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FLUID RESPONSIVENESS
Until recently, a strategy of cardiac output (CO) maximization was employed to maximize oxygen delivery to vital
organs of critically ill patients in order to prevent prolonged
oxygen decit leading to an inammatory cascade resulting in
multiorgan dysfunction.6 However, achieving a supraphysiologic CO and systemic oxygen delivery through inotropics has
shown to be detrimental,7 although some studies have indicated
improved outcomes upon oxygen delivery optimization.8,9
Moreover, overzealous uid administration can lead to general
and pulmonary edema, cardiac failure, anastomotic leakage,
infections prolonging hospitalization, and even death.10
Because uid administration is often employed as one of the
rst steps to improve hemodynamics, physicians caring for
critically ill patients try to assess and optimize the volume
status to preserve oxygen delivery to vital organs. Merely
Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Vol 28, No 3 (June), 2014: pp 745754
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CHERPANATH ET AL
CVP
Abdominal surgery51
Cardiac surgery52
Hepatic surgery53
Neurosurgery43
Sepsis54
ARDS55
Decreased LVEF52
Circulatory shock56
Liver transplantation22
Subarachnoid
bleeding57
PAOP
Cardiac surgery52
Hepatic surgery53
Sepsis58
Decreased LVEF52
10.5
10
10
66%
71%
40%
62%
40%
80%
6
7
3
50%
54%
90%
100%
8
8
11
7
59%
75%
77%
79%
51%
70%
AUROC
0.55 (0.27-0.83)
0.71 (0.54-0.88)
0.63 (0.49-0.77)
0.49 (0.40-0.59)
0.57 0.13
0.63 (0.50-0.75)
0.71 (0.50-0.92)
0.77 0.10
0.64 (0.44-0.78)
0.67 (0.47-0.83)
0.70
0.55
0.63
0.77
(0.52-0.88)
(0.39-0.70)
(0.55-0.70)
(0.58-0.96)
SVV
Abdominal surgery68
Cardiac surgery23
Neurosurgery43
Scoliosis surgery69
Liver transplantation22
Pulmonary
lobectomy70
Sepsis71
PPV
Abdominal surgery68
Cardiac surgery72
Hepatic surgery53
Neurosurgery43
Scoliosis surgery69
Liver transplantation22
Circulatory shock73
Sepsis74
ARDS25
Various75
AUROC
12
12.5
9.5
9
10
10.5
86%
74%
79%
88%
94%
82%
91%
71%
93%
91%
94%
92%
0.95
0.82
0.87
0.93
0.95
0.90
(0.65-1.00)
(0.68-0.97)
(0.81-0.90)
(0.77-0.99)
(0.81-0.99)
(0.81-0.99)
15.5
85%
80%
0.84 (0.68-0.99)
13
11.5
12.5
9.5
11
10
10
17
11.8
12
88%
80%
92%
74%
79%
88%
94%
95%
85%
68%
88%
93%
82%
94%
95%
100%
100%
89%
0.96 (0.70-1.00)
0.85 (0.75-0.94)
0.79 (0.67-0.92)
0.87 (0.81-0.90)
0.95 (0.79-0.99)
0.95 (0.81-0.99)
0.97 0.03
0.96 0.03
0.77
0.89 0.07
NOTE. Cutoff is the set value for prediction of uid responsiveness (%).
Abbreviations: ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; AUROC,
area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% CI or SE);
PPV, pulse-pressure variation; SVV, stroke-volume variation.
749
Cardiac surgery97
Circulatory shock98
Sepsis96
ARDS with ECMO99
General ICU100
Severe preeclampsia101
Various90
Cutoff
Sensitivity
Specicity
AUROC
3
9
10
10
15
12
13
93%
94%
91%
62%
81%
75%
100%
73%
83%
100%
92%
93%
100%
80%
0.81 (0.61-0.94)
0.94 (0.85-0.98)
0.94 (0.80-0.99)
0.88 (0.69-0.97)
0.89 0.04
0.93 (0.83-1.00)
0.96 0.03
NOTE. Cutoff is the set value for prediction of uid responsiveness (%).
Abbreviations: ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome;
AUROC, area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve
(95% CI or SE); ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation;
ICU, intensive care unit; PLR, passive leg raising.
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CHERPANATH ET AL
Fig 2. The 2 starting positions for passive leg raising (PLR): the
classic PLR maneuver started with the patient in the supine position,
mostly present in the operating room, versus the semirecumbent
starting position mainly employed in the intensive care unit. The
semirecumbent position mobilizes blood from the abdominal compartment as well, creating a larger venous return and elevation of
biventricular preload compared with the classic PLR.
bedside even in spontaneously breathing patients with arrhythmia. There is growing evidence in a large variety of patients of
its validity as a strong predictor of uid responsiveness,
especially when the effect of PLR is assessed by a direct
measure of CO. Noninvasive methods are now available to
assess the rapid hemodynamic changes because the autotransfusion effect upon PLR is maximal within 1 minute.89 PLR
thus provides a useful tool in a wide variety of clinical settings
to predict uid responsiveness while using a desired reversible
yet genuine uid administration.
LIMITATIONS TO PLR
751
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