CSE8A Final Review Slides

CSE 8A Final Review
2nd Session
Alan Kuo
Haiyu Huang
Well start off easy...
Well start off easy...
You want to roll dice 100 times and get the average value.
Whats the best while loop to use?
int count = 0;
int sum = 0;
Random gen = new Random();
???????;
double average = (double)sum/ count;
while(count < 100){

sum += 1;
count += gen.nextInt(6) + 1;
}
while(count <= 100){

sum += gen.nextInt(6) + 1;
count += 1;
}
while(count < 100){

count += 1;
}

sum += 1;
}
You want to roll dice 100 times and get the average value.
Whats the best while loop to use?
int count = 0;
int sum = 0;
Random gen = new Random();
???????;
double average = (double)sum/ count;
while(count < 100){

sum += 1;
}

count += 1;
}
while(count < 100){

count += 1;
}

sum += 1;
}
Which of these will make an image noticeably more green?

Picture pic=new
Picture(FileChooser.pickAFile());
Pixel[ ] pixArray=pic.getPixels();
for(Pixel p : pixArray){
??????????
}
p.setRed(p.getRed() * (int)0.999);
p.setBlue(p.getBlue() * (int)0.999);
p.setGreen(p.getGreen() + 60);
p.setGreen(p.getGreen() * (int)1.5);
A, B, and C
A and B
Which of these will make an image noticeably more green?

Picture pic=new
Picture(FileChooser.pickAFile());
Pixel[ ] pixArray=pic.getPixels();
for(Pixel p : pixArray){
??????????
}
p.setRed(p.getRed() * (int)0.999);
p.setBlue(p.getBlue() * (int)0.999);
p.setGreen(p.getGreen() + 60);
p.setGreen(p.getGreen() * (int)1.5);
A, B, and C
A and B
How do you invert one color in a pixel?

(that is, if you did this for all 3 colors, it would create a negative)
int value = pixel.getRed();
int inverse = ?????;
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
-value
255 + value
255 - value
value - 255
None of these
How do you invert one color in a pixel?

(that is, if you did this for all 3 colors, it would create a negative)
int value = pixel.getRed();
int inverse = ?????;
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
-value
255 + value
255 - value
value - 255
None of these
What do you expect to happen here?

Picture pic = new Picture(FileChooser.pickAFile());
for (double x = 0; x < pic.getWidth(); x += 0.99) {
for (double y = 0; y < pic.getHeight(); y++) {
pic.getPixel((int)x, (int)y).setColor(Color.BLACK);
}
}
pic.show();
A.
B.
C.
D.
The whole picture turns black

Compile error
Infinite loop at runtime
Out-of-bounds error
What do you expect to happen here?

Picture pic = new Picture(FileChooser.pickAFile());
for (double x = 0; x < pic.getWidth(); x += 0.99) {
for (double y = 0; y < pic.getHeight(); y++) {
pic.getPixel((int)x, (int)y).setColor(Color.BLACK);
}
}
pic.show();
A.
B.
C.
D.
The whole picture turns black

Compile error
Infinite loop at runtime
Out-of-bounds error
What does this do?

Picture pic = new Picture("rainbow dash.png");
for (int x = 0; x < pic.getWidth() / 2; x++) {
for (int y = 0; y < pic.getHeight(); y++) {
Pixel one_side = pic.getPixel(x,y);
Pixel other_side = pic.getPixel(pic.getWidth() - x - 1, y);
one_side.setColor(other_side.getColor());
}
}
pic.show();
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Mirror right into left

Mirror left into right
Flip around the horizontal
Flip around the vertical
None of these
What does this do?

Picture pic = new Picture("rainbow dash.png");
for (int x = 0; x < pic.getWidth() / 2; x++) {
for (int y = 0; y < pic.getHeight(); y++) {
Pixel one_side = pic.getPixel(x,y);
Pixel other_side = pic.getPixel(pic.getWidth() - x - 1, y);
one_side.setColor(other_side.getColor());
}
}
pic.show();
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Mirror right into left

Mirror left into right
Flip around the horizontal
Flip around the vertical
None of these
What if statement should we use so this draws a grid?

In Picture.java:
public void make_grid() {
for (int x = 0; x < getWidth(); x++) {
for (int y = 0; y < getHeight(); y++) {
if (___________________________)
getPixel(x, y).setColor(Color.BLACK);
}
}
}
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
x % 5 == 0 &&
x % 5 == 0 ||
x / 5 == 0 &&
x / 5 == 0 ||
None of these
y
y
y
y
%
%
/
/
5
5
5
5
==
==
==
==
0
0
0
0
example
What if statement should we use so this draws a grid?

In Picture.java:
public void make_grid() {
for (int x = 0; x < getWidth(); x++) {
for (int y = 0; y < getHeight(); y++) {
if (___________________________)
getPixel(x, y).setColor(Color.BLACK);
}
}
}
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
x % 5 == 0 &&
x % 5 == 0 ||
x / 5 == 0 &&
x / 5 == 0 ||
None of these
y
y
y
y
%
%
/
/
5
5
5
5
==
==
==
==
0
0
0
0
example
Class & Constructors
Consider this class in Banana.java:

public class Banana {
private int daylight;
private int come;
}

private int come;
}
Somewhere else in the same class in

Banana.java:
Somewhere else in Main.java:
Banana b = new Banana();

int d = b.daylight;

int d = b.daylight;
How about now?

Does the indicated line cause a
compile error?
A. Yes
B. No
A. Yes
B. No

private int come;
}

private int come;
}

Banana.java:

int d = b.daylight;

int d = b.daylight;
How about now?

compile error?
A. Yes
B. No
A. Yes
B. No

private int come;
}

private int come;
}

Banana.java:

int d = b.daylight;

int d = b.daylight;
How about now?

compile error?
A. Yes
B. No
A. Yes
B. No

private int come;
}

private int come;
}

Banana.java:

int d = b.daylight;

int d = b.daylight;
How about now?

compile error?
A. Yes
B. No
A. Yes
B. No
What happens when you dont initialize a Member

Variable that you declared?
public class foo{
private Integer x;
private String str;
private int z;
}
Note that member variables can also
be called member fields
Nonstatic member variables can also
be called instance variables
Static member variables can be called
class variables
A.
Compile error
B.
Runtime error if you ever try to use them

in your methods without initializing them
first somewhere (like a constructor)
C.
They take on some default value,

depending on the variable type
D.
This is terrible practice
What happens when you dont initialize a member

variable that you declared?
public class foo{
private Integer x; //null
private String str; //null
private int z;
//0
}
A.
Compile error
B.

first somewhere (like a constructor)
C.

D.
Typically, Objects default to null,

and primitives default to 0.
What happens when you dont initialize a local

A.
public class foo{
B.
public void bar(){
int x;
System.out.println(x);
C.
}
}
D.
Compile error
first somewhere
What happens when you dont initialize a local

A.
public class foo{
B.
public void bar(){
int x;
System.out.println(x);
C.
}
}
D.
Compile error
first somewhere
1 public class Pony {

2
private int x;
3
private int y;
4
private Picture picture;
5
6
public Pony(int x, int y) {
7
this.x = x;
8
this.y = y;
9
}
10
11
public Picture getPicture() {
12
return picture;
A.
13
}
14
15
public static void main(String[] args) {
16
Pony rarity = new Pony(0, 0);
B.
17
Picture p = rarity.picture;
C.
18
rarity.getPicture().show();
D.
19
}
20 }
Which line causes an error?

A.
B.
C.
D. (didnt initialize picture)
E. None of these or no error
1 public class Pony {

2
private int x;
3
private int y;
4
5
6
public Pony(int x, int y) {
7
this.x = x;
8
this.y = y;
9
}
10
11
public Picture getPicture() {
12
return picture;
A.
13
}
14
15
16
Pony rarity = new Pony(0, 0);
B.
17
Picture p = rarity.picture;
C.
18
rarity.getPicture().show();
D.
19
}
20 }
Which line causes an error?

A.
B.
C.
D. (didnt initialize picture)
E. None of these or no error
Coding exercise: make a class

Class is called Dog
It has 2 instance variables:
age (integer)
name (String)
Make a constructor which initializes everything

Make getters and setters (2 getters, 2 setters)
Coding exercise: make a class

Class is called Dog
public class Dog{

private int age;
private String name;
public Dog(int age, String name) {
this.age = age;
this.name = new String(name);
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public void setName(String newName) {
//this is implicit
name = new String(newName);
}
public int getAge() {
return this.age;
}
public String getName(){
return this.name;
}
It has 2 instance variables:

age (integer)
name (String)
Make a constructor which initializes everything

Make getters and setters (2 getters, 2 setters)
Memory Models
Heap Vs. Stack
Concepts:
Each object created is stored in heap section

Each function has its own Stack frame
References/Variable Names are stored in Stack
Heap
Enable to modify objects when passing reference into parameter of

methods (Parameter reference would point to object)
Return Values
public static int something(int value){
int value2 = value;
return value2+1;
}
public static void main(String[] args){
int value = 50;
System.out.println(something(value));
System.out.println(value);
}
Whats the result?

A) Compile error
B) Runtime error
C) 51
50
D) 50
50
E) something else
Return Values
public static int something(int value){
int value2 = value;
return value2+1;
}
public static void main(String[] args){
int value = 50;
System.out.println(something(value));
System.out.println(value);
}
Whats the result?

A) Compile error
B) Runtime error
C) 51
50
D) 50
50
E) something else
public static void silly(int a, int b) {
Memory (heap & stack)

Import java.awt.*;
public class Circle {
private int radius;
private Color color;
public Circle(int r, Color c){
radius = r;
color = c;
}
public int getRadius(){ return radius;}
public Color getColor(){ return color;}
public void setRadius(int r){ radius = r; }
public void setColor(Color c){ color = c; }
public static void main (String[] args) {

Circle circle1 = new Circle ( 5, new Color(255, 255, 255) );
Circle temp = circle1;
temp.setRadius( 10 );
int radius = circle1.getRadius();

radius += 2;
temp.setRadius( radius );
temp = new Circle ( 1, new Color(0, 0, 0) );
}

Import java.awt.*;
private int radius;
radius = r;
color = c;
}


radius += 2;
}
Heap
Stack
circle1
radius
color

Import java.awt.*;
private int radius;
radius = r;
color = c;
}


radius += 2;
}
Heap
Stack
circle1
radius
color
temp
5 10

Import java.awt.*;
private int radius;
radius = r;
color = c;
}


radius += 2;
}
Heap
Stack
radius
circle1
color
temp
radius
10
5 10

Import java.awt.*;
private int radius;
radius = r;
color = c;
}


radius += 2;
}
Heap
Stack
radius
circle1
color
temp
radius
10 12
5 10 12

Import java.awt.*;
private int radius;
radius = r;
color = c;
}


radius += 2;
}
Heap
Stack
radius 5 10
circle1
color
temp
radius
radius
5 12
color
12
public class Cat {

private int x;
private int y;
}
public class Box {
private Cat tom;
public Cat getTom() {
return tom;
}
}
This memory model is supposed to represent what is

going on with the variable box in Main.
Does this memory model look right? If not, what can we
change to make it correct?
A.
B.
C.
D.
No: we need a constructor in class Box setting up tom

No: tom should not point at anything in the memory model
A or B
Yes, its correct
Box (in Main)

public class Main {
Box box = new Box();
}
}
tom
Cat
x
y
0
0
public class Cat {

private int x;
private int y;
}
public class Box {
private Cat tom;
public Cat getTom() {
return tom;
}
}
This memory model is supposed to represent what is

going on with the variable box in Main.
Does this memory model look right? If not, what can we
change to make it correct?
A.
B.
C.
D.
No: we need a constructor in class Box setting up tom

No: tom should not point at anything in the memory model
A or B
Yes, its correct
public class Main {

Box box = new Box();
}
}
Box (in Main)

tom
Cat
x
y
0
0
Consider this class:

public class Person{
private int age;
//make the constructor
An example person
Lets make a constructor for our class Person. What could the header look like?
A.
B.
C.
D.
public
public
public
public
Person new(int age, Picture picture, String name)

void Person()
Person(int age, Picture picture, String name)
void Person(int age, Picture picture, String name)
Consider this class:

private int age;
//make the constructor
An example person
Lets make a constructor for our class Person. What could the header look like?
A.
B.
C.
D.
public
public
public
public
Person new(int age, Picture picture, String name)

void Person()
Person(int age, Picture picture, String name)
void Person(int age, Picture picture, String name)

private int age;
public Person(int age, Picture picture, String name) {
//TODO
}
}
Whats the most reasonable way to initialize just the picture instance
variable in this constructor?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
this.picture = picture;
picture = picture;
this.picture = new Picture(picture);
this.picture = new Picture(this.picture);
None of these
An example person

private int age;
public Person(int age, Picture picture, String name) {
//TODO
}
}
Whats the most reasonable way to initialize just the picture instance
variable in this constructor?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
An example person
This could work too, but since you are passing a memory location it is in
danger of being unintentionally changed.
this.picture = picture;
picture = picture;
this.picture = new Picture(picture);
this.picture = new Picture(this.picture);
None of these
Bit Shifting
Whats the right way to extract the lower n bits of a

number?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
num >> n
num % (1 << n)
num % n
(num >> n) << n
(num << n) >> n
01100100,
01100001,
01101110,
01101011,
01110100
01110010
01100001
01101001
01101110
n=1 -> 0
n=2 -> 01
n=3 -> 110
...
Whats the right way to extract the lower n bits of a

number?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
num >> n
num % (1 << n)
num % n
(num >> n) << n
(num << n) >> n
01100100,
01100001,
01101110,
01101011,
01110100
01110010
01100001
01101001
01101110
n=1 -> 0
n=2 -> 01
n=3 -> 110
...
Whats the right way to extract the lower n

bits of a number?
Would this work?
num % (2^n)
A. YES
B. NO
Whats the right way to extract the lower n

bits of a number?
Would this work?
num % (2^n)
A. YES
B. NO
Remember that 2^n in java means:

2 XOR n
This is NOT the same as Math.pow(2,n) or (1<<n), which you could use
How would you extract the top n bits of an integer?

Note that integers are always 32 bits long
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
(num << n) >> 32

num % (32 << n)
(num >> 32) << n
num % 1 << (32 - n)
num >> (32 - n)
01101000011000010110100001100001 -> 01101
How would you extract the top n bits of an integer?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
(num << n) >> 32

num % (32 << n)
(num >> 32) << n
num % 1 << (32 - n)
num >> (32 - n)
01101000011000010110100001100001 -> 01101
Consider this expression. You dont know the value of num:

(num << 4) % 8
What is this equivalent to?
A.
B.
C.
D.
(num >> 3) << 3

0
num << 1
No way to know
Consider this expression. You dont know the value of num:

(num << 4) % 8
What is this equivalent to?
A.
B.
C.
D.
(num >> 3) << 3

0
num << 1
No way to know
Sound
What does this do?

public Sound something() {
Sound copy = new Sound((int)(this.getNumSamples() * 2));
SoundSample[] copy_samples = copy.getSamples();
SoundSample[] my_samples = this.getSamples();
for (int i = 0; i < this.getNumSamples() * 2; i++) {
copy_samples[i].setValue(my_samples[i / 2].getValue());
}
return copy;
}
A.
B.
C.
D.
Returns a version of the calling Sound object but 2x slower

Returns a version of the calling Sound object but 2x faster
Returns a copy of the calling object
Nothing
What does this do?

Sound copy = new Sound((int)(this.getNumSamples() * 2));
for (int i = 0; i < this.getNumSamples() * 2; i++) {
copy_samples[i].setValue(my_samples[i / 2].getValue());
}
return copy;
}
A.
B.
C.
D.
Returns a version of the calling Sound object but 2x slower

Returns a version of the calling Sound object but 2x faster
Returns a copy of the calling object
Nothing
Coding exercise: modify this so it makes the calling

object 1.5 times FASTER (and returns a copy)
Sound copy = new Sound(______________________);
//Number of samples in the result
//Make your for-loop here

//You might need an extra variable
return copy;
}
Hints:
How many samples are going to be in the copy?
Which sound needs to have all of its samples set to a value?
In which sound are we going to skip samples to make it sound faster?
You did something like this in the last lab
(there was a double involved in the loop)
Make a sound 1.5x faster (in Sound.java)

Sound copy = new Sound((int)(this.getNumSamples() / 1.5));
int copy_idx = 0;
for (double i = 0; i < this.getLength(); i += 1.5) {
????;
copy_idx++;
}
return copy;
}
What goes in the blank?
A.
copy_samples[(int)i].setValue(my_samples[copy_idx].getValue());
B.
copy_samples[i].setValue(my_samples[copy_idx].getValue());
C.
copy_samples[copy_idx].setValue(my_samples[i].getValue());
D.
copy_samples[copy_idx].setValue(my_samples[(int)i].getValue());
Make a sound 1.5x faster (in Sound.java)

Sound copy = new Sound((int)(this.getNumSamples() / 1.5));
int copy_idx = 0;
for (double i = 0; i < this.getLength(); i += 1.5) {
????;
copy_idx++;
}
return copy;
}
What goes in the blank?
A.
copy_samples[(int)i].setValue(my_samples[copy_idx].getValue());
B.
copy_samples[i].setValue(my_samples[copy_idx].getValue());
C.
copy_samples[copy_idx].setValue(my_samples[i].getValue());
D.
copy_samples[copy_idx].setValue(my_samples[(int)i].getValue());
Sound steganography
You hide a 20x20 picture inside a sound, using the last 4 bits of each sound sample to store one
color channel (red, green, or blue). How many sound samples do you need to store the whole
picture?
Let each sound sample store one color channel

(red, green, or blue). How do you retrieve one
color channel out of a sound sample?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
sample.getValue() >> 4
sample.value % 16
sample.getValue() % 4
(sample.getValue() >> 4) << 4
sample.getValue() % (1<<4)
How do you put one color channel IN a sound sample?

int value = sample.getValue();
int ch = ...some color channel...
Enter what the new sample value should be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
(value << 4)
(value << 4)
(value >> 4)
(value >> 4)
value >> 4 +
>> 4 +
>> 4 +
<< 4 +
<< 4 +
(ch >>
ch
(ch >> 4)
(ch >> 4)
ch
4) << 4
Hint: color
values only
have 8 bits
Sound steganography
picture?
1200 samples

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
sample.value % 16

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
(value << 4)
(value << 4)
(value >> 4)
(value >> 4)
value >> 4 +
>> 4 +
>> 4 +
<< 4 +
<< 4 +
(ch >>
ch
(ch >> 4)
(ch >> 4)
ch
4) << 4
Hint: color
values only
have 8 bits
Sound steganography
picture?
1200 samples

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
sample.value % 16

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
(value << 4)
(value << 4)
(value >> 4)
(value >> 4)
value >> 4 +
>> 4 +
>> 4 +
<< 4 +
<< 4 +
(ch >>
ch
(ch >> 4)
(ch >> 4)
ch
4) << 4
Hint: color
values only
have 8 bits
Sound steganography
picture?
1200 samples

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
sample.value % 16

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
(value << 4)
(value << 4)
(value >> 4)
(value >> 4)
value >> 4 +
>> 4 +
>> 4 +
<< 4 +
<< 4 +
(ch >>
ch
(ch >> 4)
(ch >> 4)
ch
4) << 4
Hint: color
values only
have 8 bits
Any other Questions?

Good Luck on Final!!

CSE8A Final Review Slides

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CSE 8A Final Review

Well start off easy...

Well start off easy...

while(count < 100){

while(count <= 100){

while(count < 100){

while(count <= 100){

while(count < 100){

while(count <= 100){

while(count < 100){

while(count <= 100){

Which of these will make an image noticeably more green?

Which of these will make an image noticeably more green?

How do you invert one color in a pixel?

How do you invert one color in a pixel?

What do you expect to happen here?

The whole picture turns black

What do you expect to happen here?

The whole picture turns black

What does this do?

Mirror right into left

What does this do?

Mirror right into left

What if statement should we use so this draws a grid?

What if statement should we use so this draws a grid?

Class & Constructors

Consider this class in Banana.java:

Consider this class in Banana.java:

Somewhere else in the same class in

Somewhere else in Main.java:

Banana b = new Banana();

Banana b = new Banana();

How about now?

Consider this class in Banana.java:

Consider this class in Banana.java:

Somewhere else in the same class in

Somewhere else in Main.java:

Banana b = new Banana();

Banana b = new Banana();

How about now?

Consider this class in Banana.java:

Consider this class in Banana.java:

Somewhere else in the same class in

Somewhere else in Main.java:

Banana b = new Banana();

Banana b = new Banana();

How about now?

Consider this class in Banana.java:

Consider this class in Banana.java:

Somewhere else in the same class in

Somewhere else in Main.java:

Banana b = new Banana();

Banana b = new Banana();

How about now?

What happens when you dont initialize a Member

Runtime error if you ever try to use them

They take on some default value,

This is terrible practice

What happens when you dont initialize a member

Runtime error if you ever try to use them

They take on some default value,

This is terrible practice

Typically, Objects default to null,

What happens when you dont initialize a local