c h ) . --------------------------

1 +

t g 2 471

111

X
do do:
tg2 7 I^ = ^ h ~

(81)

Bien ddi lupng giac bieu thuc (81). ta co

1,
sin' 27: 1,1
X

COS

1+ k th

271 -

358

k.i,

l + kch

(82)

(83)

Thay cac bidu thuc (82) va (83) vao (70) thi xac djnh dirac tri so miic do can thiet
theo phirong phap do hai phia diem circ trj khi bo chi thj co dac tuyen tach song dudng
thang:
a mm

(84)

Vk ch
Van dd tiep tuc la can xac djnh trj sd sai sd trong trudng hap do nay. Sai sd trong
trudng hop nay la tmh d diem uon, tuc la vj tri ma ham sd co do doc ldn nhat (hinh 842). Cong thuc de tinh sai sd (xem chuong danh gia ket qua do) trong trudng hop nay la:

M, = A/ =

Aa
2 f (/d)

(85)

Tim dao ham bac nhat khi a = a d. Thay bidu thuc (84) vao (72), ta co:
J
d a

d/m |oc = otd

a min 7 l ( 1 _ k 2c h ) .

k ch

V 1 + k ch

V 1 + k ch

k 2ch

_____ + ch

Sau khi bien doi, thi ta co:

d7m a = a d
Thay

(86)

vao

=2a ml * I ^
mln X k ch

(85)

de

tinh

sai

(86)
sd

M,

trong

trudng

hap

do

nay:

M) = ^ -- (87)
4711 - k ch a min

Trj sd sai sd ngau nhien cuc dai khi do X bang phuong phap nay la:
M 2 = (M /i )2 + (M '/2 )2 + (M "/| ) 2 + (M "/2 ) 2
Vi sai sd ngSu nhien cuc dai khi do cac chidu dai /',,

(88)

/'2, /"2 la nhu nhau va doc

lap vdi nhau, nen dd dan gian ta bieu thj chung ddu bang M,.
M 2 = 4 (M ,)2
do do ta co:

359

M , = 2M ,=
27i1-kcha min

(89)

Voi bo chi thi co dac tuyen bac hai, thi tri so mire do a d tfnh theo phuong phap do
tri so cung mure a hai phia, co bieu thuc bang:
a il = - a min kch
+1
* 2
2
kch

(9.0)'

Va cung cach xac dinh sai so nhu tren, lay tri so dao ham bac nhat khi a = a dnhir
(90), thay vao (85), ta co:
M /=
A-4 7 il- k c2h a min

(91)

Sai sd khi do budc song trong trudng hop nay bang:

A.
k 2h
Aa
M ,= 2 M , = ----- ^ -----271 1k ch a mm

(92)

2. Do he so song chay
Nhu da biet tir ly thuyet dudng day truydn song, khi dudng day co mac tai, thi tuy
theo tac dung cua tai dudng day truyen song co phoi hop vdi trd khang dae tfnh cua
dudng day hay khong, ma co mot phan nang luong dupe phan xa lai tu tai. Hien tupng
sinh ra tren dudng day truydn nay co thd khao sat bang cach quan sat hai song chay
chuyen dong doc theo hudng ngupc nhau, la song tdi va song phan xa. Nhu vay, dd quan
sat dupe hien tupng nay bang day do, thi ta khao sat cac bien do dien ap (hay dong dien)
cuc dai va cuc tidu phan bd doc tren day. De do ludng dupe thi can do dupe ty sd cua hai
bien do nay. Ty sd cua hai bien do tai cac vj trf cue trj cua dien ap phan bd tren day do la
he sd song dung hay he sd song chay:
k = - ^ L ;

(93)

min

va:

kch = ^ mm =
I ml a xk K (]

He sd song dung co tri sd bien thien tir 1 den

(94)

oo;

con he sd song chay thi bien thien

tir 1 den 0; tuc la tir che do co tai phoi hop hoan toan tdi che' do tai mat phoi hop hoan
toan.

360

Nhu vay, do trj so song dung hay he s6 song chay cung nhu nhau; no tuy theo su
bidu thj trong cac phep do cu the nao tien ma thoi. Cac phuong phap do trinh bay d
chuong nay thudng dung hon la he sd song chay, nen d day ta xet cac phuong phap do
co ket qua true tiep ra he sd song chay.
Khi bp chi thj cua day do co dac tfnh tach
song la dudng thang, th'i:

Ubri2

con khi dac tfnh tach song co dang bac

hai, th'i:
-j m
l /

t-*- ImZ
Hinh 8-43 Cac thong so song

Trudng hop khi khong phoi hop trd khang

nhidu, khi do kch co trj so nho, cac trj so U min va U m;lx khac nhau nhidu. Do vay luc nay
khong the do cac trj so Umin va U max tren cung mot dung cu chi thj do. De do dupe kch
trong trudng hop nay thi khong nhat thiet chi thuc hien bang each do U mjn va U max, ma co
the bang each do d hai vj tri eo muc dp bat ky cua dung cu chi thj. Didu nay dupe didn
dat nhu hinh 8-43.
De tmh trj sd kch, dung bieu thuc (69) d tren.
Khi

| th'i dien ap bang:

(95)

Khi /m=/m2 th'i dien ap bang:

(96)
chia (96) cho (95):

(97)

B'inh phuong hai vd cua (97), rPi tim kch

361

(98)

De dd tfnh kch, thi can lay quan he giua hai dien ap la:

u'

(99)

-4 -2

U/
,
CC2
rz
NghTa la, khi dac tuyen tach song la dudng thang thi -- = V 2 con khi tach song

a,

aco dac tuyen binh phuong, thi -- = 2 .

a,

Thay (99) vao (98):

sin2 271
k ch

- 2 sin2 2n ^ml
A

2 CO S2 271

A,

m2
A

+ COS2 271 ^

Bien doi luong giac bieu thuc nay, cuoi cung ta co:
[ A -0,5

( 100)

A + 0,5
d day A = cos 4tt

- 0,5 cos 47T

( 101)

Trudng hop neu U min co the do dupe, thi (100) co the don gian hon, va van de do
dupe dl dang. Luc nay /ml =0, va bieu thuc (98) trd thanh:
sin 2tt /m2
A

ch

'u,

__'m 2

'm l

v
- COS
/

con bieu thuc (100) cung trd thanh:

362

(102)

2ll

m2

sin 271

k ch

(103)

/l sin2 2 n ~ 2
X
Trudng hop neu vj trf dim cue tieu
khong xac djnh dupe thi van dd xac djnh kch
don gian hon phuong phap do noi tren la
phuong phap do hai trj sd cung muc d hai
diem cuc trj. Phuong phap nay dupe bieu thj
nhu hinh 8-44.
Trong trudng hop nay:
Hinh 8-44 Do hai phia diem eye tri

'm 2

I"

1 2

12
~

(104)

(105)
Van dd d day la can tinh sai sd do. Sai sd xac djnh kch cua phuong phap nay thi
theo each tinh sai sd ciia phuong phap do gian tiep. Sai sd do U /ml va U/m2dupe xac djnh
tuy thuoc vao cap cua dong ho do chon dung. Con sai sd xac djnh /ml va lml thi bao gom
ca tong sai sd doc va sai sd do muc kha nang phan biet vach khac do ciia dong ho chi thj
(Aa). Loai sai sd sau cd the co trj sd be nhat neu tien hanh do d diem co do doc ldn nhat
xac djnh /m2 va sai sd xac djnh lm2 co the tmh theo cong thuc (89) hay (92). Sai sd xac

atj:
.
O
[Z
djnh /ml co thd tmh xuat phat tu didu kien = V2 khi dac tmh tach song la dudng
a,

thang hay = 2 khi dac tmh tach song la bac hai.

a
Khi dac tmh tach song la dudng thang:

a, -

(106)

d day: a : =ad nhu cong thuc (84).

Thay (84) vao (106), ta co:

a, =

(107)
tii

363

Dung bieu thuc (70), vcfi a = a ta co:

1
V^k-ch

'
*
Lch cos2 271 + sin2 271
k,.h \
X
X
ch

Binh phuong hai ve cua phuong trinh tren va thuc hien bien doi, ta co:
1- 2k,
tg22 7 i% = k cll '
*
2 - k ch

(108)

Bieu thuc (108) chi co nghTa khi: kch <0,5. Tu (108) ta co:
cos2 27t^l-= 2_2kth
A
2(1 - k 2Cii)

(109)

sin2 2ti^ = k
1 2kdl
A
ch 2(1 - k 2ch)

( 110)

Thay cac trj so bieu thufc (109) va (110) vao phuong trinh (72) roi tim trj so dao
ham bac nhat:
k ch 1

2 l _ 2_

da
l^m

^ml

* 'O - k o )
k ch ^

^ U - k ^ V

ch

2 l - k 2ch

2
2 - k ch , k
lvch 1- 2k ch
+
ch
2(1 - k ch)
2 l - k ch

Bien d6i tiep ta co:

da

Vd - k 2ch )(2 - k ch )(1 - 2kch)

|^m

A-nl

(111)

k ch ^

Thay (111) vao bidu thufc sai so (85), ta co:

Aa

Lch

M ,n il =

( 112)

4Tt a/(1- k 2Ch)(2 k ch )(1 2kch) a min

Khi dac tuyen tach song co dang bac hai, thi cung cach tfnh nhu tren, bieu thuc
tmh sai so duoc viet la:

X
M /

kch

Aa

2lX V (3 - k 2ch )(l-3 k 2ch) ttr

364

(113)

Neu bieu thirc tmh kth cung tinh nhir (103), thi da tinh sai so can dung bieu thuc
(102) va bieu thuc chung ve cach tinh sai sd trong trudng hop do gian tiep. Con sai sd do

lm2 th'i quyet dinh chu ye'u muc kha nang phan biet ve khac do cho phep Aa cua bo chi
thi. No cung dupe tfnh tuong tir nhu da tinh sai sd do /m, d trong each tmh tr6n.
Cuoi cung, cung can xet tdi trudng hop khi dac tuyen tach song cua thiet bi chi thj
f
i\
chua biet, khi do can phai ve dupe no trong toa do a = f sin2 271 trong khoang dich

c*

Hinh 8-45 Cac thong s6 de xac djnh kch

365

chuyen cua dau do tu vj tri co a mln = 0 den vi trf co a max, khi ngan mach day do. H'inh 845c co ve dac tuyen nay (dudng net lidn). Ta co thd dung dac tuyen nay de xac djnh kc(l,
neu nhu no co dang khac vdi dudng thang hay dudng b'inh phuong. Gia sir rang khi do
dien ap phan bd ta ghi lai trj sd chi cua d6ng ho chi thj la a mjn= 5 va a m
ax =20, no tuang
ling vdi trj sd dien ap hieu dung la U min = 5mV va U max = 8mV (h'inh 8-45a); nhu vay ta
co: kch= min = =0,625. De tim trj sd chfnh xac cua kchcon dung dac tuyen nhu hinh
U

max

8-45c; d dac tuyen nay co ndi mot dudng thang di tu goc toa do den didm tuong urng voi
2
/
,
tri sd chi cue dai cua dong hP, turc khi sin 2tc = 1. Chung cung bien doi tuong duong
A.

nhu cua dac tuyen thuc (dudng net lien) va dac tuyen binh phuong (dudng cham cha'm)
cua hinh 8-45a. (hinh 8-45b la d6 thj bieu diin dang hinh sin cua dien ap phan bd; voi
d6 thj nay co the suy dudng bieu didn d hinh 8-45a thanh dudng bieu didn d hinh 8-45c).
Sau do doc chfnh xac trj sd tuong urng vdi cac trj sd chi a min va a max bang cach ha cac
dudng thing goc ldn true tung tu cac diem tren dudng thang d hinh 8-45c; ta dupe cac
didm mdi la a' , =12,5 va a'

=32. Tri sd thuc can tim la:

3. Do trd khdng
Khi tfnh toan va didu chuan cac thiet bj d sieu cao tan, thi mot trong cac phep do
can thiet phai thuc hien la do trd khang cua cac phan tu. Co nhieu phuong phap de do tro
khang, nhung do trd khang bang phuong phap day do thudng dupe dung pho bien hon.
Nguyen ly cua phuong phap do nay dupe thuc hien nhu tren hinh 8-46.

Hinh 8-46 Oo trd khang bing day do

so do mach do nay, nguon phat tfn hieu la dd tao dao dong cung cap cho mach

do. Yeu cau ddi vdi nguon phat tfn hieu la phai dam bao cung cap du cong suat ra va co

366

do on dinh tan so cao trong dai tdn

cong tac. Khi chon dung ngudn phat
tin hieu cung can phai luu y toi pham
vi cong cac cua day do, do nhay ciia
bo chi thi va kha nang ciia bo ghep.
Ngudn phat tin hieu thudng cong tac
d che do dao dong lien tuc hay con ca
d che do didu che. Bo phan ghep d
day dung de ngan each anh hudng
ciia vat do tdi che do cong tac cua
ngudn phat tin hieu. Nd thudng la cac
bo suy giam hap thu hay suy giam
kieu pherit va can phai dupe phoi hop
tot de sao cho thanh phan song phan
xa vd ngudn rat nhd, thudng phai nhd hon khoang 20dB so vdi thanh phan song tdi.
Ngoai ra bo phan ghep noi con lam chuc nang didu chinh cong suat dua ra mach do.
Phuong phap do trd khang bang day do dupe tien hanh tirng budc nhu sau:
Dau tidn do d che do ngan mach day do, do mot vi tri cue tieu ciia dien ap phan bd
(doan /, d hinh 8-47a). Sau dd do d che do cd tai, mac tai can do vao day do, lai do mot
vi tri cue tieu mdi ciia dien ap phan bd (doan l2 tren h'inh 8-47b) va do he sd song chay
kch. Tir cac sd lieu do dirpc: he sd song chay, do dich chuydn cuc tieu /, - /2, ta cd the tinh
dupe tri sd trd khang ciia tai Z=R+jX nhu cac bieu thuc da biet trong cac giao trinh vd ly
thuyet mach sieu cao tan.
Song sir tfnh toan theo bieu thuc thudng la phiic tap, nen con cd cach tfnh don gian
va thirc dung hon la dimg dd thi vong tron. Dd thi vong tron (hay con goi la dd thi
Xrmt), la mot loai toan dd thich hop hon ca, lam cho su tfnh toan vd dudng day truydn
song dupe dd dang.
Nguyen ly xay dung dd thi Xrmt da dupe trinh bay trong giao trinh ve anten phide,
do dd d day se khdng nhac lai, ma chi gidi thieu cau tao va cach sir dung trong cong tac
do ludng cac thong so ciia mach dien cd cac phan tir phan bd.
Nhu da biet, che do tai mot tiet dien bat ky tren dudng day truydn tai mot khoang
each /xthi dupe bidu didn bang trd khang vao Z v hay he sd phan xa p/x.
He sd phan xa dien ap tai vi tri cach tai mot khoang /xbang:
U/
P/.

u,

(114)

367

d day:

u,

= p 2 r,?2w

' xph

la bidu thufc toan bo cua song phan xa;

0,

= i V > 2 W eH
2

la bieu thufc toan bp cua song toi.

Thay vao (114) hai bieu thufc tren, ta co:

u2 - i 2w -.144
*

p, =-rA . e
x U 2 + I2W

(115)

Chia ve phai ciia (115) cho I 2:

V? _ w

(116)

P, =-U---x II
i2
Tu ly thuyet dudng day truydn song, ta co:
U-

= Z , ; do vay, bieu thufc (116) co the viet thanh:

Z .- W
Pi

(117)

= -------- e

Z, + W

Song:

z . - w , , j2l(,
zt+w p 1p 11
t

la he sd phan xa tai tai, khi /x = 0. Do do:

P/x = Pte

-J47tf

1
1
-> -J4n
=|pt|ej2ve

(118)
= |p,|e
Dat:

368

0 = 271 - VI/

A.

th'i he so phan xa tai tiet dien /x la:

I I -j20
P/ = P.e

(120)

H'inh 8-48 bieu thi quan he giira goc pha 0, 27t , va vj/.
A
Ta co quan he giira p, va /x, bieu diin dirpc tren toan bo mat phang cua toa do a va
jb, ma tir bieu thuc (120) con dupe bidu thi bang:
P/x =Ti + j4

(121)

Bieu thirc (121) bieu thi mot vec-to trong mat phang toa dp a va jb. Dau cuoi cua
vec-to se ve thanh vong tron, khi bien doi /x va giu P/. =const. Khi P/. co tri gia khac
nhau th'i co mot ho vong tron dong tam nhu h'inh 8-49; no la cac vong tron dang p .
Ciing voi vong tron pt con co the bieu thi vong tron kch; v'i ta co quan he giira p,
kchla:
1 -

k ch ~
1+

P/x

( 122)

pA

Hinh 8-48 Cac thong s6 song

Hinh 8-49 Ho vong tron voi kCh

Hinh 8-49 cung bieu diin mot ho vong tron voi cac tri so' khac nhau ciia kch,
(0<kth<l).
Theo ly thuyet dudng day truyin song, thi trd khang vao tren tiet dien bat ky tren
day bang:

369

1+ p.
1-p,,
va tri so trd khang quy doi cua nd la:
y*

__

ZV

1+ *P/
**

1-p,

(123)

Mat khac ta cd:

Z v = R v +j X v
va tri sd quy hoa:
Z 'v = R 'v+ jX 'v

(124)

Can bang bi6u thuc (123) va (124):

Z v = R v+jX'v =

1+ p,
F/-

(125)

Thay (122) vao (125):

Z 'v = R v+ jX 'v =

(126)

Bien doi bieu thuc (126):

(127)
U - n )" + ^

- 0 - n )2 +J;2

Tir (127) ta cd:

i- n M 2

R\ =

(128)

(i - n )2 +42
x v = j

(129)

(l- r | )2 +42

Phuong trinh (128) la phuong trinh bac hai ddi vdi r\ va

De xac dinh dang cua

phuong trinh nay, thi dua nd ve dang chinh tdc:

R'v
1+ R' V J

370

J ____
+

(1 + R 'v ):

(130)

Day la phirong trinh cua dudng tron. Toa dp tarn vong tron la:

1+ R 'v

So = o

va ban kmh cua dirdng tron:

1

r=

1+ R \

Hinh 8-50 bieu didn mot ho vong tron nay, vdi 0 < R 'v < oo, goi la ho vong tron
dang dien trd. Tam ciia cac dirdng tron nay nam tren true r| va chung cd tiep diem chung
vdi toa do r|L= 1; ^.=0.

Phirong trinh (129) cung la phirong trinh bac hai ddi vdi r| va ,. Bien doi nd ta cd:

(131)

(n - 0 2 +
V

(X v r

Phirong trinh (131) cung la phuong trinh vong tron. Toa do tarn ciia vong tron la:
1

va ban kmh ciia vong tron la:

r=
X v

371

Hinh 8-51 bieu didn mot ho vong tron nay vdi: -oo<X'v<+oo; goi la ho vong tron
dang dien khang. Cac tam cua nhirng vong tron nay nam tren mot dudng thang song
song vdi true , va di qua diem cd toa do ,()=0 va rjc=1, nghTa la diem tiep xuc cua tat ca
cac vong tron cd dang nhu phuong trinh (130). Diem nay cung la tiep diem cua vong
tron cd phuong trinh nhu (121).
Cac vong tron nay tuong ung vdi tri so am cua X 'v ddu nam d phia trai cua true t),
con tuong urng vdi tri sd duong thi d phia phai cua true r).
Neu phoi hop ca ba ho vong tron (cac hinh 8-49, 8-50 va 8-51), thi dupe mot gian
dd goi la gian dd vong tron hay gian dd Xrmt. 6 vong tron ngoai cung cua gian dd dupe
, , /
A/
khac dp theo tri so goc pha hay theo ty sd (hay ).
A

Nhu da biet, gian dd Xrmt co

nhidu urng dung trong tmh toan v6
dudng day truyen song. Nhung urng
dung co ban cua gian dd vong tron nhu:
tinh he sd song chay khi cd tai; tmh trd
khang vao tai mot tiet dien bat ky tren
Hinh 8-52 Mang truydn song

dudnS
truy6n khi c6 ^ tfnh tr
khang tai; tinh cac didu kien de phoi

hop trd khang... 6 day ta xet mot vai vf du cu thd vd cach sir dung gian dd vong tron
trong do ludng.
Vf du 1: Cd mot doan day truydn ma chidu dai 1da biet, vdi trd khang vao cung da
biet Z v =RV+jXv, nhu hinh 8-52. Can xac dinh tri sd trd khang tai.
Biet W ciia day, cd the xac
dinh:
RV =

R
W

va X =

v
W

Biet chidu dai ciia budc

song, cd the xac dinh duoc .
' A
Tren gian dd cd diem cat nhau
ciia hai vong tron tucmg urng vdi
cac tri sd R 'v va X 'v (xem hinh 853). Qua giao diem nay cd vong
Hinh 8-53 Si> dung gian dd Xmit

372

tron xac dinh tri so kch; va cung

tai giao diem nay xac djnh dirpc goc pha, xac dinh bdi duong thang OM tir goc toa do di
qua giao didm do. Muon tim tri so Z thi c3n quay dudng OM mot goc 2tt. Goc pha
A,
dupe tinh tir nguon den tai, nen quay theo chidu ngupc chidu kim dPng hd.
V i sir bien doi doc theo day trong trucmg hop nay la di tir Z v den Z,. Diem cat ciia
dudng OM voi vong tron kch la diem can xac djnh vj tri. Qua diem nay co cac vong tron
eo trj sd R', va X',. Biet trj so W thi tmh dupe: R, =WR'r Do do:
Z, =R, + jX r
Vf du 2: Hinh 8-54 bieu didn sir phan bo dien ap doc theo chidu dai dudng day. Tir
sir phan bo' nay can xac djnh ra trj so' trd khang tai.

J zt

o)

b)

Hinh 8-54 Phan b6 dien ap theo day

Hinh 8-55 S ip dung gian d6 Xmit

Do biet dupe khoang cach tir tai den diem cue tieu dau tien, nen cd the diing nhung
didu kien da biet d cac vj tri cd dien ap cuc tieu la trd khang vao cua day d day thuan trd
va bang:
Z v =RV=Wkch
Trj so W da biet, con kth thi tim dupe tir sir phan bo dien ap. Ta cd R v =kch, vi
X 'v=0 nen diem tirong ung vdi Z v dupe tim la diem cat ciia true r| vdi vong tron co kch da
cho (hinh 8-55). Dd tim dupe trj so cua trd khang tai, thi cung nhu tren, quay dudng ke
tir tam mot goc bang 2n ngupc chidu kim dPng hd. Tir giao diem ciia dudng ke nay
A
vdi vong tron kch, cho phep tim dupe trj so:

Z\ =R', + jX 't
Trj so trd khang tai can do la trj so tim dupe tren gian dd nhan vdi trj so W ciia
dudng day.

373

Vdi phirong phap do nay, cd the xac dinh dirpc tri s6 trd khang tai, neu nhu xac
dinh dupe dd dang doan /m. Nhung vl do cau tao nen thuc te kho do dupe dung doan nay.
V i vay con co cach do khac, bang cach loi dung tfnh chat trd khang doc tren dudng day
bien doi lap lai mot each co chu ky. NghTa la d vi tri cach cuoi day mot khoang bang
thi trd khang vao cua day bang Z t.
Dd xac dinh didm cach cuoi day

X
mot khoang bang , th'i dung cach
ngSn mach dudng day. Cach thuc hien
dirpc bidu thi nhu tren h'inh 8-56, khi
dudng day ngan mach, doc tri sd /, tren
thang dp; khi cd tai mac vao, th'i didm
cuc tieu lai dich sang vj trf co khoang
cach l2; ta xac djnh khoang djch
chuydn A/=/,-/2.

!I

\
2

r~

Tai didm cue tieu ta cung co

R, =Wkch. Neu sir phan bo dien ap doc

tren day lai nhu vf du tren. th'i trd

Hinh 8-56 Minh hoa thuc hien do cach

cu6i day k/2

khang vao tai diem cuc tidu se duoc

xac djnh cCing nhu diem co R\=kth.

Song d day, can xac dinh trd khang vao cua day tai didm A. cach tai mot khoang bang
, v 'i

no bang trd khang Z,. Trong trudng hop nay, sir djch chuydn cua dudng OM tren

gian do Xrmt lai quay ngupc vdi chidu d vi du tren:

110

quay theo chidu kim dong ho mot

goc bang 2n , v'i sir dich chuydn d day la theo chidu tir tai ve nguon.
A.
Trj so trd khang tai con co thd tfnh dupe khong can diing gian dP vong tron, ma
true tiep bang cac sd lieu

A,

AI va kch. Cach tmh nay nhu sau:

Bieu thuc (125) cho phep tmh Z, khi /v =0, cd the viet dudi dang:

R',+jX>

+ p

(132)

Ma d day co:
P, = Pte

374

uv

pt cos2v|/ + jp ( sin 2\|/

Do vay bieu thuc (132) la

R 'n -

J+
+
' 1- p t cos2vj/- jp t sin 2v|/

(|33)

Can bang (133) va (126), roi thirc hien bien doi, trong do co thay the R 'v bang R '
X'v bang X',, r| bang p,cos2ij/ va t, bang p,sin2vy. Khi do, theo (128) co the viet:

Rl= 1 p 2, cos2 2iy - p 2t sin 2 2i|/ _

(l p t cos2vj/)2 j p 2t sin2 2v|/

1 - p 2,
1+ p 2t - 2 p t cos2i|;

va theo (129):

2p .sin2ii;

2 p ,s in2 u /

( l - p , cos2v|/) jp t sin 2v|y

1 + p t - 2 p t cos2i|/

X' = - --------- ------ --- ----= ---- ------- -----

(135)

Thay d cac bieu thuc (134) va (135), modun cua he so phan xa bang kch theo quan

he:
n

P,=r ^
Ta cd:
R ,_

0 + k eh) 2 - ( l - k ch)
( l + k ch)

+ ( l - k ch)

- (1 - k

Ch)cos2v(;

2kch

(136)

l + k ch2 - ( l- k 2Ch)cos2i}/
2 (1 - k

ch)sin2i|/

( l + k ch) 2 + ( l - k ch) 2 - (1 - k 2ch)cos2vj;

(1 k 2ch) sin 2v|/
1+ k .

(137)

- ( l - k 2ch)cos2i|/

Trong cac cong thuc (136) va (137), goc \\i duoc tfnh tu tai (xem hinh 8-57). Song
tren thuc te do ludng thi nhu each do da gidi thieu d tren, khong lay tir tai, ma la tir didm
cuc tieu dau tien khi ngan mach, va chi can do sir dich chuyen ciia diem cuc tieu.
Tir hinh 8-57, goc \\i bang:

375

71

(138)

d day, iyA = 27: la goc bien thien

X
cua didm cue tieu tuang ung vdi bien thidn
cua chidu dai A/=/,-/2(xem h'inh 8-56).

Thay (138) vao (136) va (137), roi

nhan chung vdi W ta duoc cac cong thufc
tmh cho R, va X,:
R,=

Hinh 8-57 Xac dinh \\i

2Wk ch

W(1 - k 2h) sin 2v|/ x

X =

( 139)

l + k ch2 + (l- k 2h)cos2vj/N

(140)

1 + kch2 + (1_ k2h)cos2i|/A

d day:
l |J \ =271

A/

(141)

Cach xac dinh sai sd cua phep do trd khang nay duac tfnh nhu trong trudng hap tin
sai sd chc phep do gian tiep. Muon tmh, can tim dao ham rieng phan cua R,, theo kch va
A/:
=2W

dR

dk ch

I - k c h + ( 1 + k c h ) c s2v|/A

( 142 )

l + k ch2 + (1 - k 2h) cos2v|/AJ2

<9R

87iWk ch

dM

(1 - k 2h )sin 2iyA
1 +

k ch2 +

(1 ~

( 143 )

k ch ) c o s 2 v ( ; A ] 2

Thay thd (142) va (143) vao cong thurc tfnh sai sd do trong trudng hap do gian tiep,
ta co:

g r

1- k ch" + (1 + k ch) cos 2v|/

-4 w v; +

l + k ch2 +(1 - k 2h)cos2v(/ s

(l- k c ,2) sin2 2\\i N
1+ k ch +(1 -

376

k ch ) c o s 2 V | / N

647r2W 2k 2ha /2

(144)

Chia hai ve cua (144), r6i bien doi, ta co:

o2
p R Rf

k + 4v|; Np2(1 - kch2) 2 sin2 2\\j A

[i- k th2 +(i + k;!h)cos2vj/a f p2

(145)

l + kch2 + ( l- k 2h)cos2v1
/AJ2

d day:
<*k
p =

C vap ,= ^

Dao ham rieng phan cua X, (bidu thuc 90) theo kch va A/:
5Xt

4kchW sin2 iyA

8k ch

l + kch2 + ( l- k 2h)cos2v|/A]2

ax,

(146)

471W(1 - k 2h) 1- kch + (1 + k 2h)cos2iyA

(147)

l + kch2 + (1 - k 2h)cos2i[/ NJ2

Thay (146) va (147) vao cong thirc tfnh sai sd trong trudng hop do gian tiep, ta co:
16kch2W 2sinz 2vj/Ac^

1+ k ch2 +(1 ~ k 2h)cos2\[/A]4

1~ k Ch + (1 + k 2h)cos2v(/z

167i2W 2( l - k czh)a/

(148)

1+ k ch2 + (l- k 2h)cos2v|/A

Chia hai ve ciia (148) cho X,2(nhu bidu thuc (140), r6i bien doi, ta co:

P2 =
x X?

/ ~
\2
2v|/a
16k.i p2 +
l - k ch2 + (l + k ch2)co s2 y A]2p2
sin
2
v|/
A
d - k 2h) 2

(149)

l + k ch2 + (l- k 2h)cos2v|/A]2

Cac cong thuc (145) va (149) la cong thirc tfnh sai sd khi do trd khang trong
trudng hop phep do tien hanh nhidu lan. Neu phep do chi' tien hanh do mot lan thi can
tfnh sai sd theo tri gia sai sd cuc dai; khi dd cac cong thirc (145) va (149) cd dang la:

377

mp =
l + k ch2 + ( l - k 2h)cos2i|/A

(150)

.
2
\2 - 2
l + k ch2 + (l + k 2h)cos2i|/AJ2 mj|2 +, 4i)/Am
; n(1 - k.2hY
sin" 2 y A

_____________ 1_____________ X

l + k ch2 + ( l - k c2h)cos2i]/A
(151)

l* c h

_2 ^ 2V
' a '2
L1- k ch2 + (1 + k ch2)cos2vj/A -~2
->-m.
"* k _r ------

( l - k 2h)2

^sin 2v|/ a

a day, mk la sai so tuong doi cuc dai khi do kch

m, la sai so tuong doi cuc dai khi do AI
Khi tfnh trd khang bang gian do vong tron, thi cach xac dinh sai so phai luu y tdi
sai so doc tren gian do, no cung dupe xu ly giong nhu la sai sd doc tren cac thiet bi chi
thi.

4. Van de khac do day do

Thudng trudc khi do ngudi ta cung can phai hieu chinh khac do day do. Noi dung
van de hieu chinh khac do bao g6m su tim hieu dac tinh sir dung cua bo chi thi va sir
hieu chinh vj tri dau do vdi trj sd doc dau tien cua thang do.
That vay, khi dung day do thi can thiet phai biet khoang cach giua dau dd va dau
day do. Trj sd do dupe tren thang do tuy thuoc vao vj tri dau tien cua thang vdi dau do va
sir ghep cua dau dd vdi dng dan song. Cac vj trf nay khong chinh xac cd the lam cho nut
song dau tien ke tir cuoi day bj djch chuyen di. Trj sd ciia su djch chuyen nay cd thd xac
djnh bang cach ndi tat cuoi dudng day lai; do nira chidu dai budc song tren dudng day
bang each do khoang each giua hai nut dien ap khi djch chuydn dau dd. Sau do djch
chuyen dau dd tdi vj trf nut dien ap dau tien ke tir cuoi day tren thang do luc nay doc
dupe mot doan / nao dd. Neu vj trf dau do va thang do dung, thi doan 1 phai bang nira
chieu dai budc song da xac djnh d tren. Neu doan 1 khac nira chieu dai budc song thi
diem nut song da djch chuyen mot doan bang AI. Nhu vay can phai hieu chinh lai cac
didm doc khac d tren thang khac do, nhat la trudng hop can do khoang cach so vdi dau
cuoi day do. Muon loai bd su hieu chinh nay thi phai dieu chinh lai vj trf ghep cua dau
do dd khong co sir djch chuyen vj trf nut song dau tidn nhu tren.
Van dd hieu chinh dac tfnh sir dung ciia bo chi thj xac djnh quan he giua tri sd chi
thj ciia thiet bj va dien ap dupe kfch thfch vao dau dd. Noi dung ciia van dd nay la can
kiem tra lai dac tuyen tach song ciia bo chi thj, dd tir do hieu chinh dupe ket qua do (nhu
lam d cuoi muc do he sd song chay ciia chirong nay). Cach xac djnh nhu sau: ngan mach

378

day do, roi tie'n hanh do dd lap quan he a=f(/). Nhu chung ta da biet, khi dau cuoi cua
day do ngan mach, thi dien ap doc theo dudng day khong ton hao se bien doi theo quy
luat hinh sin.
I
U/ = u maxSin27t-

d day, / la khoang each tir diem can nghien ciru toi diem nut dien ap; U max la dien
ap tai vi tri dinh cuc dai.
Dat dau do d vi tri dinh dien ap, dieu chinh cong suat dua vao day do sao cho dong
ho chi thj co do lech cue dai, sau do bien doi dau do nhung khoang bang nhau va ghi lai
cac tri so chi cua d6ng h6. Co the dung phuong phap do hai tri sd quan he tren bang
each khac do true hoanh theo sin27i , va khac do true tung theo tri so chi a cua dong

h6 chi thi. Nhu vay, tri so khac do cue dai theo true hoanh bang 1. Cung co the lap dac

I
2
tuyen xac dinh quan he tren bang each khac do true hoanh theo sin 2n va true tung
A
theo tri so chi thi cua a.
Tir cac dac tuyen nay, ta co the xac dinh dupe pham vi su dung cua bo chi' thj, hay
hieu chuain dupe bo chi thj khi dac tuyen nay co dang khac ducmg thang hay dudng binh
phuong.
8.2.4 Do trd khang bang cac day do co dau do co dinh
Mot so' nhupc diem chu yeu cua day do co dau do di chuydn la co hien tupng buc
xa qua khe ranh cua day do va yeu cau vd che' tao co khi phai co do chfnh xac cao. Do
vay, dac biet la d ong dan song, khi do d tan so rat cao co nhung kho khan dang kd. Van
dd tren co the khac phuc dupe bang cach dung day do khong co ranh, ma dau do dupe
phep cd djnh d mot vj tri tren day.
Hinh 5-58 la mach do trd khang khi dung day do co dau do co dinh. e day trd

Hinh 8-58

Mach do trd khang dung day do co dau do co dinh

379

khang cdn do dirpc ndi vdi day do qua bo bien doi pha, con ddu dd de ghep dien trudng
trong dng song ra bo chi thi thi dupe dat cd dinh.
Nhu ta da biet d day do dau dd di dong, khi thay doi dau dd ta cd thd xac djnh
dupe dien trudng phan bd tai cuc diem ma d'do song tdi va song phan xa cung pha hay
ngupc pha, nghTa la cac diem cd dien trudng cuc dai hay cue tieu. Tuy nhien, sir xac
djnh dien trudng cuc dai va cue tidu cd thd khong can phai djch chuydn dau dd neu nhu
thuc hien bien doi dupe chidu dai cua doan day giua dau dd va tai. V i pha cua he so
phan xa d ddu dd bien ddi tuong ung vdi chidu dai doan day, nen dien trudng cua song
tdi va song phan xa d didm ghep ddu dd cd the cung pha cung nhu ddi pha. Khi dd thi d
tai didm ghep cd trj sd dien trudng cuc dai hay cue tidu.
Trudng hop mach do nhu h'inh 8-58 th'i sir bien doi goc pha cua he sd phan xa d
didm ghep ddu dd dupe ghep thuc hien khong phai bdng each bien doi chidu dai d&y
giira ddu dd va tai can do, ma bdng bo bien doi pha. Khi bien doi pha mot goc bdng (p
tren bo bien ddi pha thi tuong duong nhu sir tang chidu dai day ndi giu dau dd va tai mot
khoang cach bang :

l =

271

(152)

Neu chi yeu can xac djnh he sd song chay hay modun cua he sd phan xa thi khong
can biet goc quay pha d tren bo bien doi pha. Khi dd chi can bien doi bo djch pha sao
cho cd dupe mot trj sd dien ap cuc dai va cue tidu tren ddng hd chi thj ndi vdi ddu dd.
Dua vao cac trj sd nay cd thd xac djnh dupe dd dang he sd song chay va modun cua he
sd phan xa. Neu yeu cdu can biet ca goc pha ciia he sd phan xa, hay ndi mot each khac
la biet cac thanh phan dien trd va dien khang ciia tai cdn do thi bo djch pha phai cd khic
do goc pha.

Hinh 8-59 Mach do dung loai day do cd 4 dau do cd djnh

380

Mot yu cau kha quan trong khi nghien ciru, khai thac hay didu chuan cac thiet bi
sieu cao tdn la cdn phai do dac dirpc nhanh chong cac trj so tro khang cua tai. Nhat la
khi trd khang cua tai thudng khong on djnh, vj tri nhu khi an-ten quay hay an-ten bj
rung dong. Nhu vay, neu dung each do bdng day do co ddu do di dong thi khong dap
ling dupe yeu cdu vd do luong nay. Trong truong hop nhu vay thi ngudi ta thudng dung
cac thiet bj co kha nang tu dong do dirpc tri sd trd khang. Mot trong cac thiet bj cd kha
nang tu dong nay nhu loai day do co bon ddu do cd djnh. Cau tao so do khoi cua loai
nay nhu hinh 8-59.
Tren mach do d day, day do co bon ddu do cd djnh vdi khoang cach tir vj tri ddu

....................

do nay vdi dau dd kia bang . Bo chi thj cua thiet bj nay la dng tia dien tu, tren man
8
eua dng tia cd ve gian dd Xmi't. Tu cac toa do tren gian do ma xac djnh dupe bdi vet
sang tren man, cd the true tiep ghi nhan dupe trj sd tai can do trong dai tdn sd cua ngu6n
phat tin hieu.
Nguyen ly cong tac cua thiet bj day do nay la: Tai mdi ddu do cd mdc ndi tiep mot
tach song tinh the cd dac tuyen tach song bac hai va bo khuyech dai tdn sd thap. Cac
dien ap tren tai tach song ciia cac ddu dd ldn lupt la:
U, = a(l + |p|2 - 2|p|cos2p/j)
U 2 = a(l + |p|2 + 2|p| cos 2p/2)

(153)

U 3 = a(l + |p|2 + 2|p|cos2(3/3)

U 4 = a(l + |p|2 2|p| cos 2(3/4)
d day, a la he sd ty le phu thuoc vao do nhay cam cua phan tir tach song va muc
cong suat tren dudng day; |p| la modun cua he sd phan xa; I la khoang cach tir cac ddu do
den tai.
Dien ap tir ddu dd nay tdi dau dd tiep theo lech pha nhau 90. Dien ap giua cac dau
do 1 va 3 cung nhu giua 2 va 4 lech pha nhau 180. Tir cac bidu thuc (153) co thd xac
djnh dupe modun cua he sd phan xa:

M - U , ) 2 +(U; - U J l
4a
De cd dupe cac hieu sd dien ap, tren so dd mach do cd thiet lap cac mach tru. Dien
ap ddu ra cua mach tru co bien do bang nhau va dupe dua tdi hai cap phien cua ong tia

381

dien tu chi thi. Hai dien ap hidu nay lech pha nhau 90, vi vay vi trf hinh hoc cua didm
sang tren man se d tren mot dudng tron ma ban kfnh cua no tuong ling vdi modun cua hfe
sd phan xa |p|.
Cur ung vdi mPi tdn sd cua nguon tin hieu, thi co he sd phan xa tai tai la p = |p|eje,
luc do tren man dng tia se xuat hien mot didm sang ma ban kmh va goc trong toa dp cuc
cua chung ty le vdi |p| va 0. Vi quan he giira he sd phan xa tai tai va trd khang ciia tai
da biet, nen vi trf cua didm sang nay cung dong thdi xac dinh dupe tri sd cua trd khang
Z
R
X
tai . Cac thanh phan ciia trd khang tai L va - duoc doc true tiep tir gian d6
W
6
W
W
'
'
~
Xrmt, ma gian dp nay da dupe ve sdn tren man dng tia dien tir.
Dd viec do ludng dupe dd dang hon, thi thiet bi thudng cd them mot nguPn dien ap
chudn. NguPn dien ap chudn nay dung de chuan thang do tren man dng tia dien tir vd toa
do. Vdi cac num dieu chinh co khac do cua nguon chuan, no cho cach doc dupe dd dang
trj sd ciia trd khang can do.
Vdi loai thiet bj phuc tap hon thi con co thdm mpt ngu6n phat tin hidu dupe didu
che' tan sd (tdn sd bien doi co chu ky nhung bien do khong doi). Khi do tren man se ve
dupe mpt dudng cong bieu thj dac tfnh modun va pha cua he sd phan xa tai tai trong dai
tdn cong tac cua nguon tin hieu.
De dam bao cho phep do ft sai sd, can yeu cau bon bo chi thi ciia bon ddu do phai
dPng nhat; cung nhu yeu cdu cong suat ra cua nguon tin hieu phai on djnh. Khi dung
nguPn tin hieu la bp phat didu tdn thi dac tfnh sir dung cua bon bo chi thj con yeu cdu
phai ft phu thuoc vao tdn sd trong pham vi ciia dai tdn sd bien doi.
8.2.5 Do trd khang bang phan xa met va bang cac cau do

1. Do tra khdng bdng phan xa met

Do trd khang ciia tai d sieu cao tan co the thuc hien thong qua each do modun ciia
he so phan xa bdng phan xa met va do pha ciia he sd phan xa bdng thiet bj do pha.
Vd cau tao phan xa met thi phdn tir co ban cua no la bo phan mach djnh hudng.
Nhu ta da biet (d chuong do cong suat) bo phan mach djnh hudng co the dung de kidm
tra dp phoi hop trd khang, dd do he sd phan xa va do he sd song chay. Mot bp phan
mach djnh hudng co thdm bp phan mach chi thj va tai nua, thi cau tao thanh mot thiet bj
co the diing do trd khang, goi la phan xa met.

382

- 0

f
flT T w

11
11

'

k h d n g
co n

Hinh 8-60 Phan xa met dung 2 bo phan mach dinh hirdng

Sa do khoi cau tao cua phan xa met loai dung hai bo phan mach dinh hudng nhu
hinh 8-60. O day, mdt bd phan mach dinh hudng dung cho thanh phan song tdi, va mot
bo dung cho thanh phan song phan xa. Khi do modun cua he sd thanh phan phan xa thi
mac dau tach song lan luot vao cac dau ra cua bo phan mach thdng qua bo chuyen mach
sieu cao tan. Dau tien, may de do thanh phan song tdi, rdi tiep theo la do thanh phdn
song phan xa. Tir cac tri sd chi thi cua hai lan do song tdi a, va song phan xa a ph ma xac
dinh duac mddun cua he sd phan xa. Khi bo chi thi cua dac tuyen tach song bac hai, thi:
i a Ph

P=

a,

Phep do nay con cd the thuc hien dan gian han, nu nhu bang each la d du ra cua
b6 phan mach cd mdc them bo suy giam de dieu chuan mure cong suat ra. Khi dau tach
song mac vao dau ra cua bo phan mach song tdi, thi didu chuan bo suy giam dd tri sd chi
thi bang mot dan vi (vf du nhu tuang urng vdi vi trf cuoi cua thang do). Sau dd, khi dau
do mac vao dau ra cua bd phan mach song phan xa, thi tri sd do dugc a ph chfnh la he so
phan xa. Nhu vay, neu nhu dac tuyen tach song la bac hai thi:
P=
vi khi dd a, =1.
De xac dinh pha cua he sd phan xa, thi giua hai bo phan mach dinh hudng va tai
can mac them mot bo dich pha (xem hinh 8-60). Tri sd pha d day dugc do bang do dich
chuyen vi trf cue tieu cua dien ap phan bd song durng, va dugc doc tren thang khac dd
cua bo dich pha.
Tir tri sd he sd phan xa do dugc bang phan xa met, ta cd the xac dinh dugc he sd
song durng va trd khang can do.
Uu diem ciia phuang phap do bang phan xa met la phep do dan gian, cd the true
tiep doc dugc tri sd can do, khong phai thdng qua tfnh toan nhu cac phuang phap do

383

khac, vf du nhu phuang phap day do. Hon nua, do bang phan xa met cung khong ydu
cau co ngu6n phat tin hieu dac biet. Phep do nay lai con co the tien hanh do ngay cac
nguon cong suat lorn, vf du cua cac dai, mac du b6 chi thi cua no chi la chi co the dung
de do c6ng suat be.
Nhugc didm cua phuang phap do bang phan xa met la khong true tiep do pha
dugc, va tri s6 do con bi phu thuoc vao tin so cua ngu6n phat tin hidu.

2. Do tra khdng bang phuang phap cdu

Nguydn tic do tra khang bang phuang phap cau do a sieu cao tan cung giO'ng nhu
cau do cr tdn s6 thap, no la phep do so sanh mot tra khang cin do vdi tra khang miu. Dd
thuc hidn so sanh dugc thi can co hai phan tu la tra khang miu va mach cau do. Mach
cau do de m ic tra khang miu va tra khang can do, roi de thuc hidn can bing chung. (J
tan so thlp thi van dd che' tao tra khang miu cung nhu mach ciu do khong gap phai kh6
khan gi nhidu, song a tin s6 cao thi lai la van dd co nhidu kho khan trong cong nghd.
Chfnh vi vay ma no da gay ndn han che' vd do chfnh xac cho phuang phap do nay. Bai vi
d6 chfnh xac cua phep do la phu thuoc chu ye'u vao do chfnh xac cua tra khang miu va
do chfnh xac vd cau tao cua mach ciu do, chu hlu nhu khong phu thuoc vao dac tfnh
tach song cua bo chi thi.
U*u didm cua phuang phap cau do la phep do dugc thuc hien de dang va nhanh
chong. Nhu da bid't, de thuc hien can bing cau thi can phai tien hanh hai su didu chinh
d6c lap nhau. Hai sir didu chinh nay de thuc hien phoi hgp, can bing vd modun va can
bang vd pha cua tra khang. O mach ciu do thi thuc te' dugc ke't cau hai bo phan doc lfip
dd thuc hien hai su dieu chinh nay. Do vay, ta co the de dang thuc hien dugc su can bing
ciu, va tra khang do go the true tiep dgc dugc, chur khong cin them cac thao tac xu ly
tiep tuc cac ke't qua do vf du nhu phuang phap day do.
Nhugc diem chu ye'u cua phuang phap ciu thi ngoai ly do da noi vd do chfnh xac a
tren thi con la do phuang phap ciu bi han che' trong dai tin su dung.
Trong ky thuat do tra khang a sieu cao tin thi co nhidu loai ciu do. 0 phln nay
chung toi chi gidd thieu hai loai ciu co nhidu tfnh nang va pho bie'n han ca, no dugc
dung a doan song cm la ciu kidu T magic va ciu sau nhanh.

a. Can T magic.
Mach ciu T magic co dang cau tao nhu hinh 8-61. Cong dung cua ciu nay la de do
tra khang va kiem tra su phoi hgp tra khang cua cac phln tu trong mach dudng day
truydn song. (Do chi la cac cong dung ca ban trong ky thuat do tra khang, chu loai ong
song dugc ghep theo kieu nay con co nhidu urng dung quan trong khac nua).

384

Cau nay dupe dung d doan song cm. Voi cach ghep noi cac ong song nhu vay
(hinh 8-61) thi co tac dung nhu co sir phoi hgp hoan toan va co sir cach ly hoan toan lan
nhau giua cac nhanh.
Neu nhanh 1 va nhanh 2 co cung
chidu dai va tai co tro khang bang nhau,
thi khi tin hieu vao nhanh 4 se khong co
tac dung gi doi voi nhanh 3. Neu trd
khang cua tai d cac nhanh 1 va 2 khong
bang nhau thi nhanh 3 co tfn hieu dua ra
va cudng do cua no phu thuoc vao muc do
khac nhau giua cac tai cua cac nhanh 1 va
2. Do vay, mot thiet bi nhu the co the
dung nhu mot mach cau de do tro khang,
Hinh 8-61 Mach cau T magic

cung nhu dung de hieu chinh muc phoi

hop cua cac phan tu rieng biet d trong ong

din song.
So do mach do trd khang bang cau T magic dupe bidu thi nhu hinh 8-62. Tren
mach nay, trd khang can do mac d nhanh 1; trd khang mSu mac d nhanh 2; dao dong
cua nguon phat tfn hieu dua vao nhanh 4 thong qua bo suy giam. Tac dung cua bo suy
giam la dd giam anh hudng ghep cua mach do tdi nguon phat tfn hieu. Dau ra cua nhanh
3 dua tdi bo chi thi.

Trd khang
c4n do

chi thj

Trd khang
miu

Hinh 8-62 Do tro khang dung cau T magic

385

Neu trd khang can do bang trd khang mau th'i dau ra cua nhanh 3 khong co tin
hieu. Dieu nay co nghTa la eac trd khang da phoi hop tot. Neu trd khang can do khong
bang trd khang mSu thi dau ra cua nhanh 3 co tin hieu va cudng do ciia nd ty le bac nhat
vdi he so phan xa cua trd khang can do.
De khac do thiet bi cau thi ngudi ta
thuc hien bang each doan mach nhanh 1,
khi do thi he sd phan xa bang 1. Nhu vay,
cau T magic con do dupe ca he sd phan xa
mot each don gian, nd khong phu thuoc
vao tdn sd va cd kha nang dung de do he
sd phan xa cd trj sd nhd.
Mot loai cau khac cung cd tmh nang
giong nhu cau T magic dupe cdu tao bang
Hinh 8-63 Noi eac dudng ong dong true

each ndi bon dudng dng mot each dong

true; co hinh dang mot cau xuyen nhu hinh 8-63. No cung dupe dung de: do trd khang 6
doan song cm.

b. Can seni nhanh

Hinh 8-64 la so do mach cau nhanh. Nd co tmh nang tuong tu nhu cau do trd
khang kieu cau bon nhanh can bang. Mach tuong duong cua cau sau nhanh nay nhir
hinh 8-65. 6 day, sau nhanh dng song dupe ndi chung lai, mdi nhanh cau tuong duong
nhu mot dien khang vi su anh hudng cua trudng phan bd tai vi tri trung tarn, dau noi
chung ciia sau nhanh. Cac dien khang do each ndi ciia cau gay nen vdi mdi nhanh nhir
vay thi phu thuoc vao tan sd.

Hinh 8-64 Cau 6 nhanh

Hinh 8-65 Mach tUdng duong eua

cau 6 nhanh

386

Khi dua nang luong vao nhanh 1 thi se khong co su truydn nang luong tir nhanh 1
sang nhanh 2 nd'u co quan he tro khang ciia bon nhanh con lai la:
Z 3Z 4 = Z 5Z 6

(155)

(156)

hay
Z ^ L

Z",4
Nhu v$y, neu trd khang Z 6 cd dang 1+jX, va cac trd khang Z 5 va Z 4 la cac dien
khang bien doi dupe thi c3u cd the can bang vdi Z 3 bat ky. Sd di the vi goc pha cua trd
khang mau 1+jX cd the thuc hien can bang vdi pha cua trd khang cn do. Con ty sd dien
khang ciia cac nhanh 4 va 5 thi cd the thuc hien de cho ve phai cua bieu thuc (156) cd tri
so bang trd khang can do Z 3.

387

ChiiOng IX

DO LUONG, KIEM NGHIEM

CAC MACH DIEN TIT SO VA VI XlT LY

9.1 KH A I N IEM V A D A C TINH C H U N G C U A M ACH S O

Cac thiet bi dung mach dien tu so va vi xu ly cung can kidm tra de phan doan hu
hong nhu nhung thiet bi khac. Song co cac ly do:
-Vai cac thiet bi tuang tu, (mach dien dung ky thuat tuang tu dua tren ca so ham
thdi gian va tan sd), thi co thd dung cac thiet bj nhu oxilo, may phan tich phd, von-met
dien tu de do ludng, kiem tra.
-Thiet bj dung ky thuat mach dien tu sd, co vi xur ly thi hoat dong tren ca sd xu ly
sd lieu, nen khong the dung cac thiet bj do thong thudng nhu tren.
-Van de kiem tra la kha phuc tap, tham chi viec sira chua con kho khan han la che
tao mot may mdi. Do thiet bj cd dung vi xu ly can nhidu thu tuc phuc tap, can ngudi didu
hanh hieu biet sau sac ve thiet bj.
Neu nhung thu tuc kiem tra khong dugc thiet kd' trudc, thi hau nhu khong kiem
soat ndi he thdng.
Dd lap bo kiem tra thiet bi co he thdng vi xu ly can chu y cac dac didm:
-He thdng vi xir ly dieu khien luu lugng thong tin sd lieu, vdi to hgp nhung tir, so
nhj phan cd do dai khac nhau mot cach ngSu nhien, va thdi gian t6n tai cung thay d6i.
-He thdng cd vi xir ly co cau true rat phuc tap, cd nhidu dudng van chuydn sd lieu
dugc didu khidn bdi chuang trinh. Chuang trinh co dugc thuc hien tot hay khong la nhd
quan he thdi gian giua su thay doi ciia tin hieu dau vao va dau ra.
-He thdng vi xir ly co khac nhau ca ban vdi cac thiet bj da nang chi cd ket cau
mach cung. V f du nhu muon thay doi mot chuc nang nao do, thay vi thay doi phan cimg
mach dien, thi lai thay ddi chuang trinh thuat toan chua trong ROM .
-Tfn hieu thong tin sd khong lap lai, ton tai trong khoang thdi gian cuc ngan. Su
kien xay ra trong thiet bi co vi xir ly co toe do rat cao rat nhanh.

388

-He thdng vi xir ly cd sii dung bus hai chidu, nd cang phuc tap khi can thong dich
xem no la dia chi hay sd lieu.
-Thiet bi kidm tra phai kidm soat mot sd rat ldn cac hoat dong co ban.
Trong cac thiet bi dung vi xu ly, chuong trinh xu ly cd the len tdi hang ngan budc
thuc hien.
Nhung hong hoc lien quan tdi bo vi xir ly thong thudng rat kho phat hien, lai cang
kho hon khi muon co lap no ra. Vi vay, nhung thiet bj ky thuat kiem tra truyen thdng
thong thudng rat dd sai lam khi do ludng chung.
Do nhung ly do tren, cung vdi sir phat trien ciia vi xir ly, viec tim ra phuong tien va
ky thuat mdi ma huu hieu cho viec kiem tra chung la van dd rat can dupe nghien cuu.
Nhung hinh thuc va phuong phap kiem nghiem da dupe sir dung la:
-Tu dong chuan doan (du doan co chuong trinh).
-Kiem nghiem thdng kd.
-Phan tich logic.
-Phan tich theo nhan dang (theo ma chi dan).
Ta se xet eac phuong phap tren.

Phuong phap tit dong chuan doan

La phuong phap sir dung mot ehuong trinh chuan doan d ngay ben trong ciia thiet
bj, de go rdi, kiem tra, phat hien diem hong.
Chuong trinh chuan doan co the tu dong khoi dong, hoac dupe khoi dong bdi
ngudi sir dung.
Trong mot vai loai thiet bj, no lan lupt kiem tra cac chuc nang, phan tir ciia thiet bj
va dua ra man chi thj nhung thong bao trang thai mot cach van tat va co the tham khao
theo hudng dan ciia tai lieu sir dung de phat hien ldi. Do vay cung ft can sir phan tfch vd
phuong phap nay.

Phifolig phap kiem nghiem thong ke

La phuong phap dua tren co sd coi hoat dong ciia thiet bj giong nhu to hop lien
tiep cac trang thai do.Vi vay ngudi ta khong quan tarn lam tdi qua trinh hoat dong, ma
co thd tien hanh kidm nghiem he thdng, cac trang thai khac nhau dupe mo phong gia.
Dd lam dupe dieu nay, can thiet dua thiet bj bo tao chuyen mach. Vdi sir tro giup
cua bo phan nay, co the tao ra tat ca cac trang thai co the.

389

Viec lira chon mot to hop nhat dinh eua cac chuyen mach cho phep dua tin hidu tai
kenh dia chi va didu khien tuang urng (vf du RA M ), va kidm tra kha nang lam viec eua
thiet bj. Cung ft can quan tarn nhidu den phuang phap nay.

9.2 C A C P H U O N G P H A P PH A N TICH

9.2.1 Phircmg phap phan tich logic

Phuang phap phan tfch logic sir dung ba loai thiet bi phan tfch logic la:
- Bo phan tfch trang thai logic.
- Bo phan tfch bieu do thai gian (djnh th6i) logic.
- Bo phat tfn hieu d6ng bo.

1. Khai niem
Trudc khi dua ra nhung nguyen ike cua thiet bj, can xac dinh thdm cac khai niem

trang thdi logic va hieu do thoi gian cua thiet bj dien tu so.
Trang thdi logic
Tfn hieu nhj phan dung trong mach dien tu so sir dung hai muc dien ap rd ret: mot
muc duac coi la logic 0 , muc kia la logic 1 .
Trong mach dien thuc te, nhung muc nay khong duac djnh nghTa vai trj so dien ap
chfnh xac, ma no se a trong mot khoang gia trj dien ap nao do. V f du nhu doi vai ho vi
mach TTL LSI, mure logic 0 la trong khoang dien ap nho han 0,4V va muc dien ap lan
han 2,4V duac coi la muc logic 1. Noi cach khac, logic 0 la mure thap va logic 1 la muc
cao, va each quy udc nay coi la logic khang dinh (logic duong). Neu muc dien ap thap
duac quy uac la mure 1, th'i cach quy uac goi mach dien duac xay dung tren ca sa cua

logic phu dinh (logic am).

Su to hap cua mot chudi cac so cac sd logic 0 va 1 tai dau ra cua mach sd quyet
djnh trang thai cua no

Bieu do thdi gian cua tin hieu logic

Trong qua trinh phan tfch he thdng, gd rdi chuang trinh, kidm tra hoac tim l6i cua
mot he co vi xu ly, viec nghien cuu va bidu didn ciia day sd lieu theo thdi gian cd the
nhidu khi cho biet ve he thdng han h4n so vdi bang trang thai logic.
Nhung nhugc diem dac trung cho mach tuyen tfnh cung cd the xay ra trong mach
sd, vf du nhu meo sudn xung, sir khong on djnh va nhap nhay khi chuydn mach.

390

Ba (Jang bieu dien ket qua phan tich

Ta co the bieu didn thong tin nhan duoc trong viec thu nghiem cac mach sd dudi
ba dang sau:
-Bang trang thai.
-Bieu d6 thdi gian.
-Cac the trang thai
1.

Hidn thi bang trang thai dupe dung dd phan tfch trang thai logic. No cho phep

quan sat trang thai logic dudi dang bang sd:

He co sd 2
He co sd 8
He co sd 10
He co sd 16
Sir hidn thi nay doi khi dupe goi la su hidn thi phan anh thong tin trong vung sd
lieu.
H'inh 9-1 la vi du quan sat dupe trong hien thi bang trang thai.

Hinh 9-1 Bang hien thj trang thai

391

Theo true ngang la true bieu diin eac "tir".

Theo true doc la true bieu diin cac "su kien".
Vf du cac sir kien la day xung, duoc dua tdi dau vao cua bo dem va trang thai logic
cua no bi thay doi.
De tien loi trong khi doc, ta chia cac phan tir (gom 12 bit) thanh tirng phan, m6i
phSn chua 3 bit (dang co sd 8) hoac m6i phan chua 4 bit dang co sd 16.
2.

Bieu dd thdi gian logic dupe bieu diin thong qua man hinh tucmg tir nhu man

hinh oxilo nhieu kenh binh thudng co thi quan sat ddng thdi 8 bieu do thdi gian ciing
mot luc.
Hinh 9-2 la vf du hiin thi bieu do thdi gian logic.

Hinh 9-2 Bieu do thdi gian logic

3. Tam the trang thai

Khi bieu diin dudi dang "tarn the trang thai". ta khong diing bang bit ma diing ma
trail vach sang. 6 day in6i vach tuong irng vdi mot byte nhat dinh. Qua quan he giua cac
vach sang tren man hinh, co the quan sat qua trinh xir ly sd lieu trong mach.
Hinh 9-3 la vf du ciia tain the phan anh trang thai bo dem thap phan duoc thiet lap
tu 2 tang dein.
Bo dem tlurc hien deni sd xung tir 0 den 99 (trong he dem thap phan). Hang, dupe
tao nen bang day cac vach tuong irng vdi cac trang thai ciia cac bit gia (nd thay doi tir
()()()() tdi 1111). Cot tuong ung trang thai ciia cac bit tre (nd cung thay doi tir 0000 tai
1111).

392

Tai cac giao diem cua duong ngang (hang), tuong ung voi cac day bit gia (vf du
0010), va dudng doc (cot) tuong urng vdi day cac bit tre (vi du 1001) se la vach sang the
hien mot tu xac djnh (vf du tren la 00101001).
Tir hinh ve, vach sang d goc tren cung ben trai cua tarn the thd hien tir 00000000.
con d goc dudi cung thd hien tir 10011001.
Neu sir dung toan bo man hinh thi vach sang n^m d goc se the hien nhu sau:
0000 0000 goc tren ben trai.
0000 1111 goc tren ben phai.
1111 0000 goc dudi ben trai.
1111 1111 goc dudi ben phai.
Cung nhan thay la do sang eua hinh anh tang len mdi khi tdi mot diem mdi. Do
vay co the danh gia hudng cua ddng thay doi trang thai.
Tam the trang thai cho phep dd dang kiem tra trang thai churc nang cua cac mach
sd lam viec tuan hoan.
Vf du, tren tarn the hinh 9-3, giua hang thu 6 va hang thu 7 bong mat mot hang
sang, didu do chung to la bo dem da chuyen tu trang thai 01011001 (sd 59) trong he
dem thap phan sang trang thai
01110000 (sd 70) ma le ra phai la
V

0 0 0 0

| | f

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0

j
'-

>

i.

, :\

:>
*'

im

1 0 0 1

________

trudng hop mach sd hoat dong tot.

.*
*

'**'

s.'.

.'<
,

Khi diing phan tfch logic theo

'

1 0 0 1

trang thai 011000000 (sd 60) trong

chuong trinh phuong phap hidn thi

tarn the trang thai nhu midu ta d tren

* rt*
*

dd kiem tra hoat dong chuong trinh

v...

a'i-.v.-.vsV

he thdng vi xir ly, ta cd dupe nhung

' ,

'

'

'

dang dac biet rieng. Neu nam vung

each phan biet cac dang hinh anh
dac trung cho tirng he thdng vi xir ly

Hinh 9-3 The trang thai

rieng, thi co thd de dang kiem tra

qua trinh hoat dong ciia chuong
trinh.

2. Thiet bi phan tich trang thdi logic (Logic State Analyzers)

Dd co thd phan tfch, tim ra hong hoc mot cach co hidu qua. Bo phan tfch trang thai
logic (doi khi con goi la bo phan tfch dong bo) phai co nhung yeu cau sau :

393

1- So lieu can phai dupe doc va hien thi dang nhj phan, dd dd doc ma khong cn
bat ci\ mot sir thong dich nao.
2- Co du dau vao de trong mot then diem co the cung luc hien thi, kidm tra toan b6
mot tir so lieu.
3- Mot tir kfch khoi phai dupe yeu cau bdi mot tu sd lieu rieng, duy nhat trong mot
chu6i vao.
4- Phai co mot su trd can thiet de du thdi gian chuydn sd hien thi den tu can tham
khao.
5- Phai cd kha nang luu tru de luu giu cac sir kien xay ra.
6- Viec ndi may phan tfch vao he thdng phai dam bao khong anh hudng den nhung
tham sd cua he thdng hoac lam thay doi sir hoat dong cua chuong trinh.
7- Dau do can dupe ndi vdi may phan tfch mot cach chac chan nhat trong suot qua
trinh kiem tra, do thu.
8- Man hidn thj phai dd doc dd hidu.
Nhu vay, cd nghTa la: Sd lieu phan tfch dupe dua vao thd hien dudi dang ma nhj
phan, tufc la dudi dang to hop cac bit; c3n cd du sd lupng cac dau vao ra song song dd co
the cho phep kiem tra d6ng thdi mot tu nguyen ven; van dd didu khien sd lieu d dau vao
va phan djnh chu ky trong thiet bj thu nghiem can dupe tien hanh bang mot xung d6ng
bo duy nhat; khoang thdi gian can thiet de xu ly thiet dd xu ly sd lieu cua thiet bj phan
tfch can phai rat ngan; viec ket ndi thiet bj phan tfch vdi mach can khao sat phai khong
lam anh hudng tdi cac thong sd cua mach cung nhu khong ddi hoi phai thay doi che do
hay chuong trinh lam viec cua mach; dau vao cua thiet bj phai cd cau true sao cho co the
dd dang ket ndi vdi mach can khao sat; thiet bj phai cd man hinh hidn thj dd quan sat va
nhan dang dd xu ly thong tin.
Theo yeu cau thur hai da co nha san xuat thiet bj phan tfch trang thai cd thd 8, 16,
32 hay 64 kenh.
Hinh 9-4 la so dd vf du cau true cua thiet bj phan tfch 16 kenh.
Hoat dong cua thiet bj se dupe dong bo bdi dau vao ddng bo trong suot qua trinh
kidm tra, do thu (cd the lay tfn hieu dong bo tu mot may phat tfn hieu ddng hd tao xung
nhjp).
Sau khi thiet bj phan tfch dupe bat ngu6n, dau vao 1 va 2 cua mach A N D nhan
dupe logic 1 (mire cho phep) tu dau ra 2 cua bo tao tfn hieu didu khien va tu dau ra cua
bo chia tan sd. Do dau vao 1 cua AND2 se nhan duoc muc cho phep hoat dong.

394

Sir dung ban phim, ngudi do kiem tra se vao mot tu dai dien cho trang thai logic
binh thudng cua mach dupe thu. Tu nay se dupe sir dung de so sanh vdi tu se xuat hien d
dau vao cua bo phan tfch. Tir khoa nay se dirpc dua vao cac dau vao cua bo so sanh tu.
Tir ma dupe phan tfch (tu may, tir sd lieu) se dupe dua vao thiet bi phan tfch bang
ddu vao 16 dudng song song (tur dau vao 0 den ddu vao 15) cua cac dau vao bo so sanh.
Bo so sanh nay cung cd mot ddu vao khac de dua vao muc dien ap nguong. No se quyet
dinh muc nguong giua muc 0 va muc 1 (vf du no se la 2,4V. Tir sd lieu nay se ra tai ddu
ra cua 16 bo so sanh dd den cac ddu vao 2 cua bo so sanh tir, d day nd so sanh vdi cac tu
khoa va cung tdi cac ddu vao D ciia thanh ghi bo nhd, dupe danh sd tu 1 tdi 15.
Neu tur sd lieu qua ddu vao cua bo phan tfch la khac vdi tir khoa dd so sanh (tir ban
phfm), thi sau mdi xung nhip (xung ddng hd) nd qua cong AND2 tdi ddu vao C cua
thanh ghi bo nhd, se dupe ghi vao thanh ghi tuong ung vdi thur tu bit cua tir sd lieu. Tir sd
lieu dupe ghi trong 16 bo nhd dudi dang song song va se dupe dich chuyen thay the tdi
vi trf tiep theo moi khi cd xung dong h6 tdi neu nhu tir sd lieu sau vdn chua giong vdi tir
khoa. No se lap di lap lai cho den khi mot tir sd lieu d cong 2 giong het vdi tir sd lieu d
tai cong 1 ciia bo so sanh tir.
Khi tir sd lieu giong nhu tir khoa, bo so sanh se phat ra 1 xung dem khoi dong bo
tao tfn hieu didu khien dua tfn hieu ra tir cong 1 tdi cong 1 cua AND3 va AND4. Didu
nay cho phep xung ddng hd qua AND3 tdi ddu vao ciia mach trd va qua AND4 tdi ddu
vao ciia bo chia 15.
Khi mach trd d che do tat, sau 15 xung dong ho, (tfnh tir liic ddng bo tai bo so sanh
tir), bo chia 15 phat tfn hieu khoa mach AND1 va AND2.
Ket qua la viec luu giu tren thanh ghi bo nhd bi dimg lai. Noi dung ciia thanh ghi
bo nhd tai thdi diem dd se la tir khoa va 15 tir tiep theo sau kd tir thdi diem tir sd lieu
trung vdi tir khoa.
Co mot kidu khac goi la kieu hidn thi kdt thuc . Khi bo so sanh tir phat hien tfn
hieu d6ng bo, ddu hai ciia bo didu khien se phat tfn hieu logic 0, no se khoa AND1 va
AND2. No lam dimg lai qua trinh luu tru tren thanh ghi. Bay gid tren thanh ghi co tir luu
tru giong nhu tir khoa va cd thd goi la 15 tir trudc khi d6ng bo. Tren man hinh hien thi,
tir khoa se la tir cuoi ciing. Kidu nay cuc ky co fch trong xir ly hong hoc bdi no cho ta
biet tai lam sao ddn tdi hong hoc, hon la chi cho biet ket qua ciia sir hong hoc nhu kieu
trudc.

395

Con mot kidu thur ha nira la sir dung mach trd nhu hinh 9-4. Khi mach tri duac su
dung, ta co the thay doi duac duac vj trf thu tu cua tu khoa de! co the biet duac chuyen gi
xay ra trudc va sau no.

Hinh 9-4 Thiet bj phan tich trang thai logic

Tom lai, nhln qua chung ta thay phuang phap nay kha la dd dang trong viec kiem
tra he thdng vi xu ly. Tlurc te la khong hin nhu vay, bdi vl no doi hoi ngudi sir dung phai
co hieu biet sail sac vd he thdng dugc kidm tra. VI ly do do, phan tfch logic chi dugc
thuc hien nhieu tren tren nhung he thdng dung toan mach dien tu sd han la kiem tra, do
thir nhirng he thdng diing vi xir ly. No cung dugc diing nhidu d trong phong thi nghiem,
con lai rat it tai nhung nha may xudng sira chira, bao hanh.

396

3. Thiet bi phan tich bieu do thoi gian logic (Logic Tim ing Analyzers)
Thiet bj phan tich trang thai logic cho phep xac dinh hien tupng (va doi khi ngay
ca vi tri) xuat hien hu hong cua mach so dupe thu nghiem. Tuy nhien sau do vdn cdn doi
hoi tim hieu them vd tmh ehdt va nguyen nhan cua hu hong. Ldi sai sot thudng xuat hien
do xung nhidu trong thdi gian ngdn; do ddu vao tin hieu khong ddng thdi, mat ddng bo,
do cau lenh sai. Trong nhung tinh hudng do, viec sir dung thiet bi phan tich bieu dd thdi
gian logic (cung con cd the goi la thiet bi phan tich lech dong bo) la rat hieu qua. Nd
cOng dac biet tien lpi de kiem tra cac thiet bi giao dien chuan ddi vdi cac thong tin tren
kenh truyen didu khien, cac sd lieu dupe truydn qua cac thiet bi vao/ra.
Khi phan tfch theo thdi gian, phai khao sat tfn hieu va cac qua trinh cd khoang thdi
gian rat nho so vdi thdi gian ciia mot tir, vi vay tan sd lam viec, toe do lay mdu ciia thiet
bi phan tfch bieu dd thdi gian logic cang ldn hon nhidu so vdi thiet bi trang thai logic khi
ciing lam viec vdi mot dang sd lieu.
Trong da sd cac trudng hop thi cac thiet bi phan tfch bidu d6 thdi gian logic ddu cd
kha nang lam viec trong ca hai che do: dong bo va di bo (khong dong bo). Cach thur hai
co toe do lam viec cao hon. Toe do cuc dai phu thuoc vao yeu cdu ciia thiet bi phai lam
viec. Ngudi ta da san xuat cac thiet bi co toe do nhanh vdi tdn sd tren 20, 50, 100 va 200
MHz. Thiet bi cd toe do nhanh la vo ciing can thiet de khao sat he thdng vi xir ly. V f du
vdi vi xir ly Intel 8080A, mac dii thdi gian nhip la 500ns (tdn sd nhjp la 2 MHz), nhung
thong tin trang thai dupe truydn theo dudng sd lieu 8 bit, chi cho phep xir ly trong
khoang thdi gian rat ngdn, bdng chu ky dong bo ciia he thdng, nghTa la co 50ns. Trong
khoang thdi gian nay co mot tir trang thai (8 bit) qua va cac trang thai logic thay doi d
hai dudng dong bo. Dd phan tfch bidu d6 thdi gian tuong ung vdi tfn hieu neu tren,
khoang thdi gian 50 ns phai dirpc chia thanh 5 phan, dd moi phan la 10 ns. Ro rang didu
nay chi thuc hien khi toe do lay mdu (thdi didm tac dong) ciia thiet bj phan tfch khong
nho hon 100 MHz. Co the bo sung them trong vf du da neu la ke ca vdi cac he vi xir ly
co toe do thap ( 1-2 MHz), thdi gian luu giir sd lieu vao va ra khong the vupt qua 10 ns.
Vi vay, de phan tfch quan he thdi gian giua tfn hieu ciia vi xir ly va cac vi mach ngoai vi
nhat thiet phai cd thiet bj phan tfch cd toe do nhanh. Uu didm rat quan trong ciia phan
tfch thdi gian logic ma khong thd co d phan tfch trang thai logic la kha nang phat hien
tfn hieu gia, thuong la nhung xung gay nhidu co do rong xung rat nho trong dong sd
lieu. Nd co thd pha vd hoat dong chirc nang thong thudng ciia he thdng sd ma trong che
do hoat dong ddng bo kho co thd phat hidn duoc. Trong mot sd cac thiet bj phan tfch
trang thai logic, cd the thay cac mach flip-flop dac biet, cho phep ghi lai cac xung gia
(tham chf co the phat hien cac xung cd do rong 5 ns). Nhirng mach nhu vay, cac xung
hep se dupe md rong tdi muc gan bang khoang thdi gian lay mdu, didu do cho phep phat
hien xung gia mot cach dam bao.

397

De: dd dang quan sat so lieu, 6 bo phan tfch bidu do thdi gian, bo hidn thi cua no co
sir dung con tro. Con tro la mot vach thdng dung, co thd di chuyen con tro doc theo man
hinh va dung lai d bat ky didm mong muon khao sat nao. Vdi su tro giup cua con tro ta
dd dang xac dinh sir dich chuydn tuong ddi theo thdi gian cua mot didm tren bidu dd thdi
gian vdi cac diem khac. 6 mot vai thiet bi phan tfch khac, lai cd hai con tro nhu vay, no
cho phep do true tiep dirpc khoang thdi gian giua hai diem giua hai con tro ma khong
can phai tfnh toan gi thdm.
Bo phan tfch thdi gian logic dupe thiet ke cung vdi mot oxilo hay dupe thiet ke
phoi ghep vdi mot oxilo rieng, dd co the hidn thi bieu dd thdi gian. Co loai dupe thiet ke
hien thi mot bang bieu d6 thdi gian, tuy theo yeu cau sir dung.
9.2.2. Phuong phap phan tich nhan dang ma dia chi (Signature Analysis)
Nhu da phan tfch, viec thir nghiem ddi vdi he thdng vi xir ly va cac thiet bi sd co
diing vi xir ly la cong viec rat kho khan. Thiet bi phan tfch trang thai logic da khao sat 6
phan tren chi' giai quyet dupe mot phan ciia van dd. No giup sir doi theo tirng budc cong
viec ciia bo vi xir ly thong qua cac chuong trinh thirc hien. Tuy nhien qua trinh tim kiem
va phat hien nguyen nhan hu hong doi hoi nhieu cong sue va kha nang cd the phan tfch
tot dupe nhung ket qua, nhung hinh anh thu dirpc. Ta cung khong loai trir hoan toan kha
nang sir dung ciia cac may do truydn thdng trong lTnh vuc thdi gian hay linh vuc tan sd,
nhu oxilo, may phan tfch pho, von-met dien tir,... Song dd xac dinh dupe nguyen nhan hu
hong gay nen bdi vi xir ly hoac cac phan mach ndi ghep vdi no thong qua giao dien thi
mat qua nhidu thdi gian, cong sue va cung can co nhirng chuyen gia trinh do cao.
Mot trong nhirng cach hieu qua nhat de tim kiem hu hong trong da sd cac thiet bi
sd va dac biet trong cac thiet bi co dung vi xir ly la sir dung thiet bi phan tfch ma chi ddn
(Signature Analysis). Nguyen tac va viec che tao cac thiet bi nay cung mdi dupe hinh
thanh trong thdi gian gan day.
Ten goi phan tfch ma chi ddn duoc bdt nguon tir chu ky (signature), no co rat
nhidu nghTa cho nhieu lTnh vuc khac nhau nhu am nhac, in an,... song vdi nghTa don gian
nhat la chu ky ciia ngudi mang ten chu ky do. Trong van de tim kiem hu hong ciia thiet
bi sd, thi ma chi dan la mot sd dupe can thanh tir 4 ky hieu chu va sd cua he ma co sd
16, dirpc dac trung duy nhat cho tirng diem nut cua thiet bi dupe khao sat.

1. Md ta ban chat cua su phan tich

Phan tfch ma chi dan la viec so sanh sir tiling hop giua ma chi dan tlurc cua didm
nut cu the nao do duoc phan anh tren man hinh phan tich vdi ma chi dan cua diem nut
nay hoac vdi bang hudng dan sir dung thiet bi khao sat. Sir khong triing hop cua ma chi
dan chirng to vd sir hu hong, hoat dong chirc nang khong binh thudng ciia thiet hi. Vf du.
398

nu trdn man hinh xut hidn ma chi din F865, con trdn mach tai dilrn nut da cho thi cin
phai c6 ma chi din A953, nhu vay rd rang la da co hu hong. De tim hilu nguydn nhan,
ta co th tidn hanh khao sat tid'p cac diem nut khac. Bang each do co the ke't luan bo
phan hu hong la bd phan ma d ddu ra cua no, ma chi dan thuc va ma chi dan miu khac
nhau, trong khi d ddu vao cua no, ma chi dan thuc va ma chi din miu trung hop nhau.
Thoat nhin ben ngoai, quy trinh phan tich ma chi din ra't giong vdi quy trinh phat
hidn hu hong trong cac thiet bj tuang tu. Trdn sa d6 nguyen ly cua thid't bi tuang tu tai
cac di&n dac trung, ngudi ta chi ra hinh dang cua tin hidu va gia trj didn ap tai diem dd.
Co th dung oxild d i quan sat hinh dang cua tin hieu va dung von-met dien tu de do gia
tri didn ap, qua dd xac djnh thid't bj khao sat co lam viec binh thudng hay khong.
Ddi vdi thid't bj co ehuong trinh, ra't tid'c khong thi su dung hd thdng kilm tra dua
trdn co sd so sanh tinh trang trdn oxilo duoc vi khdng thi phan bidt dugc day cac gia tri
nhj phan trdn man hinh. Hon nua trong cac thid't bj dung vi xu ly, khdng co su tuong urng
d6ng nhat giua dac tfnh cua thiet bj vdi nhung diem nut cu the.
Do dd, bo phan tfch ma chi din la mot cong cu thiet bj ra't hieu qua cho muc dich
trdn.

2. Nguyen ly tao lap md chi ddn

D i cd the tien hanh phan tich ma chi din cua hd thdng sd dung vi xu ly, nha't thid't
phai co tin hieu thu nghiem, dd la day gia trj nhi phan, nghTa la day xung vuong cd do
rdng xung ra't nhd, bien do cua no chi co thi nhan hai gia trj rdt khac nhau theo mire
didn ap, dugc goi la bit 0 va bit 1.
Day cac gia tri 0 va 1 goi la sd lieu, dugc tao ra nhd chuang trinh vi xu ly dac bidt
nam bdn trong thiet bj thu nghiem. Tu1day gia tri nay hinh thanh tin hieu thu nghiem,
day thu nghidm.
Nguydn ly nhan ma chi din tur day thu nghidm vdi su trg giup cua thiet bi phan
tich dugc mieu ta tren hinh 9-5.
Ma chi din dugc hinh thanh trong mach co chua thanh ghi djch 16 bit (16 flip flop), 4 bo cong modulo-2 mac ndi tiep va dudng phan h6i ndi td cac dau ra cua cac flipflop thd 7, 9, 12 va 16 tdi cac dau vao thd hai cua cac bd cong thu 1, 2, 3 va 4 mot cach
tuin tu. Thanh ghi djch chuydn co hai dau vao: diu vao ca sd, ky hieu D (Data), dugc
dua vao la day cac bit nhi phan. Va dau vao thd 2, ky hidu C (Clock), dugc dua vao la
xung nhip (xung dong bd). Nhu vay, diu vao D nhan cac bit cua bo thu ca sd 2, va dau
vao C nhan xung nhip ma no chuyln djch bit theo bo ghi.

399

Dau vao cua mach chfnh la cira vao dau tien cua bo cong modulo-2 thur nhat. Day
tin hieu thu nghiem dupe dua tdi day. Day nay co the' co do dai bat ky, nhung ket thuc
qua trinh bao gid ciing la mot so 16 bit, dupe luu lai trong thanh ghi. Sd nay dupe bieu
dien duoi dang ma co sd 16, dd chfnh la ma chi din thu dupe tu day thu nghiem cho
trudc. Chfnh vi sd cac ma hieu trong ma chi din nhd hon nhidu so vdi sd bit trong day
thu nghiem nen cd the ndi thiet bi phan tfch ma chi dan da thuc hien phep nen thdng
tin.

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M a ch idah

Hinh 9-5 Tao lap ma chi dan

Cung can phai luu y rang ma 16 bit dupe dung trong phan tfch ma chi din cd mot
sd doi khac so vdi ma 16 thdng thudng (0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F) va duoc viet
dudi dang 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A C F H P U . Viec lira chon ky hieu nhu tren cd lien quan
den viec sir dung cac bo chi thi. the hien so va chu thdng qua cac segment. Su thay doi

400

tren cho phep doc ma chi din de dang hon va khong bi nham lin. Neu vin su dung cac
ma 16 thong thirong, se ra't kho phan biet giua chu B vdi sd 8, giua chu-D vdi sd 0 (xem
ma chi din nhu hinh 9-6).

Hinh 9-6 Ma chi dan

Ma chi din dupe hinh thanh nhu sau: d diu vao cua mach ve tren hinh 9-5, ta dua
day thu nghiem nhi phan vdi do dai xac dinh, vi du 20 bit (hinh 9-7).
Nhung bit nay dupe dua tdi diu vao D ciia thanh ghi sau khi da di qua day eac bo
cong modulo-2. 6 bo cong dau tien, moi bit ciia day thir nghiem se dupe cong theo
modulo-2 vdi bit thir 7 ciia thanh ghi, bit diu ra ciia bo cong thu nhat se dupe cong theo
modulo-2 vdi bit thu 6 ciia thanh ghi tai bo cong thd 2. . .
6 day co quy luat sau: neu tai tat ca cac cira vao thu 2 ciia 4 bo cong la bit 0 hoac
so chan cac bo cong la bit 1, thi bit dupe dua vao dau vao ciia mach se duoc truydn tdi
dau vao D ciia thanh ghi giu nguyen gia tri; khi bit 1 xuat hien d cac cira vao thu hai ciia
so le cac bo cong thi tai diu vao D ciia thanh ghi se nhan dupe bit cd gia tri ddi so vdi
diu vao cua mach (theo phep cong modulo-2 thi ke't ciia se la 1 khi co bit khac muc
logic cong vdi, neu bit cong vdi cung mire thi ke't qua la 0).
Trudc khi bat dau lam viec, tat ca cac flip-flop ciia thanh ghi ddu nam d trang thai
0. Xung nhip dau tidn dupe dua tdi cira vao C cua thanh ghi se cho FF1 gia tri bit dau
tien cua day thir nghiem, dua vao kenh D. Xung nhip thir hai se d iy bit dau tidn sang ben
trai mot budc, nghTa la tir FF1 sang FF2 va dua tdi FF1 gia tri bit thu hai ciia day. Mdi
xung nhip lai day gia tri ciia thanh ghi sang ben trai mot budc va dua vao FF1 gia tri tiep
theo ciia day thir nghidm. Toan bo qua trinh nay dupe ket thuc khi va chi khi bit thir 20

401

cua day thir nghiem (trong vf du dang xet, chidu dai day thu nghiem la 20), duoc dua vao
FF1 (sau khi da di qua day cac bo cong modulo-2). Ma duoc tao thanh trong thanh ghi
dupe bieu didn theo he co so 16 va nhan dupe ma chi din cua day thu nghiem da cho.
Trong vf du trdn, ma thir nghidm la F86H (hinh 9-5).
Bay gior, ta xet mdi tuong quan giua cac miu d dang nhi phan tai dau ra va dau vao
cua chudi bo cong modulo-2.

Mi/c logic

Thirttfbit

3 4

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20

Hinh 9-7 Chuoi bit dau vao

Gia su rang chudi cap nhat co n bit 6 dau vao: a,, a2,...an, trong do a, la bing 0 hay
1. Chu6i diu ra cung co n bit la b,, b2, ... bn, trong do b, cung la cac bit 0 hay 1.
Do da co quy udc tai thoi diem lam viec ban diu, diu ra cua cac flip-flop cua
thanh ghi d trang thai logic, nen gia tri cac duong hoi tiep tir dau ra cua cac flip-flop 7,
9, 12 va 16 dupe duy tri d gia tri 0 logic ft ra trong thoi gian tmh bing 7 xung nhip. Nhu
vay tmh tu thdi diem bit diu xuat hien xung nhip (clock) thu nhat tdi thdi diem ket thuc
xung nhip thu 7, thi bit vao thu 2 ciia cac bo cong modulo-1 d mure 0. Can cu vao bang
trang thai cua bo cong modulo-2, ta khing dinh chic chin ring trong khoang thdi gian
nay gia tri cua cac bit thuoc chudi miu kiem tra qua chudi bo cong modulo-2 hoan toan
khdng bi thay doi. Nhu vay 7 bit dau cua hai chudi diu vao va diu ra la trung nhau: a, =
b vdi i=l, 2, 3,..., 7.
Tir bit thu 8 trd di, bit thu i cd gia tri 0 hay 1, dupe xac dinh bdi su can bang:

Ja, neubi_l6bj_l2 b i_y bj_7 =0

b|_ |a-t neubi_16bi_12 b M, b i_7 =1
d day i nam trong dai tu 8 den n; a, la so bu ciia a,; la cong ciia modulo-2.
Neu trong so cua bit b, K nhd hon hay bing 0 (i<K) thi cd the bo qua su cd mat cua
bit dd trong bieu thuc cong modulo-2 trdn.

402

Vl du:
Gia su bit do la b10, i = 10 rd rang la:
i -16 = - 6

I bo qua b M6 va b j_12

i-12 =- 2 J
i -9 = 1
i -7 = 3
do vay,

neu b, b3 =0
b io

ax neu b, b3 =1

voi i=8 hoac i=9 thi:

a 8 neu b , = 0
a8 neu b , = 1
a 9 neu b-, = 0
b9

a neu b , = 1

De co duoc ma ky hieu d dang nhi phan, ta loai bo trudc cac bit cd thu tu tu (n-l6)
trddi trong chudi bit b, b:,..., b; 16 bit con lai sc la ma ky hieu chi dan mong muon d
dang nhi phan.
6 vf du nhu hinh 9-5, cd chuoi 20 bit dau vao: a,a2... a|()a2(), ta cd 20 bit dau ra
tirong ung: b,b,... bls)b20 la ma ky hieu viet dudi dang co' sd 2, neu doi thanh dang co sd
16 thi la: F86H.
Sd thu' tu bit: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
a, =

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 10 0 0 0 1 1 1 0

10

b =

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 10

1 1 0

1 1 0

10
1

Vf du 1: Xet chuoi bit vao cd do dai n=20 gom toan bit cd gia tri 1, ta cd:
Sd tt bit

12 3 4

5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16

17 18 19 20

403

a,=

1111

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

b~

1111

1110

1 1 1 0

1 1 0

11
3

Vf du 2: Xet chudi bit cung gom toan bit co gia tri 1, nhung co do dai n=19, taco
So tt bit

12 3

45 6 7

8 9 10 11

a~

111

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

b,=

111

1 1 1 1 0
U

12 13 14 15

0 1 1 1 0
3

16 17 18 19

0 1 1 0
9

01
9

So sanh ket qua tu hai vf du 1 va 2, ta thay ket qua ma chi din rat khac nhau, du
cho hai chudi thir chi khac nhau co 1 bit.

3. Cap chinh xac ciia phep phan tich ky hieu md chi ddn
Phuong phap kiem tra co sue thuyet phuc nhu the nao khong phai la van dd, ma
cap chfnh xac, mire do y nghTa ciia phuong phap nhu the nao moi la van de dang quan
tarn.
Voi phuong phap phan tfch ma ky hieu, didu quan trong la co the giai dap dupe
cac yeu cau sau:
- Lieu ky hieu thuc te co la ban sao chfnh xac ciia ky hieu tham khao hay khong,
neu nhu co mot so loi lot vao chuoi kiem tra?
- Phuong phap phan tfch ky hieu co thd tach ra dupe mot bit loi hay khong?
- Cap chfnh xac ciia phuong phap phan tfch ky hieu phu thuoc nhu the nao vao do
dai ciia chu6i kiem tra va xac suat tach mot loi la bao nhieu?
De giai dap cac cau hoi trdn. co the bien luan nhu sau:
Gia sir mau kiem tra nguyen ban nhu da chi ra d hinh 9-7, co the viet lai nhu sau:
11111101000011101010. M iu nay dua toi thiet bi phan tfch ky hieu tir mot nut khong bi
hu hong. Do la mot loi chuan. Ta se ky hieu cac bit dupe truydn chfnh xac bing trang
thai 0 va cac bit truyen sai bing 1 0 vf du nay, tat ca cac bit ddu dupe truyen chfnh xac,
nhu vay chu6i Idi se bao g6m toan con so 0.
Bay gid, gia sir la bit thir tu. dem tir trai qua phai, bi truydn sai. Nhu vay ba chudi
cin chu y co dang:

404

Chudi chuin:

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0

Chudi bi sai:

1 110

10

1 10 10 0 0 0 1 1 10 10 10

Chu6i Idi:

0 0 0

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Dd dang thay ring chudi bi sai co the xac dinh dupe bing viec cong modulo-2 cua
chudi chuin va chudi Idi theo nguyen tic bit cong bit. Trudng hop neu khong co Idi thi
ky hieu cua chudi Idi la cac con sd 0. Nhd su cd mat cua chudi Idi ma vi tri bit sai trong
chudi bj sai (so vdi chudi chuan) bi phat hien.
Neu thiet bi phan tfch ky hieu ma nhan dang su dung thanh ghi dich 16 bit thi ky
hieu 0 khong the; tao ra cho chuoi loi gdm 16 bit (hoac ft hon 16 bit) ft nhat 1 bit cd gia
tri 1, neu khong cd sai. Co the de dang chung minh dupe didu do bang cach xem xet
hoat dong cua thanh ghi dich. Tlurc vay, trang thai 1 diu tien dupe ghi vao thanh ghi se
chua the rdi thanh ghi trong thdi gian mot chu ky 16 nhip, dupe su dung dd cap nhat ky
hieu. Ma nd cung khong the lat sang trang thai 0 khi bi cong vdi bit trd lai bo cong qua
dudng hoi tiep. Tu day, co the khang dinh rang tit ca cac loi neu cd thi deu co the tach
ra dupe.
Khi chudi thu loi dai tdi 17 bit, loi se khong tach ra dupe chi d duy nhit mot
trudng hop trong (2I7-1) trudng hop, do la chudi ma trong dd cac bit sd 1,8, 10 va 13
(dem tu trai sang) cd gia trj 1. Bdi vi trang thai 1 d cac bit nay se bj lat xuong 0 khi bj
cong vdi 1 ma dupe dua tdi bo cong modulo-2 nhd dudng hdi tiep, va sd 1 d bit diu tidn
bj day ra ngoai thanh ghi khi thanh ghi nhan bit thu 17 cua chudi thu Idi.
Nhu vay cu 217 chuoi thi cd I chuoi khong tach ra duoc loi. Do dd khi dua tdi
thanh ghi djch 16 bit vdi 1 chuoi thu loi co do dai bat ky, thi xac suat cua viec khong
phat hien dupe loi nhd hon l/(2lfl-l), nghTa la nho hon 0,00001526.
Ndi each khac, muc chfnh xac cua viec tach Idi se luon ldn hon 1 - 0,00001526 =
0,09999847, tuc ldn hon 99,998%.
Nhu vay ta cd thd ndi nhu sau:
-Xac suat cua 2 chudi nhj phan giong nhau cho ma ky hieu giong nhau la 1.
-Xac suit dd cho 2 ma ky hieu giong nhau neu hai chudi nhj phan khac nhau chi 1
bit la 0.
-Xac suat de cho 2 ma ky hieu giong nhau neu hai chudi nhi phan ma trong mot
chuoi cd sai mot vai bit thi khong vupt qua 0,00001526.
Cd thd ket luan rang, sir dung phuong phap phan tfch ma ky hieu thi cap chfnh xac
phep do la ra't cao.

405

4. Sff do khoi cua mot bo phan tich nhan dang md chi ddn
So do khoi cua mot bo phan tich nhan dang nhu hinh 9-8.

"Khdi"
"Dung" "Dong bo"
(nhip)

Dau do
3 kenh

Dieu khien
cong

Dau dd
so lieu

Bo phat
chudi kiem
tra

Mach
phat don

Bo phat
ma nhan
dang nhi phan

Bo
giai ma

Bo nhd

Bo
hien thi

-v

"Khdi"
Bo phat tin hieu
tu kiem tra

Bo
nhd 1

"Dimg"

"Dong bo"(nhip)
So lieu

Bo
so sanh

Hinh 9-8 Bo phan tich ma chi dan

No g6m 3 chuc nang co ban:

-Tao phat mfiu kiem tra

-Thu nhan mot nhan dang
-Hien thi nhan dang ma no thu dupe
Mau kidm tra dupe phat nhu sau:
Thiet bi dupe kiem tra se cung cap tfn hieu dieu khien tdi bo phan tich qua dau do
3 kenh. Cd 3 kidu tin hieu dupe sir dung la:
Xung nhip (xung ddng hd), h'inh 9-9.1.
Xung khdi dong (hinh 9-9.2); va Xung dung (h'inh 9-9.3)
Sudn cua "xung khdi" se dua thanh ghi dich den trang thai san sang dd thu nhan
mau kiem tra va md cong didu khien. Sudn ciia "xung dimg" se khoa cong dieu khien
(hinh 9-9.4). Nhu vay khoang thdi gian giua hai xung khdi va dimg se la do rong ciia
xung cong. Xung cong nay se ciing vdi xung nhip dupe dua tdi bo phat chudi kidm tra.
Bo nay thong qua dau dd sd lieu cung nhan chudi sd lieu tir thiet bi dupe kiem tra.

406

X u n g n h ip
(x u n g

d d n g h d )

Khai
T in h iS u

'k h

f f i'

D u h g

nhhiSu

'd u h g '

3
X u n g

co n g

4
S o

7 / if u

5
Chudi kiem tro

6
W

r in g

co b

K h d n g c d

it

it

Hinh 9-9 Trang thai dir lieu

Mdi lan sudn ciia xung nhip (hinh 9-9.1) triing vai bit so lieu (hinh 9-9.5) thi mot
chudi kiem tra duac phat ra (hinh 9-9.6). Bat ky su thay doi nao ciia so lieu vao cung
khong anh hudng tdi cau true ciia chudi kiem tra. Bit dau tien ciia chudi kidm tra duac
tao nen khi sudn xung nhip triing vdi bit sd lieu thi mot bit ciia chudi kidm tra se dugc
tao ra. Cac thay doi d trong sd lieu xay ra trong khoang thdi gian giua hai xung nhip
khong anh hudng tdi cau true ciia chudi kidm tra. Do dai ciia chudi kiem tra chfnh la sd
cac bit cd trong chudi tai thdi diem dau tidn ke tir sau khi cong md, va bit cuoi ciing ciia
chuoi kidm tra duoc xuat hien khi xung nhjp triing vdi bit sd lieu kd tir trudc khi cong
dugc dong lai (hinh 9-9.1 tdi hinh 9-9.6).
Do dd cd the thay la chidu dai ciia chu6i kiem tra hoan toan cd thd khdng che dugc
b^ng xung "khdi" va "dimg". Va nd cd the dieu chinh dugc bang bang dieu khien phfa
trudc ciia may phan tfch (panel dieu khidn).
Xung nhjp cung cap tir thiet bj dugc do ludng kiem tra se cung cap tfn hieu nhip
cho toan bo bo phan tfch nhan dang kd ca thanh ghi djch (qua dau vao C ciia thanh ghi).
Chudi kidm tra dirge dua tdi dau vao D ciia thanh ghi.
Sd nhan dang dudi dang nhj phan se duoc dua tdi hai don vj ciia bo nhd. Don vi sd
I ciia bo nhd se luu giu sd trong thdi gian ciia chu ky do ludng. Sd nay se duac doc ra
(ma khdng pha huy noi dung ciia bo nhd) va dua tdi bo hien thj thdng qua bo giai ma de
doi sd 16 bit thanh sd ma nhan dang Hexadecimal 4 sd. Dan vi bo nhd 2-2' luu giu

407

nhung con sd dai didn cho nhung nhan dang duoc phat qua 2 chu ky do luong lion tiC'p.
Nhung con sd tuang ting vdi 2 nhan dang dugc cung cdp tren hai dau vao cua b6 so sdnh
se dugc so sanh vdi nhau. Neu hai nhan dang nay la gidng nhau, b> so sanh se khdng
phat ra tin hieu nao. Ne'u hai nhan dang nay ma khac nhau, bao hidu nhan dang khdng
6n dinh dugc dua ra. D ilu nay co nghTa la thie't bi dugc thu da cd mot sai sot, can d l yeu
cdu thuc hien kilm tra lai.
Thie't bi cung cung cdp che' dd phat dan. Khi may lam viec d che' do nay, chi co
mdt nhan dang dugc phat ra vdi mdt xung cdng dan. Nd lam viec bang mach do phat
dan.
Bd phan tfch cung cd mdt bo phat rieng de cung cap tfn hieu tu kilm tra. Nhu hinh
9-8, nd cd bdn tin hieu ra: ba cai ddu de dua vao ddu do 3 kenh, va ddu ra thu" tu dua vao
ddu dd sd lidu.

5. Phdn tich nhan dang Ung dung trong thiet hi co V i xu ly

Phan tfch nhan dang thudng dugc thie't ke trong thiet bi sd. D l cd thi dua vao su
dung trong thie't bi cd dung vi xu ly, mach dien cdn phai dugc thie't ke sao cho ngudi sir
dung cd thi theo dugc cac budc cua bd phan tfch nhan dang: cach ly ra khdi hat nhan
cua he thdng; md mach phan hdi ndi tai; khdi ddng mach trong qua trinh kilm tra (turc la
dat chung d trang thai khdi ddng); cd mot chuoi kilm tra on dinh trong khoang thdi gian
xung cong hoat ddng; cd cac nhan dang tham khao cho nhung nut quan trong va turng
phan cua mach d l qua dd ngudi sir dung cd thi tim ra dilm hong.
Hat nhan (The Kernel) eua he vi xir ly chfnh la bd vi xir ly va tfn hieu nhip (Clock).
Trudc khi phdn tir hat nhan dugc kilm tra, nd phai dugc each ly va dudng hdi tie'p ddn
tdi hat nhan cdn phai dugc khdi ddng. Dudng hdi tie'p nay la Bus s6 lieu va kenh ngat
(Interrupt). Budc tie'p theo la kilm tra xem cd su hong hoc gi trong phdn tir hat nhan
khdng. Ndu bd phan tfch tim ra mot Idi gi dd, nd cdn phai dugc tach ra, bdi su tham khao
cua luu dd nhan dang.
Bo phan tfch nhan dang cho he vi xir ly cd thi dugc thuc hien mdt trong hai cach:
tu dong va dilu khiln theo chuang trinh.
Trong chd do tu ddng, bo vi xir ly se tu do ndi vong toan bd trudng dia chi. Che dd
nay se dugc khdi ddng bdi cung cap lenh IN C R EM EN T , d l khoa tat ca cac ddu vao cua
Bus sd lieu. Lenh nay se tang bo de'm lenh len 1. Sau dd bd vi xir ly se quay lai xem xet
tren bus sd lieu, va vi lenh IN C R E IM E N T vdn giu dd, nen bo de'm lenh lai tie'p tuc tang
them 1 va cur the',...tfn hieu "khdi" va "dung" chuyln qua dudng dia chi ciia Bit cd gia tri
cao nhat (A 15) cua Bus dia chi, va tfn hi6u dinh thdi la xung nhip tai ddu vao ciia bo vi
xir ly. Cdng viec dugc lam chuyln doi bdi tfn hieu R EA D Va SYN C cua bo vi xir ly.

408

tren bus so lieu, va vi lenh IN C R EIM EN T vdn giir do, nen bo dem lenh lai tiep tuc tang
them 1 va cir the,...tin hieu "khoi" va "dimg" chuyen qua duong dia chi cua Bit co gia trj
cao nhat (A 15) cua Bus dja chi, va tin hieu djnh thdi la xung nhjp tai ddu vao cua bo vi
xir ly. Cong viec duoc lam chuyen doi boi tin hieu R E A D Va SYNC cua bo vi xu ly.
Voi bo phan tfch nhan dang lam viec d che do didu khien theo chuong trinh,
chuong trinh kfch thfch duoc dat 6 trong ROM. Chuong trinh nay se phat tin hieu "khoi"
va "dung" va dua day so lieu tudn hoan den Bus so lieu de cho nhung phan tu kiem ->oat
co the1noi duoc bo vi xu lv.

9.3. CAC N G U Y EN LY T ii K IE M T R A (P R IN C IP L E S O F S E L F - T E S T IN G )
Cung vdi su phat trien mot cach nhanh chong cua mach tfch hop mat do cao, din
toi viec do thu kiem tra mot IC hoac mot mang mach trd nen vo cung phuc tap va tdn
kem. Cang ngay ngudi ta cang cdn thiet bj co dai rong hon, co nhidu kha nang dd lira
chon khi san xuat, bao hanh, sira chua. Van dd lai cang phuc tap vdi cac thiet bj, co sir
dung V LSI chips, he thdng hoan chinh co dung vi xu ly, may vi tfnh,...
Co mot cach hieu qua giai quyet van dd nay la viec cung cap cho may che do tu
kiem tra. Ngudi ta cd ihe kiem tra mot mang mach, mot he thdng ma khdng can su dung
bat cu phuong tien nao ben ngoai, ca phan cung cung nhu phan mdm.
Co mot vai phuong phap thuc hien tu kiem tra se dirge trinh bay dudi day.
9.3.1. Phirong phap L S S D (Level - Sensitive Scan Design)
LSSD la viet tat cua Level - Sensitive Scan Design, tuc la thiet ke quet theo mure do
nhay. Phuong phap nay dugc dua ra tu nhung nam 70 va co the ung dung vdi cac mach
tfch hgp, mang mach va he thdng.
Vdi LSSD, nhung phan tu' nhd dugc cung cap trong cau true san pham, bao gom
hai chot FF1 va FF2 (hinh 9-10). Mac du muc dich so cap cua thanh chot FF1 la dd thuc
hien chuc nang co' ban cua san pham nhung nd cung dugc sir dung trong qua trinh kidm
tra. Thanh chot thu hai FF2 chi danh cho viec nang cao kha nang cua qua trinh kiem tra.
Boil dau vao I, D, C, A ciia FF1 dd nhan 4 tfn hieu vao lan lirgt la: tin hieu tir phdn tir
nhd trudc; mdu (sd lieu) kidm tra; mot sd lieu d6ng bo tir san pham dang bj kidm tra, va
xung nhjp. Chot thu hai cd mot ddu sd lieu don (I') lien tuc ndi tdi Q1 ciia thanh chot
ddu va dau vao nhjp don B, nhan cac xung nhjp ma no la tir thanh chot ddu dugc chuyen
doi, va dugc quet o ben trong thanh ghi dau.

409

Khi mot tin hieu dong bo den cong vao C, thanh chot FF1 se duoc dua den trang
thai tuong ung vdi bit cua mdu kiem tra dang ton tai o cong D. Khi tin hieu nhip duoc
dua toi cong A, thanh chot dau se duoc dat toi trang thai muc logic (1 hoac 0) dang t6n
tai tai cong I. Tin hieu dong bo cung cap toi didm B la nguyen nhan mach lat To (the
Slave Flip-flop) duoc dua toi ciing trang thai voi mach lat Chii (the Master Flip-flop).

Hinh 9-10 Phuong phap LSSD

Cap thanh chot (nhung phan tir ghi, nho) duoc to hop thanh mot thanh ghi dich
don nhu tren de dau ra cua FF2 trong mdi phan tu nho duoc noi toi ddu vao I cua FFl
trong phan tir ke tiep. Ddu vao D cua bit co gia tri thap nhat trong thanh ghi chap nhan
mdu kiem tra. Xung nhip quet di quet lai dau vao A va B la nguyen nhan nhung bit so
lieu duoc dich chuydn, hoac duoc quet doc theo thanh ghi. Mdu bit xuat hien tai ddu ra
ciia no se duoc so sanh voi so lieu cat giu trong bo nho va dai dien cho trang thai mong
muon cua san phdm khi no hoat dong binh thuong.

9.3,2. Phuong phap B IL B O (Built-In Logic Block Observer)

Phuong phap B IL B O la phuong phap viet tdt cua Built-In Logic Block Observer
(dang bien d6i ciia BIDCO, Built-In Digital Circuit Observer), la Bo Giam sat thiet bi sir
dung khoi logic (mach so). De thuc hien, co hai thanh ghi duoc cung cap cho thiet bi
nay. Mot duoc dimg nhu la mot bo phat mau gia nhdu nhien kiem tra va cai kia sir dung
nhu thanh ghi ciia bo phan tich nhan dang. Hai thanh ghi nay ket hop voi bo giai ma va
bo hidn thi tao thanh mot khoi don rieng.
Tren hinh 9-11 la so do khoi don gian ciia mach.

410

Khdi phat xung nhjp cung cap tin hieu nhjp (clock) cho cac mach dien, va tin hieu
Reset dung de xoa trang thai cua tat ca cac thanh ghi va mach lat. Mach dieu khien phat
xung den cac khdi con lai cua so dd. Mdu gia ngdu nhien kiem tra tu bo phat di den thiet
bj kiem tra theo dang song song va tin hieu xuat hien tai dau ra cua thiet bj se tdi thanh
ghi nhan dang. Su nhan dang dudi dang sd nhj phan se dirge dua tdi bo giai ma.
Sau mot sd xung nhjp da djnh trudc nhan dugc, mach dieu khien thdi gian vong
thir, kiem tra phat moi tfn hieu ket thuc mot vong kidm tra. Dap lai tfn hieu nay, xung
dong bo se cham dirt viec dua den cac mach cua bo kidm tra va sd lieu se dua ra bo giai
ma dd tdi man h'inh trang thai cua thiet bj trong thdi gian kidm tra.
Con cd mot ky thuat tu kiem tra day du da dugc phat trien bdi ca hai phirong phap
BILBO va LSSD. K y thuat nay cdn co thd tim ra va cach ly didm hong hoc cua thiet bj
trong qua trinh kiem tra.

r
Mach chon thdi gian
thCr (kiem tra)

Giai ma va hien thi

Hinh 9-11 Phirong phap BILBO

9.3.3. Phuong phap M IC R O B IT .

Phirong phap nay dugc phat trien dac biet danh cho viec kidm tra cac he thong vi
xir ly va nhung may vi tfnh hoan chinh, nhung no cung cd the irng dung de kiem tra
nhirng mang mach in. Phuong phap nay lien quan tdi viec sir dung kha nang chuan doan
va nhung chuong trinh thu dac bidt. Ky thuat nay dirge ira dung vi no khong can bat ky

411

mot thiet bi kiem tra rieng biet ben ngoai nao; toe do chan doan nhanh (khoang nira phut
cho mot he vi xir ly 8 bit); thu tuc don gian va co the sir dung duoc nhung chuang trinh
duac cat giu trong RO M cua thiet bi dugc kiem tra.
Hinh 9-12 la so do khoi dan gian cua mot he vi xir ly cung vai 4 mach them vao
cho viec tu kilm tra. Do la: bo chia tan so; bo phat mdu gia ngdu nhien kidm tra; thanh
ghi nhan dang va mach khdi dong su kidm tra.
Bo chia tan sd de chia toe do tin hieu ddng bo vdi hoat dong ciia he thdng tdi gia
tri thfch hgp vdi sir thu, kidm tra. Bo phat mdu gia ngdu nhien kiem tra se phat mot day
256 mdu gia ngdu nhien. Nd se dugc dua tdi nhung khdi dugc kidm tra cua he thong vi
xir ly. Mdu ra se dugc dua tdi thanh ghi nhan dang ma d dd tfn hieu thu duoc se so sanh
vdi mdu chuan tham khao.

Hinh 9-12 Phuang phap MICROBIT

De kidm tra, m6i mot khdi ciia he thong vi xir ly se dugc gan mot con sd. No se
dugc hien thi d ddu ra neu khdi lugng tuang irng dugc churng minh la hong.
Mot thanh phdn quan trong ciia ky thuat M IC R O B IT la phdn mdm. Chuang trinh
chiem khoang 700 bytes va dugc chia ra thanh nhung phdn rieng biet trong bd nhd va
m6i phdn rieng biet dd tuong ung vdi mot khdi thiet bi cung cu the. Khi thiet ke, ngudi
ta goi chung vao mot chuang trinh ung dung rdi cat trong mot bo PRO M .
Budc thu nhat ciia thu tuc kidm tra la kiem tra hat nhan ciia he thdng bao gom
kiem tra sir hoat dong ciia bo vi xir ly, cac Bus, mach ddng bo va bo hidn thi. De kiem
tra hat nhan ngudi ta dua vao hai sd dac biet, chdng han hai day 1010 10 10 va 01010101.
Tong ciia chung phai la 11111111. Neu ket qua la tot, budc tiep theo la kiem tra hoat

412

dong cua hidn thi. De' lam viec nay bo vi xu ly dua ra mot chudi nhung sd lidn nhau tu 0
den F.
Neu bo hien thi ra tot, budc tiep theo la kidm tra bo phat miu gia ngiu nhien. Mot
tir khdi dong da biet duoc nap vao trong no va bo phat nhan duoc 256 lan xung nhip.
Con sd dugc dua ra bdi bo phat trong m6i mot chu ky xung nhip dugc so sanh bdi bo V i
xir ly vdi con sd ma nd se dugc dua ra khi bo phat lam viec binh thudng. Neu giong
nhau, co nghTa la bo phat lam viec tot.
Thanh ghi cung dugc kiem tra bing phirong phap tuong tu.
PROM dugc kiem tra bdi nap thanh ghi nhan dang tung byte mot cua 2047 PRO M
bytes. Bdi viec nen sd lieu diu vao, thanh ghi nhan dang phat byte nhan dang ma no se
duoc so sanh bdi bo vi xu ly vdi noi dung cua o ghi sd thu 2048 cua PROM . Neu hai sd
la trung nhau, PRO M la tot.
Budc dau tidn cua kidm tra RA M la viet trang thu nhit vdi noi dung la 256 byte tu
bo phat gia ngiu nhien. Sau do trang 2 se dugc ghi vao vdi noi dung cua may phat cong
vdi trang mot. Trang 3 la noi dung cua may phat cong vdi trang 2 va trang 4 la noi dung
cua may phat cong vdi trang 3. Theo cach nhu vay, toan bo lK-byte cua R A M dugc
chuydn tdi thanh ghi nhan dang tung byte mot, noi sd lieu dugc nen lai. Ket qua nhan
dang dugc chuydn tdi bo vi xu ly de so sanh vdi nhan dang chuan tham khao duoc eat
giu trong PROM . Neu hai nhan dang nay khac nhau, thi R A M hong. Ngugc lai la tot.
Mot han che co' ban cua ky thuat M IC R O BIT la he thong chi dugc kiem tra d trang
thai tTnh, khong kiem tra dugc no trong qua trinh hoat dong.

413

ChU dngX
DO LUdNG TU DONG

10.1 C A C K H U YN H HlfCJNG CO BA N
Sir phat trien cua nganh ky thuat dien tu so va ky thuat vi xu ly trong hon mot thap
ky gan day da tao nhung bien doi quan trong cho ky thuat do ludng ung dung trong
nganh dien tu va vien thong.
Van de tin hoc hoa phuong phap do, sd hoa cau true thiet bi do da lam thay doi
chat luong cua qua trinh do ludng, ma didu quan trong hon ca la nang cao duoc do chinh
xac cho thiet bi do va tu dong hoa duoc qua trinh do.
Cac thiet bi do luong sd dang co xu hudng dan thay the cho cac thiet bi do ludng
tuong tu. Tuy vay, cac thiet bi do sd van con cac han che do chmh phuong phap do sd va
cau true co sd cua mach do so gay ra (vf du nhu sai sd 1 do khdng ddng bo, sai sd do
cac phan tir nhi phan nhu flip-flop va sai sd luong tu hoa, ...).

Microprocessor (pP) dang tao nen nhung bien doi cd tmh cach mang trong ky
thuat dien tir, do vay cung da gop phan tao nen cac bien doi quan trong trong ky thuat
noi chung va ca trong ddi song kinh te - xa hoi.
Viec sir dung pP trong ky thuat do tdi muc nao va hieu qua ciia thiet bi do co cau
tao them pP den dau do la didu cdn khao sat, cung d6ng thdi la hirdng nghien ciru ciia ky
thuat do ludng dien tir.
Cac kha nang ciia thiet bj do co cai dat pP nhu sau.

1. Tang chuc nang do cho thiet bi (Function, M u lti functionality)

Nhung may do nhidu chirc nang khong co pP trudc day, phai chuydn chuc nang
bang chuydn mach, qui trinh da dirge chd tao cd dinh, nen khong thay doi duoc. v'i phan
cung va mach logic la cd dinh.

414

Khi c6 |_iP tham gia vao thid't bi, thi c6 thi ddi thid't bi da churc nang chd' tao bang
cac mach logic c6 dinh thanh thid't bi do c6 chircmg trinh hoa, bang cach cai dat chirong
trinh didu hanh trong cac bd nh6 ROM khac nhau.
Cac may do co luu tru-chuong trinh nhu vay da lam tang kha nang mdm deo cua
may thoa man ydu cdu do ma khdng phai thay ddi mach dien.
Ddng thdi, logic chuang trinh hoa cung da lam giam dang kd gia thanh cua may
do.
2. Nang cao do chinh xac do ludng (Accuracy)
Dd chinh xac cua thid't bi phu thudc vao cdp chfnh xac cua n6. Sai sd cua thid't bi
con tuy thudc vao dac tfnh do ludng cua thid't bi do. Co nhidu cach d l nang cao dd chfnh
xac (hay giam sai sd), song vdi ban than may do thi d kha nang nhu:
-Thuc hidn tu loai bo sai sd hd thdng, vf du kha nang tu ddng xac dinh dilm khdng
khi bat ddu do
-Thuc hidn tu chudn, tu thir dugc chfnh xac. Kha nang nay cdn bi sai sd ngdu
nhien, nen cdn phai thuc hidn do nhidu ldn va ldy trung binh thdng kd cac ke't qua do
duoc.
May do co (J.P cd kha nang thuc hidn dugc cac ydu cdu trdn.

3. Mo rong kha nang do (Capability)

|4.P trong thid't bi do da cd thd md rdng va phat triln kha nang do ludng cua may dd
thfch hgp vdi cac dang ydu cdu khac nhau cua ky thuat do, vf du ydu cdu do gian tiep
mdt dai lugng vat ly cdn do.
Mdt dai lugng vat ly phai do gian tie'p thi duoc thuc hien thdng qua tfnh toan bang
mdt quan hd toan hoc giua cac dai lugng do true tid'p, vf du: he sd khuyd'ch dai cua mdt
thiet bi, dugc tfnh toan tir cac tri sd do cua dien ap ddu vao ddu ra. Tdng quat han, mdt
dai lugng vat ly Z can bid't gia tri, nd cd quan he vdi cac dai lugng x,, x2,...,xq, ma cac dai
lugng nay cd thd do tare tie'p dugc, cd quan he nhu sau:
Z = f(xj, x,....xq)
Nhu vay, ke't qua do gian tie'p la:
A = f(Bj, B , , ..., B,);
(B,, B , , ..., Bq la ke't qua do true tie'p cac dai lugng x,, x2,...,xq

415

Vi phai cin m6t s6 thiet bi khac nhau d6 do dugc cac kt qua B,, B,, .... B q, phai
tinh toan, phai ma't nhieu thdi gian, phai giu mach thuc nghiem c^n do s6' lieu sudt thai
gian do va tinh,... do vay chfnh chung da la cac yeu td quan trong gay sai sd.
Nhung v6i thiet bi da co (J.P, thi bang cac lenh dua vao tir ban phfm, thiet bi do da
thuc hien phep do dung yu cau theo chuang trinh da dinh va vi luu tru dugc cac ket qua
do true tie'p, d6ng thc>i tinh toan theo yeu cau va hiln thi ke't qua cudi cung. Mac du la

Hinh 10-1 Oo cong suat tren tai

dai lugng cin do la phai do gian tie'p, song ta co the co dugc ke't qua true tiep khi ndi
may do vdi eac mach cin do.
Vi du, do cong suat tieu thu tr6n tai dien tra bkig v6n-met chi thi sd co cau tao (J.P,
mach do nhu hinh ve 10-1.
U2
P = -- la phirong trinh tnh toan cua c6ng suat.
R
Phep do dugc thuc hien vdi chuang trinh la: diu tien v6n-met do dien trd eua tai
dien trd R va luu tru ke't qua; r6i do dien ap ha tren dien trd, r6i thuc hien tinh toan P.
Cung mach do tren, vf du do R thdng qua dinh luat Om:
R =
R
Vf du khac, do he so khuyech dai:

U vit,
Thie't bi do co (J.P con thuc hien rat hieu qua vdi eac phep do tfch luy tfch

(Cumulative measurement), ke't qua do dugc giai tir cac nhom phuang trinh cua cac ke't
qua do true tie'p ciia mot sd dai lugng vat ly dong nhat can do.

416

4. Dieu khien dan gian

Mdi nhin eo thd ngh! la may do co

phai thirc hien nhidu chirc nang, thao tac

cua mot thiet hi dirge chuong trinh hoa, song ngugc lai, tfnh uu viet cua cau tao phan
mem cao da lam don gian mat may di nhieu.
Mot thiet hi do cang "thong minh" neu nhu no cang ft di su didu khien. Nhung
may do co fiP thudng cd ban phfm ngoai, de rieng hay cau tao tren mat may.
Vf du von-met sd co do linh hoat cao, co bo phfm cd 17 phfm nhung da dieu khien
dugc 44 to hgp cac chirc nang, thang do, va che do cong tac. Cac phfm didu khien mach
va tfn hieu tuong tu ghep ndi qua |iP, nen mot each gian tiep da cd chuc nang, thang do,
che do mong muon thfch ung vdi phfm an didu khien do.
Vf du khac ve dieu khien dan gian: mot tan sd met chi thi so 7 bit, vdi thang tin sd
do 10 Hz - 1GHz, ma mat may chi co 2 diu ndi vao (mot dau cho tan sd 10-75 MHz,
va dau khac cho tan sd 70 - 1 GHz), mot cong tac tat md may, mot num dieu chinh do
nhay va mot cong tac de chon thang thdi gian 1 milisec va 1 sec.
Sir don gian didu khien cua cac may do cd j_iP rd net han ca la sir tu dong chon
thang do, chon khoang thdi gian chuan, chon cac dieu kien thao tac. Mot sd loai con cd
thiet bi bao loi khi ngudi do co nham 1An va co hudng din each thuc hien dung d man
hien thi cua may.
5. Thuc hien cac phep linh mong muon cho kel qua do
Nhidu khi ngudi do mong muon cd mot ham sd toan hoc nao do cua ket qua do
han la chi biet ban than ket qua rieng biet. May do cd j.iP cho kha nang chuang trinh hoa
de thu'c hien cac bien doi ket qua nay. Vf du:

a. Muon co ket qua A nhan vo'i hang so C:

A' = C x A
Hang sd dugc chgn tu' ban phfm

h. Sai so cto muon biet

- Sai sd tuyet ddi: A - Atlll(c
- Sai so tuang ddi: ((A - A^J/A,,^, )x 100

c. Ket quu suy dien du'd'i dung logarit

Vf du, sir suy giam bieu thi bang decibel

417

a = 20 log(Uvio/Ura)

d. Tao mot quan he tuyen tinh (dudng thang hoa)

V i du: Khi do mot dai lirong vat ly khong dien (vf du nhifit do) bang phuong phap
dien, thudng xay ra hien tuong dien ap ra d bo bien doi khong didn - dien (t -> I) la
kh6ng tuyd'n tfnh, khi co dai luong khong dien d dau vao.
De tuyen tinh hoa chi thi, thudng thuc hien nhu sau:
Dien ap d dau ra bo bien doi khong dien - dien, duoc bien doi qua bo bien doi A-D
(Analog to Digital Converter) thanh so. Ma so nay duoc |iP xu ly theo mot chuang trinh;
do do quan he tuyen tinh se dugc thiet lap giua bo chi thi va dai lugng khong dien ddu
vao bo bien doi.

6. Co the phdn tich thong ke dai luong cdn do

M6t sd von-met so co cau true |j.P co the cho cac gia tri nhu:
- Tri so trung binh cong: a
(Vong so: E(x), Mean Value)
- Tri so trung binh binh phuang a (do lech quan phuang)
(Mean Square Value, Standard Deviation)
- Phuang sai D(x) = cr
(Variance, Dispersion) cua phan bo ngdu nhien dien ap do.
No cung cho he so tuang quan cua hai bien doi ngdu nhien.
7. Co the tien hinh hod thiet bi
So linh kien dung it di vi da co nhidu chuc nang thuc hien boi p.P, nen kich thudc
be di.

8. M ay co gid thanh ngay cdng ha

Gia ha do rut bat dugc cac gia ve cong nghe che tao va gia thao tac tinh toan.

9. Co the nang cao duoc do tin cay

Do may co (iP thi dung it linh kien (do tin cay ty le nghich vdi so linh kien dugc
sir dung).

418

Do may co dac tfnh tir chun, khong phai dung mach chuain cho may (vf du nhu
mach chuain dd khud'ch dai Y cua O-xi-lo).

10. Giam nho thdi gian do

Vi co thu vidn miu, cac chuong trinh con (routine),... nen thao tac phan mem da
lam dun gian cac thuat toan nhu hinh phuong, khai can, nhan chia,... Tfnh thong minh
cua may, do phan mdm, da chon chuong trinh thuc hien, rut ngan duoc thao tac va thdi
gian.

11. Phoi hop, to ch lie duoc trong mot he thong do, mang do
May do co (iP, co the them card phoi ghep (interface card), thi to chuc thanh mot
he thdng do, mdt mang do cua cac may do rieng biet.
Do la cac kha nang ciia may do co cau true cai dat microprocessor, bieu thi tfnh
cach mang cua van dd su' dung vi xu ly trong ky thuat do ludng.
Van de tir dong hoa trong do lirong.
Nhu da trinh bay o chuong 1, mot trong nhung dac diem cua do ludng trong dien
tu vidn thdng la ddi tuong do rat rong rai, khdng chi bd hep trong pham vi cac dai luong
thuoc ky thuat didn tir thdng tin ma bao gom ca nhung dai luong khdng dien nua.
Cac dai luong nay hop thanh tung nhom, cd lien quan vdi nhau phan anh nhidu
khfa canh cua mot qua trinh nao dd. Khoa hoc ky thuat ngay cang phat trien cac qua
trinh san xuat va phuc vu ddi song ngay cang tro nen phuc tap. Didu dd khdng nhung
lam cho cac dai luong can do tang ldn ma mdt didu quan trong hon cdn lam cho khdi
luong tin tuc can do ludng va gia cdng trong mdt don vi thdi gian tang ldn khdng ngirng.
Trong khi dd, do nhung han che ve sinh ly, kha nang thao tac va nhan biet cua con ngudi
chi cd han, da khdng the dap ting duoc yeu cau cua thuc te ky thuat.
Dc giai quyet mau thuan nay, ngudi ta tim cach hoan thien kha nang cua ky thuat
do ludng (ve phuong phap va thiet bi) nham han che phan tham gia cua con ngudi vao
qua trinh ay. Nhung cd gang trong linh vuc nay rat da dang, phat trien theo nhieu hudng
khac nhau. Cho den nay, cd the thay ky thuat do ludng dien tti hidn dai cd xu the di theo
hai hudng ldn sau:
Mot la tu dong hoa tting phan nham tang nhanh toe do do ludng va giam bdt khoi
luong thao tac cua con ngudi . Theo hu'dng nay, ngudi ta thiet ke nhung may do cd the
thuc hien duoc mot vai phep toan don gian, nhung may do nhidu chuc nang, do duoc
nhidu dai luong vat ly khac nhau va nhung may do toan canh cho phep quan sat true tiep
dang cac dd thi dac trung cho tinh chat cua he thdng hay cua mot qua trinh nao dd.

419

Hai la tir clong hoa toan bo qua trinh do ludng. Khi do mdi may do la mot hd tii
dong hoan chinh, xay dung theo nguyen tac vong km. Vd mat sudung, tat nhien may do
loai nay tidn loi hon loai trdn nhieu nhung ket cau va nguyen ly cua nd lai phurc tap hon
rat nhidu, dd cung la didu tat nhien. Trong nhidu trudng hop, tu dong hoa toan bo la
khong can thidt. Vi vay, ca hai hudng trdn v&n phat trien song song va ngay cang di tdi
hoan chinh.
Dudi day, ta se lan luot xem qua mdt vai net tieu bieu cho hai hudng nay. Cung
nhu nhung chuong trudc d day van de khao sat de tidn didn giai, th'i duoc thdng qua cac
vi du vdi thiet bi cu the.
10.1.1 Tir ddng hoa tirng phiin qua trinh do ludng
/. Thay the phep do gian tiep hang phep do trite tiep
Bang nhung dung cu do thdng thudng nhu von-met, ampe-met, dm-mcl... ta cd thd
doc duoc true tiep tri gia cua nhidu dai luong can do. Tuy nhien nhidu khi ket qua do
duoc bang nhung dung cu ay cdn chua phai la dai luong can biet. Chang han, khi khai
thac, kidm tra didu chinh cac thiet bi didn tu chung ta thudng phai do dugc ty sd dien ap
cua hai tfn hieu: ty sd nay cho ta khai niem vd dac tfnh truydn dat cua mot mang bon
cuc, vd do suy giam trdn mot dudng day, vd he sd song dung, vd he sd phan xa... Neu
nhu chi dung von met ta se phai lam hai thao tac: do va tmh ty sd nhu vay se mat nhidu
thdi gian va cdng sire. Ty sd hai didn ap tfn hidu cd dugc la nhd cach do gian tiep.
Tu Jdng hoa tung phan do ludng giai quyet van dd thdi gian va lao ddng tren day
bang cach tao ra nhung dung cu do theo phuong phap true tiep. Vf du mdt trong nhung
loai dung cu ay la may do ty sd bien dd hai tfn hidu. Thang do cua nd khac do khdng thu
nguyen hoac theo dexiben. Nhung phuang phap do ty sd sau day dugc thuc hidn nhidu
nhat:
Thuc hidn chia true tiep
Bien doi ty sd bien dd thanh di pha rdi dung pha met de do
Dung khau bien ddi thdi gian- xung de chia
Dung bd tuy ddng ddng hd
Logarit hoa va tru (lg - = lg u, lg u 2)
U 2

420

Ta hay xem phirang phap thirc hien chia true tiep thong qua vf du sau day: dung bo
phan ap gdm mot dien tro tuyen tfnh R va mot dien tro phi tuyen R, de do ty so hai dien
U,
ap bien doi ---(hinh 10-2)
U,
Tir so do co the thay ngay dien
ap U do bang von met dien tir se la:
U= U,

D*

Ut

Rr
R + R,

( 1)

khi R>R, th i:

U2

Lb

*T

u, =u ,R

( 2)

Neu nhu chon dien tro phi

Hinh 10-2 Do dien ap bSng bo phan ap

tuydn R, sao cho trj gia ciia no phu

thuoc dien ap U 2 theo quy luat

hyperbol:
R, =

thi (2) se tro thanh :

U fl * k U l
U

(3)

trong do:
a
k = la he so ty le
R
'
Dien tro phi tuyeii co the dung dien tro ciia mat ghep emitto-ba/o ciia tranzixto
tiep mat. Nhu' la da biet, khi dien ap be, dac tuyeii von-ampe ciia mat ghep nay co the
bieu didn gan dung mot cach kha chfnh xac bang quan he:
I =pu2
Do do 6 doan mach nay ciia dac tuyeii, dien tro mat ghep se la mot dien tro phi
tuyen:
R h, = =

1 pu

(4)

421

Xem hinh 10-3, didn ap U, tru6e khi dat vao b6 phan ap dirge dua qua m6t tdng
khuyech dai phu tai eattft d l giam anh huong ngugc din ngu6n tfn hidu. Con din ap U,
ta khong dat true tiep vao R, (mat ghep bazo-emito) vi nhu vay, von met se do U : chu

khong phai ty so---. De tranh hien tugng do, ta thuc hien nhu sau. Dien ap U 2 sau kh
khuyech dai dugc chinh luu lay thanh phan trung b'inh roi dua den dilu khiln tri gia cui
dien tro R t. Trong cong thuc (4) thanh phan trung binh nay la U o mdu so ve phai va R
la R hc o ve trai. Thanh phan trung hinh (mot chieu) nay cua U : dugc ngan lai bang tu C
.
,
,
,U ,
mac trudc von-met dien tu. Khi do von-met se chi do ty so---.
U,

Dien ap dat vao R, (trong so do hinh 10-3)

(5)

U=m U;

Thay vao (4) va chu y rang Rbe chinh la R, ta co:

R

=
'

1
Pm U 2

5
U2

Cong thuc (6) cho thay yeu cau d l ra da dugc thuc hien.

422

(6)

Nhung may do theo kieu bid'n doi ty so bien do thanh dich pha dam bao do chinh
xac cao hon va dai dong cung lorn hon nhung so do cua no kha phtfc tap nen khong xet
ddn d day.
Nhin chung nhung may do nay cho phep do theo phuong phap true tiep nhu vay
ddu bao g6m nhung bo phan thuc hidn duoc mot vai phep toan don gian. Ngoai do ty so,
phuong phap nay dd cap tdi ca viec do mot so quan he khac nua.

2. May do nhieu clricc nang

Tac dung cua loai may do nay co the thay rd vi tri cac thi nghidm trong ky thuat
dien tu, trong vat ly thudng ydu cau xac dinh nhidu thong so: dien ap, dong didn, tan sd,
dai thdng tan, dac tuyen tan sd... Va cac may do nhidu chuc nang thdng thudng nhat cd
the gap d bat ky phong thf nghidm vd tuyen, dien tu nao: ampe-von-met, ampe-met, ommet... May do nhidu chirc nang cho phep rut ngan thdi gian thuc nghidm, don gian hoa
thao tac do ludng, thu gon kfch thudc cac thiet hi chon dung trong mdi phong thf
nghidm.
Ta hay xem so dd khdi cua mdt may do nhieu chuc nang luong ddi phufc tap, mdt
may de do thu nhu hinh 10-4. Nd cd the thuc hidn duoc nhung chuc nang sau day: phat
tfn hidu chuan; do cdng suat; dt) tan sd; phan tfch phd; do dac tuyen tan sd; xem dang
song (nhu mdt dxild). Ngoai kha nang do true tiep, cdn cd the dung nd de dt) hang
phuong phap so sanh he sd tap am cua may thu va do dd ca dd nhay; dai thdng tan cua
bo khuydch dai trung gian. Dai tan sd lam vide cua thiet hi nay cd the bao gdm ca dai
song dm va nua dai song cm. Khi dd nd se la to hop ciia mot khdi do ludng co ban cua
mot vai khdi sieu cao tSn thay thd.
Dudi day ta lan luot xem so dd khdi cac phan co ban ciia may do lay lam vf du
nay.
Phat tfn hidu: tao ra tfn hidu va tfn hidu chuan. Chii song la bd tao dao ddng dung
den Klistrdn 5 ( xem hinh 10-5). Dao ddng tao ra dua vao bo phan nhanh sieu cao tan 7
day la mot mang cd mot loi vao va bon loi ra (hinh 10-4).
De nhan duoc tfn hidu chuain, ta do muc cdng suat ban dau d dau ra chu song bang
camera tecmitsto 12 va cau do 11, cdn tfn hidu lay ra cho thdng qua bd suy giam chuain
8. Can cu' vao ket qua do d 11 va gia tri tirng nac suy giam cua 8, biet duoc mire tfn hieu
ra. Rd rang d day ndi tfn hidu chuan chi la chuan vd bien dd.
Phan phat tfn hidu cd the lam viec d ba che do: phat lien tuc, didu tan va didu che
xung.
6

che dd phat lien tuc, lay didn ap am tii' ngudn cung cap (khdi 20 trdn hinh 10-4)

dua vao cue phan xa ciia Klistrdn.

423

Hinh 10-4 May do da nang

Muon didu che xung, su dung cac khoi 21,2, 3, va 4. Khoi 21 co hai che do lam
viec: tir kfch va truydn dua. Khi muon didu che trong cho 21 lam viec a che do tu kfch.
Xung ra xuc phat bo tao xung co do rong didu chinh dugc 2. Co the dua xung co circ
tfnh bat ky tu dau vao den 21, no se cho ra xung co cuc tfnh xac dinh phat cho 2.

424

Dau raf.T

Dau ra F.T.C

_1
Hinh 10-5 Phan tao tin hieu

Che do didu tan: tin hieu didu che la dien ap rang cua lay tCr 23 dua den cuc phan
xa cua Klistrdn. Luc do tang chu song Klistrdn tra thanh mot bo tao song co tdn so thay
doi theo qui luat tang va giam tuyen tmh dung vdi dang rang cua.

Phdn do tdn so': g6m ba khoi 8, 7 va 10. Tan so met 10 co the dung de do tan so
cua dao dong tao ra tuf 5 hoac do tan so cua tin hieu bat ky tir ngoai dua vao qua dau T.C.
Tin so met dung ddng ho micro ampe-met dd chi thi. Tuy do ldn va tfnh chat cua tin
hieu ma dong ho co thd ndi true tiep vao bo tach song qua khuyech dai. Neu tin hieu can
do la lien tuc, yeu va co tan sd thap, cd the dua qua bo rung (vibror) rdi mdi khuyech
dai.

Phdn do cdng suat: gdm khdi 10 va 13 (hinh 10-4) De md rong dai do, cd m&c
them mot bo suy giam .

Phdn phdn rich pho: xem hinh 10-6. Ve nguyen tac khdng khac gi may phan tfch
pho da ndi den d chuang 8 tru mot vai dac diem nhd. Tin hieu va dao dong ngoai sai (do
Klistrdn tao ra) dugc dua vao bo tron 6 qua bo phan nhanh 7. Cac vach dau tan sd do tan
sd met 10 tao ra (ta se xet den d muc 3 cua tiet nay). Tin hieu can dugc phan tfch phd
dua vao qua ddu R.T.C.

425

Oxilo: g6m cac khoi 14, 18, 19, 23, 24 va 15 (hinh 10-4). Tin hidu can qtan sat
dua qua dau vao . Khi muon xem dang tin hieu do chu song phat ra, phai noi dau ra bd
tron 6 vdi dau vao bo khuyech dai 14.
Phdn do dac tuyen tan so: dung phoi hop dtxilo vdi phan phat tin hieu chuan. Khi
do, phat tin hieu chuan lam viec d che do didu tan. Dang dac tuyen tan so quan sat dugc
trdn man otxild. Nguyen ly lam vide cua phan nay se xet ky hon d muc dudi day.

Hinh 10-6 Phan phan tich phd

3. Do ludng loan canh

Day la mot phuong phap do luong dac bidt, nham xay dung nhung buc tranh loan
canh vd quy luat bien thien cua mot hoac mot vai thong so nao do trong khoang mot
pham vi bien so bien thien kha long. Bien so thuong gap hon ca la tan so. Ket qua nhan
dugc (dudi dang cac do thi) co the true tiep quan sat trdn man ong tia didn tii hoac ghi
trdn bang giay. Phuong phap do ludng nhu vay rat nhanh chong va chinh xac.
Dc do ludng toan canh, phai dung nhirng may do dac bidt, thuc te la phoi hcrp cua
nhidu phan eh lie nang thanh nhung he thdng. Vf du, vd loai nay: may ve dac tuyeii tan sd
mang bon cue, may do he sd phan xa, he sd song diing, may do trd khang loan phan
mang bon cue,...

426

a. T it dong ve dac tuyen tdn so mang bon cuc

Nhu ta da bid't khi nghidn ctiu khai thac va didu chinh mang b<5n cuc phai ve dac
tuyd'n tdn s6 cua no, ttic la tim quan hd giCJa hd s6 truydn dat cua mang vdi tdn sd trong
sudt dai tdn sd cong tac:

7^

= K (f)

v f m, < f < f m

u1
Thong thudng ngucri ta lam nhu sau: Ddu vao mang bdn cuc cdn nghidn ciru dat
mot ngudn tin hieu chudn U,, giu cho bien dd U, khdng doi va thay doi tdn sd cua ngudn
nay theo mot quy luat da chon (tang hoac giam) trong pham vi fmin h-fmax. Do bien dd cua
dap ting d ddu ra tai mdt sd didm trong dai tdn sd dd, ta se cd mdt sd tri gia U 2(f) (hinh
10-7a). Nd'u U, =const, thi K (f) ty 16 vdi U 2(f). Qua trinh vtia md ta tdn nhidu thdi gian
va gap nhidu kho khan trong viec bao dam chfnh xac. Thti nhat, vi khi thay ddi tdn sd,
cac thdng sd cua mang bdn cuc cung thay doi theo anh hudng tai ngudn tfn hieu budc ta
phai ludn luon didu chinh de giu cho U, khdng doi. Thti hai, du cho ket qua dd la chmh
xac nhung vi chi thuc hien do U2 d mot sd huu han didm nen dudng cong ve duoc chi la
gdn dung.
Bdng phuong phap sau day, ngudi ta giai quyd't dugc phdn ldn nhung thieu sot dy.
Xem hinh 10-7.
Ddu vao mang bdn cue cdn ve dac tuyen la tfn hieu lay tu bo phat didu tdn sd cd
bien dd khdng doi va tdn sd bien ddi theo qui luat dudng thing mdt cach cd chu ky. Sd
dT nhu vay vi tfn hieu didu che'd day chfnh la tin hieu rang cua ldy tir bd tao quet.
Tdn sd trung tdm cua bo tao dao dong qui dinh bang tdn sd trung binh cua dai
thong mang bon cuc. Tin hidu ra cua mang bdn cuc dugc tach song bien dd, khuyd'ch dai
roi dua vao cap phid'n lech dting cua dng tia. Trdn man hien song se nhan dugc hinh anh
cua dudng bao nay.
V i tin hidu dung de bid'n ddi tdn sd cua dao dong dua vao mang bdn cuc cung
chfnh la tfn hieu dua vao cap phien lech ngang cua dng tia nen hinh anh dirdng bao cua
phan ting d ddu ra cung dugc trai ra theo sir thay doi tuyd'n tfnh cua tdn sd. Neu nhu giir
dugc bien do cua dao dong d ddu vao khdng ddi thi day chfnh la dac tuyd'n tdn sd cdn ve.
Dd doc dugc gia tri tdn sd tai nhung diem can thid't tren dac tuyd'n hoac xac dinh
dai thdng cua dac tuyd'n nay, ngudi ta dung bd khac do tdn so, tao nhung vach dd'u tuong
tu nhu nhirng vach ddu thdi gian trong cac oxild xung thdng thudng. O ddy phdn khac dd
tdn sd bao gdm cac khdi phat thach anh, tron va loc tan thd'p.
Bd trdn cd hai ddu vao, mot dau ra, thuc te' la mot bo so sanh theo kieu phach. Dau
vao thti nhat la tfn hieu ld'y ra tir bo dao dong thach anh cd tdn sd co ban F. V i phat thach

427

anh cho ra dao dong rat nhidu hai bac cao nen tin hidu vao bd tron co pho rat rong, cdc
vach cach ddu nhau nhung khoang F. D iu vao thur hai la tin hidu ldy tu dau ra bd phat
didu tan, 1150* la tin hieu co tdn so thay doi theo qui luat dudng thang (H'inh 10-8a).
Mdi lan tan sd cua tin hidu didu tan bang nF (n= 1, 2, ...) d dau ra bo tron lai xudt
hidn mot xung (do hidu ting phach, dung ra la mot dao dong cd dang nhu hinh 10-8b).
Day xung phach nay qua bo loc tan thap de stia dang, rdi dua vao bo khuech dai ldch
dting tao ra tren man dng tia nhung vach tdn sd cach ddu nhau nhung khoang F.
Ngudi ta cdn cd the tao them ca nhung vach dau hang chuc (hoac 5 don vi). Khi do
phai thdm nhung khdi phan tan vdi he sd 10 (hoac 5). Day xung phan tan nay duoc
khudch dai vdi hd sd khuech dai ldn hon cua day xung dau don vi. Trdn man dng tia co
day vach dau nhu hinh 10-8c.
Ngoai ra, ngudi ta cdn tao vach dau tan sd kidu di dong, trdn man dng tia nd co
dang nhu hinh 10-8d. Luc dd, thay cho khdi phat thach anh vdi tan sd cd dinh la mot
khdi tao dao dong cd tan sd didu chinh duoc va so dd khdi cd khac ddi chut.
Rd rang, dac tuyen tan sd nhan duoc theo phuong phap nay rat chfnh xac va nhanh
chong hau nhu ngay lap ttic. Nhat la khi phai didu chinh mot mach bdn cuc nao dd d l co
duoc dac tuyen tdn sd dang mong muon, phuong phap nay cang to ra tfnh uu viet v'i co
the vtia didu chinh vtia theo ddi ket qua mot cach lien tuc cho tdi khi dat duoc muc dich.

a)

Hinh 10-7 a, Do dien ap tai mot so tan so

b, Ve dac tuyen tan so mang 4 cut

428

f thach anh

b)

Hinh 10-8 a, Minh hoa hien thi dac tuyen

h.May do he so phdn xg va he so song diing toan canh

Cac may do theo phuang phap loan canh nay khac nhung may do he so phan xa va
he sd song durng thong thtrdng d cho chung co do chfnh xac cao, d dac diem su dung
thuan loi d kha nang do dugc trd khang toan phan hien doi nhanh theo thdi gian va la
mot ham cua tan sd.
Mddun cua hd sd phan xa thi bang:

Pph va P, la cdng xuat song phan xa va cdng suat song tdi.

BSy gid neu giu cho cdng sudt song tdi khdng doi trong toan dai tan thi mddun cua
he sd phan xa se la mdt ham dan tri cua cdng suat phan xa tCr ddi tugng cdn do.

429

P (f) =

s/Pph(0

Tii bilu thtic nay, x&y dung nguydn tdc cua mdy do hd s6 phan xa va hd s6 s6ng
dting toan canh. Dung mdt may phat tdn sd thay ddi qua lai (theo kidu quet cua dxilfi,
ttic la tang ddn tti fmin dd'n fmax r6i lap ttic trd v i fmin d l lai hidn mdt chu ky khac) trong
mdt dai rdng va cd dd 6n dinh cdng sudt rdt cao. Thudng phai dam bao duy tri cdng sudt
vdi dd chinh xac 1-s-2% .
So dd khdi cua may do toan canh bieu din d hinh 10-9. Nd cho phep quan sat tren
man hien song toan canh su thay ddi cua he sd song dting trong sudt dai tdn va cho phep
xac dinh tri gia cua hd sd song dting d bat ky tdn sd nao thudc dai nay.
Bo tao song sieu cao tdn dung den song ngugc. Dao dong sieu cao tdn ra dugc dilu
tdn bdi dien ap rang cua (quet) va dugc didu bien bdi mdt day xung vuong cd chu ky lap
lai bang hai ldn do rdng xung. Trdn dudng truydn tti may phat dd'n tai (doi tugng cdn do),
cd dat bo phan mach dinh hudng d l thu song tdi va song phan xa.
Cac song nhan dugc dua vao tach song (tach song binh phuong), khuyd'ch dai rdi
dua vao bd do ty sd. Dien ap ra bo do ty sd nay ty le vdi binh phuang hd sd phan xa cua
tai va do dd, chfnh la ty Id vdi hd sd song dting. Sau khi khud'ch dai, ke't qua nay dugc
dua vao kenh lech dting cua dng tia.

Hinh 10-9
430

May do toan canh

Cung nhu ddi vdi may ve dac tuyd'n tan sd d day dien ap quet bien thien ddng dieu
vdi dien ap dung dd didu che tin so ciia may phat sieu cao, do dd trdn man hien song, ta
nhan dugc loan canh vd su phu thudc cua he sd song dting vao tan sd.
Dd dinh lugng dugc trj sd hd so song dting tai nhung diem bat ky vdi do chfnh xac
cao, ngudi ta thuc hien so sanh dien ap cua bo do ty sd da khuech dai vdi mot dien ap
mdu cua may ngay trdn man hien song. Hai dien ap nay dua qua mot bo chuyen mach
didn tti. Ke't qua la trdn man huynh quang, ngoai dudng bieu didn phan xa, cdn cd mot
dudng sang, vi tri cua nd phu thuoc tri gia didn ap mau. Didu chinh bang tay bien do
dien ap nidu de dudng sang nay chay qua diem ta quan tam trdn dudng cong. Tri gia he
so song dting tai diem do doc theo ddng hd chi thi trj gia dien ap mau. De thuan tien,
dong hd nay khac do theo ty Id xfch he sd song dting.
Trj gia tan sd tai diem do (hay mdt diem bat ky) xac djnh dua vao diem sang danh
dau tdn sd tren man dng tia. Bo tao mdu tan sd va tan sd met tao ra diem sang nay. Cd
the djch chuyen diem sang danh da'u tan sd nay hang cach didu chinh tan sd met. Nhu ta
thay trdn so dd hinh 10-9 cd the song dting ca khi dieu chinh tan sd hang tay va doc trj
gia theo ddng hd chi thi kim.
Neu mac vao hai dau ghi X va Y mdt bo ghi hai toa do cd the ve dugc dudng cong
cdn nghien ctiu Iron bang giay.
May do vtia xet cd the do dugc ca suy giam cua cac bd suy giam va dac tfnh bien
do - tan so cua mang bdn cuc khdng ngudn.
Tao song S.C.T
bang den song
nguoc

H
<

Doi tuong
nghien ciru

Dudng truyen

Suy giam

\/

\/

\/

ir
Mach tri/

Mach tri/

Hinh 10-10 May do trd khang toan phan toan canh

Cd the xep vat) loai nay ca may do trd khang toan phan toan canh, so dd cua nd d
hinh 10-10. Nd cho phep quan sat trdn man hidn song dac tfnh cua ddi tugng can nghidn
ctiu trdn ndn dd thi vong la trd khang toan phan. Trdn non dd thi vong nay, cdn dt) dugc
ca he so song dting, mddun va pha cua he sd phan xa ntia. Nguydn tac cua no nhu sau.

431

Trdn dudng tir bd tao dao dong sidu cao tdn den tai (ddi tuong can nghidn ctiu) dat
bdn ddu do bd tn cach nhau sao cho mtic didn dong cd duoc d cac dau do cach nhau
chenh nhau 90 vd pha.
Didn ap ra d do didt tach song thti nhat la:

U 2 = a U f 6i (l + pcosG)2 + p 2 sin2 0
trong dd p la mddun hd sd phan xa.
0 =

V}/-{p

V|/ la pha he sd phan xa.

cp la goc pha ke den su chenh ldch nhau giua mat phdng dat cac dau do va mat
phang ddu ndi tai.
Do cach bd tri cac ddu dd nhu vay, dien ap ra cua didt tach song thti ba la:

U 2 = a U 2dl (l - p c o s O ) 2 + p 2 sin 2 0
tuong tu, ddi vdi ddu do thti hai va thti tu:

U 2 = a U fdl (l - psin)2 + p 2 cos2 0

U 2 = a U fdl (l + pcos)2 + p 2 sin 2 0
Hieu tting cap dien ap 1 va 3; 2 va 4 duoc khuech dai ldn rdi dua vao hai cap phien
lech ngang va lech dting cua oxilo.
Vao cap phien lam lech ngang:

KU2 - KU2 =4aK U ^pcos0

Vao cap phien lam lech dting:

K ' U 2 - K ' U 2 = 4 a K ' U 26lpsin 0

Nhu vay, dien ap dua vao hai cap phien chenh nhau 90. Neu bay gid chinh cho
bidn do hai didn ap nay bang nhau th'i tia didn tti bi lech ca hai phia nhu nhau. Bien doi
tti tti pha cua he sd phan xa tu 0 den 360 va giu nguydn mddun thi tia dien tu se ve nen
mot vong trdn trdn man huynh quang, ban kfnh vong trdn nay ty Id vdi |3.
Khi tdn sd may phat thay doi qua lai, he sd phan xa phtic cua ddi tugng do se bien
thien, ve non dac tuyen p=0(f). Vi vay, cd the xac dinh ca mddun ca pha cua he sd phan

432

Hinh 10-11a Toan canh cua he so phan xa

xa p=p(f) va V|/= v|/(f). Do lech tmh tu-tam cua tia dien tu" tai moi diem ty le vdi p con
phuang vi tuang ung vai \\i.
Tren mat man hien song dat mot dia trong sudt, tren do ve dd thi vong. Dudng
cong p = 0 (f) quan sat dugc tren ndn dd thi vong dd chfnh la toan canh cua he sd phan
xa (hinh 10-1 la)
De cd the doc true tiep tri gia mddun va pha eua he sd phan xa mot each chfnh
xac, ngirdi ta tao ra tren man hien song mot vong trdn sang tam d giua man, ban kfnh
thay ddi dugc va mot dudng thang sang chay qua tam eua man. Vong trdn sang cd dugc
nhd mot bd chia pha tao ra hai dien ap hinh sin lech nhau 90 ve pha, dua vao hai cap
phien lech lam cho tia dien tu bi quay trdn. Bang each dieu chinh bien do dien ap cung
cap cho bo chia pha, ta thay doi dugc ban kfnh vong trdn sang nay. Ca cau dieu chinh
dat ngay tren mat may gan vdi thudc khac do theo mddun he sd phan xa. Cdn vet sang
qua tam dugc tao nen bang bien ap xenxin (bien ap quay). Khi quay roto bien ap, vet

433

sang nay se xoay tron, lay tam cua man lam tam quay. Ca hai didn ap tao ndn vong sang
va vet sang trdn day duoc dua vao cac cap phien lam lech thong qua bo chuyen mach.

Hinh 10-11b Doc modul va pha cua he so phan xa

Cach do nhu sau: didu chinh tan so bo tao song sieu ^ao tdn den tan so cdn xac
dinh tra khang toan phan cua doi tuong can do. Luc do trdn man huynh quang co m6t
diem sang, vi tri cua no phu thuoc gia tri cua p va \\i. Didu chinh ban kfnh vong sang sao
cho vong nay di qua diem sang ay, trdn thang khac do cua ban kmh luc nay co the doc
duoc gia tri cua p. Sau do quay roto xenxin den khi vet sang qua tam cung di qua diem
sang nay, ta se doc dugc gia tri cua v|/ ngay trdn thang khac do ciia co cau didu chinh
roto. Xem hinh 10-1lb tren do ve man hidn song co gdn do thi vong, khi qua trinh didu
chinh vira noi da ket thuc.

434

10.1.2 T ir dong hoa hoan toan qua trinh do luotig

Nhir da noi d ddu chuorng nay, muon thuc hien tu dong hoa hoan toan qua trinh do,
cac thid't bi chon loc dung phai la nhung he thong theo nguyen tac vong km. Mdt mat,
cac hd thong nay kha phtic tap, mat khac nguyen ly chung ciia loai nay thuoc linh vuc ly
thuyet tu dong didu khidn. Vi hai ly do, d day ta chi lay mot vai vf du vd thiet bi cu thd
dd minh hoa co tfnh chat gidi thieu doi net nhung thanh tuu da dat dugc trong ky thuat
do tu dong hien nay.
O tiet trudc ta da xem con dudng tidn tdi hoan thien viec do ludng nham giam bdt
kho khan va thdi gian do. Tuy nhien, con dudng do chua hoan thanh mot cach tron ven
viec giai phong con ngudi khoi nhung thao tac nhu didu chinh, chuydn doi bang, lay kd't
qua. Vi vay, ngudi ta khong dung lai d dd.
Cho den nay, nhung cd gdng de tu dong hoa hoan toan qua trinh do ludng cd thd
chia mot cach dai the thanh hai nhom: do ludng tu dong ghi giu va do ludng phuc vu
true tiep cho didu khien tu dong. Trong pham vi cuon sach nay, ta chi xet tdi van dd thu:
nhat.
Do ludng tu dong ghi giu dugc dac trung bdi nhung net ca ban sau day:
Hoan toan khdng dieu chinh va dieu chinh cdng hudng bdng tay. Nhung thid't bi do
ludng nay hoac la khdng ydu cau didu chinh hoac la vide didu chinh dugc thuc hien mot
cach tu dong nhd nhung ca cau dac biet san cd trong nd.
Nhung ke't qua do ludng dugc ghi lai thanh tai lieu. Mot trong nhung dang ghi kd't
qua thdng thudng va thuan lgi nhat la in ke't qua do thanh chu, so va dau hieu. Khi dd
ydu cau toe do in phai du ldn.
Nhd dugc in lai nen nhung ke't qua do dugc luu tru lau bao nhieu tuy y va muon
lay luc nao cung dugc. Trong nhidu trudng hgp, nhung so lieu nay cd thd dua true tie'p
vao may vi tfnh. Mot bd nhd nhu vay la ly tudng.
Xu ly bang may tfnh didn tu: Didu dd cho phep giai quyet nhidu nhiem vu quan
trong trong tir dong hoa do ludng nhu:
- Xac dinh dai lugng can do theo nhung sd lieu do khac. Nhd cd may tfnh didn tu
ma do gian tie'p nhu vay cung khdng khac gi do true tie'p.
- Giai nhung phep toan logic
- Phoi hgp nhidu nhom thid't bi do ludng thanh mot bo thdng nhat.
- Tao thanh mot he thong kidm tra eac thdng so cua nhidu ddi tugng. Viec kidm tra
nhu the cd thd tien hanh dong thdi hoac theo thu' tu tuy y.

435

- Gia cong nhanh nhidu so lieu do ludng d^ rut ra nhung ket luan dudi dang cd
dong, tong quat va tach ra nhung tin tuc cdn thid't.
- Gia cdng nhung so lieu do dac d hang loat dd'i tugng, hd thong hoa nhung kd't qua
nay va tich luy thong ke theo tirng ddi tuong
- Phan tich kd't qua do ludng va chi ra phuang hudng hgp ly nhat de tie'p tuc nghidn
curu.
Nhung vf du xet dudi day nham lam sang to hai dac diem dau tien:
T if dong hoa thao tac dieu chinh

Trong cac may do mot thao tac thong thudng va ton nhidu cong sue, thdi gian nhat
la didu chinh trudc khi do, chon lugng trinh do thfch hgp vdi dai lugng can do, chon cue
tfnh cua cac ddu vao...
Giai phong con ngudi khoi nhung thao tac nay dugc coi la mot budc ngoat quan
trong viec tu dong hoa do ludng. Nguydn tdc giai quyet van dd do cung khdng vugt ra
ngoai nguyen ly chung cua ly thuyet tu dong didu chinh, nghTa la phai xay dung nhung
vong phan hdi.
Cac dai lugng dua vao do dugc bien doi de cd thd so sanh dugc vdi nhung dai
lugng mdu do may do tao ra. Kd't qua so sanh (sai khac) dung de thuc hien mot cach tu
dong nhung thao tac da ndi d trdn.
Vf du dien hinh la he thdng didu chinh tu dong do nhay va tan so quet cua oxilo.
Sa dd khoi tong quat cua he thdng didu chinh do nhay ve d hinh 10-12.

Hinh 10-12 Tu dong dieu chinh do nhay va tan so quet cua oxilo

Tfn hieu cdn nghien cuu dua vao cap phien lech dung va dugc trich mot phdn dua
vao dat-sic ngudng. Khi bien doi tfn hieu vugt ra ngoai gidi han da qui dinh thi dat-sic
ngudng cho ra tfn hieu tac dong vao bo didu chinh. Bo didu chinh thuc hien viec chuydn
mach, thay doi he sd suy giam cua bo phan ap ddu vao nham duy tri anh tfn hieu trdn
man huynh quang trong mot pham vi nhat dinh.

436

Co thd khao sat ky hon nguyfin tac nay bang so do kenh lech dting cua oxilo C l-43
(hinh 10-13). No thuc hin tu dong di6u chinh do nhay cua oxilo va khoi phuc thanh
phdn mot chiCu cua tfn hifiu, bao dam true doi xting cua tin hieu luon luon trung vtii
ducmg kfnh ngang cua man huynh quang.
Neu goi do cao eua anh la h thi he thong nay phai thuc hin bat dang thtic :
h nn - h - h max

(7)

( vdri C l-43 hmul = 2cm va hmax =6cm)

Khi h > hmaxva h < hmin he thong thuc hien chuyen doi each noi cac dien tro phan
ap cua bo suy giam. Bon vi tri cua bo phan ap tuong ting voi bon he so suy giam.
k,,
=

1
1
, k , = , k, = , va k , = . Co cau true tiep thuc hien doi noi bo
100
10
4
2

phan ap la ro-le dien tti co tiep diem thirong dong R ,

R 4. Vi trf tiep diem cua cac ro-le

nay xac dinh do nhay eua kSnh dting: la cue dai (k=l) khi ca bon tiep diem cung dong
va la cue tieu (k= k,, k2, k3, k4) khi ca bon tiep diem cung mo.

Hinh 10-13 Kenh lech dting cua CI-43

Mach dieu khien cac ro le nay la bon trigo T, -T4; tao thanh mot mach dem xung.
Khi tri-gu d trang thai 0 thi tiep diem cua ro-le dong lai va tri-go o trang thai 1 , tiep

437

diem rale ma ra (hinh 10-13 ve cac triga a trang thai 0 ) To hap trang thai cua bon
triga xac dinh tri gia he gia he so suy giam k (do nhay) va trang thai cac tri-ga nay lai
phu thuoc vao so xung dua vao bo dem.
Dudi day la nguyen tac tao xung khi dieu kien (7) bi vi pham. Dau tien, ta gia thitft
rang thanh phdn mot chidu cua tin hieu la khong co.
Do cao cuc dai cua anh tren man hmax dugc qui dinh bdi hai mure nguong cue dai
tren va dudi (hinh 10-14a) va tuang irng vdi chung la hai dien ap ngudng cua hai datsic
nguong cue dai tren va dudi (xem hinh sa do khoi hinh 10-13)
Ngt/dng cue
d ai trn

N g tfc fn g
t ie u

cu e

tr e n

cue
t ie u

N g u ch g
d a t c k to i

d u tti

c)

Hinh 10-14 Nguong gidi han

Khi do do cao anh ldn han gidi han quy dinh (hinh 10-14b), hai dat-sic nay cung
bat dau cho ra xung dua vao dau 1 va dau 2 cua bo trung hgp. Trong khoang thdi gian
cac xung tu' hai dau vao trung nhau, bo trung hgp se cho ra xung dua vao bo ghi giu. Khi
co xiing vao, bo ghi giu se cho xung ra theo hai dudng: mot dudng vat) bo dem difiu
khien ra-le va mot dudng phan hoi de ngat hai dat-sic trong thdi gian cac ra-le va
chuyen mach thuc hien ddi ndi (quan tfnh cua ra-le va cua ca cau chuyen mach kha ldn
so vdi chu ky lap lai cua xung). Dau tien, chuyen mach thuc hien ngat tiep didm cua R4.
Khi do he sd phan ap la k 4 =
Neu nhu h vfin ldn han hlllJX thi sau khi het tin hieu ngat dat-sic, cac dat-sic nay lai
cho ra xung du'a vao bd trung hgp va lai cd them mot xung nua vat) bd dem dieu khien
lam trang thai T4 trd lai 0 va T3 sang 1 , tiep diem ciia R 4 dong lai, cira R ; md ra. He
sd phan ap luc nay la k 3 = . Viec ddi ndi bd suy giam cir thuc hien theo sd xune vao
4

43S

bo de'm va se ngting lai khi ma didu kiSn h < hmax dugc thoa man. (Bo de'm didu khien d
hinh 10-13 co 12 trang thai, dem dugc 11 xung)
Bay gid xet trudng hgp h < h,nm.
Do cao cuc tieu hmmdugc qui dinh bdi hai ngudng cuc tidu tren va dudi (hinh 1014c). Khac vdi trudc, dat-sic tuong ting vdi hai ngudng nay tao thanh tti mot bo tach
soi^g va mot bo da hai tu kich. Tin hieu sau khi khuech dai so bo dugc lay mot phan,
tach song va bien ddi thanh nhung xung am lam tat bo da hai.
Khi h < hinin (hinh 10- 14d), xung am tao ra khong du ldn de tdt bo dao dong da hai
ntia va bo da hai bat dau tao xung xoa, khoi phuc lai trang thai 0 cho ca 4 tri-go. Khi
do k= 1 nghTa la do nhay ciia dao dong ky la cuc dai. Do cao h cua anh tang len. Neu h
tang 16n qua mtic qui dinh thi cac dat-sic ngudng cuc dai lai lam viec, giam tti tti do
nhay nay xuong, bao dam thoa man didu kien (7).
Khi do nhay la cue dai, neu h vfm nhd hon hinmnghTa la tin hieu am tti bo tach song
van khong du de ddng da hai, mach ddng se dam bao tao ra mtic dien ap lam nhiem vu
do.
Neu nhu tin hieu vao cd thanh phan mot chidu khac 0, kenh lech dting cua oxilo
C l-43 cdn thuc hien tu dong bu khi mtic mot chidu nay thay doi, bao dam anh cua tin
hieu luon luon nam giua man. Nguyen tac tu dong cung dugc giai thfch tren so do khdi
hinh 10-13.
Gia thie't mtic mot chidu tang, nang anh tfn hieu vugt qua ngudng cuc dai tren
(hinh 10-14e). Khi dd dat-sic ngudng cuc dai tren bat dau lam viec, gtii xung vao bo
dich chuyen anh xuong. Day cung la mot bo dem xung, gdm bdn trigo dung de dieu
khien nguon thien ap chuan cung cap cho bo khuech dai. Moi mdt xung dugc gtii vao bo
dem la mot lan trang thai cac trigo thay ddi va thien ap bi giam mot mtic.
Ket qua la mdi lan nhu vay anh tfn hieu dugc ha xuong mot khoang Ah=lcm.
Bo de'm dich chuyen anh cd bdn tri-go nen cd the cd 12 trang thai, ttic la dem dugc
11 xung (xung thti 12 lam cho no trd lai trang thai ban dau). Dat-sic ngudng cue dai tren
se tiep tuc tao xung gui vao bo dem nay chting nao diem cao nhat cua anh con nam cao
him mtic ngudng cuc dai tren. Neu nhu sau 11 xung, anh tfn hieu chua ha xuong gidi
han qui dinh (do thanh phan mdt chieu cua tfn hieu qua him) thi sau xung thti 12, tu bo
dem dich chuyen anh cd 1 xung ra, md van 2 tao dieu kien cho xung tu dat-sic ngudng
cuc dai tren den dugc bo ghi giu. Bo ghi giu gtii xung vao bd de'm dieu khien he sd suy
giam cua bd phan ap, giam do nhay cua oxilo xuong. Ddng thdi, bo ghi giu cho ra 1
xung xoa, khoi phuc lai trang thai ban dfiu cua bo de'm dich chuyen anh. Qua trinh tren
dugc lap lai den khi nao anh cua tfn hieu trd vd giua man.

439

NSu nhu thanh phdn mot chidu cua tin hifiu c6 cuc tfnh am (anh bj dich xutfng
dudi) qua trinh tu dong didu chinh cung tuang tu nhu trSn. Dat-sic nguong cuc dai dudi
va b6 ddrn dich chuydn anh 16n tr6n (va co thd ca van 1 nua) se lam vic, nang mire thifin
ap chuan cua bo tidn khuech dai len.
Trong so d6 khS'i (hinh 10-13) con co mot b6 chi thi so. No cho biet cuc tfnh vd
gia tri cua thanh phan mot chidu cua tin hieu.
Trong 6xilo C l-43 con co mot h so tu dong didu chinh nua: tu dong didu chinh
thcri han hanh trinh quet thuan vdi muc dich nhan duoc hinh anh cua mot so xac dinh
chu ky cua tfn hieu tren man hien song. Goi so do la A (he thdng nay cho phep thay doi
A trong khoang tir A mm=2 den A max= 6)
Didu ki6n dat ra cho hS tu ddng didu chinh la:
Avmin < 1A < A*max
1

Quet ngoai
Tao xung
xuc phat

rl
Tao auet

Khuech dai
lech ngang

Hinh 10-15 Dieu chinh thdi han hanh trinh quet thuan
NgUori ta da giai quyet nhiem vu nay bang so do khoi hinh 10-15. Thong thucmg,
chu ky quet phu thuoc vao tri gia cua R va C trong b6 tao quet. Giu nguydn R con didn
dung C co trj gia thay doi tuy thuoc vao trj gia va so lugng cac tu noi song song vcri
nhau. Cac role r, -5- r5 thuc hien viec doi noi nay. Didu khidn cac ro-le nay cung la bo
dem dung tri-go. Chang han khi cac trigo d trang thai 0 , cac role dong lai, tuc la tat ca
cac tu dien dugc mac song song vcri nhau, khi do chu ky quet co thdi han cuc dai. Moi
mot xung den bo ddm lai lam thay doi trang thai cua to hgp cac tri-go mot ldn va cung la
mot ldn doi mac lai cac tu dien va giam ddn chu ky quet xuong. Nhu vay, s6' xung vao

440

bd de'm phai phan anh dirge tin tufc vd gia tri cua A. Cac khdi con lai nham thuc hien
nhidm vu nay.
Khdi tao dang xung xuc phat la'y thang tin hieu can nghidn cun tti kdnh ldch dting
bien no thanh mdt day xung day xung vi phan mot cuc tmh. Do do, chu ky cua day xung
nay bang chu ky cua tfn hieu vao. Tti dau ra cua bo tao dang xung, xung xudt phat dugc
dua dd'n bo tao quet va bo chgn xung theo thdi gian. Xung thti nhat cua day xung nay
xuc phat cho bo quet. Bd quet co hai dau ra, mot ddu cho ra didn ap rang cua chu ky Tq,
ddu kia cho ra xung theo thdi gian, khoi tang chu ky quet va khoi giam chu ky quet, vdi
chtic nang cua xung cua. Trong day xung vi phan tti dau ra bo tao dang, chi cd nhung
xung nao nam trong thdi gian cd xung md ctia la lot dugc vao bo de'm. So xung nay bang
ty sd giua do rong cua xung ctia va chu ky lap lai cua day xung vi phan, cung ttic la bang
ty sd giua chu ky quet Tq va chu ky cua tin hieu vao hay ndi cach khac so nay chinh la
A.
Neu A<Animthi khdi tang chu ky quet lam viec, cdn neu A>Amaxthi khdi giam chu
ky quet lam viec. Bo de'm xung ddng ddng vai tro quyet dinh cho khdi nao lam viec.
Khi A>A]llax, khdi giam chu ky quet tao ra mdt day xung gtii vao bo dS'm didu
khien ra le, thuc hien giam A xuong. Day xung nay cha'm dtit khi didu kien A<Amax dugc
thoa man. Luc dd cac ra-le khdng ndi tu dien ntia va Tq cung khdng giam nua.
Khi A<Amm sudn sau cua xung ctia se xuc phat bo tang chu ky quet, tao ra mdt
xung xoa khdi phuc trang thai ban dau ciia bo de'm didu khien, do do chu ky quet cuc
dai. Neu nhu vi the ma A trd nen ldn han Amax thi khoi giam chu ky quet lai lam viec gtii
xung vao bo dem nhu trudc day.
Ngoai vf du vd he tu ddng didu chinh dd nhay va tan so quet cua oxilo, ta xet them
mot vf du ntia: he tu dong chon lugng trinh do va cuc tinh cua von-met chi thi sd. Thdng
thudng von-met nay cd bd phan ap vdi he so suy giam didu chinh dugc. Sau khi thong
qua bo phan ap nay, tin hieu can do dugc so sanh vdi dien ap mdu cua von-met. Sai so
nhan dugc khi so sanh dugc dung lam tin hieu didu khien bo chuydn mach, tu dong tang
hoac giam he so phan ap.
De lam sang to van dd nay, ta xet mdt he thong cu the: he tu dong chon lugng trinh
do va cuc tfnh ciia von-met chi thi sd loai bien doi thdi gian-xung da xet trong chuang
do dien ap, va neu ra day nhting sd lieu cu the. Nguyen ly cua von-met chi thi so bien
ddi thdi gian-xung khdng nhac lai d day.
Cho mdt von-met, do dugc dien ap trong dai tti 0.001 V den 990V, chia lam bdn
thang cach nhau 10 lan.
Chuyen mach PI-A lam nhiem vu ddi thang do va cuc tinh (hinh 10-16a). Cac vi
tri tti 1-5 de do dien ap am va tti 6-11 de do didn ap duong. Khi chuyen mach d vi tri 1

441

va 11, he so suy eiam k = ---- (de do dien ap tu1100V

1000

990V); d vi tri 2, 9 va 10 c6

'

k = --- (de do dien ap 10V -4-99.9V). O vi tri 3, 4 va 7, 8, eo k = (dd do dien ap 1

100
h- 9,99V)

10
va d vi tri 5 va 6, co k=l ( de do dien ap 0.001 V 4- 0.999V) d thang nay ting

vcri 0.999V la 999 xung dem.

Khi luong trinh do khong phu hop vdri dai luong can do, trong bo so sanh se xudt
hien tin hieu sai sd, tac dong vao bo dieu khien doi ndi, thay doi vi tri cua chuyen mach
den khi chon dugc thang do thich hgp.
Xem hinh 10-16 b, vi von-met thuc su do dugc dien ap den 0.999V va tri gia cac
thang do cach nhau 10 lan nen khi da chon dung lugng trinh do, bo dem phai cho ra tti
100 den 999 xung (trd khang tti 0.001 den 0.999 V ta se ndi sau). Nhu vay neu lugng
trinh do da dugc chgn dung dung, bo dem hang tram phai cho ra ft nhat 1 xung, nhidu
nhat la 9 xung trong mot chu trinh do va do dd, bo dem hang nghin phai khong cho ra
xung nao.
Dau ra cac bo dem hang tram va hang nghin ndi vao bo tu dong chuyen mach. Bo
nay gdm mot ra-le dien tti kidu tim budc, cuon day R, cua nd nam mach anot cua den
tiratron; hai triga T, va T: dieu khien tiratron. Xung ra cua hai bo dem hang tram va
hang nghin chinh la dua vao hai tri-ga nay.
Hay nhd lai nguyen tac do cua von-met nay cd dung xung nhip de ddng bo chu ky
cua xung nhip chinh la chu ky do. Ddu mdi chu trinh do, xung nhip duang dugc dua den
ca ludi mot cua triratron (voi mot thdi gian trd nao dd).
Neu nhu cung luc dd cd xung duong den ludi hai thi tiratron se thong va cd xung
ddng dien chay qua cuon R,, tiep diem cua chuydn mach PI-A (ddng thdi ca eua Pl-B,
Pl-C, Pl-D) se nhay sang vi tri ben canh. Den Tiratron lam nhiem vu cua mot mach
va , vi tri tiep diem cac chuyen mach chi thay doi khi ddng thdi cd ca hai loai xung
tren.*'
Xung nhip dugc tao ra mot each deu dan, khong phu thuoc vao didu kien chon
dung lugng trinh do va cue tinh. O day, tin hieu quyet dinh cong tac eua chuyen mach la
xung ra cua triga T;, xuat hien khi lugng trinh do va cue tfnh chon khong dung. Ta hay
xem nguyen tac lam vice cua bo chuyen mach nay thong qua vf du bang sd.
Gia sir dien ap can do la 5V va d thdi diem bat dau do eac trigo d trang thai 1 .
PI-A d vi trf 1 ttic la k = ---- . Sau bo phan ap, dien ap vao bo so sanh se la 0.008V va
1000
do dd cd 8 xung dua vao bo dem. Khi dd ddu ra bo dem hang tram sc khong eo xung (do

442

-9 9 9 V
- 9 9 .9 V
- 9 .9 9 V

Tdibo

-2J*Y.0

0.999VL

-o
+0.999Vq
-

PI-A sosonh

C l
C

pr.D

Pl.B
to

*99.9V f *>
f 99.9V

* 99.9V
O 63V

a)

b)

Hinh 10-16 Tu dong chon luting trinh do

do tat nhien dftu ra ho dem hang nghin cung khong co xung), hai trigo T, va T2 giu
nguyen trang thai 1 , khien cho tren ludi hai cua tiratron co san mot mtic dien ap
duong. V'i vay, khi co xung nhip vao ludi mot, tiratron se thong, dong xung chay qua R,
lam chuyen mach nhay sang vi tri 2 ting vori k =

Den chu ky do tiep theo, bo dem cho ra 80 xung, dau ra bo dem hang tram vSn
chua co xung, T, va T2 vfin giCr nguyC'n trang thai 1 , duy tri mot mtic dien ap duong
tren ludi hai tiratron. Xung nhip toi ludi mot, thap sang tiratron, chuyen mach nhay sang
3 cok = , dien ap vat) bo so sanh la 0.8V. Chu trinh tiep theo se co 800 xung vao bo
10
dem. Sau 100 xung dau tien, bo dem hang tram cho ra mot xung chuyen lat T, v6 trang
thai 0 . Budc nhay xuong cua T, thuc hien chuydn lat T; cung vd trang thai 0 vao ludi
tiratron bay gid la mtic dien ap thap, loai trti kha nang thong tiratron ngay ca khi cd
xung nhip duong vao ludi mot. Chuydn mach duoc giu d vi trf 3.
Chuyen mach Pl-B cung d vi trf 3, luc dd den L ; se chieu sang mat may d thang
do co gidi han la 9.99V.
Neu nhu' luong trinh do dau tien khdng phai la ldn hon dai luong can do ma la nhd
hon thi qua trinh chuyen ddi se xay ra nhu sau:

443

Gia thid't luc bat dau do, PI-A a vi tri 7 cho phep do ddn 9,99V va didn ap cdn do
la 500V.Vi d thang do nay k = va 9.99V tirang ting vari 999 xung ndn 500V se tuang
ting vdi so xung >900 xung. Cung gia thiet dau tidn hai triga T, va T2 a trang thai 1 .
Sau 100 xung dau tidn, bo dem hang tram cho ra mot kfch vao T,,T, lai kich T2, chuydn
no vd trang thai 0 . Den tiratron se thong khi co xung nhip, chuyen mach nhay sang vi
tri 8. C) day lugng trinh do cung chua dung. Qua trinh trdn se lap lai d nhung chu trinh
do sau, tdi khi chuydn mach nhay den vi tri 11, ting vdi gidi han do la 999V.
Dd y den vai tro cua chuydn mach Pl-C mac gitia T I va T2 va chuydn doi dong b6
vcri PI-A. 0 vi tri 5 va 6 tuang ting vdi k=l ttic la gidi han do la 0.999V chuydn mach
nay ndi d&u vao T2vdi den bdn trai cua T,, tirang ting vdi mtic 0 lam cho T2cung chuydn
sang trang thai 0 . Do dd, ndu dien ap vao nhd han 0.1V (lugng trinh do thich hgp) thi
mac du sd xung dua vao bo dem nho han 100 tiratron cung khdng thdng va chuydn
mach dugc duy tri d vi tri nay. Ndu khong cd Pl-C thi tat ca cac chuydn mach se nhay
lien tuc mac du lugng trinh do da chon dung.
Chuydn mach Pl-D lam nhiem vu chi thi cuc tfnh cua didn ap mSu trong von-met
(va cung la dau cua dien ap can do sau khi da chon dung cue tfnh), den ion dac biet hai
eatot mSc trong mach nay ldn lugt cho chay sang eatot + hoac eatot
cua Pl-D. Den nay de d ngoai mat may.

tuy theo vi tri

De tim hieu nguyen ly cua vide chuyen doi cue tmh, ta can nhd lai rang bo so sanh
thuc hien so sanh dien ap can do vdi mot dien ap rang eua (tang hoac giam) lay lam dien
ap mfiu eua von-met. Tai thdi diem hai dien ap nay bang nhau, bd so sanh cho ra mdt
xung, tam dting cong tac cua bo tao xung dem. Didn ap rang cira dira vao bo so sanh la

a)
Hinh 10-17 Chuyen cut bing so sanh

444

c)

tang hoac la giam tuy thudc vao ro-le R 2. Cuon day no mdc trong mach Pl-D. Khi co
dong chay qua R 2 thi didn ap mdu la giam tuydn tfnh va khi khong co dong chay qua R 2
didn ap mdu la tang tuydn tfnh.
Ndu didn ap vao va didn ap miu co cuc tfnh ngugc nhau, tat nhidn chung khdng
the dat tdi didm hang nhau, bd so sanh khong cho xung ra, qua trinh tidp theo thuc hien
chuydn cuc tmh, ta se xet bang vf du cu the.
Gia sir P I d vi tri 4 (gidi han do la -9.99 V, trdn mat may, dau

se sang ldn) con

a ddu vao co dien ap cdn do la +6V. Nhu vay, lugng trinh do thfch hgp nhung ddu khdng
phu hgp. V i bd so sanh khdng cho xung ra ndn xung dem dugc tao ra lien tuc, khong bi
gidi han. Khi sd xung nay vugt qua 1000, bo dem hang nghin cho ra mot xung chuyen
trigo T2 vd 1 tao didu kien de xung nhjp thdng tiratron, chuyen mach P I nhay sang vi
tri 5. C) chu trinh do sau, no nhay sang vi tri 6, bdt ddu do dugc didn ap duong. Trdn mat
may dau + sang ldn, trong mach cua Pl-D khdng co dong qua R ;, dien ap rang cua dua
vao bo so sanh bay gid se tang tuyen tfnh. Do do, dien ap cdn do va dien ap mdu co kha
nang bang nhau, bo so sanh se tao ra xung han chd vide dua xung vao bo dd'm. Nhung
bay gid, lugng trinh do lai nhd hon ydu cau (gidi han do d vj tri 6 la 0.999V). Qua trinh
tu dong tang lugng trinh do lai lap lai nhu da ndi d trdn. Vi tri 7 cua chuydn mach PI
thoa man didu kien phu hgp hoan toan ca vd dau ca vd gidi han do giua dien ap cdn do
va thang do cua von-met. Hinh 10-17 ve cac trudng hgp co the xay ra.
He thdng tu ddng chuyen mach vira xet cd uu diem la tuong ddi don gian va van
nang. Thieu sot cua nd la cd ca phdn co dien ndn quan tmh kha ldn. V i vay qua trinh tu
dong didu chinh tuong ddi dai.
Ngoai loai tu dong chuyen doi cd phoi hgp vdi eo didn nhu trdn, ngudi ta cung hay
su dung loai tu dong tim kiem toan dai, cd tfnh chat chu dong hon. Dai lugng mdu cua
may do tu dong bien thien theo qui luat xac djnh trong sudt dai thay doi cua dai lugng
can do. Tai thdi diem hai dai lugng nay bang nhau, bo so sanh se cho ra tfn hieu cham
dirt sir thay doi dai lugng mdu va tfn hidu nay cung ddng thdi dung de xuc phat cac bo
phan khac, bat ddu qua trinh do ludng. Ddi khi, de nang cao do chfnh xac, trong cac
may do nay cung gdm ca nhung vong phan hdi cho phep eac dai lugng mdu bam sat
dugc cac dai lugng cdn do khi no thay doi. Chang han, may dem tdn sd da ndi d phdn
may dem tdn sd cd the tu dong didu chinh lien tuc tan sd ngoai sai (dao dong ndi) khi
tdn sd tfn hieu cdn do thay doi. Trong thiet bj nay, viec tim kidm lugng trinh do thfch
hgp dugc thuc hien bang each tu dong thay doi mot each tuan hoan tdn sd ngoai sai luon
luon bam sat tdn sd tfn hieu khi nd bien thien. Trong may dem tdn sd nay cdn dung ca
bo tinh chinh pha, nang cao mot cach co ban do chfnh xac, giam sai sd so sanh va sai sd
gay ndn do su khdng 6n dinh cua ngoai sai. Ngoai ra thiet bi nay cdn tu dong xac dinh

445

bac cac hai cua ngoai sai. Tat nhidn, so do thirc hidn ddy du nhirng chirc nang trdn la ra't
phirc tap.
Tren day la vai vf du vd sir tir dong hoa thao tac dieu chinh, tuc mot phan ciia tu
dong hoa hoan toan qua trinh do.

Tif dong ghi ket qua do

Neu nhu cac may do tu dong dieu chinh vira xet co kha nang tu dong ghi ke't qua
thi vide do ludng duoc xem la duoc tu dong hoa hoan toan.
Trong ky thuat do ludng hidn dai, phan Ion cac thie't bi tu dong ghi kd't qua do dua
trdn nguydn tac cac thid't bi ra cua may tfnh. Ngoai ra, mot loai nua cung kha phcS bid'n la
thie't bi tu dong ghi ke't qua do trdn bang giay muc trdn giay hoa hoe dac bidt bang each
danh tia lira didn (cho bi danh lira se de lai vet den), trdn phim anh bang anh sang, trong
thid't bi luu tir... Loai nay thudng dung eho nhung may do eac dai luong dien va phi didn
ma tri gia cua chung bid'n thien lien tuc (didn tam do, didn nao do, ...).
Dd ghi duoc quan he giua hai dai luong nao do dudi dang ham so, ngudi ta cung sir
dung nhung thid't bj tu ghi hai toa do co hai kenh lech dirng va lech ngang.
Cac thie't bj tu ghi vd nguyen tac rat don gian, hau het la didn tir, do do ta khong
xet d day.
Sau khi do ludng, mot qua trinh quan trong nua la gia cong cac ke't qua do dugc.
Thay eho con ngudi trong qua trinh nay thong thudng nha't la may tmh dien tu. No co do
chinh xac vd ly thuyet la vo han va toe do gia cong ra't nhanh. Tuy nhien khong diing
may tmh, ke't qua do cac dai lugng lien tuc phai dugc ma hoa dudi dang sd. Trong da so
eac trudng hgp, nhiem vu nay dugc giai quyet ngay trong may do chi thj sd. Ngoai ra,
mot sd may do co trang bj them bd bid'n ddi tir dang lien tuc sang dang rdi rac, mdt so
khac thuc hien bien doi tir dang lien tuc nay sang dang lien tuc khac thuan lgi hon dd
tie'p tuc bien doi thanh nhung dai lugng rdi rac.
Rat it khi ngudi ta dua true tie'p ket qua do (da ma hoa) vao may tmh. Thdng
thudng, ngudi la diing thie't bi nhd trung gian, ghi giu nhung kd't qua nhan dugc trong
qua trinh do ludng (da dugc ma hoa), khi can mdi lay tii' day dua vao may tfnh. Ket qua
do dugc "nhd" lai nhu vay khong bi meo di va thdi gian ghi giu cd the la vd han.
Thie't bi nhd cd nhieu dang, thong thudng nha't la bang gia'y, bang tir, dia tir...
Sau ciing phai ke den mdt he thdng do ludng dac biet: he thdng do ludng tin tire.
Khi ty dong dieu khien mot ddi tugng phuc tap nao do hoac mot qua trinh san xuat vdi
sir tham gia cua nhidu thie't bj khac nhau, khdi lugng tin tire can dt) ludng va gia cdng rat

446

ldn. V i vay, trong nhung nam gin day, ngudi ta da xay dung nhting hd thong tu ddng
cho phep thirc hidn nhung chirc nang chon lira va gia cong mdt khoi lugng tin ttic khong
16 do duoc. Do la cac hd thong do ludng tin ttic.
Co thd kd ca d day nhung dac diem cua he thong nay.
1. Tu dong thuc hien cac thao tac do ludng, thuc hien nhting bid'n doi nhat thid't
phai co: luong tti hoa theo mtic, rdi rac hoa theo thdi gian, ma hoa...
2. Gia cong cac ke't qua do lucmg, tu dong tfnh toan khi do gian tie'p hoac khi phai
to hop nhidu phep do, cung nhu khi can, co thd phan tich va thong ke.
3. Luu tru va lay ra tin ttic do duoc or dang can thid't.
4. O dau ra cua he thong co tin ttic vd nhting thong so cua doi tuong nghidn ctiu.
5. Lay tri gia cua cac dai luong can do true tie'p tti doi tuong nghidn ctiu.
Cac dac diem thti nhat, thti tu va thti nam von chi co d he thong do ludng tin ttic va
chinh do la nhting dac diem phan bidt no vdi nhting he thdng didu khien.
He thdng do ludng tin ttic gdm nhting khdi chtic nang sau day:
1. Thie't bj cam thu, gdm nhting phan tti nhay cam (dat-sic) danh cho nhidu dai
luong can do khac nhau. Thid't bj nay la cau ndi lien he thdng do ludng tin ttic vdi ddi
tuong nghidn ctiu.
2. Thid't bi tu dong, hoan thanh cac thao tac do ludng.
3. Thie't bj gia cdng ke't qua do va chon thuat toan thfch hop de thuc hien cac phep
toan va phep logic.
4. Thie't bj luu tru' tin ttic, trong dd bao gdm cac bd nhd, cac bd bien ddi tin ttic ve
dang thfch hop de tiep tuc gia cdng (vf du: de dua vao may tfnh hoac vat) cac dudng
thong tin).
5. Thiet bi ma hoa, giai ma, chi thj, cho phep con ngudi nhan biet va theo ddi dugc
tin ttic mot cach hieu qua va thuan lgi nhat.
Ngoai ra cdn cd cac thie't bi phai dam bao nhting chtic nang thdng thudng nhu
ngudn cung cap, tu ddng kiem tra, ...
Sir phan tfch chi tiet he thdng nay danh cho giao trinh chuyen men, chung tdi se
khdng tie'p tuc trinh bay d day.

447

10.2 H E TH O N G G IA O D IEN S O T R O N G DO LU O N G (IN T E R F A C E F O R

M EA SU R EM EN T SY STEM )
10.2.1 Gioi thieu chung
Cung voi sir phat trien cua ky thuat dien tii so va ky thuat vi xir ly, cac thiet hi do
lirdng didn tu-nhu tin so-met, von-met dien tu, pha-met, oxyld,... da cd budc tien cd tmh
chat cach mang bang viec sir dung cac bo vi xu ly (Microprocessor), nd cho phep xu ly
phep do va sd lieu do dugc nhanh chong, tu dong va chfnh xac han.
Ky thuat do ludng sd da su dung cac he thdng do theo kieu cac modul tieu chufin
hgp thanh, da tao nen tfnh mdm deo, linh hoat cho phep cac he thdng do sd cd nhidu kha
nang, nhu md rong pham vi do, do dugc nhidu loai tin hidu khac nhau, kdt qua do dat
dugc do chfnh xac cao va rut ngan thdi gian do,... Tuy vay, vide sir dung cac he thdng do
sd theo cau true modul da nay sinh van dd phai quan tam la ghep ndi giua eac modul vdi
nhau va vdi bd xu ly trung tam. Van de nay dugc thuc hidn vdi bang cac mach giao tidp
(Interfaces). Cac mach giao tiep cho phep ket ndi eac modul tuang thfch vdi nhau vd cac
phuang dien: tfn hieu, cau true vat ly, ngudn didn cung cap, thang do va dich vu do
ludng.
Sir tien bd eua ky thuat giao tiep cd anh hudng nhieu tdi ndn tang, cau true cua
thiet bi do, va ddng thdi cung dua ra hudng phat trien cho he thdng do ludng va cac ung
dung didu khien thuc tien; cho phep phat trien cac he thdng do ludng tu dong.
Muc dfch va khai niem ve giao didn da dugc ndu, nhung cung cin cd mot cai nhin
rieng ve giao dien, nd can phai nhu the nao va giai quyet dugc nhung viec gi trong thiet
bi va he thdng do, cung can phai thao luan thdm. Muc dfch cua chuang nay la cung cap
mot sd kien thufc ca ban nhat, can thiet de hieu dugc sir lam viec cua cac thiet bi sir dung
giao didn, cung nhu neu len cac thdng tin can thiet vd vide thid't ke mot Card giao didn
hoat dong vdi eac lieu chuain lien quan.
Hien nay cd nhidu lieu chuan ve mach giao tie'p, nhung thudng dugc sir dung trong
cac he thong do ludng la giao didn IEC (The International Electrotechnical Commission)
cua Uy ban Dien tu qude te. Day la loai giao dien kidu Bus, cho phep ghep ndi cac thiet
bi chung mdt he thdng de cd thd thuc hien dugc nhieu phep do vdi ke't qua do chfnh xac.

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10.2.2. Thiet ke mach kieu mang khoi modun

Mdi phirang phap hoqp ly de xay dung cac he thdng xir ly sd lidu ndi chung, va cac
hd thdng do ludng tir dong ndi ridng, la xay dung tu cac khdi mang modul, tire la cac
khdi nay ve chtic nang cung nhu cau true vat ly la chtia dung tfnh rieng biet, nhu la cac
mach "khdi ca cd". Vf du nhu cac khdi chuyen doi tuang tu-so (ADC), chuyen doi s6tuang tu (DAC), bo dem tan sd, bo tao tin hieu, bo giai ma ky tu,...
Bang each sti dung to hgp eac modul, ngudi thiet ke cd the tao ra nhidu he thdng
khac nhau. Dac biet cac hd thdng cau true kieu modul cd thd de dang dugc md rong va
nang cap trong tuang lai theo ydu cau. Ddi khi cac khdi dugc tong hgp lai thanh khdi
kin, dugc didu khien bdi mot bo didu khien cd kha nang dinh vi va chia se thdi gian hoat
dong den cac khdi khac nhau.
Khi xay dung eac he thdng do cd cau true modul, thi ngudi thiet ke phai duang
diu vdi hai van dd chfnh: Thti nhat la van dd Tuang thich va thti hai la van dd Phoi ghep
(sir giao tiep giua cac khdi thanh phan trong he thong va giua he thdng vdi eac thiet bi
ngoai vi).
Van de Tuong thich gitia cac modul la mdt van dd quan trong, ma khi thiet ke he
thdng cd ca'u true modul phai quan tam. Neu khdng, he thdng se lam viec kem hieu qua,
hong hoc trong eac tinh hudng xau nhat va kho cd kha nang md rdng trong tuang lai.
Trong cac he thdng do ludng cd 5 dang tuang thfch giua cac modul, la tuang thfch
vd tfn hidu; vd cau true; vd ngudn dien cung cap; vd do ludng va tuang thfch ve djch vu
phuc vu.

Tuang thich ve tin hieu: nham muc dfch lam cho cac modul phu hgp vdi nhau vd
kieu, dai, cac thong sd va mtic cua tfn hieu vao va ra. Cac ddng sd lieu gitia eac khdi
cd mdt vai dang tfn hieu: thdng tin, dieu khien, chuang trinh, dia chi va muc dfch
dac bidt.

Tuang thich ve mat can true : Dieu nay cho phep phu hgp vdi nhau ve mat ca hoc
bao gom ca kieu mfiu va tfnh can bang. Nd cho phep ndi cac modul khac nhau vd
mat kfch tac. He thdng va mdi thanh phan modul cua nd phai giong nhu mot khdi vat
ly duy nhat.

Tuang thich ve Nguon cung cap: la sir phu hgp gitia cac khdi ma yeu ciu phai dua
ra cac ket qua tuang thfch. Didu dd ddi hdi cac modul phai tao ra cac ket qua tuang
thfch, van de nay cd lien quan den viec chon lira cac dac tfnh do ludng cua modul.

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Tuong tliich ve dich vu phuc vu: didu nay la va'n dd noi ldn rang cac modul trong hd
thdng phai cd cung mtic do vd do tin cay va dd dn dinh va cho cung mdt dap ting
(hay do nhay) ddi vdi cac ydu to hen ngoai. La tuong thfch vd phuc vu, stia chua, hao
tri.

L/u diem cua thiet kd mach kidu mang khdi modul la tat ca cac modul dugc ghep
lai va lam vide mot each hoan hao ma khdng can phai thidt kd lai cac tiep giap lien kd't,
han ndi gitia chung. Cac giao didn (Interfaces) la eac mach giao tie'p cho phep cd dugc
su ghep ndi thfch hgp gitia tat ca eac modul trong h thong. Chung tao cho cac modul
trong cung he thdng va gitia cac he thdng cd su tuang thfch vd ca 5 dang ndu trdn.
Tat ca eac giao didn cd the phan loai thanh:
-Giao didn may.
-Giao dien he thdng - modul.
-Giao didn he thdng - thie't bi.
/. Giao dien may (machine interface): la vide gan mot bd xti ly trung tam ciia
mdt may tfnh vdi cac khoi thanh phan khac, vdi cac thid't bi ngoai vi hay vdi thd
gidi ben ngoai. Su thid't ke cua may tfnh xac dinh hoan toan cau true, nguydn ly
hoat dong va cac dac tfnh dien eua giao didn.

2. Giao dien he thong - module: la (hue hidn su ket noi ddng nha't giua cac khdi
cua he thdng. Mot modul stidung giao didn nay khdng thd hoat dong mot minh
ma nd chi cd thd hoat dong dirge trong mdt he thdng (System-modul interface).

3. Giao dien he thong - thiet hi (System - device interface): phuc vu viec ke't ndi
cac thie't bi, ma cd the hoat ddng rieng le trong mdt he thdng. Thdng thudng
chung cd kha nang kha ldn vd chtic nang (chung cd thd do mot sd ldn eac dai
lugng vat ly, didu kien lam viec cd the thay ddi vdi cac thuc nghidm, chungco
the lap trinh dugc,...). Ve mat cau true eac giao dien nay chi can cac dac tfnh vd
kfch tac.
Cac giao didn dugc sir dung trong ky thuat do ludng thuc te thudng dugc goi la
giao didn thid't bi do. Cac giao didn nay cd day du 5 dang eua tfnh tuang thfch. dam bao
su ke't hgp mot cach hoan hao gitia bo vi xti ly vdi viec do ludng, cung nhu vdi cac thiet
bi ngoai vi cd tuang tac vdi cac thie't bi khac dc luu trti, chira dung, ghi nhan va xti ly cac
so lieu thd ban dau.
Cac giao dien chuan cd the dugc phan loai luy theo cac phuang phap ma cac
modul cua he thdng dugc ndi ghep vdi nhau va vdi bd xti ly trung tam. Ndi chung cd 3

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dang kd't ndi dugc thuc hidn: loai noi tiep (Cascade); loai phan bd xuyen tam, hinh sao
(Radial) va loai td chtic bus (Bus-organised)

1. Cdu hinh noi tiep (The cascade configuration)

Sa dd mang nhu hinh 10-18.

Hinh 10-18 Cau hinh ndi tiep

Su bd tri nay la hgp ly khi dong thdng tin chung tai bat ky thdi diem nao dugc ndi
vdi mot ddi tugng thti, mot ngudn tin hieu thti va mot dung cu, thid't bi do. Ic la Cascade
Interface.

2. Cau hinh phdn ho xuyen tam, hinh sao (The radial configuration)
So dd mang cau hinh nhu hinh 10-19.
Viec bd trf phan bd cd the ting dung dugc khi mot vai khdi dugc ndi vdi khdi trung
tam (Bo vi xti ly trung tam) mot cach true tiep. Cac khdi modul dugc ndi true tiep
(khong cin chuyen mach chon lira) vi khdi trung tam cd du sd kenh cho viec truydn sd
lieu.

Hinh 10-19

Cau hinh dang hinh sao

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3. Cdu hinh to clritc bus (The bus-organized configuration)

So d6 mang cau hinh nhu hinh 10-20.
Ndu khoi modul trung tam co so kenh truydn du lidu it hon thuc td ydu ciu, thi cac
modul rieng le se duoc ndi vcri cac modul trung tam bang mot bus chung. Tai mot thdi
dilm, chi cd mot khdi ma cd dia chi duoc goi boi chuong trinh la dugc ndi tdi khdi trung
tam. Cd thi su dung tong hgp giua cac cau hinh cascade va radial hay giua cascade va
bus-organized.

In : Bus -Organized Interface

Hinh 10-20 Cau hinh bus

Cac modul thanh phan hay cac dung cu do cua he thdng do ludng dugc lidn kdt bdi
cac dudng day giao dien.
Mot nhom cac dudng day dugc du dinh cho mot vai chuc nang da xac dinh trong
qua trinh truydn sd lieu cd the lap trinh dugc, goi la Bus.

10.2.3 Giao dien IE C (The International Electrotechnical Commission)

Hien nay cd nhieu tidu chuan vd Interface, nhung loai giao dien hay su dung trong
thid't bi do va trong cac he thong truydn du lieu la Interface IEC.
Giao dien nay cdn dugc goi la giao dien IEEE-488 (ma chu IE E E la tu ten Institue
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), hay giao dien HP-IB (The Hewlett-Packard
Interface Bus).
Hoi ddng ky thuat dien tir qudc te da khuyd'n cao la nen dung giao dien nay nhu
mot chuin qudc te.

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Giao didn IE C co thi phu hop cho ca cac thiet bj lap trinh dugc hay khong lip
trinh dugc vdri khoang cach ldn tdi 20m, giua cac phan. No cung cap chuan bus trcng cac
hd thdng modul giua cac khoi thanh phan ma cac dung cu do co the doc laLp vd cac nha
san xuat. Giao didn IE C cho phep kdt hgp cac thiet bj mot cach chat che trong mot hd
thdng bid'n doi phtic tap cung ca'p kha nang truydn so lieu true tie'p giua chung cung nhu
cho phep didu khiln tur xa hay tai ch6 eua thid't bj do.
Day la mot giao didn to chirc Bus.

1. Cdu true va nguyen ly hoat dong

Giao dien co the kd't noi mot loat eac thid't bj ma chung co the hoat dong mot trong
bon che dd co ban: Chi nghe (The Listener Only Mode); Chi noi (The Talker Only
Mode); Nghe/Noi (The Talker/Listener Mode) va che do Didu khien (The Controller
Mode).
So do cau true giao didn nhu IE C nhu hinh 10-21.

DIO

Hinh 10-21 Giao dien IEC

Mdi thie't bi trong hd thdng (mot dung cu do, mot bo didu khien, mot module
ngoai) se thirc hien mot hay mot vai chuc nang neu tren, chang han hoat dong nhu ngudi
noi (bo phat), ngudi nghe (bd thu) hay ca nghe va noi, hay nhu bo didu khien. Mot thid't
bj trong che do chi noi gui du lieu trdn bus cho thie't bj hoat dong nhu ngudi nghe. Mot
thid't bj trong che do ngudi nghe, nhan du lieu tu bus. Mdt vai thie't bi eo sir tong hgp ca
chufc nang noi va nghe, vf du dong ho van nang co the lap trinh dugc nhan cac lenh nhu
la mdt ngudi nghe (bd thu), va gui ke't qua (so lieu) nhu la mot ngudi ndi (bo phat). Mot
he thdng dung giao dien IEC co the chua mdt thie't bj cd tong hgp ca 3 chute nang (phat,
thu va dieu khien), thie't bj nay la may vi tfnh.

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Mot bo didu khien, dam nhan vide giam sat didu khien bang cach dinh dia ehi cac
thiet bi khac hay cho phep cac bo phat sir dung bus. Bo didu khiln co sir dung vi xu ly co
cac chut nang:
-Xac dinh chuang trinh ma mot dung cu do phai lam viec
-Chon ky thuat do va thu tuc cho m6i thiet bi
-Hudng din cac thu tuc
-Dich ket qua
Cau true ciia giao dien IE C nhu hinh 10-21.
Giao dien IE C hao gom bus thu dong 2 chidu, 16 dudng day eho phep tdi 15 thid't
bi co the ndi song song (bao gom ca bo dieu khien).
Vd mat chirc nang, eac dudng truydn dugc chia thanh eac dudng dir lidu, eac
dudng chuyen byte du lieu va cac dudng quan ly giao dien chung.
Vd mat vat ly, giao didn IE C dugc lam bang mot day cap didn, cac dau ndi va cdc
mang mach in. Day cap no'i cac thiet bi song song theo each ma du lidu tir mot vai thid't
bi co the dugc chuyen tdi mdt hay mot vai thid't bi khac. Bang mach in de truydn du lieu
giua hd thdng va cac thid't bi bdn ngoai, dugc goi la cac Card Giao didn (IC A R ). Gin
day, mang mach nay dugc lam nhu mot chip LSI.
Tam dudng day du lieu dugc goi la DIO (Data Input/Output) va dugc danh sd tir
DIO, tdi D I()S. Chung cd the truydn du lieu theo kieu byte ndi tie'p va bit song song.

1 bit

0 bit

1 bit

0 bit

8 dudnq

1 bit

1 bit

0 bit

/ \
byte

a)

Hinh 10-22

454

0 bit

Bus data DIO

o
1 /

I
/

b)

Didu nay co nghTa la sd' lidu dugc truydn dudi dang cac bit song song (hinh 10-20a) va
cac byte noi tiep (hinh 10-22b). Cac dudng DIO truydn cac so lieu cac kd't qua do, dia
chi, chuong trinh, didu khiln va sd lieu trang thai.
Ba day didu khiln chuyln byte du lidu D ATA-BYTE T R A N SFER CO N TRO L nhu
trdn hinh 10-21 la cac dudng:
* N RFD

(Not Ready For Data, chua san sang cho du lieu)

* DAV

(Data valid, du lieu dn dinh)

* NDAC

(Not Data Accepted, khong san sang nhan du lieu)

Cac dudng nay mang cac tin hidu "moc ndi" (hand-shaking), la cac tin hieu xac
dinh nhan bid't xem cac thie't bi thu Listener (bo nghe) da san sang va cho phep nhan
byte tie'p theo trdn cac dudng so lieu tir bo didu khien, hoac bo phat (bo noi, talker) chua.
Viec truydn du lieu giua cac modul cua he thong co the dugc thuc hien ddng bo
hay khdng ddng bo. Truydn ddng bo dam bao tdc dd truyen du lieu cao, tao cho tat ca
cac modul dugc ndi bdi giao didn hoat dong trdn cung mot tdc do (trudng hgp nay ra't it
khi xay ra). Giao didn IE C dugc thid't ke cho truydn sd lidu khong ddng bo.
Viec truydn sd lidu khdng ddng bo lien quan dd'n su su dung moc ndi, la chuyen
mach cua cac tin hieu dinh trudc khi su ke't ndi dugc thuc hidn trdn giao didn. Nd dugc
thuc hien de xac nhan la cac thie't bi phat trong truydn sd lieu dang d trang thai thfch
hgp, tranh cho viec mat mat sd lidu. Thu tuc ddi thoai moc ndi cd the dugc thuc hien d
mot trong hai dang:
-Kieu thti nhat, bo phat (ndi) chuan bi sd lieu de truyen se lap cd "dti lieu san
sang", va dgi cho bd thu (nghe) dd'n khi san sang nhan du lieu.
-

0 kieu thti hai, thuc hien theo phuang phap bo thu (nghe) lap cd "san sang nhan

du lieu" va bao dgi cho bd phat gtii du lieu tdi.

Giao didn IE C sir dung thu tuc truyen moc ndi (hand-shaking) kieu thti hai.
Ddng thdi, dudng D AV mang tfn hieu "dti lieu san sang" (Data valid) xac nhan la
cac dudng DIO dang mang cac thong tin cd gia tri dn dinh. Tfn hieu nay dugc gtii di nhu
bd phat keo dudng day D AV xuong mtic thap LO W , va do vay lap cho nd cd "san sang".
Khi nhan bid't trang thai LO W cua dudng day D AV, bo thu (nghe) nhanh chong
dat dudng day N RFD (Not Ready For Data, khdng san sang cho dti lieu), vd trang thai
LO W , do vay ma dat cd de bao hieu la nd ban vdi byte hien thdi. Dudng day nay dung
chung cho tat ca cac bo thu (nghe) cua he thdng. Khi bo thu cdn cham giai phong dudng

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NDAC (Not Data Accepted) ldn mtic cao HiOH (no la LO W trong lan truydn trudc), thi
tat ca cac bo thu (nghe) da nhan xong duoc byte. Khi cam nhan duoc dudng day NDAC
d mure cao HIGH, bo phat (noi) chuyln th6ng bao va dat day D A V ldn muc cao HIGH.
Khi nhan duoc tin hieu nay, cac bo thu (nghe) chuain bi cho lan truydn du lidu tiep theo.
Chung dat duong day NDAC xudng mtic tha'p LO W , de bao nhan rang chung da san
sang va co thi tiep nhan mot byte khac.
Nam dudng day quan ly giao didn chung (The general interface management) a
hinh 10-21, mang cac tin hieu didu khien dugc luan chuyen xoay vong giua bo didu
khien va cac thiet bi khac dugc noi vcri giao didn. Cac dudng day nay hoat dong nhu sau:
-Dudng day thong bao ATN (Attention): Khi bo didu khiln dat day nay xuong
mtic thap LO W , la chi thi rang cac thong tin hien thdi tren cac dudng so lieu la mot dia
chi hay moi lenh cua giao dien. Su xuat hidn cua tin hieu nay bao rang tat ca cac thid't bi
khac dang d che do dgi va chi co bo didu khien la d chd do phat (noi). Khi day ATN a
trang thai mtic cao HIGH, thi tat ca cac thiet bi ma co dia chi dugc gtii khi dudng day la
LO W la d che do thu (nghe) hay phat (noi).
-Dudng day xoa giao dien IFC (Interface Clear): Tin hidu mang d dudng day nay
se khdi dong lai (reset) giao dien va tat ca cac thiet bi khac vd trang thai dac biet (thudng
la trang thai khdi dong). Tin hieu nay dugc sti dung khi giao didn dugc bat md va keo
day xuong mtic thap LO W , lam giam ngat quang khong tiep tuc truydn dti lieu qua cac
dudng day sd lidu DIO.
-Dudng day ydu cau phuc vu SRQ (Service Request): la dudng day chung cho ta't
ca cac thid't bi va dugc keo xuong mtic thap LO W , khi bat ky thie't bi nao dugc ndi vcri
giao dien co ydu cdu phuc vu. No ydu cau goi de ngat su truydn hidn thdi trdn bus giao
dien va goi su chu y uu tidn tti bo dieu khidn.
-Dudng day cho phep didu khien tti xa REN (Remote Enable): Khi dudng day nay
dugc dat a trang thai thap (LO W , su didu khiln mot thid't bi dugc chuyen tti didu khiln
"cuc bo" (bdn trong, local) sang "tti xa" (ben ngoai, remote); ttic la chuyln su didu khiln
dd'n cac phfm d panel phfa trudc, neu thie't bi la mot may do ludng.
-Dudng day ke't thuc hay xac dinh EO I (End Or Identify): Tin hieu tren day nay se
dugc xac dinh bdi bo phat (noi) (de bao kd't thuc qua trinh truydn ndi tie'p thong diep)
hoac nhu mdt ldnh tti bo didu khiln (hoi mot thid't bi d l nhan dien no thong qua dap ting
tdi mot SQR). Dudng day dugc dat xuong mtic tha'p LO W ddng bo vdi su truydn byte dti
lieu cuoi cung, dt) vay bao la khong cdn cd dti lieu nao dugc truyen ntia. Ndu day nay
dugc keo xuong mtic thap LO W (do bo didu khiln thuc hidn) trong qua trinh ddi hdi

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luan chuyln vong lidn tid'p, tin hidu duoc ghi nhan nhu mot ldnh nhan dien. Thid't bi dap
ting vdi lenh nhan didn bang cach dat dia chi da duoc gan cho no trdn bus.

2. Cac clu'tc nang cua Giao dien (Interface Functions)

Moi thid't bi trong mot hd thong kieu modun sir dung giao dien co the thuc hien ba
kilu chtic nang khac nhau: Chtic nang thid't bi, Chtic nang ma hoa va Chtic nang giao
didn. Cac chtic nang lidn quan dd'n sd luong ma thid't bi do duoc, dai do cua no va didu
kidn hoat dong,... Chung duoc tao boi ngudi thie't ke sau khi tfnh tat ca moi lidn he vdi
giao didn va chon lua cac tin hidu tti danh muc, tai nguydn ciia giao dien. Su ma hoa dti

lidu phai phu hop vcri cac dang lenh va ma lenh dinh truck. Cac chtic nang cua giao dien
da thid't lap cac thao tac tidu chuain lien hanh trong khi truydn dti lieu trong mot hd thong
td chtic giao didn. Mdi chtic nang giao dien duoc thuc hien d mot thid't bi, cho phep no
nhan va gtii cac thong bao hoac xir ly chung theo phuong thtic da dinh san. Hd thdng cac
thid't bj duoc ke't noi bus tuang tac vdi nhau bang cach thuc hien 10 chtic nang giao tie'p.
Giao dien chuan IEC cd chtic nang nhu sau:
1) Thu (nghe) hoac thu md rong: L hoac L E (Listener or Extended Listener), cho
phep thid't bi cd the nhan dti lieu cua thiet bj phu thuoc qua giao dien. Kha
nang nay chi ton tai khi chtic nang giao dien thu duoc dia chi hoa bdi bo didu
khien hoac bdi mot dau vao chi thu (nghe) cuc bo LON (Listen Only).
2) Moc no'i cha'p nhan AH (Acceptor handshake), cho phep thid't bj dam nhan su
thu nhap dting cac thdng bao nhidu ddng (dudng) tti xa.
3) Phat hoac md rong: T hoac T E (Talker or Extended Talker), cho phep thid't bj
gtii cac dti lieu cua thie't bj phu thudc qua giao dien tori cac thid't bi khac. Kha
nang nay chi tdn tai khi chtic nang giao didn phat dugc dja chi hoa de phat bdi
be) didu khien hoac dau vao chi phat cuc bo TON (Talk Only).
4) Moc ndi nguon SH (Source Handshake), cho phep thie't bj dam bao sir truydn
chinh xac thdng bao nhidu dudng tdi mot hay nhidu chtic nang moc ndi nhan
cua giao dien.
5) Didu khien C (Controller), cho phep thie't bj dieu gtii cac dja chi thid't bi, cac
lenh tong hgp va cac lenh dja chi tori cac thiet bj khac qua giao dien. Bo didu
khien chi cd the thuc hien chtic nang ciia nd khi gtii cac thdng bao chu y ATN
(Attention Message).
6) Xoa thiet bi DC (Device Clear), cho phep thie't bj dat lai (reset) vd trang thai
khdi ddng bang cac thdng bao tti xa. Thiet bj cd the dugc dja chi hoa rieng biet
hoac nhu mdt thanh phan cua mot nhom thie't b}.

457

7) Khdi dong thid't bi DT (Device Trigger), cho phep bo dieu khiln ra lenh cho
thid't bi de khoi dong co so cua no hay cac hoat dong theo chuong trinh.
8) Tham do song song PP (Parallel Poll), cho phep thie't bi dua ra mot thong bao
dap ting cho viec tham do song song PPR (Parallel Pol Response) toi bo dieu
khien ma khong can dat dja chi trudc de phat (noi). Trudc khi thuc hien sir ldn
luot hdi tham do song song, mot thiet bj phai duoc gan cho phep dap ting mot
dudng vao/ra du lieu DIO nao dd, ca bang the hien cuc bo hay bang thong bao
tti xa.
9) Chtic nang tti xa/cuc bo (R L :Remote/Local), cho phep thiet bj chon gitia cac
thdng tin lap trinh tti bang dieu khien d panel phfa trudc cua thie't bj (cuc bo)
va tti giao dien (tti xa)
10) Yeu cdu dich vu SR (Service Request), cho phep thie't bj yeu cdu hoat dong
djch vu tti bd dilu khien, vf du nhu hdi vong (polling)
Mudi chtic nang giao dien duoc neu tren tao ra sir didu khien mem deo va hoan
thien cho bat ky he thdng do ludng nao. Chung cho phep cac thie't bj tao thanh he thong
thu nhan, xti ly va phan phoi thdng tin. Nhd cac chtic nang nay, mot thie't bj cd the sir
dung cho cac muc dfch da thie't ke' cua nd va duoc thao tac theo cac thu tuc cua giao
dien.

3. Cac kha nang cua giao dien IE C (Capabilities o f the IE C Interface)

Giao dien IE C cd nhieu kha nang, d day chi neu cac kha nang quan trong.
1) Chidu dai toan bo tdi 20".
2) Tong so' cac modul duoc ndi khong qua 15.
3) Tong sd ca bo thu dti lieu (listeners) va cac bo phat dti lieu (talkers) khong qua
31 ndu dung 1 byte dja chi hoa va khong qua 961 neu dung 2 byte dia chi hoa.
4) Giao dien IE C cung cap cho:
- Hoat dong cua cac modul trong pham vi 20m d tdc do truydn ldn nhat la 250.000
bytes/s, vdi mdt tai tieu chuan trong tuong duong cho moi doan 2m, va vdi bo lai bdi
mach hd open - collector drive). Ddng dien vao nhd nhat la 48 mA.
- Hoat dong cua cac modul d tdc do truyen ldn nha't la 500.000 bytes/s, vdi mdt
tai lieu chuan tuong duong cho mdi doan 2m, va vdi bo lai bdi mach 3 trang
thai (tristate drive); vdi ddng didn vao khdng nhd hon 48 mA.

458

* Hoat ddng cua cac modul d tdc do truydn ldn nhat la 1.000.000 bytes/s, sti
dung bo lai dung mach tri-state vdi dong vao khong nho hon 48 rnA. Khoang
cach ldn nha't giua hai modul kd Cctn la lm.
(V i du, vdi 10 modul hoat dong d khoang cach 10m, co the dung tdc dd
truydn la 1.000.000 bytes/s). d tdc do truydn ldn nhat, cac khdi modul phai sti
dung cac thanh ghi ddm cho cac byte thdng bao.
5) Mure logic HIGH d mot dudng day tuong ung vdi mure didn ap ldn hon hay bang
2V. Mure logic LO W trdn day ting vdi didn ap bang hay nhd hon 0,8V.
6) Khoang thdi gian truydn nhd nha't va ldn nhat gitia cac chtic nang giao dien bidn
thien tti mot chtic nang tdi chtic nang tiep theo. Vf du, khoang thdi gian ngan
nhat de mot thdng bao nhidu dudng dat tdi trang thai xac lap la ft nha't 2(is
(chtic nang C cua giao didn). Khoang thdi gian hdi tham do vong song song
ngan nha't la 2 ps (chtic nang C cua giao dien). Thdi gian ldn nha't cua mot dap
ting vdi tfn hieu trdn day ATN khdng qua 200 ms (cac chtic nang cua giao didn
SH, AH, TL).
7) Cac dau no'i duoc thid't ke cho dien ap 150V va ddng 1A. Trd khang cach dien
thi ldn hon 1GQ. Dai tin so hoat dong tdi 3 MHz.
8) Cac dau no'i cd 24 chan va se chiu duoc 500 lin thao tac ndi - khdng ndi (didu
nay chi su chong mai mon). Tiet dien cua day la 0,2mm2.

4. Giao dien ciia may do vai bus lieu chuan IE C (Instrument interface with the
standard IE C bus)
Khi cac may do sti dung bo vi xti ly duoc dung lam mot phan cua he thong do
ludng cd td chtic giao dien, th'i mot dieu rat quan trong la phai hieu mach giao tiep cua
cac Bus ma hoa noi bo cua may do. Van de nay se duoc thuc hien vdi cac vi mach SSI va
MSI, (trong trudng hop nay, phai cin cd tti 40 den 50 IC), do dd se lam tang do phtic tap
cung nhu gia thanh cua thid't bi do.
Mot cach lam khac, dd va re hon la tao cac thid't bi do cd td chtic giao dien vao
mot bus tidu chuin thdng qua vide sti dung mot vi mach ISI dac biet.
So do khoi cua ISI nhu trong hinh 10-23.
Nhu h'inh 10-23, may do cd sti dung vi xti ly va chip giao dien ISI trao doi cac tin
hieu moc ndi ddi thoai, vdi mot moc ndi gitia may do va ISI chip vao gitia ISI chip vdi
Bus giao dien chuin bdn ngoai. Neu may do cd thd phat hay nhan dti lieu trong mot
khoang thdi gian khdng vugt qua mdt chu ky dong hd nhip, thi se khdng cin tin hieu
moc noi va cac dti lieu cua cac Bus truydn cd the ndi true tiep. Cac mach dem dao dugc
dua vao giai thich ly do vi mach ISI dung logic duong va IE C Bus dung logic am.

459

Bus diSu khiSn

Nhan doi thoai

AH

K f =

o
mAy o o

DUNG

VI XC/ LY

ISI
CHIP

Lenh d iiu
khiSn thiet bi
GCri doi thoai
SH
Cac thdng bao
giao tiep

Bus d iiu khiSn

chuySn byte
durlieu

BUS
giao
dien
IES
Mach dao
dem
SH

Bus dCr lieu

Hinh 10-23 Sd do khoi ctia ISI

5.

M ot vi du ve he thong do diing giao dien tieu chuan

H'inh 10-24 dua ra mot vf du cua he thong do don gian, no bao gom cac thid't bi va

cac mach duoc thid't kd' dd thuc hien cac chtic nang khac nhau.
May phat tfn hieu lap trinh duoc cung co the chi thu, no chi nhan dia chi va cac
ldnh tti giao dien ma khong gtii so lieu tdi giao dien.
May in va bd hien thj chi dung de nh|n, chting nhan dia chi, thdng tin do lucmg va
lenh.
Dong ho van nang so va bo de'm tan so cd thd thu va phat. Chung nhan dja chi va
ldnh tti giao dien va gtii kd't qua do vd dien ap, dong didn va dien trd (trong trudng hgp la
d6ng h6 van nang so'); tdn s6' va thdi gian (trong trudng hop la may dd'm) tdi giao didn.
Hd thdng duoc didu khien bdi mot bo dieu khien ndi vdi ngoai vi, trong do cd ban
phfm. Nd cd thd xti ly sd lidu tti thdng tin do ludng.
Khi hd thong bat dau hoat dong. Bo dieu khien gtii tfn hidu IFC (Interface Clear)
va tat ca cac thid't bi cua he thong se duoc khdi dong. Lenh R EN tie'p theo se chuyen cac
thid't bi vao chd do didu khien tti xa. Bo phan didu khidn gtii cac tfn hieu dja chi va ldnh
thfch hop (khi day ATN bi dat thanh LO W ). Bo didu khidn duoc goi khi dia chi cua nd
duoc chi ra bdi bo phat va bo thu, sau dd dti lieu duoc chuyen di gitia chung. Sau khi
phat ra cac dia chi, bo didu khien giai phong Bus khdi bo phat dugc chgn va gtii sd lidu
tdi bd thu (bang cach dat day ATN ldn H IG H ); nhu vay chtic nang SH cua thiet bj dugc
thuc hidn. Tai didm cuoi cua su truydn, bo didu khien bat ddu lai chtic nang cua nd, nd
cd thd phat ra cac lenh va dia chi thid't bj tidp theo. Bd didu khidn cung cd thd hoat dong

460

trong qua trinh truydn du lieu nhu mot bo phat (trong trudng hop no gui cac du lidu
chuang trinh), hoac nhu mdt bo thu (d trudng hop nd nhan cac du lieu do).
Giao didn cd kha nang kidm tra tudn tu he thdng su dung tljeo cach ndi tid'p hoac
song song (hoan toan ddc lap vdi su hoat ddng cua no). Muc dich cua vide hdi vong la
phat hien ra trong he thdng, trong hoan canh nao cd the thuc hidn cac tac vu SRQ
(Service Request) va tao lap cac cdng vide phai lam. Dd cd thd la lap trinh vong tao ra
hdi cac thu tuc cua bo didu khidn. Trudng hop hdi vong song song la tidn hanh cho bdt
cu: ydu cdu dich vu nao.
Tom lai, cac mach giao tie'p (Interfaces) cho phep ke't noi cac khoi (moduls) trong
hd thdng do, cho phep cac hd thdng nay thuc hien dugc nhieu phep do cac dai lucmg
khac nhau, cd do chfnh xac va do tin cay cao. Mat khac, su chuan hoa cac giao dien
cung cho phep phat tridn cac khdi cua he thong do trong tuang lai.

461

Chuang XI
CO Sd DO LlTONG
TRONG THONG TIN QUANG
11.1 G ld l T H IEU C H U N G
Cung vai sir phat trien cua khoa hoc va cong nghe, sai quang da dugc ung dung rat
nhidu trong cac he thong truydn dan. De dap urng nhu cau thirc tidn, cac he thdng do
ludng trong thong tin quang da ra ddi va phat tridn rat nhanh chong. Do dac diem truyen
dan trong cac he thdng thong tin quang, tin hieu la tin hieu anh sang cho nen do ludng
trong cac he thdng thong tin quang cd mot sd dac diem khac so vdi cac he thdng thong
tin ma tin hieu truyen dan tren nd la tin hieu dien.
Nguyen ly cua phuong phap do tin hieu quang la phat mot xung anh sang cd be
rong rat hep vao sgi quang va sau dd quan sat cac xung phan xa va tan xa ngugc.
Viec do tan xa ngugc da dugc Barnoski va Jensen mo ta lan dau tien vao nam 1976
tren thiet bi do phan xa ngugc cua cac xung anh sang (OTDR: Optical Time Domain
Reflectometer).
Trong he thdng cap quang, do tan xa ngugc la budc phat trien ndi tiep cua viec do
ludng tir cac sgi cap da mode cd budc song ngan ( X < l , l pm ) den sgi cap don mode cd
budc song dai.
Ky thuat OTDR (do phan xa ngugc cua cac xung anh sang) cho phep do sir suy
hao tren sgi cap, dut gay, do suy giam tai chd ndi va cac thong sd khac tai mot dau cua
sgi cap ma khong lam hong nd. OTDR da trd thanh thiet bi dugc sir dung phd bien dd
danh gia dac tfnh cap quang va he thdng cap quang trong qua trinh san xua't, lap dat va
bao duong.
11.2

L Y T H U Y E T D O TIN H IEU Q U A N G

11.2.1 Sir hinh thanh tan xa va phan xa

11.2.1.1 Nguyen ly

Hinh 11.1 Nguyen ly cua tan xa bang phuang phap analog thong dung

Xung do dugc tao ra tir bo phat xung (hinh 11.1) qua bo ghep ndi vao sgi cap can
do thir. Xung phan xa va tan xa trd vd tir sgi cap se qua bo ghep quang, dugc tach,
463

khuech dai va dugc hien thi theo thoi gian.

Nhung diem hong cua sgi quang co the quan sat thay thong qua tin hieu dugc hien
thi tren man hinh (hinh 11.2).
Cong suat song
anh sang phan xa

Xung phat di

Bifen do

Tan xa tir

Suyhao,

cho n6i

di^m
honq

(,

p^an xa d dau cudi

.

Xung di/a
vao cap

Anh sang phan xa

den soi cap
Vung hong co
do suy hao ldn

Khoang each

Hinh 11.2. Do thi theo doi song phan xa

11.2.1.2 Do suy hao

Do suy hao cua dien ap tren day dan dien co the dugc bieu didn nhu sau :
U (z) = U () exp(-az)

( 1)

U () = U(0) = dien ap a dau day

a = he so suy hao (Np/m=Nepe / met)
V'i cong suat bang :
P =

ir

Z = tra khang dudng day

Do vay do suy hao cong suat la :
P(z) = P(l exp(-2az)

(2)

(3)

[a ] = INp/m
Do suy hao cua anh sang tren sgi cap quang can dugc bieu didn nhu suy hao cong
464

suat trdn day dan dien de tranh lan ldn ve dan vi do. Boi vay bieu thirc (3) cung dung vdi
cap sgi quang.
Thudng ngudi ta su dung dan vi tfnh cho suy hao la ldB/km.
Do suy hao la :
a /.

P(z) = P10
[a] = ldB/km

To

(4)

; [z] = 1km

ldB/ km = 115 x 10~6 Np/m .

11.2.1.3 Phdn xa
Khi xung anh sang gap dau cudi cua sgi cap, mot phan nang lirgng cua nd bj phan
xa trd v i (hinh 11.3).

n,

Hinh 11.3 Phan xa tCr dau cudi sdi cap

He sd phan xa la :
R = n i ~ no

^l,5 - lv

Vni +noJ

1,5 + 1

= 0,04

n, = he sd khuc xa cua sgi cap

n, 1,5

n0 = he sd khuc xa cua khong khi

n{) * 1,0

Cdng suat trudc khi gap dau cudi cua sgi cap la :
Pr(t) = R.P() exp(-2avt)

(= -14dB)

(5)

(6)

R = he sd phan xa
P0= cong suat xung phat
a = he sd suy hao trung binh cua sgi cap
v = tdc do cua anh sang trong sgi cap
t = thdi gian.
Neu dau cudi sgi cap dugc vat nghieng hay lam nham be mat thi he sd phan xa
nhd han.
Anh sang phai di qua mot quang dudng de den diem phan xa (cudi sgi quang) va
trd v i, do vay khoang cach den diem phan xa la
z =1/2 vt.
'
(7)
11.2.1.4 Tdnxq
Hai nguyen nhan chu yeu lam suy hao anh sang trong cap quang la sir tan xa va sir
khdng thuan nhat (su pha tap).

Hinh 11.4. Sir hinh thanh tin hieu tan xa

465

Sir tan xa h'inh thanh do sir bien thien cua he sd khuc xa d khoang cach bang cd
nhu budc song anh sang. Anh sang bi phan tan tu mot diem di moi huong, nhung chi co
CSC tia
tin di then
o n r khong
L-hrino gian
o t un nao
nan do
rtn mdi
mnfi den
rtpn duoc
rlirrfr dau
dAll cuoi
CUa soi
SOI cap
C ap Va bat dau
cac
theo mnt
mot goc
cudi cua
quay tro lai. Goc nay phu thuoc vao he sd khuc xa giua loi va vo cua soi cap
Cong suat tan xa d dau cudi la
( 8)
Ps(t) = S.asvtP0(-2avt)
S =

he sd tan xa nguoc
s = he sd tan xa
v = tdc do anh sang trong lop soi cap
X = do rong xung do
Po = cong suat xung do
a = do suy giam trung binh cua soi cap
t = thdi gian.
Khoang cach tuong ung cung nhu d trudng hop phan xa:
Z =l/2vt

(9)

He sd tan xa nguoc phu thuoc vao soi cap :

Chi sd cua cap da mode chiet suat bac :
S=

4n

3 n, - n1

( 10)

n, = he sd khuc xa cua loi

n, = he sd khuc xa cua vd

a)

b)

Hinh 11.5 Do thi theo doi tan xa ngi/oc, giam 1dB/km difdc bieu dien a thang tuyen tinh
(hinh a) va thang logarit (hinh b)

466

4nf
Dan mode :
S = 0.038(A./ n,w)2

(12)

X = budc song
w = do rong trudng mode anh sang.
Tin hieu tan xa ngirgc suy hao theo dang ham mu. Thuong thi dd quan sat han neu
no duoc hien thi a dang logarit (hinh 11.5).
O thang logarit do suy giam la dudng doc nghieng ( ldB/km a vf du nay).
11.2.2 Do lirdng

11.2.2.1 Suy hao cua soi cap

Do suy hao cua cap co thd duoc tfnh tu tfn hieu tan xa nguoc giua hai diem z, va z^:
a = .----- 1----- .lO .lg PL
2 (z2 -z, ).(km)
p2
=----- ------ . l g - ^ L
(z2 - z, ).(km)
p2
Pi va p2la cong suat tan xa nguoc tu cac diem z, va

dB/km

(13)

dB/km

(14)

tuang ung.

De co ket qua ve do suy hao chfnh xac bang phuang phap tan xa nguoc, sai cap
phai dong nhat. Su bien thien duong kfnh loi, su khac nhau cua he so khuc xa va cua
hoat chat cua soi cap tao ra sai so do ludng.

11.2.2.2 Do khoang cach vd vi tri Idi cua soi cap

Thiet bi do phan xa song anh sang theo thdi gian la thiet bi tot nhat de xac dinh
nhung diem cap gay hay cac diem suy hao qua ldn tren soi cap.
Nhu da de cap d ph;tn 11.2.1, sir phan xa cua mat cat dau cudi phang trong khong
khi la 4%. Neu dau cudi co dang nghieng (vat) thi phan xa giam xuong, vf du 1% neu
dau cudi nghieng 4.
Muc tan xa ngugc thap hon 25 den 45 dB so vdi phan xa thang tu cudi. Mot sd loai
phan xa tham chf dugc nhln thay tu ch6 gay hay ch6 nghieng.
Tuy nhien treng vai trudng hop khong phat hien ra su phan xa. Didu nay xay ra, vf
du, neu dau cudi cap bi chim vao chat long co he sd thfch hgp hay dau cudi nghieng
nhidu. Do do chi co mot cach de phat hien sai hong la xem xet tin hieu tan xa ngugc bi
sut giam dot ngot d dau.
Dau cudi phan-xa hay khong phan xa tao nen do thi hoan toan khac nhau (hinh
11.6).

----- -----

Hinh 11.6 Do thj tan xa ngudc tU dau cuoi phan xa a) va dau cuoi khong phan xa b)
T - do rong xung do.

467

Sir phan xa dugc sinh ra bdi xung di qua dau cuoi va tao ra xung phan xa co do
rong x.
Tan xa ngugc dugc tao ra tren toan bo do rong xung, khi di qua diu cudi cap phan
xung khong truyen trong cap nua se khong tao ra tan xa ngugc. Vung gach cheo tren
hinh 11.7 tang tuyen tinh theo thdi gian, do vay ket qua la tao ra doan doc tuyen tfnh
trong tin hieu tan xa ngugc. Do dai cua doan doc tuyen tinh trong tin hieu tan xa ngugc
bang do rong xung x .
Xung
Soi quang

Y/A
Hinh 11.7 Khi xung di qua cuoi soi cap vung gach cheo cho thay phan khong tao ra
tan xa ngugc

Khoang cach den dau cudi cua cap hay den diem l6i la :
L = l/ 2 v t
(15)
Trong dd: v = van tdc cua anh sang trong cap
t = thdi gian den diem cudi hay loi.
Trong do ludng, co mot thuc te la khoang cach do dugc den diem Idi khi co phan
xa se ngin hon khi do cac diem loi khong phan xa. Nguyen nhan la do ddi khi kho nhan
thay luc bat dau cua doan doc xuong khi co phan xa. Bdi vay can dac biet can than khi
do den cac diem l6i khdng phan xa.
De biet chfnh xac khoang cach thi can phai biet chinh xac van tdc anh sang trong
sgi cap. Tdc do anh sang trong sgi cap la:
v = c/n
(16)
Trong do: c = 2,9979.10K m/s
n la he sd khuc xa hieu dung cua loi sgi cap.
He sd khuc xa hieu dung cua cac sgi cap thuong mai hien nay khoang:
1,48 ( A = 0,85 /u m) vdi sgi cap da mode
1,47

( A = 1,3 // m) vdi sgi cap da mode

1,455 -1,465 ( A = 1,3 fj. m) vdi sgi cap don mode.

Do do dai cua vo cap la ngan hon do dai cua sgi cap quang bdi vi sgi cap quang

thudng uon luon xoan oc ben trong cap. Su khac biet nay thirdng tir 0,2% den 0,4% tham
chf co khi len den 1,6%.

Vay toe do tong cong ciia anh sang trong soi cap la tir 202m/p. s den 206m/p s.
Neii tdc do chua biet thi khoang cach co the duoc do bang cach so sanh thdi gian
do duoc vdi thdi gian cua mot khoang cach da biet.

Hinh 11.8 Do khoang cach bang phi/ong phap so sanh

Neu khoang cach den diem ndi da biet thi khoang cach den chd hong la:
L 2= - . L ,

(17)

L, = khoang cach den diem ndi.

Thuc te rat kho xac dinh dugc chd hong tham chi khi da biet chinh xac khoang
cach, bdi vi so do cap thudng khong chinh xac.

11.2.2.3 Suy hao a chd moi noi hay chuyen tiep

Do phan giai ve khoang cach co the xac dinh nhung diem gap hoac thay doi cd the
phan biet bang do rong xung x . Bdi vi 100m trong sgi cap tuong urng vdi 1j j . s trong
phep do, nen do phan giai la x ( p s) x 100m.
Trong da sd cac diem ndi thudng co khe khong khi, didu nay tao nen phan xa.
Diem ndi la noi phan xa bat dau, do vay suy hao cung do dugc d diem nay. De lam dugc
didu nay thi dudng thang bieu didn cho sir suy giam tin hieu trong sgi quang sau diem
ket ndi, phai dugc ngoai suy.

469

Sir suy giam do dau noi la:

(18)
A = i lOlg ' V . ' - 5 lg
v V by
v V hy
V a : tin hieu trudc dau ndi
V h: tin hieu sau dau ndi.
Diem ndi khong thudng xuyen gay nen su phan xa va su suy giam tfn hieu d diem
ndi can duoc nhat hien bang cach quan sat do suy giam cua tfn hieu. Trong thang tuyen
tinh, do suy giam la dudng doc tuyen tfnh co do rong bang do rong cua xung do. Tren
thang loagarit doan suy giam co dang dudng cong va co le kho ma xac dinh dau la diem
dau cua dudng cong. Tuy nhien, neu suy hao tdng cong moi han nho hon 2 dB thi doan
suy giam chi hoi cong va se khdng khac nhieu so vdi dudng thang (hinh 11.10).
Trong viec do do suy hao d diem ndi, soi cap dang sau diem ndi can duoc ngoai
suy den diem ma doan doc bat dau. Cung vay, vai dau ndi co tiep diem vat ly giua hai
soi cap hay co chat long vdi he sd phu hop se khong co phan xa vdi tin hieu tan xa
nguoc.

Vdi phep do trudc day, de do chfnh xac thi hai soi cap ndi vdi nhau can phai dong
nhat hay noi cach khac, dac tfnh tan xa ngugc, dudng kfnh loi va do lech he sd khuc xa
phai bang nhau .
Ch6 ghep can phai dugc do tu hai hudng neu sgi cap khong giong nhau d trudc va
sau ch6 ndi (hinh 11.11). Dac tfnh tan xa ngugc luon bien thien.

a)
Hinh 11.1 Anh hudng cua sdi cap khac nhau den tham sd tan xa ngUdc khi do d cho
han. Ch6 han dUdc do tU ca hai phia A va B

Suy hao co the dugc tfnh :

A, + A 2
A =
A,

( 19)

A, = suy hao trudc cho ndi (dB)

A i = suy hao sau ch6 ndi
470

(dB)

Phirang phap nay cho suy hao trung binh, suy hao nay giong nhau theo ca hai
huong neu duong kfnh loi va hd sd khuc xa la nhu nhau.

11.3 CONG NGHE THIET Bj 0 0

11.3.1 So do khoi
Hien thi

Tao xung

Laze
Dau noi

Giam
tap am

Khuech
dai

Tach
tin hieu

Sdi quang
can do thif

Hinh 11.12 Sd do khdi cd ban cua thiet bi do OTDR

Bo tao xung didu khien tia laze va tao ra xung quang den bo ghep ndi. Nang luong
ca ban cua xung di qua dau ndi den soi cap can do. Song phan xa tan xa ngugc quay trd
ve bo ghep ndi va den bo tach tin hieu. Tin hieu tach ra dudi dang ddng va dugc bien doi
thanh dien ap d bo khuech dai. De tang khoang cach do, giam tap am dugc thuc hien
bang cach do tin hieu nhidu lan. Tin hieu dugc xu ly sau dd dugc hien thi trdn man hinh.
11.3.2 Thang do va do phan giai
Cong suat quang trong OTDR bien thien nhieu bac giua xung laze va xung tan xa
ngugc tach dugc (hinh 11.13).
Cong suat
quang

Cong suat dinh cua laze

Suy hao do ghep ndi
Cong suat phat
>
Ti le cua cong suat tan xa ngugc va cong suat phat

>
Suy hao tren sgi cap (ca di va trd ve)

r Suy hao d chd ghep ndi

r

Nen tap am cua bo tach tin hieu

-- Nen tap am cua bo tach tin hieu sau khi tach tin hieu de giam tap am.
Hinh 11.13 Bieu do mdc cong suat quang tren OTDR.
471

Nhu ta thay, mot phan rat nho cua mute nang luong co thd duoc sir dung de xac
djnh dai do khoang cach.
Bang cach tang cong suat phat, giam suy hao den cuc tieu va giam ndn tap am, dai
do co the duoc mo rong.
Nhu da mo ta 6 ph5n 11.2.2, do phan giai la t (jas)x 100 m vdi x la do rong xung.
Cong suat tan xa nguoc ti le vdi x (xem bieu thurc (8)).
De do phan giai tang len thi cong sua't tan xa nguoc cung phai tang (hinh 11.14).

a mode don OTDR.

Hinh 11.14 Mdc tin hieu/do phan giai la 1,3
Xung phan xa tddau cudi cap vao khong khi (-14 dB).

Do phan giai ldn hon co the duoc phat hien va khuech dai d bang tan thap. Do tap
am dua tren bang tan he thdng ndn tap am nen giam cung nhu dd phan giai tang (hinh
11.14).
De the hien OTDR trong khdng gian metric, ngudi ta thudng sir dung SW DR
(Single Way Dynamic Range: dai thdng mot hudng). Do la suy giam ldn nhat theo mot
hudng ciia soi cap trong vai hien tuong da biet.
SW D R ddi vdi phan xa Fresnel la hien tuong quan sat duoc chiem 4% phan xa dau
cudi soi cap. SW D R ddi vdi tan xa nguoc la hien tuong tan xa yeu cau SN R (ty sd tin
hieu trdn tap am) la thdng nhat.
De cd duoc do chinh xac cao suy hao (vf du 0,5 dB), SNR can ldn hon 1 rat
nhieu.
SW D R ddi vdi tan xa nguoc (Ti sd tin hidu / tap am = 1) la:
SW D R = 1k [PL - PD- (L + R j + SN I]
(20)
PL = cdng suat dinh ciia cap
PD = mure tap am ciia bo tach tin hieu
L = suy hao (ca chieu di lan chieu ve)
R = ti sd giua cong suat tan xa nguoc va cong suat truyen
SIN = do cai thien tin hieu ddi vdi tap am(qua tach song).
Nhu ta cd the tha'y tren bieu thuc (20), SW D R cd the duoc cai thien sau khi tach
song.
Ti sd tin hieu tren tap am (SN R) ciia ODTR duoc mo ta tren hinh 11.15. Dai
khoang cach do la ti le vdi SNR.
472

Hinh 11.15 Ti so tin hieu / tap am(SNR) -Do phan giai cho tin hieu phan xa

va tan xa cf mode don 1,3 |im ODTR

Ti so SNR cua tan xa ngugc tang len rat nhanh bdi vi tan xa ngugc tang len khi do
rong xung va do phan giai tang.
Van de ca ban khi thiet ke ODTR la quan he qua lai giua dai do va do phan giai.
Neu ta tang do rong xung thi dai do tang len nhung do phan giai se kem di.
Trong cac thiet bi thuong mai, do phan giai hien nay la tu khoang lm den vai tram
met. Thudng thi do rong xung dugc chgn sao cho nhung khoang cach ngan co the dugc
thay vdi do phan giai tot han.
11.3.3 Thuc hien
Cd vai thong sd thuc hien cua ODTR. Ta se ban den vai thdng sd quan trgng nhat:
Dai do khoang cach
1)
Do phan giai khoang cach
2)
Do chinh xac khoang cach
3)
Do hdi phuc xung
4)
Do phan giai va do chinh xac theo true dung
5)
Thdi
gian do.
6)

1) Ddi do khoang cach

Dai do khoang cach phu thuoc vao do suy hao cua sgi cap, va dai lugng nay lai
phu thuoc vao do dai song. Day la yeu td ben ngoai thiet bi va thay cho no, ngudi ta
thudng xac dinh SW D R.
Ddi vdi tan xa ngirgc (SN R = 1), SW D R thirdng dugc de dinh vi chd l6i.
Trong ODTR, khai niem dai do khoang cach doi khi dugc hieu la gidi han cua
thang thdi gian cua thiet bi vdi dan vi km. Can nhan manh rang dai do thuc te co the:
ngan han nhieu.

2) Do phdn gidi kliodng cach

Do phan giai la t(|as) x 100m vdi t la do rong xung dugc sir dung. Do phan giai
cua thang do thudng la tot han do phan giai thuc te.
473

3) Do chinh xac khoang cach

Nguon sai so ldn nhat la tinh khong chfnh xac cua tdc do anh sang thuc te trong
soi quang. Hon nua cap co the bj xoan trong thuc te nen do dai cua cap se nhd hon do
dai soi quang.
Nguon sai sd ldn thir hai la do chfnh xac cua vide doc tfn hieu phan xa hay chd sut
tren man hien thi.
Can chu y rang do phan xa thay doi dot ngot co the doc vdi do chfnh xac cao hon
so vdi do sut thay doi cham cua tan xa. Nguon sai sd nhd nha't la sai so cua thang do tren
thie't bj do bdi nha san xuat ODTR quyet dinh.
4) Do hoi phuc xung
Do su khac nhau ldn giua mire nang luong phan xa va tan xa nen cd the xay ra su
bao hoa bo khuech dai ddi vdi nhirng tfn hieu phan xa manh trong thdi gian tuong ddi
dai urng vdi vai tram met soi quang. Didu nay thudng la khdng xac djnh duoc va cd anh
hudng ldn, dac biet la khi do cac khoang cach ngan. Vai O D TR sir dung ky thuat mat na
quang de tranh su bao hoa.
5) Do phdn gidi vd do chinh xac theo true dimg
Do chfnh xac va do phan giai theo chieu thang dumg khi do suy hao ciia cap phu
thuoc vao SNR d khu vuc ciia cap dang quan sat. Do phan giai va do chfnh xac tot hon d
dau dai do va xau hon khi khoang cach tang len.
Viec do suy hao d ch6 ndi vdi do chfnh xac xac djnh yeu cau tfn hieu tren tap am
ldn bdi vi sai so d ca phfa trudc va phfa sau chd ndi.Vai ODTR sir dung dau ghep hinh
vuong nhd de do soi cap va suy hao dau ndi. Didu nay lam giam yeu cau ti sd tfn hieu
tren tap am.
Do phan giai doc suy hao va do chfnh xac tren thang do dB thudng duoc xac djnh
va tot hon nhieu do phan giai va do chfnh xac do thuc te.
6) Thdi gian do
Khi danh gia hoat dong ciia ODTR, thdi gian yeu cau de thuc hien nhirng phep do
xac djnh cung can duoc dua ra. Thdi gian do bien thien tir thdi gian thirc hien thi den nira
gid.Thdi gian thuc hien thj la tot trong luc hieu chinh hai soi cap ddng thdi.
11.3.4 Bo tao xung

100

200
D o n g d ie n ( m A )

Hinh 11.16 Quan he gii/a cong suat diot quang va dong dieu khien

474

Da s6' cac ODTR thirang mai su dung nguon xung diot laze ban dan. Cac loai laze
khac manh han cQng duac su dung nhung kich thudc chung ldn, cdng suat tieu thu ldn,
dd vd va do vay khdng thfch hgp vdi cac thiet bj xach tay.
Diot laze ban dan hoat dong nhd dong dien. Cong sua't quang dau ra cua no phu
thuoc ra't nhidu vao nhiet do (hinh 11.16) va cung nhu vao tuoi thg. Do do, cong sua't
quang dugc giam sat bdi diot quang (photodiot). Didu nay duy tri mot ddng hdi tie'p de
giu cho cdng suat ra khdng doi.
Cong sua't quang cuc dai cua cic xung ngan bj gidi han bdi su pha huy eua cac
guang laze. Khi do rong xung tang len, su truydn nhiet trd thanh va'n dd va tao ndn gidi
han dudi cua cong suat cue dai.
Ro rang la cdng sua't cua cac xung trong cac qua trinh do can phai giong nhau.
Mat khac, laze va mach dieu khien dugc on djnh de khong tao ra tap am do.
11.3.5 Bo ghep noi
Nhiem vu eua bo ghep ndi la dua nhieu nha't cong suat laze vao sgi cap quang va
dua true tie'p anh sang tan xa ngugc den bo tach song vdi do suy hao nho nhat. Ddng
thdi, xung do co the khong den thang bo tach gay ra su bao hoa bo khuech dai.
Co vai bo ghep ndi dugc thid't ke tir he thong guang va lang ki'nh den bo ghep noi
cap giao nhau (hinh 11.17).
Phan
g ia o nh au

Hinh 11.17 Bo ghep ndi lam tdhai sdi cap xoan va giao nhau

Bo ghep no'i giao nhau binh thudng khdng phu hgp vdi ODTR, bdi vi muc suy hao
toan bo (ca di va ve) la 6 den 8 dB.
Bo ghep ndi hoan hao co the cach ly bo tach khoi xung do. Gia trj djnh hudng tidu
chuan cho bo ghep no'i cap giao nhau la -40dB.
Phan xa tir trudc dau cudi cung cd the lam bao hoa bo tidn khuech dai. Mot
phuang phap de tranh dieu nay la su dung chuyen mach quang de chan phan phan xa.
Mat na quang nay cung cd fch trong viec chan phan phan xa sinh ra trong sgi cap de co
the quan sat phan ben phai sgi cap sau diem phan xa.
11.3.6 Bo tach va khuech dai
Bo tach va khuech dai co vai tro quan trong trong toan bo hoat dong cua he thdng.
Bo tach tao ra mot dong dien ti le vdi cong sua't quang:
Is = Ropt. P
(21)
vdi Ropt = do nhay(A/W).
Da sd ODTR thuang mai sir dung bo tach ban dan Si, Ge hay InGaAsP. Silic chi
co the sir dung neu budc song nho han 1,1 jim bdi vi lugng tir ciia budc song ldn han
khong dii nang lugng de vugt qua hang rao the ciia Silic. Vai thiet bj cung sir dung dng
nhan anh sang nhu bo tach.
Bo tien khuech dai bien doi ddng tach thanh dien ap (hinh 11.18)
Bo khuech dai coi bo tach nhu nguon dong va trd khang vao ciia bo khuech dai
can phai nho de khong lam thay doi dong tin hieu. Trd khang ra cung can nho sao cho
dien ap ra co the dieu khien dugc ma khong lam thay doi dien ap.
475

Hinh 11.18 Bo tach va tien khuech dai

Bo khuech dai voi cac dac tfnh dirge noi den va chirc nang bien ddi tra khang dirge
goi chung la bo khuech dai bien d6i tra khang.
Bo tach co mot dien dung phan dong nham phan tach dong tin hieu a tin so ldn.
Trd khang vao thudng khong dugc thap do tac dung ciia hoi tiep .
Co cach khac de tao nen dien dung phan ddng. Khi do dau cuoi trd thanh bo tfch
phan, viec hieu chinh co the thuc hien nhu sau:
SNR = -- ^
i nd + i nb + i na

(22)

I = dong tin hieu (rms)

ind = dong tap am ciia bo tach (rms)

-2

inb = dong tap am ciia cac dien tra dinh thien (rms)

ina dong tap am cua bo khuech dai (rms).

-

Neu nhu i nb va i na (chung khong nam trong bo tach ) vugt troi han thi do nhay
ciia he thong co the tang len nhd sir dung diot quang avalance (A D P), didt nay co
-2

khuech dai ben trong. APD lam tang tap am cua bo tach i nd han tin hieu I s nhung anh
hudng ciia hai tap am kia lai giam di va do nhay tong cong se tot han.
O cac tan sd ciia OTDR, dau cudi diing FET (Field Effect Transistor) la giai phap
tot nhat. Tranzitor ludng cuc thfch hgp d tan sd cao han ( >50 den 100 MHz). Diem
hoat dong cua Tranzitor FET se dugc tdi uu de ket hgp giua khuech dai va tap am.
Nhu da noi d phan 11.3.2 tap am tang len khi dai thdng tang. Dai thdng se dugc
chgn de co dugc do phan giai do chfnh xac khoang cach tot nhat. Thdi gian lam viec ciia
bo khuech dai ft nhat can nho han do rong xung, do chfnh la do dai ciia doan doc khi tan
xa ngugc ket thuc. Neu muon do chfnh xac cao hon trong luc do phan xa thi phai tang
dai thong de giam tap am, do vay dai thong cung giam di .
De co the bieu didn toan bo tfn hieu vdi phan xa va tan xa ngugc dai dong ciia bo
khuech dai (muc chenh lech giua tfn hieu ldn nhat va tap am nen) phai rat tot. Yeu cau
trong khoang 30 ^ 60 dB cong suat quang, no cung giong nhu khoang 6 0 120 dB muc
dien ap.
Vai thiet bi sir dung khuech dai logarit ngay tir cac giai doan ddu dd nen dai dong
thuc te. Day cung la mot phuang phap tot bdi vi du sao hien thi trdn thang logarit cung
la tot nhat.
11.3.7 Giam tap am
SNR cd the dugc tang len bing cac ky thuat lay trung binh sau khi tach va tien
khuech dai.
476

Lay trung binh la qua trinh thuc hien them co dong bo va lay trung binh cac tin
hieu tan xa nguoc dugc lap lai. Neu tap am voi tin hieu khong tuong quan thi SNR co the
tang len ti le can bac 2 cua sd lan them.
SNR ~ Vn

(23)

n = sd lan them.
Vi du neu ta lay trung binh 100 tin hieu thi SNR se tang vdi he sd 10, trie la 10 dB.
Dieu nay lam tang 5 dB d SW DR.
Lay trung binh la d i dang nhat de thuc hien sd hoa tin hieu khi lay mau. De tang
tdc do lay trung binh, mot mSu can phat vai lan trong mot tin hieu tan xa ngugc. Thdi
gian lay miu co the la 100ns ddi vdi cac may OTDR hien nay.
11.4 CAC TH IET B| H IEN NAY
OTDR la loai thiet bi tuong ddi mdi, ky thuat dugc gidi thieu lan dau nam 1976.
The he dau tien cua OTDR dugc dua ra thi trudng vao cudi nhung nam 70. Ngudi
ta co the do cap quang da mode d song ngan ( 800 - 905 rim). Tin hieu thudng dugc hien
thi thdi gian thuc vdi mot vai kT thuat lay trung binh analog da dugc su dung d mot sd
thiet bi. SW D R ddi vdi tan xa ngugc ( SNR = 1) la 10 - 15 dB tuong ung vdi dai khoang
cach 4 - 7 km.
The he thu hai cua OTDR dua ra thi trudng nam 1981. Chung su dung ky thuat lay
trung binh tin hieu sd va lay mau thiet bi da mode d budc song ngan 1,3 |am. Viec
chuyen sang sgi cap don mode trong thong tin buoc OTDR phai thay theo va OTDR don
mode thuong mai dau tien dugc dua ra nam 1984. Ngay sau do thi OTDR l,55|im dugc
dua ra .
Cac thiet bi the he thu hai co SW D R ddi vdi tan xa ngugc la 15 - 20 dB ung vdi
budc song 1,3 |um d cap don mode va vdi khoang cach 30 - 40 km. Do phan giai vdi
khoang cach nay la 100 - 250 m. SW D R d 1,55 (^m vdi cung mot cong sua't phat len tdi
18 dB ung vdi khoang cach 60 km.
Nhieu thiet bi co cac khdi co jack cam cho phep tren mot khung may co the sir
dung don mode va da mode vdi cac budc song khac nhau. Do rong xung thudng co the
thay dcii dugc de co dugc do phan giai tot hon d khoang cach ngan hon.
Dau tien mau dugc lay 1 lan d xung tan xa ngugc, nhung ve sau lay miu dugc
giam xuong khoang 100 ns nen mot tin hieu co the la'y nhieu lan. Cac thiet bi hien nay
thuc hien tang 12 dB trong mot phut.
Do phan giai khoang cach (dugc xac dinh bdi do rong xung) den 500m. Do phan
giai khoang cach cua thang do phu thuoc vao thdi gian hien thi va sd bit ma thdi gian
dugc chia ra.
May vi tinh dugc sir dung de thuc hien tinh toan, xu ly va hien thi cac sd va ky
hieu tren man hinh. Ngoai ra may tinh con trg giup cho phep tang tinh nang cua may do,
tang do phan giai va tang dai do do cac tinh nang uu viet cua no.
11.5 C A C Kl T H U A T DO K H A C
Ci day chung ta chi de cap den cac ky thuat do tan xa ngugc.
11.5.1 O T D R tach true tiep tin hieu analog
Day la phuong phap dau lien cua OTDR. Da sd cac thiet bi thuong mai sir dung
phuong phap nay.
477

11.5.2 O T D R tach dem true tiep photon

Trong phirang phap nay bo tach se nhan tirng photon va tao ra tin hieu. Didu nay
xay ra, vi du neu APD dugc phan cuc yeu tren mire nguong dien ap cua no. Bo so sanh
se loai tru nguon tap am khong phai tir bo tach tin hieu ( hinh 11.19).

Hinh 11.19 Nguyen ly cua phifdng phap dem photon

Bo loc la mot bo tfch phan sd, nd dem sd lugng cac xung tach dugc trong thdi gian
da cho.
I
11.5.3 O T D R tach laze tien khuech dai
Nhu ta da biet trong cdng nghe laze, anh sang vao laze se kfch thich ra anh sang
manh han. Bdi vay laze cd the dugc sir dung nhu mot bo tien khuech dai trong OTDR.
11.5.4 O T D R tach tron
Trong bo tach tron song tan xa ngugc mure thap dugc tron vdi tin hieu tao tai ch6
mire cao han. Dieu nay tao ra mot tin hieu hdn hgp chira bien do va pha cua song tan xa
ngugc.
Phuang phap nay cho do nhay cao han bdi vi ngudn tap am cua bo thu nhd han so
vdi tin hieu h6n hgp.
11.5.5 O TD R Raman
Neu xung nang lugng cao (vai Oat) dugc dua vao sgi quang nd kich cac dao dong
phan tir, didu nay lam giam nang Iirgng mot sd photon. Chung chuyen den budc song ldn
han. d day cdng suat cao cd the dugc sir dung, tan sd ciia laze dugc thay doi de thu dugc
mure suy hao nho nhat.
11.5.6 O T D R nen xung
Cong suat dinh cd gidi han cua nguon ban dan. lam han che hieu suat cua OTDR.
OTDR nen xung se dua chudi anh sang dugc dieu che vao sgi cap.
Phuang phap nay dac biet thich hgp vdi viec do d khoang cach ngan vdi do phan
giai cao.
11.5.7 O T D R phan cuc
OTDR phan circ cd bo phan tich cuc tinh d trudc bo tach. Cd the quan sat duac cuc
tinh cua tin hieu tan xa ngugc. Phuang phap nay da dugc su dung trong thuc te.
Day la phuang phap dau tidn cua OTDR. Da sd thiet bi thuong mai sir dung
phuang phap nay.

478

TAI L IE U THAM K H A O

1. Vu Quy Diem

Ca sa kv thuat Do luong Vo tuyen dien

Nha xuat ban D ai hoc va Trung hoc chu ven nghiep
Ha noi 1983
2. (i. M irsky
Micropocessors and Instrumentation

M ir Publishers
Moscow - 1987

3. Clyde F. Cosmly, Jr .
Electronic Instrument HandBook

Me draw-Hill. Inc.
Washington D C. - 1995

MUC LU C
Ldi noi dau

Chuong 1 Gioi thieu chung ve ky thuat Do ludng dien tii

1.1 Ddi tirong cua Do ludng dien tir
1.1.1 Cac dac tfnh va thong sd cua tin hieu
1.1.2 Cac tham sd va dac tmh ciia mach dien tii1
1.2 Cac khai niem co ban ve Do ludng dien tir

6
6

17
21

1.2.1 Khai niem do ludng

21

1.2.2 Cac phuong phap va bien phap do ludng co ban

22

Chuong 2 Dinh gia sai sd Do ludng

2.1 Nguyen nhan va phan loai sai sd trong Do ludng

28

2.1.1 Nguyen nhan gay sai sd

28

2.1.2 Phan loai sai sd

29

2.1.3 Cac bieu thirc didn dat sai sd

30

2.2 Ung dung phuong phap phan bd chuain de dinh gia sai sd

31

2.2.1 Ham mat do phan bd sai sd

32

2.2.2 He qua ciia sir nghien cuu ham mat do phan bd sai sd

3 3

2.2.3 Sir dung cac dac sd phan bd de dinh gia ket qua do va sai so do

36

2.3 Cach xac dinh ket qua do

3 9

2.3.1 Sai sd du

3 9

2.3.2 Do tin cay va khoang chinh xac

42

2.3.3 Cach xac dinh ket qua do khi thuc hien do nhieu lan

4 5

2.3.4 Tinh sai sd trong trudng hop do gian tiep

48

2.3.6 Tmh sai sd khi do tai vi tri chi thi cuc tri

51

2.3.7 Luu do thuc hien qua trinh xir ly, dinh gia sai sd va
xac dinh ket qua do.

5 4

Chuong 3 Quan sat va Do ludng dang tin hieu

3.1 Khai niem chung

5 5

3.2 Cau tao oxilo

5 7

3.2.1 Cau tao dng tia dien tir

5 7

3.2.2 Bo tao dien ap quet

3 . 2 . 3 Bo k h u e c h dai c u a d a o d o n g ky
3. 3 C o n g d u n g cu a d a o d o n g kv ( o x i l o )
3.3.1 D o hien d o cu a d ie n ap tin hieu
3 . 3 . 2 D a c t uyen v o n - a m p e \ a dac t uy en tan s o

^
69

73
73
75

3 . 4 Cau tao c u a d a o d o n g kv ( o x i l o ) nhi eu kC'nh

80

3.4.1 Cau tao cu a d a o d o n g ky ( o x i l o ) hai tia

81

3 . 4 . 2 P h u a n g phap hien d oi luan p h i e n - c h u y e n m a c h d i e n tu

82

3. 5 Cau tao d a o d o n g ky ( o x i l o ) quan sat tin hieu s i eu c a o tan

3.5.1 D a c d i e m

89
^

3 . 5 . 2 P h u o n g phap q uan sat lay ma u

3 . 6 Cau tao ciia d a o d o n g ky ( o x i l o ) c o n h o loai t u o n g tu

94

3 . 6 . 1 Cau tao

94

3 . 6 . 2 N g u y e n ly hoat d o n g ciia o x i l o c o n h d

95

3. 7 O x i l o d i e n tir s d

96

3 . 7 . 1 Cau true va kha n ang ciia o x i l o s o

96

3 . 7 . 2 O x i l o c o cai dat vi x u lv ( m i c r o p o c e s s o r - p P )

98

Chuong 4 Do tan sd, khoang thdi gian va do do di pha

4.1 Khai n i e m c h u n g

I 11

4 . 2 D o tan s o b an g c a c m a c h d i e n c o t h o n g s d phu t h u o c tan s d

1 13

4. 2.1 P h u a n g phap c au

1 13

4 . 2 . 2 P h u o n g phap c o n g h u d n g

I 15

4 . 3 D o tan so bang plnrang phap d u n g thiet bi s o s an h

123

4 . 3 . 1 P h u on g phap d u n g d a o d o n g d o c u a o x i l o

123

4 . 3 . 2 So sanh b ang p h u o n g phap n g o a i sai

125

4 . 3 . 3 D o tan s o bang p h u o n g phap d e m x u n g

4 . 4 D o k h o a n g thdi gi an

1 34

4 . 4 .1 M a \ d en i d ie n tu

1 34

4 . 4 . 2 Bo d e m trong thiet bi d o s o

1 39

4 . 4 . 3 Bo gii m a trong thiet bi d o s o

149

4 . 4 . 4 Bo chi thi s o

1 ^9

4.4.5

I 75

M a y d e m d i e n tir c o cai dat \ i xir ly ( p P )

4 . 5 T o h o p lan s o ( I r c q u e n c y s y n t h e s i z e r )

1 79

4.5.1. To hgp mang tan so tich cuc dung ky thuat mach so

180

4.5.2 To hgp tan so co cau tao vi xir Iv (pP)

181

4.6 Do do di pha

186

4.6.1 Cac phuong phap do di pha

188

4.6.2 Pha met chi thi so

195

4.6.3 Pha-met so co cai dat micropocesor

198

Chuong 5 Do dien ap
5.1 Dac diem va yeu cau cua phep do tin hieu dien ap

201

5.1.1 Cac tri so dien ap do

201

5.1.2 Cau tao va phan loai cac von-met dien tu'

204

5.2 Von-met dien tu loai tuong tu-dung dien ke chi thi kim

205

5.2.1 Cac dac tmh tach song

206

5.2.2 Khoi khuech dai trong von-met dien tu

215

5.2.3 Khoi chi thi bang kim

217

5.2.4 Von-met do dien ap xung

217

5.3 Cau tao von-met dien tu' so

222

5.3.1 Bo bien d6i tuong tu - so (the analog to digital converter)

222

5.3.2 Vi du v6 bo giai ma de thuc hien ky tu so A-rap

234

5.3.3 Von-met dien tu so co cai dat pP

236

Chuong 6 Do cong suat

6.1 Cac khai niem va phuong phap do cong suat

243

6.1.1 Khai niem

243

6.1.2 Phuong phap do cong suat

245

6.1.3 Do cong suat o' tan so thap va tan so cao

247

6.1.4 Do cong suat 6 sieu cao tdn dung nhiet dien tro'

252

6.2 Do cong suat hap thu

258

6.2.1 Phuong phap von-met (va ampe-met)

258

6.2.2 Phuong phap do cudng do anh sang

259

6.2.3 Phuong phap nhiet luong met

260

6.3 Do cdng suat truyCMi thdng

263

6.4 Oat-met diing ky thuat sd

268

6.4.1. Oat-met sd (Digital Wattmeter)

268

6.4.2. Oat-met cai dat vi xir ly

271

Chuong 7 Do cac tham sd dieu che va dac tinh pho cua tin hieu
7.1 Do he sd didu che
7.1.1 Do he sd dieu che bien do

977

7.1.2 Do cac thong so dieu tan

,

7.1.3 Do cac thong so dieu che xung

9 0 /:

7.2 Do meo khdng dudng thang

^89

7.3 Phan tich pho tin hieu

292

7.3.1 Phuong phap phan tfch

293

7.3.2 Cau true thiet bi phan tfch pho theo phuong phap so

300

7.3.3 May phan tfch pho dung bo vi xu' Iv vdi thuat loan
bien doi nhanh Fourrier

309

Chuong 8 Do cac thdng so va dac tinh cac phan tii ciia mach dien
8.1 Do cac thdng sd ciia mach dien co cac phan tu' tap trung

3 17

8.1.1 Do cac thdng sd ciia cac linh kien dudng thang

317

8.1.2 Do thu cac thdng so ciia den ban dan

333

8.2 Do cac thdng so ciia mach dien cd phan tii phan bd

337

8.2.1 Khai niem

337

8.2.2 Cac linh kien do ludng d sieu cao tan

340

8.2.3 Cdng dung do ludng ciia day do

353

8.2.4 Do trd khang bang cac day do cd dau dd cd dinh

379

8.2.5 Do trd khang bang phan xa met va bang eac cau do

382

Chuong 9 Do ludng, kiein nghiem cac mach dien tu so va vi xir Iv

9.1 Khai niem va dac tfnh chung eua mach sd

388

9.2 Cac phuong phap phan tfch

390

9.2.1 Phuong phap phan tfch logic

390

9.2.2 Phuong phap phan tfch nhan dang ma dia chi (Signature Analysis) 398
9.3 Cac nguyen ly tu kiem tra (Principles of self - testing)

409

9.3.1 Phuong phap LSSD (Level - Sensitive Scan Design)

409

9.3.2 Phuong phap B ILB O (Built-In Logic Block Observer)

410

9.3.3 Phuong phap M IC R O B IT

1|

Chuong 10 Do ludng tu dong

10.1 Cac khuynh hudng co ban

414

10.1.1 Tir dong hoa tirng phan qua trinh do lucmg

420

10.1.2 Tu dong hoa hoan toan qua trinh do ludng

435

10.2 He thdng giao dien sd trong do ludng (Interface for measurement system)
448
10.2.1 Gidi thieu chung

448

10.2.2. Thiet ke mach kieu mang khdi modun

449

10.2.3 Giao dien IE C (The International Electrotechnical Commission) 452

Chirong 11. Co sd do ludng trong thdng tin quang

462

11.1. Gidi thieu chung

462

11.2. Ly thuyet do tin hieu quang

462

11.2.1. Sir hinh thanh tan xa va phan xa

462

11.2.2. Do ludng

466

11.3. Cong nghe do

470

11.3.1. So dd khdi

470

11.3.2. Thanh do va do phan giai

470

11.3.3. Thuc hien

472

11.3.4. Bo tao xung

473

11.3.5. Bo ghep ndi

474

11.3.6. Bo tach va khuech dai

474

11.3.7. Giam tap am

475

11.4. Cac thiet bi hien nay

476

11.5. Cac ky thuat do khac

476

11.5.1. CDTR tach true tiep tin hieu analog

477

11.5.2. ODTR tach dem true tiep photon

477

11.5.3. ODTR tach laze tidn khuech dai

477

11.5.4. ODTR tach tron

477

11.5.5. ODTR Raman

477

11.5.6. ODTR nen xung

47*5

11.5.7. ODTR phan cuc

47'

Tai lieu tham khao

47^

CO

sd KY THUAT

DO LUONG DIEN TUf

Tac gia:

PGS. Vu Quy Diem ( Chu bien)

Pham Van Tuan, Nguydn Thuy Anh
Bo Le Phu, Nguyen Ngoc Van

Chiu trach nhiem xuat ban:

PGS. TS. To Dang Hai

Bien tap:

Nguyin Dang, Ngoc Khue

Ve bia:

Trjnh Tien Hung

Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat

70 Tran Hung Oao, Ha Noi.

In 700 cuon, kho 19 x 27cm, tai Xi/dng in NXB Van hoa Dan toe
Quyet dinh xuat ban so: 75-2007/CXB/212-02/KHKT ngay 9/8/2007
In xong va nop luU chieu Quy III nam 2007.