jpX$i N\p

(udv$ hcpQpe frQs)

L$piL$ :
`yr$ A[dsp kh^_ L$, fpS>L$pV$.
1

L$piL$ :
`yr$ A[dsp kh^_ L$,
214-Adfqv$` L$p`gn, 2-fS>`ysfp,
fpS>L$pV$. dp. 94274 95159
email : pustiasmita@yahoo.com
web : www.pushtimarg.net

NL$pi klpe : $. 80/(`pV$S> $p. 5/- AgN\u)

rs : 1000
L$pi hj : rh.k. 2069 (B.k.2013)

dyL$ :
`|h} k p. gu., fpS>L$pV$.

`yr$ Aqdsp kh^_ L$ pfp L$pius L$pi_p

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`yq$hpL$ky^p (u Aphq)
15-00
rS>_ uhgc $` _ ep (bu Aphq)
70-00
rkpsdysphgu (u`y{$jpd_u V$uL$p)
Ape
rk^ps k|[s (Np.uepdd_plf) (Qp\u Aphq) r_:i|L$
rhip^r_L$p : (v$ ^_p ^_, cpN-4)
r_:iyL$
rkps fle (krn) (u Aphq)
r_:iyL$
uL$Zpe (uL$epZfpe_u V$uL$p)
Ape
rQfLy$V$ QQp kdunp
r_:i|L$
^dp^dpNv$i_d (bu Aphq)
Ape
ucpNhs ky^p - fktbvy$ (bu Aphq)
15-00
ukhpdspd (bu Aphq)
15-00
uedy_p$L$d (u Aphq)
15-00
bpgbp^ A_ `Q`pr_ (bu Aphq)
5-00
rkpsfle A_ r_fp^gnZ (bu Aphq)
10-00
rkpsdyL$sphgu A_ `yr$hpldepv$pcv$ (bu Aphq) 5-00
_hf_d A_ As:L$fZbp^ (bu Aphq)
10-00
rhhL$^epe (bu Aphq)
5-00
uL$Zpe (bu Aphq)
5-00
Qsy:gpL$u, c[shr^_u A_ S>gcv$ (bu Aphq) 10-00
kepkr_Ze A_ khpag (bu Aphq)
10-00
c[sepN (NyS>fpsu) (Np.uepdd_plf)
r_:i|L$
L$Z Ah sp`ed (Np.uepdd_plf) (bu Aphq)r_:i|L$
`yfyjpdepN (Np.uepdd_plf)(bu Aphq)
r_:i|L$
jpX$iN\ `qfQe (Np.uepdd_plf) (Qp\u Aphq) r_:i|L$
$41 rinp` kpf kQe
15-00
:: pr\p_ ::
214, Adfqv$` L$p`gn, 2-fS>`ys`fp, fpS>L$pV$.
(rhZ hu. X$Y$pZuep, dp. 9427495159)
8

:: A_y$drZL$p ::
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uedy_p$L$d
bpgbp^
rkpsdysphgu
`yr$hpldepv$pcv$
rkps fled
_hf_d
As:L$fZbp^
rhhL$^epe
uL$Zpe
Qsy:gpL$u
crshr^_u
S>gcv$
`Q`pr_
kepkr_Ze
r_fp^gnZd
khpagd

1
2
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462

II

uL$Zpe _d:
uhcpe _d:
uNp`uS>_hcpe _d:

1. u edy_p$L$d
(`y[$cypfp uedy_pdp \pr`s A$rh^ Ahep `L$u
\d Ahe; uedy_p Ap dpNdp kL$grkqAp_p lsy$` R>.)
_dprd edy_pd Al kL$g-rkq lsy dyv$p
dyfpqf-`v$-`L$S>-ayfv$dv$-fZ|L$V$pd &&
sV$\-_hL$p__-L$V$-dpv$-`y`pby_p
kyfpkyf-ky`|rS>s-dfr`sy: re rbcsud && 1 &&
(buSy> Ahe : uedy_p cNhv$frs_ h^pf_pfp R>.)
L$rgv$-rNqf-dsL$ `sv$dv$-`|fphgp
rhgpk-Nd_pgks-L$V$-NX$-igpsp &&
kOpj-Nrs-v$syfp kdr^$Y$-v$pgpdp
dyLy$v$-frs-hr^_u S>ers `b^p: kysp && 2 &&
(uSy> Ahe : cyh_`ph_u uedy_p `y[$hp A_
`y [ $cy _ p kb^ hQ Aphsp rsb^p _ v| $ f L$fu_
cNhv$_ychepe iyq
L$f_pfp R>.)
cyh cyh_-`ph_ud Ar^Nspd_L$-h_:
reprcqfh krhsp iyL$-de|f-lkpqv$rc: &&
sf-cyS>-L$L$Z-L$V$-dy[sL$p-hpgyL$pr_sb-sV$-kyv$f] _ds L$Z-sye-repd && 3 &&
(Qp\y Ahe : cNhp__p kdp_NyZ^dhpmp lphp\u
uedy_p kp\ h_p kb^ b^psp cNhp_ kp\e b^pC e R>.)
A_sNyZc|rjs rihrhfqQv$hsys
O_pO_-r_c kv$p ^yh`fpifpcu$v$ &&
1

rhiy-d\yfp-sV$ kL$g-Np`-Np`u-hs
L$`pS>gr^krs dd d_: kyM cphe && 4 &&
(`pQdy Ahe : cNhp__ re Ahp csp_p L$rgv$pjp_y
r_hpfZ uedy_p L$f R>.)
eep QfZ` dyfqf`p: recphyL$p
kdpN_psp@chs kL$g-rkqv$p khspd &&
sep kisprdeps L$dgk`_uh ev$lqfreL$rgv$ep d_rk d kv$p \uespd && 5 &&
(R>Wy$ Ahe : `yr$hp_ uedy_p `y[$cy_p re b_ph
R>)
_dp@sy edy_ kv$p sh Qqfdev$cys
_ sy ed-eps_p chrs s `e:`p_s: &&
edp@r` crN_ukysp_ L$\dy lqs vy$$p_r`
rep chrs kh_ps sh lfe\p Npr`L$p: && 6 &&
(kpsdy Ahe : uedy_p cNhkhpL$sp_p ifufdp
AgpqL$L$ kpde AV$g s_y_hh_y k`pv$_ L$fu Ap` R>.)
ddpsy sh kr^p s_y-_hhdsphsp
_ vy$gcsdp frsf dyfqf`p dyLy$v$re &&
Asp@sy sh gpg_p kyf-^y_u `f kdps
shh cyrh L$urssp _sy L$v$pr` `y[$[\s: && 7 &&
(ApW$dy Ahe : `y[$cy_p gugpkpdreL$ dS>gL$Zp kp\
`y[$hp_p kb^ k`pqv$s L$f R>.)
syts sh L$fprs L$: L$dg-k`r_ ! re !
lff ev$_ykhep chrs kped Apdpns: &&
Be sh L$\pr^L$p kL$g-Npr`L$p-kddfd-S>gprc: kL$g-NpS>: kd: && 8 &&
(uedy_p$L$_p `pW$\u kh`p`ne, kL$grkq_u p[,
2

cNhp_dp d, cy_ kspj; A_ hcph D`f rhS>e $`u amp rk

\pe R>.)
shp$L$d Cv$ dyv$p `W$rs k|fk|s ! kv$p
kds-vy$qfs-nep chrs h dyLy$v$ frs: &&
sep kL$g-rkep dyfqf`yQ ksyers
hcph-rhS>ep chv$ hv$rs hc: ulf: && 9 &&
&& Brs uhcpQperhfrQs uedy_p$L$sp k`|Zd &&

***
hdpN}e dpesp dpZ hpdu_u h$` udlpcy A_
L$Z_p sye rep uedy_p_y AgpqL$L$ rdg_ rh.k.1549 dp udv$
NpLy$g `pk W$Ly$fpZu OpV$ D`f \ey lsy. s Ap fus `psp_u \d `qf$dp v$fep_ Qsyv$ihj}e bpg kfhsu,
hpL$`rs uhc, r_S> khL$p krls, dlph_dp, edy_psV$ D5f
`^pep. s kde ep kO_ h_ lsy. dlph_dp q\s _v$bphp_y
NpLy$rmey Npd h_fp\u R>hpB Ney lsy. uhc NpLy$g Npd_u ip^
L$fsp lsp. ApS> ep `pL$p bp^gp Npthv$ OpV$ A_ W$Ly$fpZu OpV$ R> ep
s kde v|$f v|$f ky^u NuQ h_v$i rhsfgp lsp. edy_p_p qL$_pfp
D`f Dcp flu_, Qpsfa [$ _pMsp uhc `psp_p khL$p kp\
uNpLy$g_u q\rs rhj hpsQus L$fu fp lsp. hpsQus v$fep_
Ap`uA `psp_p AsfN AL$r_$ khL$ v$pdpv$fv$pk_ `|R>ey.
""v$dgp ! epd Npthv$ OpV$ A$ W$Ly$fp_u OpV$ L$p_kp ?''
Ap`u_p _p hr_, edy_p_p Apr^cprsL$ S>m hpldp
hksp, cy_p Qsy\ repA kpcep. uhc A_ uedy_p b
cy_p rep R>. s\u uedy_p uhc_p h$`_ ApmMsp lpe A
hpcprhL$ R>. Ap\u S> __p Df v$dgp\u _ Ap`u iL$pep s __p
Df Ap`hp `ps `psp_p Apr^v$rhL$ h$` ep L$V$ \ep. L$hy lsy
3

dlpfpZu_y h$` ?
Np^fp r_hpku "`y[$-`fpN' D`_pd\u Zusp X$p. L$Zh_
Np^uA "uedy_p$L$ fkp_v$' _pd `ysL$dp uedy_p_p A
Apr^v$rhL$ h$`_y hZ_ Ap dpZ L$ey R> :
jpX$i hj_y kyL$pdg he, dOepd hZ, d^yf lpeeyL$s
dyMprhv$, gphede ggpV$ D`f L$syfu_u tbv$u, v$pqX$d iu v$s`[s,
A$Z A^f Ap$, pv$i ANdp lufp, dpZL$, dpsu, `p, `pMfpS>
S>X$gp Apc|jZp; L$fdp L$L$Z, L$X$p A_ bpSy>b^; QfZdp _|`yf,
AZhV$, h]rR>ep, L$V$u D`f dMgp, _prkL$dp _L$hkf, L$p_dp Ly$X$g,
k\udp V$uL$p, iui D`f iuia|g, ulsdp L$dm_u dpmp, uL$W$dp
L$dm Ly$kyd_u d_plf dpmp, AN D5f QV$L$pmu kpX$u A_ QpmuQZuep- Aphp AgpqL$L$ qv$e h$` uedy_pA uhc_ v$i_
Apep.
uedy_p sp L$Z_p `V$fpZu R>. sdZ uAN D`f QZuep,
Qpmu A_ kpX$u ^pfZ L$ep R>. rhrh^ iNpf L$ep R>. AgpqL$L$
Apc|jZp `lep R>. sAp `psp_p qv$e uv$l uhcfpe\u L$V$
\ep. A_ L$y : ""hc, Ap` rS>k R>pL$fL$ _uQ W$pX$ lp, hl
bh$` l; DkL$p bpB Apf Npthv$OpV$ Apf v$prl_u Apf W$Ly$fp_u OpV$
l''.
udlpfpZuA Ap fus L$V$ \B_ uhc_p d__y kdp^p_
L$ey. A_ udv$ NpLy$g_p \p__p `$ r_v$i L$ep.
uedy_p_p Aphp AgpqL$L$ Av$cys h$`_ B_ uhc
bpgu EW$ep, ""edy_! sh h$`d Av$cysd'' `R>u L$y, ""_dprd
edy_pdld''
uhc uedy_p_ _d_ L$f R> - L$pfZ L$ Ap` u
edy_p_p Apr^v$rhL$ h$`_ ApmM R>. A_ Ap`uA Ahu Apop
L$fu R> L$ hsy cNhsu _e_dh L$pe _pe:
4

`R>u sp hpL$`rs_p dyMdp\u hpL$^pfp hprls \hp gpNu A_

fQpB Ney edy_p$L$d. uhc dlpfpZu_u sysu L$fu s\u A syrs
N\R>. A_ jpX$i N\pdp dNgpQfZ $` s_y \d \p_ R>.
uedy_p Ae _v$uAp_u dpaL$ L$hm S>g_p hpl _\u; s
sp `y[$c[L$s fk_p hpl R>. v$iL$pm_p hpldp hlu S>sp hp D`f
L$`p L$fu_ sAp sd_ sdp\u MQu_ r_S> c[sfk_p hpldp hlsp
L$f R>. A_ s pfp sAp sd_ uL$ZQ_u qv$e d^yf r_e
gugpAp_p A_ych L$fph R> ; A_ s hp_ cNhv$ kb^ L$fphu Ap`
R>. Ap fus sp uhc A_ uedy_p kdp_ ^d}R>.
jpX$i N\pdp edy_p$L$_y \p_ `lgy R>. s_y L$pfZ A R> L$
Ap`Zp `y[$dpNdp uedy_p_y dlh O h^pf R>. gugp hpdu
L$Z_u gugpAp edy_p_p qL$_pfp D`f Aphg Ly$S> r_Ly$S>dp \B R>,
\pe R> A_ r_e \ep L$fi. Ap\u uedy_p_u L$`p hNf `y[$
c[sdp hi dmsp _\u. uedy_p sp c[sfk_u ^pfp R>. A
fkdp _p_ L$f_pf A\hp A fk_y `p_ L$f_pf_ sAp c[scph_y
v$p_ L$f R>.
edy_p$L$d_p `lgp ApW$ gpL$pdp uedy_p_p ApW$ Aep,
uedy_p_p Dv$ch, h$` A_ dplpe_y hZ_ L$fhpdp Apey R>.
A_ _hdp gpL$dp uedy_p$L$_p r_e `pW$ L$f_pf_ L$hp A_ L$V$gp
AgpqL$L$ am dm R> s L$lhpdp Apey R>.
uedy_p frhs_ep L$lhpe R>. s frh-dX$mdp rbfpS>sp
rhhhp_ Apqv$e_u `yu R>. F$hv$, eSy>hv$ A_ kpdhv$ A hv$eu_
Apqv$e L$lhpdp Aph R>. Apqv$e AV$g k|e. A k|e AV$g Ap`Z_
ApL$pidp v$Mpe R> s k|e _l], `fsy A sp, frhdX$g_y ApepqdL$
h$` S> hv$eu R> s h$` k|e R>. tlv$y kdpS> k|e_ k|e_pfpeZ
_pd\u ApmM R>. L$pfZ L$ hv$eudp Ap_v$de `fdpdp _pfpeZ
bufpS> R>. s\u s he `fdpdp_y S> h$` R>. ` `yfpZdp Ap hmu
bly `$ fus kdhu R>. udlpcyA Acpedp A_ `|e Np.
5

uepdd_plfA `Z `psp_p gMpdp Ap hps kpfu fus kdhu R>.

A frhdX$gdp, uedy_p fkpdL$ h$` flgp R>.
rhhhp_ Apqv$e uedy_p_p r`sp R> A_ kop s
edy_p_p dpsp R>. hv$eudp NZphg b^p L$dp (eop)_y S> op_ R>
s_ kop L$lhpe. A hv$eu_p op_ A_ dpZ_ huL$pfu_ Ap`Z
Ap`Zp L$se_p r_Ze L$fuA s_y _pd kop, A kop s `ps
Apqv$e_u `_u A_ uedy_p_u dpsp R>.
hv$eudp S> L$dp k|Qhgp R>, s L$fhp A d_ye_p ^d R>.
A\ps hv$dp k|Qhgp L$dpdp\u S> ^d D` \pe s_y _pd ^dfpS>.
A_ A L$dp L$fhp\u S> bfk L$V$ep s uedy_p. Ap fus sp,
uedy_p_p r`sp k|e (Apqv$e); dpsp kop A_ cpB u^dfpS> R>.
`fb `fdpdp uL$Z_, yrsdp, fkp h k: AV$g L$ s fk
h$` R>. Ahy L$lu_ ApmMpep R>. uL$Z fk$` R>. A fk_y _pd
R> c[sfk (dfk). A fk dmu iL$ uL$Z_p h$`p_v$_u p[
\pe epf. epv$ fpMp - A c[sfk_y huc|s fkpdL$ h$` AV$g
edy_p A_ A c[sfk_y O_ucys fkpdL$ h$` AV$g urNqffpS>.
Ap fus k|e dX$mdp\u fk h$` uedy_p_y pL$V$e \ey R>.
ulqffpe dlpcy uedy_p_p c|sg D`f_p pvy$cph_
kdhsp L$l R> rhc|s fkpdjp khpNuZ dpbyrc:
_pfpeZe v$epRy> kh h$`s:
pvy$fpkud|g$` `y[$ gugp rke.
sp`e A L$ k|e dX$gdp r\s uedy_p `y[$gugp_u rkq
dpV$ c|sg D`f L$V$ep R>. cL$s hf ulqfv$pk L$l R>, ""epr`
hLy$W$ s ApC hS>d'' AV$g L$ Apr^v$rhL$ k|e dX$g A\ps epr`
hLy$W$dp\u uedy_p c|sg D`f Esep-L$ep Esep ? sp L$l R> L$
rldpgedp q\s L$tgv$rNqf D`f `^pep. ApS> S> \m_ e_pu
L$luA R>uA s \m `yfpZL$pmdp L$tgv$rNqf sfuL$ ApmMpsy li. L$tgv$
6

AV$g L$rgeyN_p v$pjp_p _pi L$f_pf. AV$gp dpV$ `fdp_v$v$pk L$l

R>, ""L$ptgv$u L$rg L$`j lf_u'' udlp`cy `Z Ad S> L$l R>,
""L$tgv$rNqf dsL$ `sv$''
kpfhs L$`dp cy_u c|dX$g D`f_u gugp dpV$ cy_
c|dX$g D`f `^pfhp_y lsy. s\u Ap`u_p pL$V$e_u `|h c|rdL$p $`
kds NpgpL$_ `hu D`f Ahsfus \hp_y lsy. s kde, s L$pfZ,
uedy_p NpgpL$dp\u c|sg D`f `^pep. Ap fus `lgp L$V$ep
dlpfpZu A_ `R>u `^pep `y[$ cy uL$Z.
uL$Z `y[$ cy R>. `y[$ AV$g A_yNl (L$`p). uedy_p
uL$Z_u `y[$_y (A_yNl_y) h$` R>. sd_p pL$V$e_y L$pfZ bsphsp
_v$v$pk L$l R> cs `f L$qf L$`p, uedy_Sy>, Aku
R>pqX$ r_S> ^pd, rhpd c|sg qL$ep
L$V$ gugp qv$MpC Sy> sku.
epv$ fpMp - urNqffpS>dp\u u_p\ L$V$ \ep s `lgp
epr` hLy$W$dp\u uhc c|sg D5f L$V$ep lsp. uhc A_
uedy_p b hprd_u R>. s\u b h$`p (uhc A_
uedy_p) L$Z_u `y[$_p h$`p R>. `qfZpd s kdp_ ^d}R>.
uhc L$V$ep v$hu hp D`f L$`p L$fu_ sd_p Dpf L$fhp dpV$. A_
bkb^ pfp sdZ v$hu hp_p Dpf L$ep. uedy_p `Z hp_p
Dpf L$fhp dpV$ S> L$V$ \ep R>.
uedy_p_y c|sg D`f pL$V$e \ey kpfhs L$`dp A_
uhc_y c|sg D`f pL$V$e \ey L$rgL$pgdp. b hprd_u h$` R>.
R>sp rc h$` A_ychpe R>. uhc `y[$dpN}e hp_p ApQpe
(r_Qpe) sfuL$ L$V$ep R>. uedy_p `y[$dpN}e hp_ c[sfk_y
v$p_ L$fhp dpV$, S>m hpl $` L$V$ep R>.
uedy_p_u syrs L$fsp A_L$ psp kL$s sdS> Cf
cpjpApdp fQpep R>. s b^pdp udv$ hcpQpe_y edy_p$L$d
7

A_pMp L$pf_y R>. Ap`uA edy_p_p kpnpL$pf L$ep A_ sd_u

kdyM Ecp flu_, sd_p h$`, NyZ, gugp s\p dplpe Apqv$_y
hZ_ L$ey R>. sdp sdZ L$Zrep edy_pdp L$Z_p jX$NyZp A_
A$ Aep lphp_y L$y R>.
edy_p$L$dp ApQpe udlpcyA uedy_p_p Z h$`p
e\p Apr^cprsL$ (S>ghpl h$`), ApepqdL$ (dplpe h$`)
A_ Apr^v$rhL$ (lp\dp L$dg `y`_u dpmp gB resd_ dmhp
\_N_sy v$hu h$`)_y hZ_ L$ey R>.
uedy_p_p Apr^cprsL$ h$`_p v$i_ sp Ap`Z r_S>
QnyAp pfp L$fuA R>uA. A_ sdp _p_, `p_ L$fu `rh b_ph_p
A_ych L$fuA R>uA. `fsy edy_p `p_ L$ _p_\u `rh b_hp_p
A_ych h_ epf S> \pe epf s_p v$edp uedy_p_p A
h$`_p `|Z p A_ c[s_p cph lpe epf. L$hm edy_p S>mdp
v$l bpmhp\u `rh _ \hpe. edy_p S>m L$hm S>m _\u. s
c[sfk_p hpl R>, Ahy kd_, `|Z p\u sdp _p_ L$f_pf_
A\hp s_y `p_ L$f_pf_ sAp `rh b_phu g R>. A_ s_p kb^ r_S>
hpdu kp\ L$fphu Ap` R>. kyfv$pk Ap hps bly cpf`|hL$ L$l R> dL$ tk^yL$p dfd ep _l]
k|f L$l L$lp cep v$l bpf.
uedy_p_p ApepqdL$ h$`_p v$i_ h_ epf \pe
epf s uedy_p_y Ars Av$cys Qqf Z A_ sdp AgpqL$L$
dplpe_ kdS> epf `y[$dpNdp uedy_p_y dplpe krhij R>.
uedy_p_p Apr^v$rhL$ h$`_p v$i_ h_ epf \pe epf
s dlpfpZu_p ApW$ Aep_p A_ych L$fu iL$; udlpcyA
edy_p$L$_p ApW$ gpL$pdp uedy_p_p ApW$ Aep_y $di: hZ_ L$ey
R>. s Ap dpZ 1. uedy_p r_S> cL$sp_ AgpqL$L$ A$ rkqAp_y v$p_ L$f
R>. S>hu L$ kpnps cNhv$ khp`epNu v$l_u p[ L$fphu Ap`hu.
8

A\hp, cNhp__u rhrh^ `y[$gugpAp_y v$i_ L$fu iL$hp_y kpde

Ap`hy. Apqv$.
2. u edy_p `y[$ hp_p cNhv$ cph_ `y$ L$f R> A_
sd_ L$Z_l $`u cNhv$ cph\u k` L$f R>.
3. `psp_p Apfpe (ke) C$v$h cNhp_ uL$ZQ_u kp\
kb^ X$hpdp `y[$csp_u kpd S> S> rsb^p A\hp rh_p Aph s
b^p_ uedy_p v|$f L$f R>. sAp r_S> cL$sp_p Ahp rh_p v|$f L$fu_
sd_p rQ_ cNhv$ A_ych L$fhp epe r_dm b_ph R>.
4. Ae AV$g Cf`. Cf (`fdf) `y[$gugpdp S> $`
A_ NyZ^dp L$V$ L$ep R> s b^p uedy_pdp L$V$`Z v$Mpe R>.
e\p-sAp L$Z kdp_ epdhZ hpmp R>; sAp L$Z_u dpaL$ hp_p
Dpf L$fhpdp knd R>. `qfZpd S> h_p kb^ edy_p kp\
\pr`s \pe R>. s h_p kb^ uedy_p_p hpdu epd (L$Z)
kp\ Ap`pAp` \C e R>.
5. L$rgL$pm_p cph\u cNhv$ cL$spdp S> v$pjp (v$iL$pg_p
v$pjp) Aph s b^p v$pjp edy_p dfZ-`p_\u v$|f \pe R>. A\ps
h_p Ahp v$pjp_u r_hq L$fhp_p Cfue NyZ edy_pdp R>.
6. edy_p_p Ape L$f_pf h_ s `psp_p hpdu_p
d`p b_phu v$ R>; Ahp hp_ sAp cNhp__u r_L$V$ gphu v$ R>. s
AV$g ky^u L$ L$pm_p hpldp hlsp hp_ L$hm edy_p S>m_y `p_
(`e:`p_) L$fhp\u sAp ed`pi\u R>pX$ph R>. cNhp_ r_S> Ae\u
Ardg S>hp dlp`p`u_, L$hm _pfpeZ _pd ghp\u, ed`pi\u
R>pX$pep lsp. uedy_p `Z S> hp edy_p S>m_y `p_ L$f shp
hp_ ed`pi\u R>pX$ph R>. A sd_y Ae.
7. kl `qfhkf\u `psp_p cy (Aiu) \u AgN `X$u
Negp hp_ edy_p AL$ Ahu rhgnZ i[s v$p_ L$f R> S>_p hX$
shp hp_ cNhp__u fkpqhL$p A_yc|rs p \hp D`fps sAp_
r_egugpdp _|s_ v$l - cNhv$ khp L$fhp epe v$l - _u p[ \pe
9

R>.
8. uedy_p_p sV$ D`f A_ uedy_p_p S>gdp `Z
fkf cNhp_ A_L$ fkdeu gugpAp-S>hu L$ fpkgugp, hlfZ
gugp, S>g$uX$p Apqv$ $uX$pAp L$fu R>. sd L$fsp cNhp_ A_
Np`uS>_p_ \eg d\u sd_p ifuf D`f Dv$chg S>gL$Zp (hv$
Apqv$) edy_pdp _p_ L$f epf s h_p ANp kp\ s dS>g
L$Zp_p kb^ \pe R>. sd \sp h_ Ahu A_yc|rs \pe R> Z s
`ps cNhp_ uL$Z kp\ ANkN_y kyM _ dpZsp lpe !
Aphp rhrh^ Aep_ ^pfZ L$f_pf, cy_p rep, uedy_p
dlpfpZu_u syrs, Ap`Zp ApQpeu dlpcy k rQ L$f R>.
edy_p$L$d A AL$ A$L$ R>. s_p ApW$ gpL$dp uedy_p_p Aep
NZphu_, R>p (_hdp) gpL$dp edy_p$L$_p `pW$ L$fhp\u L$hp klS>
am (rh_p dpN$ dm shp) dm s L$lhpdp Apey R>. edy_p$L$_p `pW$
L$fhp\u klS> fus dmsp am sp OZp R>. `fsy s b^pdp\u b am Mpk
ep_ MQ shp R>.
edy_p$L$_p `pW$ L$fhp\u, `fsy dyv$p (Ap_v$`|hL$, cph
kd_) `pW$ L$fhp\u A_ _l] L$ Nd sd NbX$phu S>hp\u. A\ps
k rQ `pW$ L$fhp\u - h_p b^p vy$qfsp (`p`p)_p ne \pe R>
A_ h_p hcph_p (h hcph\u vy$$ R>; h$`\u _l]) qhS>e
\pe R>. Al] dyv$p iv$ dlh_p R>: AV$gp dpV$ edy_p$L$_p `lgp
A_ R>p gpL$dp s iv$ hp`fhpdp Apep R>. sp Qpgp Ap`Z
Ap`Zp vy$$ hcph (kkpfpiqL$s AV$g hcph_u vy$$sp) D`f rhS>e
dmhuA. cNhv$piqL$s_p Dv$e \pe AV$g hcph_p rhS>e \ep
NZpe. s dpV$ Ap`Z k rQ cph krls edy_p$L$_p `pW$ L$fuA.
bpgp _dprd edy_pd Al kL$g-rkq-lsy dyv$p
dyfpqf-`v$-`L$S>-ayfv$dv$-fL$V$pd &&
10

sV$\-_hL$p__-L$V$-dpv$-`y`pby_p
kyfpkyf-ky`|rS>s-dfr`sy: qe rbcsud && 1 &&
cphp\ : (1) AgpqL$L$ kh rkqAp_ Ap`_pfp; (2) dyf
_pd_p v$e_p iy uL$Z_p QfZL$dm_u f (fS>) L$ S> khp`epNu
v$lpqv$_ dmhu Ap`hp dpV$ knd R> s f S>_pdp Qyf dppdp cmu
Neg R> Ahp, (3) `psp_p sV$_u r_L$V$ Aphg _|s_ h_fprS>_p
ayqs `y`p_u kyN^\u kcf Ahp `rh S>m hX$ kyf A_ Akyfp pfp
kpfu fus khp L$fpegp, (4) df (L$pdv$h-y_) _p r`sp uL$Z_u
ipcp_ ^pfZ L$f_pfp uedy_p_, (5) ly lj `|h (dyv$p) _d_ L$fy
Ry>.
rhhQ_ : ly _d_ L$fy Ry>. ly AV$g L$pZ ? ly AV$g
udlpcy A_ ly AV$g udlpcy_p khL$p Ahp Ap`Z b^p
`y[$dpN}e hZhp, `y[$h$`p edy_p_ _d_ L$fuA R>uA. L$hu fus
_d_ L$fuA R>uA ? dyv$p AV$g L$ lj`|hL$, ayqs rQ _d_ L$fuA
R>uA. `fsy _d_ ip dpV$? uedy_p_p NyZNp_ ip dpV$ L$fsp _\u?
uedy_p_p e\prQs NyZNp_ L$fhp_ bv$g sd_ L$hm _d_ L$fhp_p
OZp L$pfZpdp\u Qpf L$pfZp ly sd_ L$lui.
(1) uedy_p kL$g rkq_p v$psp R>. sdpf uedy_p
`pk\u L$pC AgpqL$L$ rkq_y v$p_ Bsy lpe sp _s dsL$, b
lp\X$u_ edy_p `pk S>C_ rkq_y v$p_ dpNp. A dpV$ _d_ L$fhy
ApheL$ R>.
(2) uedy_p `fd Aeipmu R>. sAp uL$Z_p kdp_
^d}R>. h Cf_p NyZp_y e\prQs Np_ L$epfe L$fu iL$sp _\u. L$y
R> _ L$ Cfdp e\prQs NyZNp_ sp he ipfv$p (kfhsu) L$ kl
chpgp ij `Z L$fu iL$sp _\u sp `R>u AL$ kp^pfZ h sp s L$d
S> L$fu iL$ ? A lL$uL$s_ ep_dp gC_, ApQpeuA Apop L$fu R> L$ hsy cNhsu _d_dh L$pe _pe: &
udlpcy Apop L$f R> L$ hp_u i[s_u depv$p R>: cy_p
11

NyZp (edy_p_p `Z-A_s NyZ c|rjs) A_s R>. h A b^p

NyZp_y Ai dp Np_ `Z _ L$fu iL$. sp `R>u sZ iy L$fhy ? sp L$y
R> L$ b lp\X$u, dsL$ _dphu, uQfZpdp _d_ L$fhy. _ Ae.
AV$g L$ buSy> L$iy _ L$fhy. _hrhp c[sdp `Z hv$_c[s_ \p_
Ap`hpdp Apey R>, s AV$gp dpV$ S>.
(3) ipp L$l R>, ""cy r_NyZ R>; NyZpsus R>. Ahp r_NyZ
Anfpsus `|Z `yfyjpd cNhp__ _d_ S> L$fu iL$pe; buSy> L$iy _l].
u NpLy$g_p\ Apop L$f R>, ""cy qv$e R>; Cqep\u ANe Ape R>.'' cy Cqep\u Ape lpe A_ Zu iL$pe shp _
lpe sp cy_p A h$`dp L$pC`Z h_u Nrs _ \C iL$, sp `R>u
s_ dp _d_ S> L$fhy epe R>.
udv$pQpeQfZ ukybpr^r_dp, ""_dp _ds hjcpe
kphspd'' - Ap gpL$_y epep_ L$fsp L$y R> L$ "h_ cNhp__u
p[dp A_r^L$pf lphp_p L$pfZ sZ cNhp__ L$hm _d_ S> L$fhp_y
R>.' h `psp_u kp^_-k`q hX$ `cy_ p _ L$fu iL$. cy S>
h_y hfZ L$f s_ s p \pe R>. sp `R>u h cy_ _d_ L$f A
DrQs R>.
(4) h A`o R>; s hcph\u vy$$ R>. A\ps s v$pjp\u
cfgp R>. AV$gp dpV$ v$e cph\u cNhp__ _d_ L$ep rkhpe s_pdp
buSy> L$iy L$fhp_u iqL$s _\u. uL$Z A_ uedy_p
kdp_^d}lphp\u, S> fus hp cy_ _d_ L$fu_ `R>u S> bu b^p
L$pep L$f R> s dpZ sdZ edy_p_ `Z _d_ L$fu_ `R>u S>hu AphX$
shu L$pguOgu cpjpdp edy_p_u syrs L$fhp_u R>.
_d_ L$ep `R>u Ap`Z syrs L$fhp_u R> Ahy L$lhpdp Apey.
sp cg; Ap`Z Ap`Zp Nyfyv$h_u Apop_y `pg_ Ahe L$fuiy. `fsy
Ap`Z A _d_ A_ A syrs L$hu fus L$fhp_p R> ? sp L$ dyv$p - k
rQ L$fhp_p R>. Dsphm, QQm d_\u L$fhp_p _\u. k dyM dyp
A_ h\rQ, iprs\u udlpfpZu_ _d_ L$ep `R>u sd_u syrs
12

A\ps edy_p$L$_p `pW$ L$fhp_p R>, A epv$ fpMhy.

edy_p$L$dp Ap`Z L$p'_u syrs L$fhp_u R> ? uedy_p_u.
`fsy A edy_p L$hp R> ? \d gpL$dp udv$pQpeQfZ uedy_p
dlpfpZu_u Qpf rhijspAp bsphu R>. A Qpf rhijspAp ^pfZ
L$f_pf uedy_p_u syrs Ap`Z L$fhp_u R>. L$B R> A Qpf
rhijspAp?
edy_p (1) kL$g rkqAp_ Ap`_pfp R>. (2) `psp_p
S>mdp uL$Z_u QfZfS> Qyf dppdp lphp\u, edy_p S>mdp _p_
L$f_pf hp_p v$l_ khp`epNu b_phu Ap`hp_u ndsp ^fphsp R>,
(3) qL$_pfp D`f_p hnp D`f gpNgp `y`p_u kyN^ hX$ kyNr^s b_g
S>mhX$ kyf-Akyfp\u khpegp R>. A_ (4) df r`sy L$lsp L$Z_u
ipcp ^pfZ L$f_pfp R>. Ap`Z A Qpf rhijspAp_ e\p\ fus
kdS>hu `X$i.
(1) kL$g rkqAp_ Ap`_pfp : uedy_p kh rkqAp_
Ap`_pfp R>. udv$ cpNhs_p AL$pv$i L$^dp, S>_pdp cNhv$phi R>
Ahp k_L$prv$L$pdp, ArZdp, Nfudp Apv$u ApW$ rkqAp lphp_y L$y R>.
`fsy A b^u rkqAp gpqL$L$ R>; AgpqL$L$ _\u. epf uedy_p `ps
AgpqL$L$ R> A_ Aeipgu R>. s\u sAp S> rkq Ap` s b^u
AgpqL$L$ S> lpe. Apd uedy_p h_ ApW$ AgpqL$L$ rkqAp Ap`
R>. A ApW$ rkqAp Ap dpZ R> :(L$) cy_u gugpAp_y AhgpL$_ L$fhy : A AL$ rkq L$lhpe.
epNipdp bspep dpZ epN_u q$epAp L$f_pf epNuAp_ Cqep
pfp _ kde L$ _ v$Mpe shp `v$p\ (`fd sh) v$Mpe R>. A\ps
s_ `fd sh_ hp_u rkq p \pe R>. shy S> Al] kdS>hy.
uedy_p_p kh_\u r_NyZ `|Z `y{$jpd_u gugpAp_, L$ S> Cqep
pfp ANe, ANpQf R> s gugpAp_ r_fMhp_u iqL$s AV$g L$ rkq
dm R>. sp`e A L$ uedy_p r_S> csp_ cNhp__u gugpAp.
hp dpV$ qv$e Qny Ap` R>.
13

(M) cNhv$ fk_p A_ych L$fhp_u rkq : cy_y h$`

cphpdL$ R>. cph hp_u hsy _\u; A_ychhp_u hsy R>.
uedy_p_p cL$sp s cphpdL$ h$`_ `pdu_ s pfp dmsp fk_p
A_ych L$fu iL$ R>.
(N) khpd cph_u rkq : AV$g L$ khdp cNhv$ cph \hp
s. edy_p_p cL$sp khdp-pZu dpdp, S>X$-Qs_dp - AL$ S>
`fdpdp R> Ahy kd iL$ R>. ""_pd $` rhcv$_ S>Ns q$X$su ep
es:'' A\ps Sy>v$p Sy>v$p _pd Sy>v$p Sy>v$p $`pdp s_ cNhp_ S> v$Mpe R>.
(O) edy_p_p kh_\u AV$g L$ _p_ `p_\u v$l iy b_ R>
A_ s_p kL$g v$pjp v|$f \C e R>. `R>u h_p Ahp A iy v$l
cNhp__u khp L$fhp_p Ar^L$pfu b_ R>. A\ps s h_ khp`epNu
v$l_u p[ \pe R>.
(Q) Asfdp Aprhcph `pdgp cNhp__u gugpAp_p
A_ych L$fhp_u rkq : edy_p_p cL$s cNhugpAp_y AhgpL$_ S>
sp L$fu iL$ R>. `fsy s\u ApNm h^u_ epf BR> epf
cNhugpAp_p A_ych L$fu iL$ Ahu "sugphgpL$_'_u rkq s_
p \pe R>.
(R>) rhflph\pdp `Z kh cNhp__ hp_u iqL$s :
Dh hS>dp Nep. Np`uS>_p_ dep. L$Z_p kv$i Ap`hp gpep.
Np`uS>_pA L$y: ""Adpfp L$Z Ad_ R>pX$u_ Nep R> S> L$ep ? A_
L$Z_u NphpfZ Apqv$ b^u gugpAp sAp en \su lpe sd L$fu
bsph R>. hsys: sd_ rhfldp `Z kepN_p A_ych \pe R>. A
sdZ p L$fgu A_pMu rkq R>.
(S>) cphpdL$ cNhp__p h$`dp sde b_u_ cNhv$fk_p
A_ych_ dmhhp_u rkq A_
(T) blpf cy_y pL$V$e \pe Ahu A`np fpep hNf Asfdp
A_ Asfdp S> cy_u cph_p \pe shu rkq.
uedy_p r_S> csp_ Aphu ApW$ AgpqL$L$ rkqAp_y v$p_
14

L$f R>.
(2) r_S> S>mdp uL$Z_p QfZpfthv$_u fS> Qyf dppdp
lphp\u edy_pdp _p_ L$f_pf hp_p v$l_p khp`epNu b_phu
Ap`hp_u ndsp ^fphsp edy_puL$Z QfZpfthv$_u fS> \L$u ipcu flgp uedy_pdp
uL$Z_p QfZfS>_p sp` AgpqL$L$ Ae Aphu Ney R>. L$Z
QfZfS> `rss `ph_ R> S>. hp edy_p S>mdp _p_ L$f epf sd_p
v$l_p kb^ s QfZfS> kp\ \sp sd_p v$l r_`p` b_ R>. v$l
Aes `rh b_sp, s L$Zkhp dpV$ D`epNu b_u e R>.
ep ky^u v$ldp v$pj fl, ep ky^u v$l rhjep$psp fl ep
ky^u sdp cy_p Aphi _ \pe. v$ldp\u rhjepkqL$s_ v|$f L$f_pf
uedy_p R>. rhjepk[s v|$f \sp v$l cy_p Aphi dpV$ epe b_
R>.
A ""uL$Z QfZpfthv$_u fS>'' Ahy _ L$lsp "dyfpqf `v$
`L$S>_u fS>' Ahp iv$p klsyL$ hp`ep R>. dyfpqf AV$g dyf _pd_p
v$e_p Aqf AV$g L$ L$Z. `fsy Al] dyfpqf iv$ pfp AL$ rhij cph
eL$s L$fhpdp Apep R>. A_ s A L$ ""dyf _pd S>gv$pj_ v|$f L$f_pf
L$Z.''
_fL$pkyf 16,000 fpS>L$epAp_ L$v$dp fpMu lsu. sAp L$Z
rdg__u L$pd_p L$fsu lsu. `fsy L$Z kp\_p sd_p rdg_dp Asfpe
$` lsp _fL$pkyf_p `pQ dsL$hpmp dyf _pd_p k_p`rs. _fL$pkyf_p
_Nf afsu KX$p S>m_u MpBdp s v$p_h flsp lsp. s\u MpB_y A\pN
S>m vy$rjs b_u Ney lsy. A_ s fpS>L$epAp A_ L$Z hQ_p
rdg_dp Asfpe $` b_u Ney lsy. cNhp_ L$Z MpB_p S>mdp
v$pj$` b_u bW$gp dyf v$p_h_p h^ L$ep. `qfZpd S>mv$pj_y r_hpfZ
\ey. S>m `rh bey A_ 16,000 fpS>L$epAp_y L$Z kp\_y rdg_
iL$e bey. Apd S>mv$pj_y r_hpfZ \sp cL$s A_ cNhp_ hQ_y
rdg_ iL$e b_u e R>. Ahp cph R>.
15

Ap cph_ eL$s L$fhp dpV Al] dyfpqf iv$ h`fpep R>.

edy_p_p AL$ qL$_pf d\yfp A_ kpd qL$_pf NpLy$m R>. d\yfpdp L$V$
\eg L$Z A_ NpLy$mdp hksp Np`uS>_p hQ_p rdg_dp edy_p_y
S>m Asfpe $` b_u iL$. `fsy edy_p S>mdp L$pB v$pj _\u. s kh\p
r_v$pj R>. s\u dsL$ D`f bpgL$Z_ `^fphu_ uNpLy$g S>sp
hkyv$h_ edy_p S>m dpN L$fu Apep. A fus L$Z A_
hS>hpkuAp_p rdg__p dpN is bep. Apd Ap gpL$dp dyfpqf
iv$ pfp S>gv$pj r_hpfZ_p cph eL$s \ep R>.
(3) edy_p_p qL$_pfp D`f ENgp kyN^uv$pf aygp_u kyN^\u
kyNr^s b_gp S>m$` edy_p, cNhp_ L$Z_u dpaL$, kyf A_
Akyfp\u khpegp R> uedy_p_p sV$ D`f _hp _hp L$p__ (h_) R>. sdp A_L$
kyN^uv$pf `y`phpmp hnp R>. s hnp D`f ENgp `y`p_u kyN^
edy_pS>m D`f kfu S>sp. edy_p_y S>m S> `rh sp lsy S> s
kyN^uv$pf `Z b_ R>. A\ps ueyd_p_y Apr^cprsL$ S>m $` `rh
A_ kyN^uv$pf R>. Ahy L$lhp_p Apie R>.
Ahp A edy_p_u khp kyf-AkyfpA L$fu R>. kyf A_ Akyf
iv$p\u hpcprhL$ fus S> v$h A_ v$p_h_p bp^ \pe R>. `fsy Al]
Ahp A\ ghp_p _\u, kyf L$lsp Bpqv$L$ v$hp A_ Akyf L$lsp
lgpv$ S>hp Akyfp pfp sAp khpegp R> Ahp A\ Al] ghp_p
_\u. Agb cNhp_ L$Z A_ cNhsu uedy_p dlpfpZu_u khp
(Apfp^_p) v$hp A_ v$p_hp `Z L$f S> R>. `fsy Al] kyf-Akyf_p
bu rhij A\ ghp_p R>.
cNhp_ L$Z_u hprd_uAp b L$pf_p R>. sdp L$V$gpL$
khpdcph_phpmp kpqhL$ lphp\u kyf L$lhpe R>. A_ bu L$V$gpL$
L$pd-cphhpmp spdk lphp\u Akyf L$lhpe R>. Ap fus kyf A_ Akyf
b L$pf_p hS>rkdqs_uApA edy_p_u Apfp^_p (`y) L$fu R>.
A_ `R>u `y`p_p ApcfZ\u cy uL$Z_ iNpf `Z L$ep R>. A b
16

L$pf_p Np`uS>_p_p, cy `|S>_ L$fhpdp, rc rc cph flgp R>.

kyfdp v$ecph A_ Akyfdp dp_hcph lsp. v$ecphhpmp
hprd_uApA cy_p pL$V$e dpV$ A_ dp_cphhpmp hprd_uAp
A_ A_y_e dpV$ AV$g L$ fukpdZp-d_pdZp L$fhp_p cph hX$ cy_y
`|S>_ L$ey R>.
Al] `|S>_ AV$g cNhv$ `fpeZ b_u_ cNhp__ A_ykfhy
Ahp A\ R>.
Ap gpL$dp ""kyfpkyf ky`|rS>s dfr`sy:'' iv$p R>. AV$g L$
Ap b L$pf_p (kyf-Akyf) hprd_uAp pfp kpfu fus `|egp
df_p r`sp (L$Z) Aphp A\ \pe R>.
(4) df_p r`sp (L$Z)_u ipcp_ ^pfZ L$f_pfp : df
AV$g L$pdv$h. dlpv$h_p u _dp\u _uL$mg A[ hpmpdp L$pdv$h
bmu cd \sp s Aifufu (A_N) bep. frs_u p\_p\u, L$pdv$h,
cNhp_ L$Z_p `y y_ $` L$V$ \sp, s `y_: ifufu bep. s\u
y_ (df)_p r`sp AV$g L$Z Ahp A\ \pe.
`fsy Al] df r`sy: _p bu A\ `Z ghp_p R>. A\ps
dfZ. df AV$g L$ dfZ A S> df R>. A_ A dfZ_p S>_L$
(r`sp) AV$g df r`sy: Ahp A\ ghp_p R>, S> dfZ L$fph s
dfZ_p S>_L$ (r`sp) L$lhpe. cNhp_ ip_y dfZ L$fph R> ?
cNhp_ AL$ \m L$y R> L$ ""`lgp S> r_L$pd lpe s_ `Z dpfy
dfZ \sp s kL$pd b_ R>.'' bu fus sp, dpf dyLy$V$ L$V$u L$prR>_u
^pfZ L$f_pf cNhp_ L$Z_u ipcp_ spS>, _pf cNhv$ue_
edy_p_p Ahp S> epdd_plf h$`_y dfZ \pe R>, Ahp cph
kdS>hp.
Ap\u, df r`sy: re rbcsud AV$g (1) y__p r`sp
L$Z A_ (2) dfZ_p S>_L$ L$Z - Ahp L$Z_u ipcp_ ^pfZ
L$f_pf uedy_p dlpfpZu R>.
uedy_p L$Z_u ipcp ^pfZ L$f R> Ahy L$y. A A\dp
17

edy_p_u ipcp_y hZ_ L$fsp ulqfv$pk Ap dpZ L$l R> L$Zp, L$Zkdp, L$Z$`p, L$ZfkpqdL$pd &
L$Zgugpds S>gp, L$Zkb^ L$pqfZud &&
L$Z rep, L$Zdye fk kNd v$pre_ud &
L$Z $uX$pep, L$Z `v$hu pr` L$pdeu &&
edy_p L$hp R> ? sd_p L$Z_p S>hp epd hZ R>; L$Z_p
S>hp v$Mph A_ Ae R>; L$Z_p S>hy h$` R>; L$Zfk\u cfgp
R>; L$Zgugp_p kpnuc|s R>; L$Z_p rep R>; L$Z_u kds
$uX$pAp_p Ape$` R>. Ap\u rhij iy CA R> ? uedy_p_
B_ he L$Z rhQpfsp li L$ ""ly L$Z Ry> L$ edy_p L$Z R> ?''
Aphy kd_ uhc edy_p dpV$ L$y L$ sAp dfr`sy: re
rbcsud R>. `fsy, edy_p sp L$Z_p rep R>; u h$` R>; sd
R>sp Ap`Z sd_y S> rQ h$` BA R>uA sdp sp dpV$ cpN sAp,
kpX$u, QZuep, Qpmu ^pfZ L$fhp_ bv$g dpfdyL|$V$ L$V$u L$prR>_u ^pfZ
L$fgp v$Mpe R>. L$Z `fb R>. `fsy edy_p_y A h$` C_ sAp
b lphp R>sp cddp `X$u e R>.
edy_pA uhc_ kpX$u, QZuep, Qpmu Apqv$ hp A_
ueprQs Apc|jZp\u rhc|rjs h$` v$i_ Apep lsp; `fsy ApS>
sAp dpfdyLy$V$ L$V$u L$prR>_u Apqv$ hpgL$pfp\u rhc|rjs h$` v$Mpe
R>. A_ A fus sAp L$Z_u ipcp_ ^pfZ L$f R>. Ahy ip dpV$ ?
s Zhp dpV$ Ap`Z L$Z_u AL$V$ gugpApdp\u AL$ AL$V$
gugp Zhu `X$i. s AL$V$ R> sp s_ L$V$ L$pZ L$fu ? A gugp_
L$V$ L$f_pf R> uL$Z_p qsue hprd_u (Qphgu) h$` u
NykpB. Ap`uA kp_ych\u Zg Ap AL$V$ gugp sdZ r_S>
khL$p_ bsphu R>. kn`dp ly sd_ s L$lui :
dp_gugpdp ldip ufp^phprd_u dp_ L$f A_ L$Z sd_y
dp_ R>pX$ph. AL$ qv$hk hprd_uA _psd (A_pMu) gugp L$fu.
uL$Z dp_ L$f A_ `ps sd_y dp_ R>pX$phi Ahy sdZ L$y.
18

iNpffk_u depv$p A_ykpf u S> dp_ L$f; `yfyj _l]. Ap\u L$Z
dp_ L$fhp_y lpe sp sdZ u b_hy `X$. - s\u sdZ u_p
(hprd_u_p)`pjpL$ ^pfZ L$ep. A_ hprd_uA `yfyj_p (L$Z_p)
`pjpL$ ^pfZ L$ep. `R>u _|s_ dp_gugp i$ \C.
hprd_uA OZp lphcph L$ep; `fsy L$Z _ d_pep. \pL$u_
sAp uedy_p `pk Nep. A_ sd_ rh_su L$fu. ""edy_, rhflpqdp
bmsu d_ bQphhp dpV$_p AL$S> D`pe R>. A_ s A L$ sy L$Z_ dp_
R>pX$ph.'' Ap\u L$dg rge L$f L$dgd, dpgp gu_u kN.
Qrg rNqfhf^f_L$p dprls L$pqV$ A_N.
edy_p `psp_p Ars Av$cys h$`, L$fpX$p A_N_ `Z
dprls L$f shp h$`, ulsdp L$dmdpmp gC_, L$Z_y dp_ dyL$phhp
dpV$ S>hp sepf \ep. epf uhprd_uA `ps ^pfZ L$fg `yfyj_p
(L$Z_p) `pipL$ uedy_p_ `qf^p_ L$fpep. fN sp edy_p epd
lsp S> (L$ZhZ_p); lh ipcpdp `Z L$Z_u ipcp ^pfZ L$fsp
\ep. dpf dyLy$V$, L$qV$L$prR>_u ^pfZ L$fg h$` sAp kpnps L$Z kdp
qv$isp lsp. A h$` lh sAp df r`sy: qe rbcsud - L$Z_u
ipcp_ ^pfZ L$fsp \C Nep. sAp dp_ L$fsp L$Z_u `pk Nep. lybly
`psp_p S> h$` sd_ C_ L$Z r_S> h$`p edy_p_u D`f dprls
\C Nep A_ dp_ c|gu, cp_ c|gu, r_S> sye rep_ cV$u `X$ep.
dp_gugp `yfu \C. edy_pA `psp_p `pjpL$ bv$ghp sepfu
L$fu. uhprd-hprd_u bA sd_ sd L$fsp AV$L$pep. sdZ L$y,
""sd ldip Ap h$` flp.'' L$v$pQ AV$gp dpV$ S> lh Ap`Zu kdn
edy_p_y S> h$` R> s L$Z_u ipcp ^pfZ L$fsy - L$qV$L$prR>_ude
h$` R>. uL$Z O_epd d_plf dprl_u h$` R>. L$ptgv$u_p `Z
AhpS>, O_epd dprl_u S>hp hZ R>. $` A_ NyZ b AL$ kdp_ R>;
A_ dplpe `Z b_y AL$ kfMy R>.
edy_p$L$_p `lgp gpL$dp uedy_p_p kL$g rkq v$psh
19

$`u \d Ae_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>.

bu gpL$dp uedy_p_p c|sg D`f_p Dv$Nd A_ sd_u
Nrs rhi_y hZ_ L$fhpdp Apey R> - e\p.
L$rgv$-rNqf-dsL$ `sv$dv$-`|fpS>hgp
rhgpk-Nd_pks-L$V$-NX$-igpsp &&
kOpj-Nrs-v$syfp kdr^$Y$-v$pgpdp
dyLy$v$-frs-hr^_u S>ers `b^p: kysp && 2 &&
cphp\ : L$tgv$rNqf_p riMf D`f cpf hN\u `X$sp lphp_
L$pfZ D` \sp auZ_p NpV$pAp_ L$pfZ D$hg v$Mpsp (lL$uL$sdp
L$pmp R>: `fsy v$Mpe R> kav$) A_ rhgpk`|hL$ Nd_ L$fhp_ L$pfZ
ipcpedp_ b_gp, sdS> Myu fus v$Mpsp NX$ igp (`\fp) D`f\u
hlhp_ L$pfZ KQp_uQp sfNphpmp, A_ Z Dd T|gpdp
(`pgMudp) kpfu fus _ rbfpep lpe shp sAp gpN R>. sAp
dy[s_ Ap`_pf (dyLy$v$) cNhp_dp (h_u) urs_ h^pf_pfp R>.
Ahp A L$dm_p b^y (k|e)_p `yu (edy_p) S>e `pd R>.
rhhQ_ : cNhp_ uL$Z A_ uedy_p_p c|sg D`f
pvy$cph AL$ kfMu fus (AgpqL$L$ fus) \ep R>. uhkyv$h-v$hL$u_
Ap`g hfv$p_ kp\L$ L$fhp dpV$, L$Z `lgp sp sd_u kdn QsycyS>
$` L$V$ \ep. `R>u sdZ (hkyv$h-v$hL$uA) `|hS>ddp L$fg s`ep_p
ag$` b_phhp dpV$ A_ sd_p rhfl_ v|$f L$fhp AV$g L$ rhepN\u
ks b_gp sd_p v$ep_ ips L$fhp dpV$ sAp hkyv$h-v$hL$u_p
rhfl-sp`pdL$ v$edp\u L$V$ \ep. ep\u sAp (L$Z) `psp_u
gugp\gu Ahp NpLy$gdp _v$bphp_ Of `^pfu _v$`y bep. A_
NpLy$gdp hS>kyv$fu hv$ kp\ `ps `psp_u fkpdL$ gugpAp L$V$ L$fu.
Ahy S> edy_p_p pL$V$e dpV$ kdS>hy.
edy_p `lgp k|edX$gdp hksp _pfpeZ_p Ap_v$pdL$
v$edp\u L$V$ \ep. `R>u A sp`pdL$ frhdX$gdp\u huc|s fk$` s
20

L$tgv$rNqf D`f Ahsqfs \ep. A_ L$tgv$ _qv$_u L$lhpep. ep\u

c|sg D`f `^pfu_ L$Zgugp \gu Ahp NpLy$gdp Aphu_ sdZ ep
rhrh^ fkpdL$ gugpAp L$fu.
Ap fus sp uedy_p d|g $` sp huc|s fkpdL$ h$`
R>. uL$Z A_ uedy_p bA `psp_p A fkpdL$ h$`p hX$
L$Zgugp \gu Ahp NpLy$gdp `^pfu_ fkdeu gugpAp L$fu R>.
Apd sp uedy_p `psp_p Apr^cprsL$ h$` S>g$` R>.
`fsy Ap gpL$dp udlpcyA uedy_p_p DM AL$ rhri$,
khp`fu Apr^v$rhL$ h$` S> L$ep R>. L$pfZ L$ edy_p_y k|edp qL$fZp
pfp hfksp S>g$` _\u \ey. L$rgv$rNqf D`f sd_y AhsfZ \ey
lphp_ L$pfZ s L$tgv$ L$lhpep R>; `fsy hpshdp sAp sp kpnps
hv$eu $`u Apqv$e(k|e)_p `yu R>.
uedy_p_p c|sg D`f_p Aprhcph_ udlpcyA Ap
fus hZep R> - L$rgv$rNqf dsL$ `sv$dv$`|fp$hg A\ps sAp
L$tgv$rNqf_p riMf D`f cpf hN\u (Adv$ Nrs\u) `X$sp lphp_
L$pfZ D` \su auZ-fpiu_ L$pfZ D$hg v$Mpe R>. sAp `psp_p
r`sp Apqv$e_ R>pX$u_ AV$g L$ `psp_y r`ef k|edX$g R> s R>pX$u_ `psp_p pZr`e cy_ dmhp_u DL$V$ Arcgpjp\u L$tgv$rNqf_p
riMf D`f cpf hN\u Esfu Apep R> `hs_p riMf D`f hN`|hL$
`R>X$php_ L$pfZ ep kav$ auZ_p Z L$ kpNf glfpC Nep. `qfZpd
lL$uL$sdp sAp h$` epd lphp R>sp, D$hg $` (kav$) v$Mpep R>.
edy_p, h$` sp (fN$`) epd R> `fsy AhsfZ kde sAp D$hg
v$Mpep R>. epd fN sd_p _krNL$ ^d R>; D$hgsp sd_p ApNsyL$
(nrZL$) ^d R>.
`R>u sdZ ep\u NpLy$g sfa Nd_ L$fhp dpX$ey. NpLy$gdp
sd_p rehpdu L$Z `^pfhp_p R>. resd_ `pdhp dpV$ sdZ L$fgy
A Nd_ rhgpk`|hL$ L$fgy Nd_ R>. Nd_ L$fsp dpNdp KQp-_uQp
rigpMX$p Apep; sd_p dpNdp kdsg c|rd lps sp sd_p
21

S>ghpl_u Nrs kd fls. `fsy KQp-_uQp rigpMX$p D`f\u Nrs

L$fhp_u lphp\u sd_u Nrs Akdp_ b_u NC, A\ps D-Ah_s Nrs
\C. Ahu Nrs L$p'_u lpe ? resd_ dmhp ^ku S>su `d-`Ngu
`eku_u Nrs Ahu lpe. Ahu Nrs iNpf Q$p_u OpsL$ R>. Ahu d`Ngu_u Nrs L$epfL$ dv$ lpe sp L$epfL$ suh lpe; kdp_ L$v$u _ lpe.
edy_p `psp_p re_p kdpNd_ `pdhp dpV$ Aphu Ds-Ah_s
Nrs\u v$pX$u fp R>.
udlp`cyA uedy_p_u Nrs_ bu fus `Z hZhu R>kOpj Nrs v$syfp AV$g L$ uedy_p OpjeyL$s (d^yf hfhpmu) Nrs_
L$pfZ rhrh^ rhL$pfhpmp b_u Nep R>. rhL$pf AV$g fk_ A_yLy$m
cphp; iNpf hpke, L${$Z, fp Apqv$ fk_p Aprhcph \sp Sy>v$p
Sy>v$p rhL$pfp (cphp) Aphu e R>. s_ kQpfu cphp L$l R>. re
rdg_ dpV$ v$pX$u S>hy AV$g iNpf cph_p Aprhcph \hp. sd \sp
sd_pdp fpdpQ \pe R>. A\ps sd_u Nrs fpdpQL$ b_u e R>.
edy_pA `Ndp _y`|f `lep R>. S> fus _y`|f_p AhpS> Aph s
fus edy_pS>g_p L$gfh \sp lpe R> s L$gfh (iv$)\u edy_p_u
Nrs kOpj (kNusde AhpS> hpmu) b_u e R>. A_ sd_p `du
v$edp, resd cy kp\_p rdg__u fkdeu khv$_pAp EW$ R>.
Opj_p bu `Z A\ R>: Opj AV$g Np`p_y Npd A\hp hS>.
hS>S>_p, Np`p, Npep hNf b^p Opjdp \peu flsp lphp\u sAp
kOpj L$lhpe R>. edy_p_p `Z r_e kb^ hS> kp\ lphp\u sAp
`Z kOpj L$lhpe. Aepf sAp Opj sfa Nrs L$fu fp lphp\u sd_p
rhL$pfpdp hpfhpf `qfhs_ \sy fl R>. s\u sAp kOpj Nrs v$syfp
L$lhpep.
Np. u`y{$jpd dlpfpS>_p ds dpZ Opj_p b A\(1) iv$ A_ (2) hS> - gC iL$pe. `fsy Opj_p A\ hS> ghp_
bv$g "iv$' (AhpS>) ghp h^y DrQs R>.
uedy_p_u Nrs_ u fus `Z hZhhpdp Aphu R>. (1)
22

kdr^ $Y$ v$pgpdp AV$g L$ Z `ps `pgMudp Ap$Y$ \ep lpe shp
A_ (2) Akdr^$Y$ v$pgpdp AV$g L$ sAp `pgMudp Ap$Y$ \egp _
lphp R>sp KQu-_uQu Nrs_ L$pfZ Z L$ `pgMudp Ap$Y$ \ep lpe
shp gpN R>.
Ap bdp\u L$pC `Z A\ gsp Ahy args \pe R> L$ cNhp_
kp\ rdg_ kp^hp sAp `ps R>pX$u fp R> Ahy A_ AV$gy S> cp_
sd_ R>. A\ps sd_ dp `psp_u Nd_-Q$p_u S> a|rs R>. Nd_
L$hy R>- KQy-_uQy L$ Akdp_ - s bpbs_u a|rs sd_ \su _\u.
`hs_p KQp-_uQp iugpMX$p D`f\u Nrs L$fsp lphp\u sd_p
S>ghpl_u Nrs Ahu b_ R> Z L$ sAp `pgMudp Ap$Y$ _ \ep
lpe A\hp Tygpdp Tygsp _ lpe. A\ps Apr^v$rhL$ edy_p `psp_p
Apr^cprsL$ S>ghpl $`u `pgMudp bku_ re_p kdpNd dpV$ S>C
fp R>. hsys: sAp `pgMudp bku_ `\p_ L$fu fp _\u. `fsy
S>ghpl_u Apfpl-Ahfplde Nrs_ L$pfZ Ahp cpk \pe R>.
uedy_p$L$_p bu gpL$dp, uhc, edy_pdp cNhv$
frs kh^_ _pd Ae lphp_y `$`Z L$l R>. Ap`u edy_p_
dyLy$v$-frs-hr^_u _pd\u ApmMph R>. udlpcyA edy_p_
Ap`g A _pddp AL$ rhgnrZsp R> A_ s A L$ sdp rhfp^ pfp
Ddsp rk L$fhpdp Aphu R>. A_ s Ap fus dyLy$v$ AV$g dpn Ap`_pf A\hp dy[s v$psp. dyLy$v$ h_ dpn
Ap`; c[s S>hS> Ap`. dpn dmsp h_y cNhp_ kp\ kpeye
k^pe. b AL$ $` b_u flsp cs A_ cNhp_ AgN _ fl `R>u
L$pZ L$p'_u kp\ d L$f ? A\ps dpn dmsp frs-h^_ dpV$ AhL$pi
flsp _\u. Apd dpn A_ frs `f`f rhfy cph_pAp R>.
`fsy edy_p_u dlp_ ApmMp. dyLy$v$ h_ dpn Ap` R>;
dpn Ap`_pf c[s _ Ap`. A_ kpdpe fus cNhp_ OZp hp_`p`u hpA `Z (Ardg-riiy`pg s\p L$V$gpL$ Akyfp_ `Z)
dy[s Ap`u R>. `fsy c[s sp L$pL$ lgpv$, brg, hpkyf S>hp
23

Akyfp_ S> Ap`u R>. sd_p hcph dy[s Ap`hp_p R>. `fsy Sy>Ap sp
Mfp; edy_p_p csp_ sAp cqL$s Ap` R>. dy[s _l]. kpQu hps
R> cpC. S>dZp lp\dp sfa S> hm. `psp_u rep_p cL$sp_ s Dd
hsyS> Ap`. edy_p_p cL$sp_ sAp cqL$s Ap` R>. L$pfZ L$ edy_p
h_u cNhp_ e_u A_ cNhp__u h e_u frs h^pf R>. Apd
sAp cL$s A_ cNhp_ b dpV$ D`L$pfL$ rk \ep R>.
edy_p_p khL$ cy_ d L$f R>. d A S> c[s_y buSy>
h$` R>. h_p epf cNhp_dp khspr^L$ Aes Y$ d \pe epf
s cNhv$ c[s `pd R>.
Ap fus dpn Ap`hp_p hcphhpmp dyLy$v$dp frscph_u
Arshq L$fph_pf edy_p AgpqL$L$ NZpe. edy_p r_S> cspdp
dyLy$v$ e_u frs sp h^pf R> S>: `fsy s D`fps Ae hprd_uAp_u
`Z dyLy$v$dp frs h^pf R>.
dyLy$v$ frs hr^_u_p bu A\ `Z L$fu iL$pe. dyLy$v$-frshr^_u AV$g dyLy$v$_u h e_u frs h^pf_pf. A A\_ `Z Ap`Z
D`f L$fgp rhhQ_\u kd iL$uA R>uA.
dlpcyA uedy_p_ `-b^p:kysp _pd\u ApmMpep
R>. ` AV$g L$dm A_ sd_p b^y (kyv$) k|e R>. s\u L$dm_p cpC
(b^y)_u kysp AV$g edy_p.
Ap ApMp gpL$_p AL$S> hr_ R>. L$tgv$rNqf dsL$ AhsfZ
L$f_pf (1) Adv$ `yfp$hgp, (2) NX$ igpsp (3) kOpj Nrs v$syfp,
(4) kdr^$Y$ v$pgpdp s\p (5) ` b^p: kysp Ahp uedy_p
r_:kv$l dyLy$v$ frs hr^_u R>. Ahp A edy_p S>e `pd R> : S>e lp
uedy_p_p.
bu gpL$dp uedy_p_p cNhv$ frs kh^L$h _pd qsue
Ae_y hZ_ L$fhpdp Apey R>.
lh u gpL$. bu gpL$dp L$y R> L$ uedy_p
cNhp__u cs D`f_u frs_u hq L$fhp dpV$ c|sg D`f `^pep R>.
24

Ap frs hq_p AgpqL$L$ L$pedp sd_ dv$v$ L$f_pf L$ep ^dp R> A_ L$hp
D`L$fZp R> s Ap`u u gpL$dp L$l R>.
cyh cyh_-`ph_ud Ar^Nspd_L$-h_:
reprcqfh krhsp iyL$-de|f-lkpqv$rc: &&
sf-cyS>-L$L$Z-L$V$-dy[sL$p-hpgyL$pr_sb-sV$-kyv$f] _ds L$Z-sye-repd && 3 &&
cphp\ : kh gpL$_ (cyh_-qcyh_) `ph_ L$f_pfp, A_ A
L$pfZ S> c|sg D`f Ahsqfs \egp; rhrh^ hfp hX$ Apgp` L$f_pfp
iyL$, de|f A_ lk Apqv$ kMuS>_p pfp khpegp; `psp_u glfp $`u
cydp ^pfZ L$fg L$L$Zpdp `$ fus v$Mpsp dyspam $`u hmy
(fsu_p QdL$sp L$Zp) hX$ eyL$s Ahp `psp_p b qL$_pfp $`u r_sb
(L$df_u `pR>m_p cpN) _ L$pfZ kyv$f gpNsp; Ahp, uL$Z_p Qsy\
rep uedy_p_ kp _d_ L$fp.
rhhQ_ : cyh cyh_`ph_udr^Nspd - uedy_p kh gpL$_
`ph_ L$fhp dpV$ c|sg D`f `^pep R>. edy_pA `psp_p b^y
edfpS>_ Ap dpZ L$y R>, ""kps u`p A_ kps kpNfp_ cv$u_ `|h
sfa hl_ L$fsu A_ kh hp_ `rh L$fsu ly AspQg\u (`[d
qv$ip\u) Dv$epQg (`|h qv$ip) sfa, dpfp Ape L$f_pf dv$ csp_p
`p`_ v|$f L$fhp dpV$ Z fds L$fsu lpJ s dpZ ly rhlpf L$fhp
S>Bi.'' Ap fus b^p_ `ph_ L$fhp_u u edy_p_u dye rsop R>.
A rsop_u `|rs A\ sAp c|sg D`f `^pep R>.
Ap fus sAp frhdX$gdp\u, c|sg_ `ph_ L$fhp `^pep R>.
Apd kp_ `ph_ L$fhp_p ^d hX$ sd_ cNhp_ kp\ fdZ L$fhp_p
L$pedp klpeL$ b_u iL$. cNhp_\u AgN `X$u Negp v$hu hpdp
ifufp_ sAp r_`p` b_phu_ sd_ cNhv$ khp`epNu b_phhp A_
cNhv$ cph\u k` b_phhp dpV$ c|sg D`f `^pep R>.
lh edy_p v$hu hp_ `rh b_phu sd_pdp cNhp_
25

e fk (dfk) _u hq L$fphu Ap`hp dpV S> `^pep lpe sp s

frsfk_p A_yL|$m Apgb_, Du`_, Apqv$ b^u kpdNu sd_pdp lphu
CA. bu gpL$dp L$y R> L$ uedy_p_y cNhv$ frs kh^L$ $`
R>. sp A frscph_ fk$`dp `qfhrss L$fhp dpV$ S> cphp A\hp ^dp
A_yL|$m lpe s sd_pdp lphp CA A_ s R> S> Ahy u gpL$dp
L$y R>.
frscph_p Aprhcph A_ s_p `pjZ dpV$ ApheL$ ^dp S>hp
L$ (1) c|sg_p hp_ `rh b_phhp_u iqL$s sp sd_pdp R>. `rh
b_g hdp S> cy e frs D`S>. `p`u hp_u frs Cqep_p
rhjepdp S> fl. edy_pdp `rss `ph_h_u i[L$s R> A ApNm
L$lhpC Ney R>. cyh cyh_ `ph_u dr^Nspe - A\ps AV$gp dpV$ sp
sAp `hu D`f `^pep R>.
(2) khpL$pqv$ kdS> - iyL$, de|f, lkpqv$\u khpegp flhy s
A_
(3) h$` kpv$e - cyS> D`f_p L$L$Zp AV$g S>gdp EW$sp
sfNp; QdL$su fsu AV$g dyL$spag, Ds sV$ AV$g r_sb (L$df_u
`pR>m_p cpN) A_ A r_sb D`f lp\fpMhp\u dmsy kpv$e - Apqv$
b^p ^dp `Z edy_pdp R> s lh L$lhpi.
`lgp uedy_p_p khL$p (kMuAp) Apqv$ rhj Zhy S>$fu
R>. reprcfuh khsp iyL$ deyf lkpqv$rc: iv$pdp ip cph R> s
kdS>hp `X$i.
kh gpL$_ `ph_ L$fhp uedy_p c|sg D`f `^pep. sd_u
kp\ sd_p re kMu kdpS> `Z Apep. kMuAp S> \m S> DrQs
lpe s \m s L$l R>. A_ s pfp edy_p_ sd_p frs h^__p L$pedp
klpe$` b_ R>. A_ s\u sAp re gpN R>. iyL$, deyf, lk Apqv$
`nuAp qL$_pfp `f_p hnp `f bku_ d^yf hfpdp Np_ L$f R>. s b^u
uedy_p_u kMuAp R>. sAp uedy_p_u A fus `qfQep L$f R>.
iyL$ bpgu iL$ R>. s\u s edy_p_u hprQL$u khp L$f R>. de|f L$preL$u
26

khp L$f R> A_ lkp dp_ku khpdp sde b_u fl R>. AV$gp dpV$
sd_y Ap re kMu dX$m, cNhp__u cL$s e_u frs_u hq L$fhp_p
sd_p L$pe_ dpV$ A_yL|$m kpdNu b_u fl R>.
sfN-cyS>-L$L$Z L$V$ dy[sL$p hpgyL$p r_sb sV$ kyv$fu - Ap
iv$p pfp uedy_p_p h$` kpv$e_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>.
uedy_p cNhv$ frs hr^_u R>. s\u `psp_p cphphi
dpZ sd_u rhrh^ cph cNudp eL$s L$fsu sd_u L$pdg cyAp,
sd_p S>mdp Dv$chsp sfNp $` ipcpedp_ b_u fl R>. sd_p
S>mdp EW$sp sfNp A hsys: uedy_p_p ls R>.
sd_p A ulsdp fsu_p QdL$sp L$Zp_p S>hp dyspagp
S>X$g L$L$Zp ipcu fp R>. sd_p L$L$Zpdp S>X$gp QdL$sp dyL$spagp,
gpL$[$A fsu_p L$Zp S>hp v$Mpe R>. `fsy hpsrhL$ fus s dyL$spamp
(dpsu) S> R>. `fsy Ap`Zu `pk gpqL$L$ sc R> s\u dyL$spamp gpqL$L$
fsu_p L$Zp $` v$Mpe R>. sd_p b KQp sV$ v$ip sd_p Ds r_sb
kdp_ R>. (L$df_u `pR>m_p KQp cpN A r_sb L$lhpe)
uedy_p_p L$L$ZeyL$s ulsp sd_p r_sb D`f V$L$ep lphp\u
sd_u ipcp A_L$ NZu h^u e R>. A_ sAp Z L$ kpnps
iNpffk_u Ar^$psp v$hu _ lpe shp v$Mpe R>. Ap fus edy_p_p
Apc|jZp s\p ANp, pL$s v$Mpsp lphp R>sp (sfNp, fsu_p L$Zp, sV$
v$i hNf) lL$uL$sdp s b^p ApL$s R>.
Ahp iNpf fk_u kpnps rsdp S>hp uedy_p_u ipcp
AhZr_e R>. s\u "_ds L$Z sye r`epe' - udlpcy L$l R> L$
L$Z_p A Qsy\ rep_ sd kp _d_ L$fp. ApQpeu Ap`Z_ Ap`Z L$ S> b^p ApQpeu_p khL$p R>uA, Mpk L$fu_ sd_ - L$l R>
L$ sd _d_ L$fp. L$p_ _d_ L$fhp_y R> s Zp R>p ? Ap`Z _d_
L$fhp_y R> L$Z_p Qsy\ rep_.
Al] Ecp \pe R> L$ L$Z_p Qsy\ rep L$pZ ? A_ bu
Dv$ch R> L$ iy rep A_ cpep b iv$p AL$S> A\_p bp^ L$fph
27

R>?
uL$Z_u pfL$p gugpdp L$Z_u ApW$ `V$fpZuApdp `lgp
Qpf A_y$d - (1) $L$dZu, (2) kecpdp, (3) byhsu A_ (4)
L$ptgv$u R>. s b^u L$Z_u rhhprls `_uAp AV$g L$ cpepAp R>. s
b^uS> L$Z_ r`e lsu s\u sAp_ L$Z_u repAp L$lhpdp L$pC v$pj
_\u. Ap A$ `V$fpZuAp_p ey\dp L$ptgv$u_y \p_ Qp\y R>. sp iy
L$ptgv$u L$Z_p Qsy\ rep L$lhpe ?
uL$Z_u hS>gugpdp uL$Z_u hprd_u h$`, Qpf
hprd_u e|\p R>. ulqffpeQfZ A Qpf e|\p_ Ap fus ApmMph
R>(1) dye hprd_u AV$g L$ hjcp_ vy$gpfu ufp^p
hprd_u. sAp uL$Z_p Aplgpqv$_u i[s NZpe R>. sAp _\u
Ae`|hp L$ _\u A_e`|hp. sAp sp AL$dhd Ar^rsed Ahp cNhv$
cpe hprd_u R>. s\u sAp hS>_u Ar^$psp NZpe R>.
(2) yrs$`p Ae`|hp hprd_uAp - sAp Np`p_p Nlpdp
Np`cpepAp $` flsp lpe R>. sAp khpdcphhpmp R>. sd_y $`
qsue hprd_u NZpe R>.
(3) A_e`|hp - F$rj$`p Ly$dpqfL$p hprd_uAp- sd_p
L$Z kp\ L$ Ae L$pC_u kp\ rhhpl \ep _\u. sAp Ly$dpqfL$pAp R>.
`fsy cNhp_ L$Z sd_p hp NlZ L$fu_ sd_p ANuL$pf L$ep R>.
sd_y ey\ssue hprd_u NZpe R>.
(4) edy_p - cNhp_ S>mq$X$p_ blp_, kh ANp krls,
hs fus, sd_ Ae\u `\L$ kd_, sd_u kp\ fdZ L$ey R>. sAp
cNhp__p `y[$ i[s NZpe R>. cNhv$ cpe lphp_ L$pfZ A_ `y[$
$` lphp_ gu^ sAp cNhp__ Aes re R>. sAp cNhp__p cpep
_\u. sAp cNhp__p `V$fpZu _\u. `fsy cNhp__ bly re lphp\u
sAp cNhp__p rep sp R> S>.
Ap Qpf ey\pdp edy_p_y \p_ Qp\y lpC, iy sAp L$Z_p
28

Qsy\ rep L$lhpe ?

v$k qv$Ns rhS>eu u`yfyjpd `Z hprd_u_p Qpf ey\p_
Ap fus ApmMph R>.
(1) u fpr^L$p ey\- sAp spdk hprd_u e|\L$lhpe R>.
(2) Ae`|hp ey\- AV$g Np`Nlpdp hksp Np`uS>_p. sAp
fpS>k hprd_u ey\L$lhpe R>.
(3) A_e `|hp Ly$dpqfL$p e|\- sAp kpqhL$ hprd_u
e|\L$lhpe R> A_
(4) uedy_p e|\- sAp r_NyZ (NyZpsus) hprd_u
e|\L$lhpe R>.
Ap Qpf e|\pdp `Z edy_p_y \p_ Qp\y lpC, iy sAp
L$Z_p Qsy\ rep L$lhpe ?
hS>gugpdp hprd_uAp_p b L$pf_p Qpf e|\p R>. s bdp
edy_p_y \p_ Qp\y Aph R>. A b^u L$Z_u cpepAp (`_uAp)
cg _ lpe sd_u repAp sp R> S>. cpep lpe s_ S> rep L$lhpe
Ahp L$pC \pr`s r_ed _\u. uedy_p L$Z_u cpep _ lphp R>sp
L$Z_ Arsie re lphp\u sd_u rep sp R> S>. A_ A b L$pf_p
Qpf Qpf e|\pdp sd_y e|\Qp\y lpC Al] sd_ L$Zsye rep sfuL$
ApmMpep R>.
Al] bu AL$ _y kdp^p_ L$fu ghy S>$fu R>. pfL$pgugpdp
A$ `V$fpZuApdp L$ptgv$u_p $d Qp\p R>. A_ hS>gugpdp
hprd_uAp_p Qpf e|\pdp edy_p_p $d Qp\p R>. L$ptgv$u A_
edy_p b_p kb^ L$tgv$urNfu kp\ R>. s\u edy_p_ `Z L$tgv$_u
L$lhpdp Apep R>. sp iy L$tgv$rNqf `f Ahsfus cNhv$ rep edy_p
(L$ptgv$u) A_ cNhp__u `V$fpZu uL$ptgv$u b AL$ S> R> ?
ApS> bu fus `Z `yR>u iL$pe. `V$fpZu L$ptgv$u `Z
k|e_p `yu R> A_ rep edy_p `Z k|e_p `yu R> - sp iy s b
AL$ S> R> ?
29

Ap_p S>hpb sdpN}e dlp_ycphpA `$`Z A_p Apep R>

L$ s b AgN R>. s_p L$pfZp (1) ucpNhsdp L$Z_p Qp\p `V$fpZu L$ptgv$u_p dyM
L$lhpdp Apey R>, ""L$ptgv$urs kdpepsp hkprd edy_p S>g''AV$g L$
L$prgv$u _pd\u ApmMpsu ly, edy_p S>mdp r_hpk L$fy Ry>. A_p A\
A R> L$ L$ptgv$u A_ edy_p AgN R>.
(2) edy_p_p S>mdp hksp A L$ptgv$u kp\ rhhpl L$fu_
cNhp_ L$Z sd_ Qsy\ `V$fpZu sfuL$ pfL$pdp drlju `v$ \pr`s
L$ep R>. epf edy_p sp L$epfe `Z pfL$pdp `^pep lphp_p L$pC
DM L$epe _\u.
(3) b k|e `yu R>. A_ b L$ptgv$u _pd ApmMpe R>. R>sp
b_p r`sp S> k|e R> s Sy>v$p Sy>v$p R>. L$ptgv$u_p r`sp k|e A Ap`Z
dpV$ edp_ k|e R>. A\ps L$ptgv$u_u D`r Apr^v$rhL$ _\u. sAp
sp cprsL$ k|e_p `yu R>. epf edy_p_p r`sp hv$eu h$`
Apqv$e (k|e) R>. edy_p_p r`sp Apqv$e R>; dpsp kop R> A_
cpsp ^dfpS> R>.
(4) edy_pdp S> Akp^pfZ ^dp R> shp ^dp `V$fpZu
L$ptgv$udp lphp_y Zhpdp Apey _\u. iy `V$fpZu L$ptgv$u s_y
_hh Ap`u iL$ R> ? iy sdZ L$epfe `psp_p hpdu L$Z_u h
e_u frs h^pfhp_y L$pe L$ey R> ? edy_pdp S> ApW$ Aep NZpep
R> iy s ApW$ Aep L$ptgv$udp R> ? _p; _\u S>.
Ap fus rhQpfsp b_p h$`p Sy>v$p R>; Ahy dp_hy DrQs R>.
sd R>sp A b_p kb^ L$Z A_ L$tgv$ kp\ lphp_ L$pfZ
gpL$ehlpfdp sd_ AL$ S> NZhpdp Apep R>. L$V$gpL$ sp AV$g ky^u
L$l R> L$ uedy_p_p S>m $` AV$g L$ Apr^cprsL$ h$`dp L$ptgv$u
`psp_p Apr^v$rhL$ h$` r_hpk L$f R>. `fsy Ad L$lhy A sp dp
Aop_sp R>. L$pfZ L$ uedy_p_p `psp_p Z h$`p rhdp_ R> S>
- e\p S>m $` Apr^cprsL$ h$`; dplpe $` ApeprdL$ h$`
30

A_ v$hu h$` Apr^v$rhL$ h$`. A Z $`pdp L$pC`Z $`dp

L$ptgv$u_p kdphi _ L$fu iL$pe. V|$L$dp L$hm _pd_p kpe_ L$pfZ
b_ Arc _ dp_u ghpe. udlpcy `Z Ahy S> L$l R>.
uedy_p sp edy_p S> R>; sd R>sp sAp L$ptgv$u _pd\u
ip dpV$ ApmMpe R> ? A _p kdp^p_ dpV$ Ap dpZ L$lhpdp
Apey R>ddpv$f rhe h NR> Apqv$e_v$_u & L$prgv$urs s\p
eprsfsy gpL$e kv$p & AV$g L$ L$tgv$ `hs uedy_p_ L$y L$ l
Apqv$e `yu, Ap` dpfp Dv$fdp hiu_ `R>u `hu D`f `^pfp. s\u
Z gpL$dp (gpL$edp) Ap`_y _pd L$prgv$u rk \i. Ap D`f\u
`$`Z kde R> L$ `y[$ kv$pedp uedy_p_ L$ptgv$u, _pd
ApmMhp_p ehlpf R> s\u hS>gugpdp ep L$prgv$u _pd Aph ep
sAp edy_p S> R> Ad kdS>hy.
edy_p$L$_p Ap u gpL$dp uedy_p_p cyh_ `ph_uh
$`u u Ae_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>.
uedy_p L$Z_p s|e rep R> A_ c|sg_ `ph_ L$fhp dpV$
S> sAp c|sg D`f `^pep R>. A hps kpfu fus kde AV$gp dpV$
Qp\p gpL$dp uedy_p `ps cNhkdp_ ^dhpmp R>. Ahy r_$`Z
L$fhpdp Apey R>.
A_sNyZc|rjs rihrhfqQv$hsys
O_pO_-r_c kv$p ^yh`fpifpcu$v$ &&
rhiy-d\yfp-sV$ kL$g-Np`-Np`u-hs
L$`pS>gr^krs dd d_: kyM cphe && 4 &&
cphp\ : (1) A_s NyZp\u ipcpedp_, (2) rihrhfQu
(bp) s\p v$hNZp pfp syrs L$fpeg, (3) O_Opf hpv$mp kfMu
L$pqshpmp, (4) ^yh A_ `fpkf_ BqR>s am Ap`_pfp, (5) rhij
L$fu_ S> iy R> Ahu d\yfp_Nfu S>_p qL$_pfp D`f Aphgu R> shp,
(6) kL$g Np` A_ Np`uS>_p\u thV$mpegp A_ (7) v$ep_p kpNf $`
31

ulqf_p kpfu fus Ape L$fu_ flgp - l edy_p ! Ap` dpfp d__
kyM (Ap_v$_p A_ych) \pe Ahy rhQpfp.
rhhQ_ : Ap gpL$dp kps rhijZ R>. A kps rhijZp_
kbp^_ $` gCA sp b^p edy_p_ gpNy `X$ R>. S>dL$ - (1) A_s
NyZp\u ipcpedp_ Ahp l edy_p, (2) rih rhfQu s\p v$hp\u
khpegp Ahp l edy_p - Ap fus kps kps rhijZ kbp^_ [$\u
edy_p_ gpNy `X$ R>.
`fsy A b^p rhijZp_ kpsdp rhc[sdp epS>hpdp
(ghpdp) Aph sp s b^p uL$Z_ gpNy `X$ R>. A_ s Ap fus
bpgpe: A_s NyZp\u ipcpedp_; rih, bp s\p Ae v$hp\u syrs
L$fpeg Apqv$ s\p A`pf L$$Zp_p kpNf_p Ape$` uL$Z.
Ap sp AL$ hsy `$ b_u e R> L$ Ap b^p rhijZp
L$Z A_ edy_p_ AL$ kfMu fus gpNy `X$ R>. s\u s b kdp_
^d}R>. b_u A fus syrs L$fu_ udv$pQpeQfZ uedy_p A_
uL$Z_y b^u fus kpde v$ipey R>.
u_v$Ly$hf (L$Z) cNhp_ R> sp uedy_p cNhsu v$hu R>.
cNhp_ AV$g cN hpmp (S>d ^_hp_ AV$g ^_hpmp); A_ cNhsu
AV$g cN hpmu (S>d `yhsu AV$g `yhpmu) cNhp_ A_ cNhsu
bdp cN iv$ R>. A cN AV$g iy ?
jX$ ^dp cN iv$_, Ae, rhe, eis\&
u op_, rhfpN r_ep, cNhsp@cg &&
A\ps cN iv$ A R> AgpqL$L$ qv$e NyZp_p kd|l_p bp^ L$f
R>. A R> NyZp R> Ae, rhe, ei, u, op_ A_ hfpe. A R> NyZ
S> `yfyj cphdp (`ycph) lpe s cN hpmp AV$g cNhp_: A_ R> NyZ
S> ucphdp lpe (ucph) cNhpmu AV$g cNhsu L$lhpe.
Ap gpL$dp Ly$g kps rhijZp R>. sdp\u R> _ rhijZ sfuL$
ghp_p R> A_ kpsdy rhie (S>_ A R> rhijZ gpNy `X$ s rhie)
sfuL$ ghp_y R>. A\ps R> ^dp A_ kpsdy A R> ^dp_ ^pfZ L$f_pf
32

^d}h$` R>. A fus sp Apdp_p R> ^dp ^pfZ L$f_pf uL$Z

^d}R> A_ A S> R> ^dp ^pfZ L$f_pf edy_p `Z ^d}R>. A_ A
b^p ^dp A_ ^d}h$`_u [$A (b) kdp_ R>. AV$gp dpV$
uedy_p L$Zp, L$Zkdp, L$Z$`p Apqv$ _pdp\u rk R>.
L$Z L$Z (epd) R> sp edy_p L$Zp (epdp) R>. V$|L$dp h$`Ns
b Arc R>.
udv$pQpeQfZ cNhp__p Aepqv$ Ap R> ^dp_y r_$`Z
`y[$dpN}e `qfcpjp dpZ L$ey R>. A ^dp_u epep hNus_p
11dp gpL$_u L$pqfL$pAp hpQhp\u kdC S>i.
hNus_p 11 \u 16 gpL$dp Ap R> ^dp pfp ApQfhpdp
Aphsu uL$Z (^d}) _u gugpAp_y $di: hZ_ R>. N\rhspf_p
ce sdp\u dp AL$_y hZ_ ly L$fui.
lqfZuep S>hu d|Y$ epr__u uAp D`f hfh_u S> rhgnZ
rsq$ep `X$ R> s cNhp__p Ae ^d L$V$ L$f R>. e\p - Cf:
`|es gpL$ d|Y$fr`, ev$p sv$p, r_$`pr^L$ Ae hZeqs rhQnZ
A\ps d|Y$ hp `Z epf Cf_ `|S> epf Cf_p Ae ^d kde
R>. lqfZuAp pfp khpsp L$Zdp Ae ^d `$ v$Mpe R>.
cN iv$dp kdphi L$fhpdp Aphg Ap R> ^dp_u eS>_p
L$fsp iv$kd|lp Ap gpL$ Ap dpZ R> (1) A_s NyZ c|rjs - Ae ^d, (2) rih rhfQu
v$hsys- hue ^d, (3) O_pO_r_c -ei ^d, (4) ^yh
`fpifprc$v$- u ^d, (5) rhiy d\yfp sV$ - op_ ^d A_ (6)
kL$g Np`u-Np`uhs-hfpe ^d. A_ L$`pS>gq^krsdp ^d}h$`
(h$`Ns cNhp_ A\hp cNhsu `ps) dp_hpdp Apey R>.
A R> qv$e ^dp A_ kpsdp ^d}- A kps_ L$V$ L$fsp A
b^p iv$kdylp_p cph kdS>hp e_ L$fuiy.
(1) A_s NyZ c|rjs - A_s AV$g As frls A\hp
Ake. A_ A_s AV$g r_e Ahp `Z A\ \pe R>. Al] bu A\
33

cph_ A_yL|$m R>. uedy_p_p NyZp_u NZ_p \C iL$ _l], s\u s

Ake R>. A_ sd_p b^p NyZp r_fsf rhfpS>dp_ AV$g L$ kv$p
hsdp_ flsp lphp\u sp r_e `Z R> S>. cNhp_ L$Z_p kv$cdp
`Z Ahy S> R>. L$Z `Z r_e rhfprS>s ANrZs NyZp hX$ ipc R>.
cL$s_y L$pe k`pv$_ L$fhy. fpkpkhpqv$dp A_L$ $`p ^pfZ L$fu_
csp_p d_pf\p `|Z L$fhp Ahp NyZp\u sAp AgL$s R>. uedy_p
`Z csp_p L$pep_ kp^hp dpV$, hp_ cNhp__u khp A\ s_y
_hh A`Z L$fu_ cNhv$ kdpNd dpV$ epe b_phhp S>hp NyZp\u
kyiprcs R>.
NyZp_y kh kdp_ \pe R>. NyZp hX$ cNhp_ `|e R> A_
edy_p `Z `|e R>. udv$pQpeQfZ Apop L$f R> - `|ep rl
cNhp_ sv$NyZp. Apd A_s NyZp\u ipcsy A cNhp__y Ae
es L$f R>.
hmu hNus_p ANuApfdp gpL$dp d|Y$drshpmu lqfZuAp
`Z h_p hf kpcmu_ A_ rhrQ hieyL$s _v$_v$__y Ze (d)
cph\u AhgpL$_ L$fu_ sd_u `| L$f R>. udlpcy kybpr^_udp
Apop L$f R>. Cf: `|es gpL$p d|Y$ft` ev$p sv$p - AV$g L$ d|Y$
pZuAp `Z Ap gpL$dp Cf_u `| L$f R>. Ap\u d|Y$ pZuAp_p dpV$
`Z S> `|e lpe s_pdp Cf_y Ae lpe A he `$ R>. s\u
Al] A_sNyZ c|rjs `v$dp Ae ^d_y rs`pv$_ \C e R>. Ap
`lgp L$y sd Ap rhijZ uL$Z A_ uedy_p Dce_ dpV$
epS>gy R>. s\u s b r_fy`pr^L$ Ae eyL$s R>.
rih rhfQu v$h sys: - sAp rih bpqv$L$ v$hspAp hX$ syrs
L$fpegp R>. Akp^pfZ iqs_ hue L$l R>. bg A_ cph v$iphhp
dpV$ `Z hue iv$p_p D`epN \pe R>. rih bpqv$ v$hpdp Arsie
i[s R> s\u sd_pdp `Z hue R>. "hue v$hjy' _p AhpS> A\ \pe
R>. `fsy Ahp A huehp_ v$hp `Z S>_p hue kpd TyL$u S>B S>d_u
syrs L$f s_p hue ^d rhj iy L$lhy ? rih A_ bpA `Z
34

edy_p_u syrs L$fu lphp_y `-`yfpZdp L$lhpdp Apey R>.

hNus_p bpfdp gpL$dp uL$Z_y $` A_ iug CA A_
sd_u h_y Nus kpcmu_, rhdp_dp q\s v$huAp_u hZudp\u `y`p
Mfu `X$ep A_ sd_ d|R>p Aphu. s\p v$hp `Z dpl `pdu Nep. s\u
sAp cNhp__u syrs L$fhp gpep. A sp rih rhfQu v$h sys - A
`v$ L$Z A_ edy_p Dcedp hue ^d lphp_y rs`pv$_ L$f R>.
O_pO_r_c: NpY$ dO kdp_ L$prs lphp ` bdp R> S>. A_
edy_p_p h$` A_ kpv$e C_ kp L$pC rhde `pd R>. edy_p
qL$_pf L$V$ \egp uNpLy$gQdp_y h$` C, sd_u $`, NyZ,
gugp A_ dyfgu dp^yfu r_fMu_, uhc rhde `pdu_ s_y hZ_
L$fsy d^yfp$L$d fey. A_ uNpLy$g_y \p_ ip^sp bpg kfhsu
uhc_u kpd Av$cys kpv$eipgu edy_p_ Ecgp C_ Ape
`pdu uhc L$y, ""sh h$`d Ars Av$cysd'' A_ Ap`uA
edy_p$L$d _u fQ_p L$fu. Ap fus b_y h$` Av$cys R>. uL$Z_y
sp _pdS> O_pO_`Zp_p r_v$i L$f R>. L$Z AV$g O_epd. edy_p
dpV$_p cNhs hpL$epdp edy_p dpV$ ""L$Zpeplkp sfg'' S>hp iv$p
pfp edy_p_ L$Zp-O_-epd hZhpmp L$lhpdp Apep R>. Apd
L$Z A_ L$Z_pd pfp b_y O_pO_` k|Qhpe R>.
Ap fus sd_p _pd A_ $` cNhv$ kpe_y rs`pv$_ L$f R>.
sd_p rhdeL$pfL$ h$`_ C_, sd_u syrs L$f R>. A_ A fus
sd_p ei_y Np_ L$f R>. k eip eqv$ rhd|Y$p_p epnpkqL$s hpfZps Ap gpL$dp v$iphhpdp Aphg ei ^d_y r_$`Z Ap `v$ pfp \pe R>.
d|Y$ pZuAp_u "en hsy' dp\u Apk[s v|$f L$fu_ sd_ `psp_p
^ddp L$ h$`-kpv$edp epS>hpdp Aph epf e\p\dp ei: \ep; Ahy
udlpcy L$l R>. hNus_p sfdp gpL$dp s_y hZ_ R>. hNus
kpcmu_, KQp L$fgp L$p_ hX$ uL$Z_p dyMQdp\u _uL$msp hNus
$`u Ads_y `p_ L$fsu Npep A_ `psp_p dyMdp\u s__p v|$^_p Npk
(L$pNmp) `pX$u _pMsp hpR>fX$pAp ljpyeyL$s b_u_, `psp_p _e_p hX$
35

Npthv$_y Asf v$i_ L$f R>.

S>_p kpv$e_p v$i_ dp\u, Ae `v$p\p L$ pZuAp e_u
Apk[s_y rhdfZ \pe A kpv$e_ hpZu_p rhje _ b_phu iL$pe.
hpR>fX$p S>hp d|Y$ pZuApA en hsy-v|$^_p L$pNmp A\hp sZe_u Apk[s R>pX$u v$u^u A_ L$Zp_y kpv$e C ljpyeys b_u
Nep s kpv$e (cNhp__y A rhdeL$pfL$ kpv$e) sd_p ei ^d_
Arces L$f R>. epd-epdp bdp A ^d kdp_ $` R> S>. L$pfZ L$
edy_p_y h$` kpv$e hpshdp L$Z_y h$`-kpv$e S> R>.
_p^ : O_pO__u k^u R>pX$sp O_ A_ AO_ Ahp b iv$p dm
R>. O_ AV$g O_uc|s fkpdL$ uL$Z A_ AO_ AV$g O_ _l] Ahp
huc|s fkprdL$p uL$Zp. A b eyNg h$`p_y Av$c|s kepS>_
AV$g O_pO_r_c. A A\dp O_pO_r_c A `v$_ v$i-qv$Ns-rhS>eu
u`y{$jpdA rhijZ _l], rhie dpey R>. s\u sdZ A `v$_
^d h$` _l] `Z ^d}h$` Ney R>. A A\dp Ap`u_u A
dpesp e\p\ R>.
^yh `fpifprc$v$ : Ap `v$ pfp b_p "u' NyZ_y r_$`Z
L$fhpdp Apey R>. Ap `v$_p A\ R> ^yh A_ `fpif_ sd_u C$
CqR>s hsy (Arc$) Ap`_pf epd epdp (edy_p). ^yh `fpif
uedy_p_p sV$ `pk s`ep L$fu lsu. epf uedy_pA `psp_p
kpqe\u A_ uL$Z L$V$ \C_ blyS> ksp-`|hL$ sd_ Acu$
Ahp op_ A_ Ae_y agv$p_ L$ey lsy. `fpif_ op_ Arc$_y A_
bpmL$ ^yh_ Ae (fpeNpv$u) Acu$ lsy. eyNg h$` s sd_
Apey. S> `psp_p khL$p (csp)_ Ae A_ op_ v$p_ L$fu_ sd_p
D`cpN sd_u `pk L$fphu iL$ shp hpdu_u "u' A\ps hch L$hp
lpe ?
rep rl `fdpL$p$p khL$pspip eqv$ & A\ps "r' _u
`fpL$p$p A S> L$ khL$p `Z u eyL$s \pe. ^yh A_ `fpif_ ueyL$s
L$fhp pfp, L$Z A_ edy_pdp u ^d_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>.
36

hNus_p Qpv$dp gpL$dp kyv$f ipMphpmu hn X$pmp D`f

bW$gp `nuAp A_ ep D`q\s dyr_ep uL$ZQ_u h_y rhapqfs
A_ q\f _S>f d^yf Nus kpcmsp lsp. A kv$cdp udlpcy
D`f DqrMs-rep rl `fdpL$p$p.... Ahy L$\_ L$f R>. sdp Ap`u
Apop L$f R> L$ "r' _u `fdpQ q\rs A R> L$ ueyL$s cNhp_ A_
edy_p_p khL$p `Z "r' eyL$s b_ R>. ^yh `fpif sd_p Apd
flu_ ueyL$s bep R>. s\u edy_pdp A_ L$Zdp `Z "u' ^d R>
Ahy rk \pe R>.
_p^ : u`y{$jpdA sp O_pO_r_c_ h$`Ns ^d}`v$
Apey R>. s\u Ap`u_p ds dpZ ^yh `fpifp rcjv$ `v$dp ei
^d_y r_$`Z R>. d_ye_u (v$p_) Ap`hp_u i[s pfp S> s_p ei
agpe R>. Al] uedy_p s\p uL$Z ^yh `fpif_ sd_y Acu$
Apey s\u sd_p ei agpep. Ap fus Ap `v$dp Dce_p "ei' ^d_y
r_$`Z R> Ahy u`y{$jpd dlpfpS> L$l R>.
rhiy d\yfp sV$ : d\yfp _Nfu rhiy R> AV$g L$ v$pj dp\u
frls R>. `hu D`f_p Ae c|rd cpNpdp A_L$ L$pf_p v$pjp lphp_p
kch R>. `fsy Ap c|rd v$i (d\yfp)dp L$pC `Z L$pf_p v$pip
kchu iL$sp _\u. s_p b dyM L$pfZp R>.
(1) cNhp_ L$rs_p b^p shp_ D` L$ep. `R>u sk$hp
sv$hp_yprhis AV$g L$ sd_ D` L$fu_ `R>u `ps sdp hi L$ep.
s\u cNhp__u q\rs b^p shpdp lpe A hpcprhL$ R>. `fsy A
b^p shpdp S> AL$ c|rdsh R> A c|rdsh_p AL$ cpN $` S>
d\yfp`yfu R> sdp sp cNhp__u r_e q\rs R>. ""d\yfp cNhp_ e
r_e kqrlsp lqf:'' Ahy `$ L$\_ R>. AV$g L$ cNhp_ d\yfpdp
r_fsf rhfpS>dp_ R> sp Ahu d\yfp`yfu rhiy d\yfpdp r_fsf
rhfpS>dp_ R> sp Ahu d\yfp`yfu rhiy lpe sdp iy Ape !
(2) d\yfp`yfu uedy_p_p sV$ D`f R>. `qfZpd s cy_u
gugp\gu R>. r_e gugp rh_pv$u cNhp_ L$V$ fus ep rbfp_
37

gugp L$f R>. s\u d\yfp_ b^u fus iysp dmu fl R>. d\yfp_ r_e
cNhv kpqe dmsy lpC, ep hk_pf_ c[s `Z rk \pe R>. A_
c[s A op__y L$pe R>. (h$` op_ \sp d Dv$ch s_y _pd c[s)
s\u Ap rhiy d\yfp sV$ `v$dp op_ ^d_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>.
d\yfp_ gugpde cNhp__y r_e kpqe dmu iey R>. Apd
sp d\yfp dy[s v$pre_u R>. `fsy cNhp__p r_e kpqe_ L$pfZ s_p
hcph_p rhS>e \sp s c[s v$pre_u b_u NC R>; s hp_ c[s
cph_y v$p_ L$f R>. hcph_p rhS>e L$epf \pe ? epf h_ cNhv$
h$`_y op_ \pe epf. op_ pfp hcph D`f rhS>e p \pe epf
s_p op_pL$j L$lhpdp Aph R> - op_pL$jsv$heps hcph rhS>ep
eqv$qhiyh A op__y L$pe R>. L$pfZ L$ op_dp r_dm b_phhp_u
i[s R>. cNhv$ kpr_e A_ edy_p kprde_ L$pfZ d\yfp rhiy
b_u R>. s_p op_pL$j \ep R>. `qfZpd s_p hcph_p rhS>e \sp s
dy[s v$psp_ bv$g c[s v$psp b_u flu R>.
op_ pfp hcph `f \sp rhS>e_y hZ_ L$fhp dpV$ h Nusdp
AL$ gpL$ R>. s_p cph Ap dpZ R>.
cNhp__p hNus_ kpcmu_ Aphs_p hX$ grns L$pdhN\u
_v$uAp_u Nrs fpL$pC NC. s\u sAp `psp_p sfpNp $`u cyAp hX$,
L$dg_y kd`Z L$fu_, dyfpfu_p (s_ AprgN_ L$fhp dpV$ q\f \egp)
QfZ eyNg_p `i L$fhp gpNu. `qfZpd s_u Nrs fpL$pC NC.
Nrs (hN) _v$uAp_p hcph R>. AV$gp dpV$ s_ kqfsp (kfu
S>su-hprls) L$lhpdp Aph R>. Al] _v$uApA `psp_p hpcprhL$
NrshNdp `qfhs_ L$ey R>. A_ `ps \rcs \C NC R>. (q\f) Ap
fus hcph rhS>e \sp op__p DL$j \ep R>.
Al] rhiy d\yfp sV$ rhijZ pfp op_ ^d_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp
Apey R>.
u`y{$jpd `Z AhyS> dp_ R>. Ap`u_p ds dpZ Ap
38

`v$ pfp (rhiy d\yfp sV$) op_ ^d_y r_fy`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>.
kL$g Np`-Np`u hs : AV$g L$ b^p Np`p A_ Np`uAp hX$
Ofpegp. Ap rhijZ pfp b cNhv$ h$`p_p hfpe NyZ k|Qhpe
R>. cNhp__u Apk[s L$hm r_S> cspdp R>. Apd sp b^p S> pZu
A_ b^p `v$p\p cNhp__ re R>: `fsy udv$ cNhv$ Nusp_p bpfdp
Aepedp cNhp_ `psp_p csp `psp_ re R>. (k d rep) Ahy
udyM L$y R>. A_ Ahp csp_p gnZp NZpep R>. sp`e A R> L$
r_S> cspdp cNhp__u Apk[s R>; A_ sd_p rkhpe bu b^pdp
sd_u rhf[s R>; rhfqL$s AV$g Aresp _lu, `fsy sV$\sp. r_S>
cspdp Apk[s lphp\u sAp `psp_p csp\u kv$h Ofpegp fl R>.
L$hm cspdp S> Apk[s A sd_p "hfpe' NyZ L$lhpe.
uedy_p_p `Z r_e kb^ Np`-Np`u kdpS>_u kp\ R>.
L$pfZ L$ sd_u kqr^dp S> L$Z_u gugp kv$h \su fl R>. csp_p
Acph cNhp_ ks b_u fl R>. uedy_p csp_y cNhp_ kp\
rdg_ L$fphu Ap` R> A_ A fus sAp csp_p Acph_ v|$f L$fph R>.
AV$ L$ sAp cNhp__p csp_p rhflS>e ksp`_y id_ L$f R>. edy_p
lqf_p ksp` lf R>. A_ csp_ lqf_u urs_y k`pv$_ L$fphu Ap`u_
s `ps `fd kyM `pd R>. Ap_y _pd u edy_p_p hfpe NyZ_p Qfd
DL$j. hfpe_p A\ S> A R>. cNhp__p QfZ eyNgdp `psp_p
khh_p kd`Z pfp urs fpMhu A_y _pd hfpe.
hNusdp hfpe_y> r_$`Z Ap fus L$ey R> ""bgfpd A_
Np`u_u kp\ hS> `iyAp_ Qfphsp A_ bku _pv$ L$fsp `psp_p S>hp
O_epd L$Z_, ApL$fp sp`\u L$gps C_, _lprsfL$\u kS>g
_e_phpmp kS>g hpv$mpA (dO) S>gtbvy$Ap_u Tfdf $`u `y`p_u
h[$ sd_p D`f L$fu_, `psp_p ifuf_ (dOpA `ps) L$Z_p R>$`
b_phu v$u^y.
Ap fus epd O_ (hpv$mpA) A` r_hv$_`|hL$ L$Z_p sp`_y
id_ L$ey R>. sd L$fhpdp `psp_p iyc rs_p s_p hfpe `$`Z
39

C iL$pe R>. hfpe_u epep Aphu R> - lffZep: urs:

hhe r_hv$_ps Crs hfpe r_S> iycp `e rhfpN A_ cNhp_
e A_yfpN AV$g S> hfpe.
Np. u`y{$jpd_p ds dpZ "kL$g Np`-Np`u hs'
rhijZ pfp Dce `n_p "u' ^d_y r_$`Z \pe R>. u (ipcp) _
epf AphfZdp (OyOV$dp) fpMhpdp Aph epf s h^y r_Mf R>.
OyOV$dp Ry>`peg kpv$e h^y pris \sy lpe R>. Np`-Np`uAp pfp
Ofpegp lphp\u cNhp__u ipcp h^y L$pris b_ R>. Np`uAp_p Npf
hZ_u hQdp q\s L$Z_p epd hZ h^y kgyZp-gphede b_ R>.
"" s_ L$u TpC `X$ epd lqfs vy$rs lpe.'' Ap\u Ap`u_p ds
dpZ Ap rhijZ\u Dce `n_p uNyZ_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp Aph R>.
L$`p S>gr^ krs - L$`p $`u kpNf_p Ape$`u sp L$hm
uL$Zp S> R>. AV$g L$ L$Z S> L$`p kpNf R>. L$`p A L$Z_p r_e
Aprhc|s ^d R>. s\u s cy_y h$` R>. cy_p b^p ^dp r_e R>.
`fsy s b^p r_e L$V$ _\u. S> gugp_p kde S> ^d_p D`epN lpe s
gugp_p kde s ^d_p Aprhcph \pe R>. Ae kde s ^d rsfprls
fl R>. epf L$`p (A_yNl) sp r_e Aprhc|s fl R>. cy_u L$`p
(L$Zp_yNl) L$epfe `Z rsfprls \su _\u. A_yNl `y[$dpN
r_epdL$ Crs q\rs. A_yNl sp NyZ_p rsfprls \pe sp kp_y r_ed_
L$pZ L$f ? Ap\u cy kv$p khv$p L$`peyL$s b_u fl R>. s\u L$`p NyZ.
cy_p h$`_y rs `pv$_ L$f R>.
uedy_p `Z L$`p_p kpNf Ahp uL$Z_p Ape L$fu_ fl
R>. bu b^u _v$uAp cprsL$-gpqL$L$ kdy_ dm R>, `fsy uedy_p
sp L$`p S>gr^ $` uL$Z_ S> dm R>. sd_u kp\ S> sd_p kNd \pe
R>. `qfZpd sd_u kNrs\u h_u cNhp_ kp\ kNrs k^pe R>.
AV$gp dpV$ Ap `v$ uedy_p_p h$`_y `Z rs`pv$_ L$f R>.
L$`pS>gr^krs - A `v$_p A\ Ap fus L$fhp_p R> - L$`p_p
kdy S>_p Ape ldip dpV$ gu^p R> Ahp uL$Z A_ uedy_p.
40

cNhp_ r_fhr^ (L$pC Ahr^ ky^uS> _l], `fsy r_e, ldip) L$`pde
R>. uedy_p Ap L$`pS>gr^dp, S>d kdydp kqfsp dm sd dmu Nep
R>. AV$g L$ AL$$` b_u Nep R>. s\u s b_y h$` AL$ \C Ney R>.
Np. u`y{$jpd_p ds dpZ L$`p S>gr^ krs A rhie
(^d}$`) _\u `fsy s sp ^d}_p ^d (rhijZ) R> A_ sdp Dce
cNhv$ h$`p_p hfpe NyZ_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>. S> rhfpNu
lpe s S> kh e L$`pmy lpC iL$. fpNudp hlpgp v$hgp_p cph flsp
lpe R>. fpNdp hp\hr fl R>. cNhp_ L$y R> - _pldpdp_dpipk
dv$ cs: kp^yrcrh_p AV$g L$ dpfp kp^y csp rkhpe cNhp__
`psp_pdp `Z hfpe fl R>. Ahp L$`pkpNf cNhp__u Apqsp
lphp\u edy_p_p `Z A S> NyZ R> - L$`p L$fu_ hp_ cy kp\
dmhu Ap`hp_p A AgpqL$L$ NyZ R>.
dd d_: kyM cphe - Aphp AgpqL$L$ jX$NyZp hpmp l
eyd_p, Ap` dpfy iyc rhQpfp. Ahy L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ udp_
cyQfZ uNykpB_p khL$ qL$ipfubpC Ap gpL$_p Dfp^ rhiy d\yfp sV$ kL$g Np`Np`uhs
L$`pS>gr^krs dd d_: kyM cphe &
_y fV$Z r_e L$fsp lsp. `qfZpd L$`p kpNf ulqf_p
Aprsp Ahp uedy_pA sd_y iyc rhQpey lsy.
d__y iyc rhQpfhy AV$g iy ? A kdS>sp `lgp iyc AV$g iy
s Zhy `X$i. kyM dmhp\u d__ Ap_v$ \pe. Cqep_y iyc dmsp
qhjep_v$_u p[ \pe. op_u `yfyjp_ cy_p NyZp_y op_ \hp\u
bp_v$_u p[ \pe. A_ csp_ cy_p h$`_p A_ych \hp\u
h$`p_v$ (cS>_p_v$) \pe. Apdp h$`p_v$ A S> kpQy kyM R>. s\u
Al] L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ l edy_p sd dpfp d__y kyM rhQpfp A\ps
d_ cy uL$Z A_ Ap` uedy_p A b_p h$`p_v$_p A_ych
L$fphp. sdp S> dpfy kpQy kyM R>. bu L$ipdp _l].
h$`p_v$_u p[ h_ epf S> \pe epf h D`f L$`p
41

L$fu_ cNhp_ `ps s h_ r_S> h$`_p A_ych L$fph. bu L$pC

`Z kp^_\u h$`p_v$_u p[ \su _\u. cNhv$ L$`p A S> dp
h$`p_v$_ p L$fphu Ap`u iL$ R>. s\u Ap gpL$_p As
udlpcyA L$y. ""l jX$NyZ k`, uedy_ ! cNhp__p h$`_p
A_ych \pe Ahy kyM (Ap_v$) d_ L$fphu Ap`hp_y Ap` rhQpfp. Ap`
A dpZ L$fphu Ap`hp kd\ R>p. L$pfZ L$ Ap` cNhp_ kp\ kdp_
^d}R>p.
Ap gpL$dp uedy_p `ps cNhs-kdp_-^d}lphp_ L$pfZ
Ap`u_p cNhs kb^ k`pv$L$h _pd Qsy\ Ae_y hZ_ L$fhpdp
Apey R>.
Ap fus udv$pQpeQfZ `lgp Qpf gpL$dp uedy_p_p
DL$j_y hZ_ L$fu_ sd_u syrs L$lu. `fsy sd_p DL$j_y e\prQs
hZ_ L$pC L$fu _ iL$. s kdhhp dpV$ Ap`u Apop L$l R> L$ NNp
S>hp cNhv$uepdp `Z S> DL$j_y \p`_ L$fu iL$ R> Ahp
uedy_p_p kNd\u NNp_p \sp DL$j_y hZ_ L$fu_ s pfp
edy_p_u syrs L$f R>.
eep QfZ` dyfqf`p: recphyL$p
kdpNd_sp@chs kL$g-rkqv$p khspd &&
sep kisprdeps L$dgkd`_uh ev$lqfreL$rgv$ep d_rk d kv$p \uespd && 5 &&
cphp\ : S>d_u kp\ kdpNd \sp (kNd \sp) cNhv$
QfZpfthv$dp\u L$V$ \egp NNp `Z cy_p re cphyL$p AV$g L$
urs`p bep R> A_ sd \sp r_S> khL$p_ kL$g rkq_y v$p_
Ap`_pf bep R>, Ahp uedy_p_u kp\ kdp_sp L$fhp_ dpV$
L$pC`Z i[sdp_ _ lpC iL$. sd R>sp, L$pC sd_u kdp_sp L$fu
iL$ sp L$v$pQ sd_u k`_u (ipe-gdu) L$fu iL$; buSy> L$pC _l].
ulqf_p csp_p L$gi_p _pi L$f_pf l edy_p Ap` dpfp d_dp
r_fsf q\f flp.
42

qhhQ_ : cNhp__p uQfZpdp\u NNp_y pL$V$e \ey R>. A

sp cy_p QfZL$dm A L$pfZ R>. A_ NNp s_y L$pe NZpey.
L$Z_p NyZp L$pedp `$`Z hpdp Aph R>. cy_p QfZL$dm `|Z
NyZhpmp A_ khv$pjp\u frls R>. rrh$d cy (hpd_) A `psp_p
QfZ hX$ Z gpL$ dp`u gu^p. s kde Z gpL$_ dp`hp dpV$ sdZ
KQp L$fgp QfZ bgpL$dp `lpep sd_ C_ bpA `psp_p
L$dX$gdp flgp S>m hX$ s_ ^pep. sd L$fsp cNhv$ QfZpfthv$_u fS>
A S>mdp krdrgs \C. A_ cNhv$ QfZ_u fS> rdrs A S>m bey
hN NNp.
`R>u A hN NNp kNf `yp_ dy[s Ap`hp dpV$ `hu D`f
`^pep. Ahp A uNNpdp ulqfQfZ_p-cNhv$ csp_ kh rkq
Ap`hp krls_p b^p NyZp R>. s\u NNp `Z r_S> cL$sp_ kL$g
rkq kdr`s L$f R>. Ap fus NNp_y r_v$pj` A_ `|ZNyZ`
cy_p QfZ\u D` \hp_ L$pfZ he rkq R> S>. sd_p Ahp
AgpqL$L$ NyZp_p DL$j dlpcpfs, hpd_ `yfpZ s\p cpNhs Apqv$
N\pdp hZhhpdp Apep R>. Ap fus depv$p dpNdp sp sd_y dplpe
Aeq^L$ hZhgy R>.
`fsy sd_pdp Ae L$pf_y AV$g L$ `y[$dpN}e dplpe L$epf
Apey s bsphsp uhc L$l R> L$ cNhQfZpfthv$dp\u L$V$ \egp
NNp "kdpNd_sp' AV$g L$ uedy_p kp\ sd_p kNp\\hp\u
"re cphyL$p' AV$g L$ cy_ re A_ "kL$g rkqv$p' AV$g L$ kL$g
rkq Ap`_pfp \ep R>. edy_p kp\ kNd \sp. edy_p_y AL$
dlh_y Ae-s_y _hh L$fphhp_y Ae - NNp_ p \ey R>.
`qfZpd sAp r_S> khL$p_ cNhv$ khpdp D`epNu (khp`epNu) v$l
Ap`hp $`u rkq p L$fu iep R>. A\ps edy_p kp\ kNd \ep
`R>u sAp r_S> cL$sp_ (op_u R> S> Ahp cL$sp_) cy_p khL$p
b_phu iL$ep R> A_ sd_u `pk cy_ r_hv$_ L$fphu_ cNhkhp
L$fphhp gpep R>. s\u sAp cy_ re bep.
43

Ap fus NNpdp `y[$dpN}e dplpe Aphu Ney. `qfZpd S>

fus uedy_p h_ s_y_hh_u rkq L$fphu Ap`u_, cy_p Ap_v$
dpV$ (fdZ dpV$) _|s_ k[$ L$V$ L$f R>, sd NNp `Z shy S> L$pe
L$fu iL$ R>. V$|L$dp cNhv Aphi `pdu_ NNp `Z cNhv$ L$pep_y
k`pv$_ L$fphu iL$ R>.
yrsdp L$y R> L$ ep rksp AV$g s NNp A_ Arksp
AV$g epd edy_p _pd b kqfspAp_p kNp\\pe R> ep _p_
L$f_pf h_ qv$e AgpqL$L$h p \pe R>. qv$e AgpqL$L$h AV$g
D`f L$y sd cy khp dpV$ D`epNu qv$e v$l_u p[.
udlpcyA Apop L$fu R> L$ fpkgugp `R>u uL$Z s\p
Np`uS>_p_ \pL$ gpNhp\u sd_p ifuf D`f dfd S>gpAp
Dv$cep. epf `R>u cNhp_ edy_pdp S>m -$uX$p L$fsp s S>mL$Zp
edy_p_p S>m kp\ cmu Nep. NNp_p edy_p kp\ kNd \sp
edy_p S>mdp cmgp s S>mL$Zp (df d S>mpAp) _p NNpdp
`Z Aphi \ep. sd \sp kNd \m _p_ L$f_pf hp_, NNp
`Z kpnps khp`epNu v$l k`pv$_ L$fphu Ap`u_, sd_u `pk cNhv$
khp L$fph R>. s\u sAp `Z cNhp__ re bep R>. edy_p_p
Aphi\u edy_p ke L$pe uNNp `Z L$f sp sdp iy Ape !
NNp_p kNd edy_p kp\ \sp sAp dyfpqf_ re \ep Ahy
L$lhpdp Apey R>. sp iy Ap`Z Ad dp_hy L$ kNd \sp `lgp sAp
cNhp__ Are lsp ? b^p V$uL$pL$pfp A _p S>hpb lp dp Ap` R>.
sAp L$l R> lp NNp Are lsp L$pfZ L$ NNpS>m sp cNhp__y
QfZ npg__y S>m R>. A_ QfZ ^pegy S>m eS>hp epe NZpe.
`fsy dpfu dv$ byq A_ykpf ly Ahy rhQpfy Ry> L$ cNhp__p
QfZp ^pegy S>m QfZpv$L$ L$lhpe A_ QfZpv$L$ sp Aes `rh
NZpe. bpA cy_p `N ^pep. s S>m Aes `rh bey. hN
NNp bey. `N ^pegy S>m `rh _ lpe sp cNhp__p QfZ ^pC_ s
AL$Wy$ L$fu fpMhp S>hy AOqV$s L$pe bp ip dpV$ L$f ? s\u EgVy$ A
44

S>m AV$gy b^y `rh bey L$ v$hp A_ dp_hp b^pS> cL$sp s_ ApM
gNpX$ R>, dp\ d|L$ R>. s_y ApQd_ L$f R>. sdp _p_ L$f R>. Af !
v$hpr^ v$h Ahp dlpv$h sp s S>m_ `psp_p dsL$ D`f ^pfZ L$fu fpM
R>. A S>m cy_ re _ lpe sp kp Ap dpZ L$f Mfp ? A_ L$f
sp cy_ Nd Mfy?
Ap\u NNpS>m QfZ npg__y S>m lphp\u, NNp cy_
Are lsp Ahy L$lhp_y d_ W$uL$ gpNsy _\u. hmu Ap `lgp L$y R> L$
NNp A sp cNhp__p uQfZL$dm$`u L$pfZ_y L$pe R>; L$pfZ L$
sAp uQfZpdp\u D` \ep R>. s\u u_p QfZL$dm $`u
L$pfZdp S> r_v$pjsp, `|Z NyZsp A_ c[s$`sp lpe s b^u NNp
$`u L$pedp lpe S> A_ R> S>. sp `R>u s cy_ Are L$hu fus lpe !
Ap\u dpfu syR> byq A_ykpf, edy_p kp\ kNd \ep s
`lgp NNp cy_ Are lsp Ahy L$lhp_ bv$g ly Ap dpZ L$lui
- ""edy_p kp\ kNd \sp `lgp NNp, cy_ S>V$gp re lsp
s\u h^y re sAp uedy_p kp\_p kNd `R>u \ep. L$pfZ L$ kNd
`lgp sd_pdp depv$pdpN}e dplpe rh`yg dpZdp lsy : `fsy
kNd `R>u s_pdp `y[$dpN}e dplpe Qyf dppdp Aphu Ney. s\u
`y[$ cy_ sAp h^y re bep.
uedy_p kp\ kNd \sp, NNp_ `y[$dpN}e dplpe
rk \ey R> A lL$uL$s R>; A_ A cph uedy_p_p R>. Aphp
Asyrgs cphipmu edy_p_p e\prQs NyZ dplpe Apqv$_y hZ_
L$pZ L$fu iL$? L$pC `Z _l] A_ epf sd_p dplpe_y hZ_ S> _
L$fu iL$pe ep sd_u bfpbfu L$f_pf L$pZ lpC iL$ ? ep
udlpcy_ gdu_p rhQpf Aphsp, Ap`uA L$y, ""L$v$pQ
sd_u bfpbfu (kdp_sp) L$pC L$fu iL$ sp L$hm gdu S> L$fu
iL$. L$pfZ L$ gdu cNhp__u `_u A_ edy_p_u k`_u R>.
A_ sAp AL$gp S> edy_p S>hp kpcpeipmu R>. sAp r_fsf
cy_p v$edp rbfpS> R>. A_ ulqf_u `pv$khp r_e L$f R>. L$v$pQ
45

sdZ ulqf_u `pv$khp L$fhp_p AL$pr^L$pf S>dphu v$u^p R>.

sd R>sp, Ahp A gdu_ `y[$dpN}e gugp kp\ L$pC kb^
_\u. `y[$ cy uL$Z_u gugpAp kp\ sd_p kb^ bly h` R>.
L$hm pfL$pgugpdp sd_p kb^ C iL$pe R>.
hmu gdu r_S> csp_p ApepqdL$ DL$j kp^u iL$sp
_\u. sAp `psp_p csp_ Dd agv$p_ L$fu iL$sp _\u. r_S>
csp_p L$rg kygc v$pjp_ v$|f L$fhp_u hps sp v|$f flu sAp sp sd_
(r_S> csp_) L$rg_p `pidp N|Qhu_ - dpep mdp akphu_ sd_p cps L$f R>. gdu_p csp_ gdu p \sp sAp
cNhp__ c|gu e R>. gdu cNhp__p h`_u sp R> S> `fsy
D`eyL$s Lp$fZhi L$pC`Z cs L$hm gdu_p cs b_sp _\u. s
gdu_pfpeZ_p cs b_ sp s_u cprs dV$ A_ s ApepqdL$ Drs
sfa `Ngp `pX$u iL$.
Ap fus edy_p A_ gdu b_y kpcpe ked lphp R>sp
cy_ gdu L$fsp edy_p h^y re R>. L$pfZ L$ sAp cNhv$ L$pe
L$f R> A_ cNhp__p csp_ c[scph v$p_ L$fu_ sd_u `pk
cNhv$ NyZNp_ L$fphu iL$ R>.
Al] udlpcyA edy_p_ L$qgv$ep L$p R>. L$tgv$ep
AV$g L$rg$`u v$pjp_p _pi L$f_pf A_ A fus csp_ cs_p dpN
Qgph_pf.
Aphp Asyrgs Ae hpmp l edy_p ! Ap` dpfp d_dp kv$p
q\f flp. (q\rs L$fu_ flp) Ap gpL$dp L$prgv$ep iv$ pfp
edy_p ""L$rg kygc v$pj r_hpfL$'' _pd `pQdp Ae_y hZ_
L$fhpdp Apey R>.
Ap fus `pQdp gpL$dp edy_p_y kpe (kdp_sp) L$pC `Z
^fphu _ iL$ Ahy L$lu_, sd_p NyZp Apqv$_y hZ_ L$fhp_u h_u
ApkqL$s L$V$ L$fhpdp Aphu R>. sp `R>u h iy L$fhy ? Ad R> sp
lh uedy_p_ _d_ L$fhp_u cph_p hdp N s dpV$ `Z cNhv$
46

A_yNl_u S>$f fl R>. cy_u L$`p _ \pe ep ky^u hdp

uedy_p_ _d_ L$fhp_u CR>p S> Dv$chsu _\u. Ap\u
udlpcy R>$p gpL$_u i$Aps uedy_p_ _dL$pf L$fu_ L$f R>.
_dp@sy edy_ kv$p sh Qqfdev$cys
_ sy ed-eps_p chrs s `e:`p_s: &&
edp@r` crN_ukysp_ L$\dy l[s vy$$p_r`
rep chrs kh_ps sh lfe\p Npr`L$p: && 6 &&
cphp\ : l edy_ ! Ap`_ kv$h _dL$pf lp. Ap`_y Qqf
Ars Av$cys R>. Ap`_y `e`p_ (S>g_y `p_) L$fhp\u ed-eps_p L$v$u
\su _\u. L$pfZp-`psp_p cpZ Nd sV$gp vy$$ lpe sp `Z edfpS>
sd_ L$v$u _ dpf (ed`pidp _ bp^); Ap`_u khp L$fhp\u, S> fus
L$pepe_u hs L$f_pf Ly$dpqfL$p Np`uS>_p cy_ re bep lsp s fus
h cy_ re b_u e R>.
qhhQ_ : Ap fus uedy_p_y kpe (kfMpdZu) L$pC\u
`Z _ \C iL$ Ahy L$lu_ sd_y Ar^L$ hZ_ L$fhp_u h_u AiqL$s
L$V$ L$fhpdp Aphu R>. e\pepe hZ_ _ L$fu iL$pe sp iy L$fhy ?
sp lh uedy_p_ _dL$pf L$ep rkhpe bu L$pC D`pe _\u. A_
_d_ `Z cNhv$ A_yNl lpe sp S> \pe AV$gp dpV$ R>$p gpL$_u
i$Aps _dpsy iv$\u L$fhpdp Aphu R>.
edy_p csp_p DL$j kp^u Ap` R>. A_ sd_ c[sv$p_
Ap`u_ sd_ Dpf L$f R>. Aphp uedy_p h dp_ dpV$ D`L$pfL$
R>. Ap`Zp D`f S> D`L$pf L$f s_p D`f D`L$pf L$fu_ Ap`Z s_p
F$Zdp\u dyL$s \C iL$uA R>uA. `fsy uedy_p_p A_L$-rh^
D`L$pfp_p eqL$rQs bv$gp hpmu iL$psp _\u. sp `R>u L$fhy iy ? sp L$
b lp\X$u d\y _dphu _dL$pf L$fhp.
`fsy h L$v$pQ edy_p_ _dL$pf L$fhp CR> sp `Z s_p
d_dp edy_p_ _d_ L$fhp_u cph_p \hu Ars vy$gc R>. h_y A
47

kpcpe L$ep\u L$ s edy_p_ _d_ L$fu iL$ ! h L$pC_ `Z epf S>

_d_ L$fu iL$ epf _d_ `p e[s_p dplpe_y op_ lpe. S>dL$
h cNhp__ _d_ S>$f L$fu iL$ R>. hsy cNhrs _d_de L$pe,
_ Ae. L$pfZ L$ cNhp__y dplpe ippdp hZhgy R>. sd_p
dplpe_y op_ \sp sd_ _d_ L$fhp_y h dpV$ kygc b_ R>.
`fsy edy_p_y dplpe epf S> Zu iL$pe epf h_p
`y[$ gugpkr$dp hi \pe. A_ `yr$gugp_ A_yL|$m cph\u s k`
b_. dp Ahy \pe epf S> s edy_p_y dplpe kd_ sd_ _d_
L$fu iL$. Apd, uedy_p_ _d_ L$fhy s `Z vy$gc L$pe R>. s\u Ap
gpL$_p \d QfZdp edy_p_ _d_ L$fhp $`u vy$gc kpcpe_u
p[ dpV$ uedy_p_u p\_p L$fhpdp Aphu R>. Al] _dpsy iv$
p\_p hpQL$ b_u Nep R>. A_ s_p A\ Ap dpZ kdS>hp_p R> hre _d_dr` vy$gc; As: pes &
AV$gp dpV$ sp udlpcyA "l edy_p ! ly Ap`_ _d_
L$fy Ry> Ahy _\u L$y; `fsy uedy_p_ _dL$pf lp Ahy L$y R>. Ahy
L$lu_ Ap`uA `$`Z L$y R> L$ "cNhqep edy_p_ _d_
L$fhp_y Ars vy$gc R>.'
sh Qqf dev$cysd - uL$Z_y Qqf Av$cys R>, ApQpeu
r_b^dp Apop L$f R> - _dp cNhs sd, L$Zpepv$cys L$dZ.
Ap`u Av$cys L$dhpmp L$Z_ _dL$pf L$fhp_u Apop L$f R>. sdp
`$`Z L$y R> L$ L$Z_y Qqf Av$cys R>: `fsy edy_p$L$dp Ap`u
L$l R> L$ sh Qqf dev$cysd A\ps edy_p, sdpfy Qqf Ars
Av$cys R>. Ars Av$cys lphp\u sd_ _d_ L$fhp_y L$pe vy$gc R>.
Ahy rhQpfu_ S> Ap`u L$l R>. uedy_p_ h pfp _d_ \C
iL$ sp cg sd_ _d_ lp.''
Av$cys Qqf L$p'_ L$lhpe ? S>_pdp Akp^__ kp^_ b_phu
v$hp_u i[s lpe s_y Qqf Av$cys L$lhpe. L$pdcph A cNhv$ p[
dpV$_y kp^_ _\u (Akp^_ R>) `fsy Np`uS>_pA L$pdcph\u cNhv$
48

p[ L$fu. (Npe: L$pdhs) A\ps Np`uS>_p_p L$pdcph L$ S> cNhv$

p[ dpV$_p Akp^_ $` R>. s_ cyp[ dpV$_y kp^_ b_phu v$u^y
AV$g L$ Akp^_ Ahp L$pd pfp hS>kyv$fuApA cNhp__ p L$fu
gu^p. A_y L$pfZ A R> L$ sdZ cNhp__ `psp_u L$pdcph_p_p rhje
b_pep Ap\u `cyA L$pd $` sd_pdp hi L$ep. `qfZpd Np`uS>_p_
cNhv$ p[ \C. Aphy L$pe (Qqf) Av$cys L$lhpe L$ _l] ?
`fsy edy_p_y Qqf sp Ars Av$cys R>. AV$g L$ L$Z_p
Qqf\u `Z h^y Av$cys R>. Sy>Ap sp Mfp - L$hm edy_p`p_\u S>
sAp agrkq L$fphu Ap` R>. Al] dplpe op__u L$ cqL$scph
fpMhp_u L$pC ApheL$sp _\u. Aep A^d}_lpC e L$ AZsp
(cph hNf) `Z L$pC s_y `e:`p_ (S>g`p_) L$fu e sp `Z s_
"edeps_pdp\u dy[s' $`u Dd rkq p \pe R>. Ap R> Ars
Av$cys Qqf.
h_ sfk gpN epf s edy_p S>m_y `p_ L$f. sd L$fhp\u
s_u sfk qR>`pe. epf s_ sfk gpN epf s edy_p_p dplpe_
kd_ A\hp `e`p_ L$fhp\u ly ed eps_pdp\u Ry>V$u S>Ci Ahp L$pC
cph\u s edy_p `p_ L$fsp _\u. s_ sfk gpNu R> s rR>`phhp dpV$ S>
s edy_pS>m_y `p_ L$f R>. R>sp Ars Av$cys Qqfhpmp edy_p s_
ed eps_pdp\u dys L$f R>.
edy_p_p `e:`p_\u h edeps_pdp\u dyL$s \pe R> A
bpbs_y L$pC dpZ R> Mfy ? sp L$ lp; R>: Dd dpZ R>. A_ s A
L$ uedy_p k|e_u `yu R>. A_ s k|e`y edfp_u _p_u bl_ R>.
ipdp bl__p bpmL$p_ (cpZ_) `|e dp_hpdp Apep R>.
edy_p_y `e:`p_ L$f_pf edy_p_p bpmL$p NZpe. s b^p edfp_y
cpZ NZpe. ippop dpZ cpZS> Ahe R>. `rh R>. `|e R>.
Ap\u edfp `psp_p cpZ_ (edy_p_y `e:`p_ L$fhp\u sd_p
`y b_gp hp_) eps_p _ S> Ap`. sAp sd_ ed`pi\u _ bp^ A
hpcprhL$ R>. (Agb dpdp L$k Apdp A`hpv$ $` R>)
49

Ap sp sL$ dpZ Apey-gpqL$L$ NZpe shy R> Ap dpZ. sp

A ipps dpZ Ap`hy `X$i. ipdp (edy_p dplpedp) L$y R> rhr_Npphp cpse _fp: `p`L$pqfZp: & sp_l spfreeprd peprd
Q kyfpged A\ps l cpC ! S> `p`uS>_p_ spf rinp L$fhp_u R>. sd_
ly spfui. A_ sd_ kyfpge_u p[ L$fphui. Ap R> sd_y Ars
Av$cys L$pe. `p`u_ sp rinpS> lpe - `fsy sd_ spfu_ kyfpgedp
dpL$ghp_y L$pe L$f_pf_y Qqf Ars Av$cys NZpe.
lL$uL$s A R> L$ uedy_pdp h_ cNhv$ urs_y `p
b_phu v$hp_u i[s R>. A i[s Av$cys NZpe. S> h op_ A_
cph\u lu_ lpe, S> dp hpk_p A_ fk_p_p v$pk lpe, S> S>ddfZ_p hpldp sZpsp lpe, A_ S> Arhp\u Ns lpe v$pjp\u
cfgp lpe shp h_ `Z edy_p cNhv$ p[ k`pv$_ L$fphu Ap`
R>. L$pC kh v$pjp\u cfgp h uedy_p_p v$pk b_u fl sp
edy_p_p hpdu uL$Z_p re`p s b_u e Adp L$pC kv$l _\u.
L$pfZ L$ edy_p_p cy kp\ r_e As|V$ kb^ lphp\u, s_p v$pk_p
ANuL$pf cy Ahe L$f.
edy_p sp c[s h$`p R>. c[sfk_y `p_ (edy_p
S>g`p_) L$f_pf, cNhv$ cs b_ R>. A_ cNhp_ rsop`|hL$ L$l
R> L$ _ d csp: Zers - AV$g L$ dpfp csp_p rh_pi
(ed`pi\u b^_) L$v$u _ \pe.
L$y R> L$ "rep chrs kh_ps - AV$g L$ edy_p_u khp
L$fhp\u h cy_ re \pe R>. L$pC sp bsphp S> Ap fus cy_ re
\ep lpe ! sp kpcmp - `gp L$pepe_u L$p hs L$f_pf Ly$dpqfL$p
A_e`|hp Np`uS>_pA edy_p_y kh_ L$ey. sdZ edy_p _p_, `p_
A_ ep_ L$ey sp sAp cy_ re b_u Nep. cy `ps sd_u `pk
`^pep A_ `psp_p rdg_ ApX$_p AphfZ $`u sd_p hp_y lfZ L$ey.
cyA sd_ ifv$ F$sydp rdg__y hfv$p_ Apey. A_ fpkgugp_u h_y
A_N h^_ Nus kpcmhp_p Ar^L$pf Apep. s_y AL$ dp L$pfZ, A
50

R> L$ sdZ r_$p`|hL$ uedy_p_y kh_ L$ey lsy.

Ap gpL$dp cNhv$ue_p DL$jdp Archq L$fhp_p kpde
$`u uedy_p_p R>$p Ae_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>.
ulqffpe_p `Z AphpS> ds R>. `fsy u`y{$jpd_p ds dpZ
sdp uedy_p r_S> khL$p dpV$ Np`uL$phs cNhv$ reh k`pv$_ $`u
R>y$ Ae R>.
R>$p gpL$dp uedy_p_p h$` kpde_y AdpZ rs`pv$_
L$ey. lh kpsdp gpL$dp cNhp__p recph_ b_hp dpV$ S> ApheL$
A_ hpR>_ue NyZp R> s_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>.
ddpsy sh kq^p s_y-_hhdsphsp
_ vy$gcsdp frsf dyfqf`p dyLy$v$re &&
Asp@sy sh gpg_p kyf-^y_u `f kdps
shh cyrh L$urssp _sy L$v$pr` `y[$[\s: && 7 &&
cphp\ : dyLy$v$ cNhp_ (dy[s Ap`_pf cNhp_ uL$Z)_p l
re ! Ap`_p kpredp dpfp v$l_ _hh_u p[ \ph. AV$g L$ s
gugp`epNu b_ shy \ph. L$pfZL$ s_y _hh \sp, cNhp_ dyfpqfdp
`urs \hu A vy$gc hsy _\u. `fsy ep ky^u s_y _hh_u p[ _\u
\C ep ky^u, l edy_, Ap`_u syrs L$fhpdp Akd\ Ahp ly,
dprsfL$\u spfp NyZp_y kqL$s_ L$fy sp dpfp A gpg_p (_lpv$Npf,
gpX$\u DQpfpegp iv$p) _ Ap` syrs $` dp_u gp.
Ap gpL$dp NNp_p NyZ kqL$s_ Ap`_u kp\ sd_p kNd
\ep `R>u S> \hp gpep R>. Ap`_p kb^ hNf_p AL$gp NNp_u
syrs `y[$csp L$v$u L$fsp _\u.
rhhQ_ : ddpsy sh kq^p s_y _hh - uedy_p_p sV$
_L$ r_hpk L$f_pf, uedy_pdp _p_, `p_ Apqv$ L$fu_ edy_p_y
kh_ L$f R>. sd L$fsp s dy[s\u `Z Ar^L$ Dd Ahu c[s
(cNhv$ rs$` c[s) p L$fu iL$ R>. hsys: edy_p kp\
51

L$pC`Z L$pf kb^ fpMhp\u h L$sp\ b_ R>. uedy_p_p

Apr^cprsL$ S>m h$`_u r_L$V$ q\rs L$fhp\u S> Aphp Age
kpcpe_u p[ \su lpe sp sd_p Apr^v$rhL$ h$`_u r_L$V$ h_u
q\rs \pe sp s_ gugp`epNu _|s_ v$l_u p[ Ahe \pe. Ahy
kd_ Al] Ahp _|s_ v$l_u p[_u epQ_p L$fhpdp Aphu R>.
ulqffpe_p ds dpZ udlpcyA Al] s_y _hh
`v$_p epN L$ep R>, _h s_yh_p epN L$ep _\u. s_y _hh `v$ pfp
Ap`uA Ap S> ifuf _hy b_ Ahu p\_p L$fu R>. Ap ifuf_
bv$g _hy ifuf dm Ahu p\_p L$fhu lps sp Ap`uA _h s_yh
`v$_p D`epN L$ep lps.
uNpLy$g_p\_p ds dpZ s_y _hh AV$g `|h_p v$l_u
r_hq \hu s; A_p A\ L$ `|h v$l_p _pi _ \pe; v$l sp A_p A S>
fl `fsy s v$ldp `lgp S> gpqL$L$ ^dp flsp lsp s_p gp` (r_hq)
\C e A_ sdp AgpqL$L$ ^dp_p Aprhcph \pe. bkb^ \sp
h_ _hp S>d dm R>. - v$l sp A sp A S> fl R>. R>sp _hp
(Apr^cprsL$ S>d R|>V$u_ s_ bv$g ApepqdL$) S>d dm R>. AV$g
L$ kh v$pjp_u r_hq \C h r_v$pj b_u e R>. A_ A r_v$pj
\eg h_p b_u kp\ kb^ L$fphhpdp Aph R>. bk, A_p S>hy S>
Al] kdS>hp_y R>. edy_p_p kh_\u `|h_p v$l_p b^p gpqL$L$ ^dp_u
r_hq \pe R>. A_ AgpqL$L$ ^dp_p Aprhcph \pe R>. v$l bv$gpsp
_\u. A\ps s_y _hhdp ifuf_u kp sp `|hhs fl R>. `fsy s_pdp
flg gpqL$L$h_u r_hr \pe R>. A_ s_pdp AgpqL$L$h_p Dv$e \pe
R>.
AL$ gpqL$L$ Dv$plfZ pfp Ap hps kpfu fus kdC S>i.
dpV$udp\u b_phg L$pQp OX$pdp S>g_ ^pfZ L$fhp_p ^d (iqL$s) lpsp
_\u. `fsy epf s_ A[dp s`phu_ `pL$p b_phhpdp Aph R> epf
sdp shp ^d (i[s) Aphu e R>. L$pQp A_ `pL$p OX$pdp dpV$u A_
ApL$pf L$pf ($`) sp A S> fl R>. R>sp AL$ h$`_u r_hr \C_
52

buSy> _hy h$` s_ dm R>. Ahy S> s_y _hh_y kdS>hy.

s_y _hh `v$ pfp Ahu p\_p L$fhpdp Aphu R> L$ l
edy_p, Ap` Adpfp `|h v$l_ _|s_h (_hu_sp) Ap`p. `|h v$l_p
_pi \C_ S> bu _hp v$l dmhp_p lpe sp Ap v$l_ _hu_sp
(s_y _hh) Ap` Ahy L$lhp_p L$pC A\ _\u. A\ps edy_p_u
kqr^\u S> v$l `lgp gugp`epNu _ lsp s v$l_ gugp`epNu b_phu
v$hp_u p\_p L$fhpdp Aphu R>. "esy' iv$ p\_p hpQL$ R>. esy
AV$g \ph.
A_ S> v$l gugp`epNu \pe sp, AV$gy \hp dp\u S> cydp
frs \hu vy$gc _\u flsu; s kygc b_u e R>. cy_ gugp`epNu
v$l re \i S> A_ Ahp gugp`epNu v$l uedy_p_u kqr^\u S>
\C iL$. S> fus uNykpC_u khL$_u qL$ipfubpC Ahy s_y _hh dey
lsy s fus.
uNykpC_u khL$ Ahp qL$ipfubpC NyS>fps_p AL$ bpZ
Ly$Vy$bdp S>_ep lsp. sd_p r`sp NykpC_p khL$ lsp. s_ b v$uL$fu
lsu. _p_u v$uL$fu_y _pd qL$ipfubpC. r`spA `psp_u b v$uL$fuAp_
NykpC_u khL$ b_phu lsu. s_ qL$ipfubpC re lsu. s\u s_u
`pk s fpS> edy_p$L$_p `pW$ L$fphsp. `fsy qL$ipfubpC_ dp b S>
`[s epv$ flu NC lsu.
rhiy d\yfp sV$ kL$g Np` Np`u hs &
L$`p S>gr^ krs dd d_: kyM cphe &&
r`spA qL$ipfubpC_p rhhpl L$ep. `fsy s_p `rs dfu Nep.
`R>u r`sp `Z dep. qL$ipfu_u dpV$u bl_ s_u v$MfM fpMsu lsu.
`fsy huk hj_u he qL$ipfu_ rismp r_L$ep... s_ L$pfZ s gygugNX$u b_u NC. L$p_\u ApRy> kcmpe. dyM\u kfMy bpgpe _l]. s
p`|hL$ ApMp qv$hk D`eyL$s A^p gpL$_p `pW$ L$ep L$f.
A_ uedy_pA s_p d__y iyc rhQpey. s_ s_y _hh
Apey. s_p A _p A S> v$l gugp`epNu b_phu v$u^p. he edy_p
53

S>_u V$lg L$fsp shp qL$ipfubpC_ s_y _hh _ dm sp bu L$p'_ dm

? gugp`epNu v$l dmsp s khp L$fu iep. cy_u urs k`pv$_ L$fu
iep. b^p `yr$dpN}e hZhp Ap hps Z R>.
s_y _hh_p Aphp A\ R>. A_ uedy_p_u kqr^\u s_y
_hh p \sp, h cy_p `urs `p b_ R>.
Apd sp `fdpdpdp urs \hu A bly vy$gc R>. `fsy epf
uedy_p h_p v$l_ khp`epNu b_phu v$ epf `psp_p Ahp
gugp`epNu v$l_ cy khpdp fpu_p h_, Aes kygcsp\u,
(vy$gcsp\u _l]) cy_u urs p L$f R>.
uedy_p_p r_e kb^ (krr^) \sp, cNhp_dp frs
(c[s) D` \hpdp L$pC rsb^ Aph sp cNhp_ s rsb^p_
v|$f L$f R>. Ahp cph gphhp dpV$ Al] dyfqf`y `v$_p epN L$ep R>. S>d
cyA S>g_p v$pj $` dyf v$p_h_y r_hpfZ L$ey lsy sd edy_p_p
kb^_ L$pfZ h_p b^p v$pjp_y r_hpfZ L$fhp ApX$_p A\hp cNhv$
c[s_u rkq_p dpNdp ApX$ Aphsp b^p rsb^p_y r_hpfZ, Ahe
\i Ahy k|Q_ dyfqf`y `v$ pfp \pe R>. dyf_p DR>v$ L$fhp AV$g
c[s_p (urs_p) dpN ApX$ Aphsp rsb^p_ v|$f L$fhp. dyf
16,000 fpS>L$epAp_u L$Z `fh_u c[s_p dpNdp `rsb^ $`
lsp. s_ dpfu_ cNhp_ A rsb^ v|$f L$ep lsp.
Al] dyLy$v$ re `v$ epS>hpdp Apey R>. dyLy$v$ AV$g dpn v$_pf.
dpn_p A\ dy[s gCA sp `Z `y[$dpN}e hZh dy[s_u L$pd_p L$v$u
_ L$f. A_ S> cNhp_ L$hm dy[s Ap` shp cNhp__u khp _ L$f. s
sp c[s Ap`_pf cNhp__ cS> sp `R>u Al] dy[sv$psp (dyLy$v$)_u
re Ahy ip dpV$ L$y R> ? ly Ry> ep ky^u Np. uNpLy$g_p\A
Ap hps kdhu R>. dy[s AV$g hNhpk L$ L$hm dpn _l]; `fsy
dy[s AV$g `psp_p Ae\p $`_ R>pX$u_ `psp_p (h) $`_ `pdhy s_y
_pd dy[s. A\ps Alsp ddsp\u fpeg h$`_ R>pX$u_ cNhp__p
Ai $`, v$pk$` h$`_ `pmhy s_y _pd dy[s. Ap A\dp dyLy$v$_y _pd
54

ghp_y R>. udlpcyA AS> A\ L$ep R> - rinpgpL$dp As

ucNhv$ hpL$e sfuL$ L$y R> dy[srlhpe\p $`d h$`Z ehq\s &
Aphu dy[s dm AV$g c[s_u p[ \C NZpe. v$pkh
c[s_p `pepdp flgu d|mc|s cph_p R>. s\u Al] dy[s A_ c[s
kdp_p\}iv$p b_u Nep R>.
dy[s (dpn) Ap` R> cNhp_ klS>dp; `fsy s c[s Ap`
R>. S>hgS> L$pC_. A\ps dy[s Ap`hu A cy_u klS> hq R>.
`fsy uedy_p A dyLy$v$_u rep R>. sd_u rep_p A_yfp^\u, s_p
khL$p_ cNhp_ c[s_y v$p_ L$fhp dpV$ bpe b_u e R>. r_S>
resdp_p A_yfp^ \pe `R>u s_p resd s_ dpV$ iy _ L$f ? s\u
Ad kdS>hy L$ uedy_p_p L$`p`p khL$p_ cNhv$frs (c[s) $`u
kpcpe_u p[dp _ sp L$pC rsb^ R> L$ _ L$pC rhgb R>. `y$p _h
rhgbes &
Aspsy sh gpg_p - s_y _hh $`u k`q dmhu Ap`_pf
A_ cNhv$ueh_y k`pv$_ L$fphu Ap`_pf AV$g L$ hs $` c[s
v$p_ L$fhpdp kd\ Ahu l edy_p ! Aepf sp ly AgpqL$L$ ^dp\u kh\p
frls Ry>. sd R>sp ep ky^u dpfp Ap gpqL$L$ cph eyL$s v$ldp\u gpqL$L$
cphp_u r_hq _ \pe (A_ AgpqL$L$ cphp\u eyL$s _hp v$l _ dm)
ep ky^u d Ap`_y dprsie`|hL$ L$fg NyZ kL$us_ (AV$g L$ gpg_p)
_ S> Ap` syrs $` huL$pfp.
dplpe op_`|hL$ L$fg NyZ kqL$s__ syrs L$lhpdp Aph R>;
`fsy L$hg dphidp _uL$mu Neg Dv$Npfp, iv$p_ syrs _ L$lhpe.
s_ sp dp gpg_p L$lhpe. `fsy Ap`_p drldp A_s lphp\u Ap`_u
syrs L$fhp_y h dpV$ AiL$e R>. A_ gpg_p $`u NyZp_y L$us_ `Z
S> ly L$fu fp Ry> s `Z Ap`_u L$`p\u S> \pe R>.
kyf^y_u `f kNdps shh cyrh L$urssp - D`f L$y L$
uedy_p_p drldp A_s lphp_ L$pfZ sd_u syrs L$fhp_y iL$e
55

_\u. A_ edy_p kp\_p kNd_ L$pfZ NNpdp `Z s_y _hh $`u

ag v$p_ L$fhp_u i[s R>. sp `R>u, uNNp_u syrs L$fu_ A S>
am ip dpV$ p _ L$fhy ?
s_p Df A R> L$ edy_p kp\_p kNd\u, NNpdp s_y
_hh v$p_ L$fhp_u AgpqL$L$ i[s Aphu R>. s\u AL$gp NNp_u
syrs L$fhp\u agv$p_ \sy _\u. `y[$dpNdp edy_p\u AgN
NNp_u _ sp syrs \pe R>, _ sd_p drldp Nhpe R>. AV$gp dpV$
L$y R> L$ "_ sy L$v$pr` `y[$ q\s:'
`yfpZpdp NNp-dplpe_y kL$us_ L$fhpdp Apey R>. `fsy s
L$hm NNp_y S> - uedy_p kp\ cmg NNp_y _l]. NNp S>
rkqAp (dpn v$p_ S>hu) Ap` R> s b^u depv$p dpN}e rkqAp R>.
`y[$dpN}e hZhp dpV$ A b^u rkqAp_y L$iy dlh _\u.
`y[$dpN}ep_ dpn _ M`. `y[$dpN _p r_:kp^_ hp_, klS>dpS>
cy_p A_yNl L$fph_pf `y[$cy uL$Z_p kpnpL$pf L$fph R>.
cS>_p_v$ p L$fhp_u CR>phpmp h edy_p_u syrs L$f sp s_
cS>_p_v$_u p[ Ahe \pe. AV$gp dpV$ `y[$dpN}e hpedy_p_u
syrs L$f R>. A_ depv$pdpN}e hp L$hm NNp_u syrs L$f R>.
L$pfZ L$ depv$pdpN}e hp_ edy_p_p h$`_y op_ _\u. cNhp__p
kh ANp kp\ S>d_p kb^ \ep R> (S>mq$X$p pfp) Ahu df-dS>g $`p uedy_p_y h$` sp `y[$ gugp\h lpe s S> Zu iL$.
ulqffpe_p ds A_ykpf Ap gpL$dp cNhv$ reh
k`pv$_ $`u Ae_y hZ_ R>. u`y{$jpd_p ds dpZ Apdp s_y_hh-k`pv$_$`u Ae_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>.
Ap dpZ uedy_p_p kb^\u kh_ dpV$ hv$_ue Ahp
uNNp_u syrs \pe R>. Ap lL$uL$s uedy_p_p cph A_ sp`
bsph R>. Ahp sp`u uedy_p_u syrs L$fhp L$pZ kd\ b_u iL$ ?
Ap dpZ uedy_p_u syrs_u AiL$esp A_ he gdu\u `Z
uedy_p_u DL$$sp bsphsp udv$pQpepQfZ Apop L$f R> 56

syts sh L$fprs L$: L$dg-k`r_ ! re !

lff ev$_ykhep chrs kped Apdpns: &&
Ce sh L$\pr^L$p kL$g-Npr`L$p-kddfd-S>gprc: kL$g-NpS>: kd: && 8 &&
cphp\ : L$dg L$lsp gdu_p k`_u Ahp uedy_ !
Ap`_u syrs L$pZ L$fu iL$ ? (L$pC _l]). L$pfZ L$ `lgp ulqf_y
kh_ (khp) L$fu_ `R>u ugdu_y kh_ L$fhp\u h_ dpn `es_y
kyM p \pe R>. `fsy Ap`_u Ap L$\p (dplpe kL$us__u L$\p) b^p
L$fsp h^y Dd R>. fpkgugp bpv$ kL$g hS>cL$sp kp\ cyA epf
S>gq$X$p L$fu epf cy_ A_ hS>cL$sp_ \eg d_ L$pfZ sd_p
ifuf D`f DcfpC Aphg S>gL$Zp_p S>dp kepN \ep R> Ahp Ap`_p
(edy_p_p) S>gdp _p_ L$fsp csp_p b^p ANp_p kdpNd s df
d S>gpAp kp\ \pe R>. `qfZpd sd_ gugp p[ \ep_p A_ych
\pe R>.
rhhQ_ : uedy_p_u syrs L$fhp L$pC kd\ _\u. yrs L$l
R>, ""esp hpQp r_hss@pe d_kp kl'' AV$g L$ hpZu ep\u d_
kp\ `lpep rh_p S> `pR>u af R>. A_p cph A R> L$ hpZu A_ d_
ep `lpQu iL$sp _ lphp_ L$pfZ fk h$` (fkp h k:) `y{$jpd_u
syrs L$fhp L$pC kd\ _\u. L$pfZ L$ uedy_p_p dplpe_ kdS>hp
dpV$ ep Neg hpZu A_ d_ `Z ep `lpep rh_p `pR>p af R>.
edy_p_u syrs L$pC L$fu iL$ sd _\u. A_y buSy> L$pfZ A R>
L$ edy_p L$dg-k`_u AV$g L$ gdu_u ipL$e R>. ipL$ep_p
hcph `f`f\u rh$ lpe Ahy dp_hpdp Apey R>. gdu
dpZrkq bp_v$ h$` R>. A_y edy_p dep_v$ $` R>. gdu
dpZrk bp_v$ h$` lphp\u hv$hpL$ep_p dpZ\u sd_p
dplpe_y hZ_ L$fu iL$pe R>. `fsy edy_p dep_v$ h$` AV$g L$
`y[$ gugp q\s lphp\u hv$pqv$ dpZp `f R> `qfZpd L$pC`Z
dpZ\u sd_u syrs \C iL$su _\u.
57

S>_p S>V$gp cNhkb^ sV$gu s_u syrs dpV$_u epesp.

cNhp_ kp\ S>_p klS> `Z kb^ _ lpe s_u syrs L$pC L$epfe L$fsy
_\u. hmu S>_p S>V$gp cNhp_ kp\ e|_pr^L$ kb^ lpe s_p
dpZdp s_u e|_pr^L$ syrs \pe R>. S>_p cNhkb^ Ar^L$ lpe s
Ar^L$ syrs`p A_ S>_p cNhkb^ e|_ (ApR>p) lpe s e|_
syrs`p b_ R>. gdu_p r_hpk kv$p khv$p cNhp__p v$edp S>
R>. sd_p cNhv$ kb^ kss A_ Arsie h^y R>. Ap\u gdu
Arsie syrs`p bep R>.
uedy_p_p kb^ `Z cNhp_ kp\ kss (gugp\gu
lphp\u) fl R> A_ s gdu_p S>hp kpcpe hpmp R>. `fsy sd_y
`y[$dpN}e dplpe d_ A_ hpZu\u kd iL$pe shy _ lphp\u
sd_u syrs L$fu iL$psu _\u.
L$dg k`_u re - gdu A_ edy_p b_y kdp_
kpcpe R>. A bpbsdp bdp kdp_sp R>. s dmsp uedy_p
gdu L$fsp Ar^L$ ip dpV$ NZpe R> ? s_y L$pfZ A R> L$ gdu
cNhp_ kp\_p r_L$V$ kb^_u bpbsdp A_ kpcpe k` lphp_u
bpbsdp S> edy_p kp\ kdp_sp ^fph R>; Ae bpbspdp _l].
cy reh_u bpbsS> gp. edy_p dpV$ rep iv$ hp`ep R>.
gdu dpV$ A iv$ cpe S> h`fpeg lpe R>. lL$uL$sdp cNhv$
reh_u bpbsdp gdu s_p\u hrQs R>. cNhp_ (cpNhsdp)
vy$hpkp dyr__ L$y R> _pldpdp_ dpipk dv$ cs: kp^yrcrh_p &
re Qpd_pL$] fpS>_ ! Ajp Nrsfl `fd &&
AV$g L$ dpfp kp^y csp rkhpe d_ he dpfpdp A_ dpfu
Aes r_L$V$ flgu gdudp `Z $rQ _\u.'' Ap fus rhQpfsp gdu
depv$p cL$sp L$fsp `Z e|_ R> Ahy kprbs \pe R>. sd R> sp
`y[$dpNdp q\s cNhv$ rep uedy_p rs cNhv$ resp_u
58

bpbsdp gdu_y iy \p_ lpC iL$ ?

Ap fus uedy_p gdu\u Ar^L$ R>. A `dpZ krls
kprbs \pe R>. AV$gy S> _l] ag v$p__u [$\u `Z edy_p
gdu\u $ R>. A hps kdS>hp dpV$ A Zhy S>$fu R> L$ s b
L$hp L$pf_p ag_y v$p_ L$fu iL$ R>.
lfev$_y khep chrs kpedp dpns: A\ps `lgp ulqf_u
khp L$ep `R>u gdu_u khp L$fhp\u dpn `es_y kyM p \pe R>.
Adp _pfpeZ_u khp L$ep `R>u gdu_u khp L$fhp_u R>. s\u
_pfpeZ_u khp dye R> A_ gdu_u khp NpZ R>.
A fus L$fg gdu_u khp\u dpn p\pe R>. `fsy s_p\u
u`y{$jpd kp\ kpeye p[_y ag p \sy _\u. s_p\u sp dp
kpgpL$e, kp[$ A_ kprde A Z L$pf_p dpn S> p \pe R>.
c[sdpN}e fus cNhp__u khp L$fhp\u S> Qp\p L$pf_p AV$g L$
kpeye dpn p \pe R>; bu L$pC fus _l]. udv$pQpe `$`Z
Ap hps L$lu R> - Apqv$d|rs: L$Z Ah ke: kpeye L$peep A\ps
kpeye_u L$pd_p L$fhphpmpA Apqv$d|rs L$Z_u S> khp L$fhu. s
rkhpe bu L$pC fus kpeye ag p[ \su _\u.
D`f L$y sd cNhp__u khp L$ep `R>u gdu_u khp
L$fhp\u kpgpL$e Apqv$ am dm. `fsy cNhp_ rh_p L$hm
gdu_u khp L$fhpdp Aph sp s am (dpn) `Z p _ \pe.
`y{$jpd rh_p gdu_u khp A sp L$hm rhc|rs_u khp R>.
rhc|rs$` gdu_u khp L$fhp\u sAp `psp_p cL$s_ ^_ k`q_y
v$p_ L$f. `fsy dpn p L$fphu _ iL$. A_ ^_ p L$fphu_ sAp
h_ rhjepkL$s b_phu v$ R>; kkpfdp s_u Apk[s h^pfu v$ R>.
`qfZpd dpn p[dp Ahfp^L$ b_ R>. kkpf e_u Apk[s dpn
p[dp rh_L$sp R>.
s\u EgVy$ edy_p L$hy ag v$p_ L$f R> s_u L$\p Zhu
S>$fu R>. Ce sh L$\pr^L$p - pfp A kdS>hp_y R> L$ edy_p pfp
59

agv$p__u A L$\p Ar^L$ Dd R>. Dd AV$gp dpV$ R> L$ edy_p

kpeye L$pf_p dpn L$fsp `Z Ar^L$ Dd Ahp cS>_p_v$_ p
L$fphu Ap` R>. lqf_p csp dpn_ `Z BR>sp _\u. sApsp
cS>_p_v$ `pdhp CR> R>. A_ edy_p sd_ cS>_p_v$ (h$`p_v$)
p L$fphu Ap` R> s L$hu fus s_u L$\p kpcmp fpkf fk$` cNhp_ uL$Z fpkfu fp^p s\p fk$`p
kL$g Np`uS>_p kp\ fpkgugp, frsq$X$p sdS> S>g$uX$p Apqv$ $uX$pAp
L$fu R>. kh Np`uL$pAp kp\ kNd \sp A\ps sd_ df_p d
`lpQhp\u hv$ S>g_p AAp (L$Zp) D` \ep. A b^p df d
S>gpAp Np`uS>_p A_ Np`uS>_ hc (L$Z_p) Npp D`f D`
\ep R>. epf `R>u s b^pA S>g$uX$p L$fu epf s b^p df d
S>gpAp_p kNd edy_p_p S>g kp\ \ep. hpshdp uedy_p Ap
hv$S>g_p kNd $` R>. s cNhp__y L$rgkrggS> R>. edy_p
dplped s_p DM L$rgkrggrs _pd\u S> \ep R>. Ap dpZ
kh\u Dd rhgnZsp uedy_pdp R>. s\u s kv$p cNhv$ fk\u
`|Z fl R>. sAp cNhv$ fk `|Z lphp\u r_S> csp_ `Z sAp
cNhv$ fk_y v$p_ L$fu iL$ R>.
s\u edy_p_p S> csp edy_p S>mdp _p_ L$f sd_p b^p
Npp kp\ edy_pdp AL$ $` b_gp df d S>gpAp (hv$
S>gL$Zp)_p kNd \pe R>. `qfZpd sAp cNhv$ fk kp\ kb^ `pd
R>.
gdu kpeye dy[s rkhpe bpL$u_u Z L$pf_u dy[s_y
v$p_ L$fu iL$ R>. `fsy epf S> epf sd_u khp W$pLy$f_u khp L$ep
`R>u A\hp W$pLy$f kl khp L$fhpdp Aph spS>. `fsy edy_p sp
hs fus cNhv$ fk_y (c[s fk_y) v$p_ L$fu iL$ R>.
Ap fus Ce sh L$\pr^L$p iv$p pfp edy_p_p khpspr^L$
DL$j_u L$\p L$lhpdp Aphu R>. hLy$W$dp q\s ulqf_p hn:\m $`
AL$ S> Aheh kp\_p kb^ fpM_pf gdu_u A`npA ulqf_p
60

fpd fpd kp\ kb^ fpM_pfp uedy_p_u Ap L$\p bly rhQnZ R>.
uedy_p pfp S> fk p \pe R> s fk_u kpd kL$g bpX$_u b^u
fk_ur^ L$hm fkpcpk kd cpk R>.
Ap gpL$dp cy-d-S>g-kb^u eyL$s Ahp uedy_p_p
AsfN N|Y$ h$`_u ArceqL$s Z rhijZp\u \pe R>. (1) kL$g
Npr`L$p kNd, (2) df d S>gprc: A_ (3) kL$g NpS>:
kNd. V|$L$dp uedy_p `fd L$p$p` `y[$dpN_u AsfN cNhv$uep
R>. s ldip df d S>g tbvy$ $`u fk\u `qf`|Z fl R>. s\u r_S>
khL$p_ s, A fk_u A_yc|rs L$fphu iL$ R>.
ulqffpe_p ds dpZ Ap gpL$dp uedy_p_p s_y_hh
k`pv$_ $` Ae_y r_fpL$fZ L$fhpdp Apey R>. A_ u`y{$jpd_p
ds dpZ ulqf_p gugpL$prg_ d-S>g-tbvy$Ap kp\_p kb^_y
k`pv$_ L$fphhp $`u Ae_p DM R>.
Ap fus L$rgv$pj lpqfZu - `fp`L$pfuZu, A$rh^
Ae^pqfZu, kL$g rkq v$pre_u uedy_p_u syrs $` Ap
edy_p$L$d_p `pW$ L$fhp\u dmsp am_y r_$`Z Arsd gpL$dp L$fhpdp
Apey R> shp$L$d Cv$ dyv$p `W$rs k|fk|s ! kv$p
kds-vy$qfs-nep chrs h dyLy$v$ frs: &&
sep kL$g-rkqep dyfqf`yQ ksyers
hcph-rhS>ep chv$ hv$rs hc: ulf: && 9 &&
cphp\ : l k|e_p `yu (edy_p), sdpfp Ap ps-AV$L$_p
k rQ `pW$ L$f_pf_p b^p `p`p_p ne \pe R>. A_ cNhp_
dyLy$v$dp s_u r_e`Z frs \pe R>. A_ dyLy$v$dp frs p \hp\u s_
khpdcph Apqv$ b^u rkqAp Ap`dm p \C e R>. s D`fps
dyfqf`y cNhp_ krls sd_p hprd_u hN `Z ksy$ \pe R>. AV$gy S>
_l] hcph_p rhS>e \pe R>. Ahy ulqf_ re uhc L$l R>.
rhhQ_ : edy_p$L$d_p Ap Arsd gpL$dp "shp$L$d Cv$' `v$
61

R>. s_p A\ R>. ""sdpfy Ap A$L$'' s_p cph A L$ l edy_p, sdpfu

syrs L$fsp OZp A$L$p fQpep R> A_ fQpi; `fsy sdpfp A$L$ (S>
udlpcyA fey R> A$L$) _p `pW$ L$fhp\u sdp bsphg ag p[
Ahe \i. Mpk L$fu_ ApW$dp gpL$dp sh L$\pr^L$p df d S>gp
kp\ kNd \sp cNhugp_p A_ych \hp s - ag_u p[ Ae L$pC
A$L$ pfp \su _\u. S>Nv$ Nyfy Ap iL$fpQpeA `Z uedy_p_y
sp fey R>. `fsy S> spdp uedy_p_p e\p\ h$`_p `qfQe
L$fhpdp Apep lpe s sp pfp S> b^p ag p \C iL$.
uhc rhfrQs edy_p$L$d_p `pW$, k rQ r_e
r_ed`|hL$ L$fhp\u A_p _hdp gpL$dp NZphg `pQ am sp r_[s
$` p \i. (1) kds vy$qfsp_p ne \i, (2) dyLy$v$dp frs \i,
(3) kL$g rkqAp_u p[ \i, (4) dyfqf`p kspj `pdu_ h_p
c[scph ApX$ Aphsp b^p Asfpep_ v|$f L$fi A_ (5) hcph_p
rhS>e \i.
kds vy$qfs nep - b^p vy$qfs AV$g L$ `p`p_p ne \pe. yrs
L$l R> - ""_fpZp nuZ `p`p_p L$Z c[s es'' AV$g L$ S>_p
`p`p nuZ \ep R> Ahp hp_ L$Zc[s Ahe p \pe R>.
bkb^ L$fhp\u b^p v$pjp (`p`p)_u r_hq Ap`pAp` \pe
R>. Ahy S> Al] kdS>hy. S> h Ap A$L$_p `pW$ L$f s_p b^p `p`p
nuZ \C e R> A_ S>_p `p`p_u r_hq \C R> Ahp h klS>dp
cNhv$ c[s p L$fu g R>. ep ky^u hd `p` fl ep ky^u sdp
A `p` cNhv$ c[s_u p[dp rsb^$` b_u fl R>. `fsy S>hp s
_$ \ep L$ sfs S>, r_`p` Ahp h cNhv$ c[s `pd R>.
yrs Ahy `Z L$l R> L$ ""op_pq: kh L$dprZ cdkpL$y$s
e\p - AV$g L$ op_ $`u A[ hX$ (d_ye_p) b^p L$dp (`p`L$dp)
cdkps \C e R>. sp`e A L$ op_p[ hX$ h_p b^p `p`L$dp_u
r_hq Ahe \pe R>. `fsy op_p[ bly L$$ rk R>. A_ s p
L$fhpdp kde `Z OZp gpN R>. `fsy Ap A$L$_p `pW$ L$fhp\u h_p
62

b^p `p`p kOmp _pi `pd R>. A_ sdp OZp ApR>p kde gpN R>.
s\u op_ p[ pfp `p`p_p _pi L$fhp L$fsp Ap A$L$_p `pW$ L$fu_
`p`p_p _pi L$fhp A h dpV$ kfm A_ klS> lphp\u s h^y DL$$
R>.
dyLy$v$ frs : dyLy$v$dp frs \pe R>. S>_p `p` _$ \ep lpe s_u
`urs dyLy$v$dp \pe A hpcprhL$ R>. dyLy$v$ AV$g dpnv$psp, cy.
kp^pfZ fus dyLy$v$ cNhp_ kh_ dpn_y v$p_ L$f R>. `fsy A$L$_p `pW$
L$f_pf D`f k \C_ s s_ c[s (frs)_y v$p_ L$f R>. Ap A$L$_p
`pW$ L$f_pf D`f s ip dpV$ k \pe R> ? AV$gp dpV$ L$ uedy_p
s_u rep R>. edy_p cy_ r_e re R>. A_ Arsie re R>. s\u
`psp_u resdp_p (uedy_p_p) DL$j_y v$p_ L$f_pf (edy_p$L$d_p
`pW$ L$f_pf) D`f, csp_p rsb^p_ v|$f L$f_pf dyfqf`y, Ahe k
\pe A_ k \C_ s, A `pW$ L$f_pf_ dy[s_ bv$g c[s Ap`
sdp iy Ape !
sep kL$g rk^ep : Ap sp_p `pW$ L$fhp\u s_p `pW$ L$f_pf
D`f cNhp_ k \C_ s_ iy am Ap` ? cNhp_ k \pe sp s_
d_hprR>s am Ap`. h dpN L$ _ dpN `fsy cNhp_ s_ kL$g
rkqAp_y v$p_ L$f. gpqL$L$ rkqAp_y _l]; `fsy AgpqL$L$ rkqAp_y
v$p_ L$f. edy_p_ `Z kL$grkq lsy _pd\u ApmMphhpdp Apep
R>. Ahu ApW$ AgpqL$L$ rkqAp p L$fu_ h cNhugpAp_p
A_ych L$fu iL$ A_ s_u cNhv$ frs Y$ \pe.
dyfqf`y ksyers : A\ps dyf v$p_h_p vy$d_ Ahp dyfpqf
ksy$ \C_, Ap A$L$_p `pW$ L$f_pf D`f k \pe R>. A_ s_
cNhv$ p[ L$fph R>, shp h_p cNhv$ p[_p dpNdp Asfpe v|$f
b_sp b^p rsb^p_ s v|$f L$f R>.
cNhp_dp S>_y d_ r_$ \ey lsy Ahu 16,000
fpS>L$epAp_ L$Z_u p[dp Asfpe $` Ahp dyf v$p_h_ cNhp_
lep. A_ `psp_u p[dp flsp Asfpep v|$f L$ep. `qfZpd
63

sL$epAp_ L$Z_u p[ \C. sp`e A L$ Ap A$L$_p `pW$ L$fhp\u

ksy$ \eg cNhp_ dyfpqf A `pW$ L$f_pf_p cNhv$ p[ ApX$_p b^p
rsb^p v|$f L$f R>.
Ap `v$dp "Q' Anf R>. Q AV$g `Z. s_p cph A R> L$ L$hm
dyfpqf AL$gp _l] `Z cNhp__u bu b^u hprd_uAp `Z
A$L$_p `pW$ L$f_pf h D`f k \pe R>. cNhp_ s_p D`f AV$gp
dpV$ k \pe R> L$ h cNhp__u resdp_u syrs L$f R> A_ Ap
A$L$_p `pW$ L$f R>. hprd_uAp s_p D`f AV$gp dpV$ k \pe R>
L$ sd_ (L$pepe_u hs L$f_pf Ly$dpqfL$pAp_) `Z edy_p Aes re
R>. edy_p_y kh_ L$fhpdp\u sd_ (Ly$dpqfL$pAp_) cNhv$ p[ \C
A_ `R>u\u fpkpkhdp cNhv$ A_yc|rs `pdhp_y kpcpe p \ey.
S>_p kh_ A_ kpqe\u sd_ Aphy dlv$ kpcpe p \ey shp
edy_p sd_ ip dpV$ re _ lpe? A_ `psp_ S> Aes re lpe
s_p Npfh_y Np_ L$f_pf D`f A_ s_p DL$j_y Nus Np_pf D`f s ip
dpV$ k (ksy$) _ \pe ? V|$L$dp dyfqf`y ksyers_p A\ R> dyfpqf A_ hprd_u hN b kspj `pdu k \pe R>. A_ S>_u D`f
sAp k \pe s_ dpV$ c[scph Aes kygc b_phu v$ sdp iu
_hpC ? Ahp h, cNhv$ p[ Aes kfmsp\u L$fu iL$ R>.
hcph rhS>ep chv$ - A\ps hcph_p rhS>e \pe R>.
L$p'_p hcph_p qhS>e \pe R> ? (1) edy_p_p hpdu dyfpqf_p L$
edy_p$Ld_p r_e `pW$ L$f_pf edy_p_p csp_p hcph_p qhS>e
\pe R> ? sp L$ b_p hcph_p rhS>e \pe R>. L$hu fus ?
`lgp dyLy$v$ cNhp__p hcph_p rhS>e \pe R>. dyLy$v$ cNhp_
epf h D`f k \pe epf sAp s_ dpV$ cpN sp dy[s_y v$p_ L$f
R>. dyLy$v$ iv$_p A\ Ap dpZ L$fhpdp Aph R> - dpn (dyL$) v$v$prs
Crs dyLy$v$ AV$g L$ dpn v$_pf_ dyLy$v$ L$l R>. dpn Ap`hp A dyLy$v$_p
hcph R>. cNhp_ k \pe epf h_ dpn (dy[s) Ap`, c[s
_l]. c[s_ sp Ape NZhpdp Aphu R>. cNhp_ kp\ kb^
64

L$fph_pf cph_ c[s L$lhpdp Aph R>. Ahp cph klS> kpe _\u;
s sp rhfg R>. rhfg R> s\u kv$e R>.
S>_p D`f cy sy$ (k) \pe s_ s dy[s Ap` R>. `fsy
S>_p D`f Arsie sy$ \pe (ksy$ \pe) s_ sAp c[s Ap` R>.
hcph\u S> dpn_y v$p_ L$f_pf dyLy$v$ `psp_ Arsie re Ahp
uedy_p_p NyZp_y kqL$s_ \sy kpcmu_ Aes kspj `pd R>. A_
`psp_p hcph\u rh`fus sAp s h_ rhfg A_ s\u Av$e Ahu
c[s_y v$p_ L$fu s_ L$sp\ L$f R>. Ap fus cNhp__p hcphdp
`qfhs_ \pe R>.
lh h_p hcph_y `qfhs_ L$hu fus \pe s CA. hdp
cy_p ks rQs (kqQv$pi) Ai_p Aprhcph R>. A_ Ap_v$pi
rsfprls flgp R>. AV$gp dpV$ s_ h L$lhpdp Aph R>, Apdp _l].
hcph_ Ap fus kdep R> - Ap_v$pisy `|hdh rsfprls e_
hcph AV$g L$ Ap_v$pi S>_pdp rsfprls R> (Ahp Apdp) s_
hcph L$lhpdp Aph R>. Arhp_ L$pfZ Apdpdp hcph Aph R>.
A\ps Arhp A S> h_p hcph R>. AV$gp dpV$ sp h_
hcph\u vy$$ L$lhpdp Apep R>. hp: hcphs: vy$$p: - h
hcph\u (Arhp_ L$pfZ) vy$$ R>. epv$ fpMp h$`\u (ddhpip cy_p Ai lphp\u) s vy$$ lfNuS> _\u. h$`\u sp s cNhp__p
Ai R>.
Ahp hcph\u vy$$ h uedy_p$L$d _p r_e rs `pW$
d`|hL$ k rQ (dyv$p) L$f sp, uedy_p e Aes urs
^fph_pf A_ uedy_p_p d\u rhhi b_g cNhp_, s_p DL$j_y
Nus (edy_p$L$d_p `pW$) kpcmu_ s h_p v$edp Aprhcys \pe
R>. A_ cNhp_ sp Ap_v$ dp L$f `pv$ dyMpv$fp qv$ R>; cNhp_ sp
`|Zp_v$ R>. h_p v$edp `|Zp_v$_p Aprhcph \sp s_pdp flgu
`gu `Q `hpdL$ Arhp cpNu e R>. sd \sp h_p h`Zp_u
r_hr \pe R>. h L$sp\ \C e R>. s_p vy$$ hcphdp `qfhs_
65

\sp s cNhv$ cphphi hpmp b_ R>. s_p hcph_p rhS>e \pe R>.
lh AL$S> hps kdS>hp_u bpL$u fl R>. "hcphdp `qfhs_
L$fphu Ap`hy A vy$:kpe L$pe R>. Ahy vy$:kpe L$pe L$hm AL$ sp
(edy_p$L$d) _p `pW$ L$fhp\u rkq \pe Ahy dp_u iL$pe Mfy ? A\ps
hcph rhS>epchs A cph dpV$_y L$pC dpZ R> Mfy ? sp L$ lp;
ipdp Aphp hpL$ep_ dpZ dp_hpdp Apey R>. ""AphpL$edh
dpZd'' S> Apj$pA S> ke_u rssu `ps s L$fu lpe s ke_
s `ps eL$s L$f sp s_p A iv$p Ap hpL$e L$lhpe. cNhp_ kp\
r_e kb^ fpM_pf S> cNhp__p h$`_ Zu iL$ A_ s ep
`R>u `psp_p A_yc|rs_ s hpZu pfp eL$s L$fu iL$.
udv$ hc_ kpnps cy_p r_e kb^ R>. Ap` uL$Zed
NZpe R>. Ap` ulqf_p hc (re) R>. A_ Ap`u `ps S> L$l R>
""hv$rs hc ulf:'' AV$g L$ ulqf_ re hc Ap L$l R>. A_
u hc S> L$l R> s dpZ R>. sd_p L$\_dp keh_u surs \hu
A p_p rhje R>; A byq_p rhje _\u. Ap hpL$e_y dpZh
p S>r_s R>. A_ hdp p_p Dv$e \hp A cNhv$ A_yNl rh_p
kcrhs _\u. cNhv$ A_yNl D`f v$i, L$pg L$ L$d Apqv$ L$ip_y
r_eZ _ lpC iL$, A_ _\u S>. ApV$gy kdS>ip sp "hv$rs hc
ulf' _ dpZ (Ap hpe) dp_u iL$ip.
Al] uedy_p$L$d_y rhhfZ `yfy \pe R>. Nyfyv$h_u
(uhc_u) L$`p\u A \C iL$ey R>. sp bpgp.
epdkyv$f uedy_ dlpfpZu L$u S>e....
S>e uL$Z....

66

2. bpgbp^
_hp lqf kv$p_v $ kh r kpsk N l d &
bpgbp^_p\pe hv$prd kyrhr_[sd &&1&&
^dp \ L $pddp n pephpfp @ \p d_urjZpd &
hfrhQpfZ q^p s rl rhQpqfsp: &&2&&
AgpqL$L$psy hv$psp: kpekp^_keysp: &
gpqL$L$p F$rjrc: psps\hfrinep &&3&&
gpqL$L$psy heprd hv$pv$pp es: q\sp: &
^dipprZ _urs L$pdipprZ Q $dps &&4&&
qhN k p^L$p_urs _ sqZ e Des &
dpn Qhpqf ipprZ gpqL$L$ `fs: hs: &&5&&
q^p hss kpeepNp L$urssp &
epNpepNrhcpN_ kpe epN: L$uqss: &&6&&
Alspddsp_pi kh \ p r_fl L $ sp &
h$`\p ev$p h: L$sp\: k r_Ns &&7&&
sv$\ q$ep L$prQs `yfpZ@r` r_$r`sp &
F$rjrcbly^p psp agdL$dbps: &&8&&
AepN epNdpNp rl epNp@r` d_kh rl &
edpv$esy L$sep: rk epN L$sp\sp &&9&&
`fpeZ dpnsy q^p kp@r` r_{$es &
bp bpZsp epssy`Z kykes &&10&&
s kh\p _ Qp@@_ ip qL$rQvy$v$ufusd &
As: rih rh S>Nsp rlsL$pfL$p &&11&&
hsy_: q\rsklpfp L$pep iphsL$p &
bh spi edps khpdL$sepqv$sp &&12&&
r_v$p j `| Z N y Z sp sR>p sep : L $ sp &
cpNdpnag v$psy isp phr` er` &&13&&
67

cpN: rih_ dpnsy rh_rs rhr_e: &

gpL$@r` ecycys s eR>rs L$rlrQs &&14&&
Arsrepe sv$r` v$ues hrQv$ h rl &
r_esp\ v$p_ _ sv$ueh sv$pe: &&15&&
eL$ kp^_Qss qsuep\ dlp_ d: &
hp: hcphsp vy$$p v$pjpcphpe khv$p &&16&&
hZv$pqv$ ss: Zp kh L$pe rl rkers &
dpnsy kygcp rhZpcpN rihss\p &&17&&
kd`Z_p@@d_p rl sv$ueh chyhd &
Asv$uesep Qp@r` L$hgkdpqs: &&18&&
sv$peesv$ueh b y e qL $ rQkdpQf s &
h^dd_yrs$_ h cpfNyede\p &&19&&
Ceh L$r\s kh _sop_ cd: `y_: &&191/2&&
&& Crs udgcpQperhfrQsp bpgbp^: k`|Z: &&

_hp lqf AV$g L$ ulqf_ _dL$pf L$fu_ `R>u, dpfp Nyfyv$h

uhgc, dpfp S>hp bpmL$p_p e dpV$ "bpgbp^' _pd S> N\gep R>
s_p cph kdS>hp dpV$ ly e\piL$e e_ L$fui.
jpX$iN\p A\ps "hgc Nusp' dp \d N\R>
"uedy_p$L$d' A syrs N\R>. sdp udlpfpZu_u syrs L$fhpdp
Aphu R>. uedy_p sp L$Zc[s_y kpnps h$`. S> L$pC h
uL$Z_u c[s `pdhp dpV$ AV$g L$ ""L$Z^fpdsphpv$'' _u pq
L$fhp dpV$ CRy>L$ lpes h k rQ (dyv$p) uedy_p$L$d_p `pW$
L$fhp. sd L$fsp, r_:iL$`Z s_ "dyLy$v$ frs' \i; A lL$uL$s R>. A_
uL$Zdp frs p \sp AV$g L$ "h uL$Z-fk-rhrn-dp_k
hpmp b_u S>sp, s h_ `yr$c[s `|Z Ai p \i.
uedy_p_u L$`p\u h_ `yr$c[sdp hi dm R>.
`yr$c[sdp h_p hi L$fphu iL$ L$p sp hprd_u h$`
68

uhgc A\hp Qsy\ L$Zrep uedy_p. A fus kdS>sp,

uedy_p A_ uhgc kdp_ ^d}R>.
`yr$c[sdp hi dep `R>u, h Ad rhQpfhp_y R> L$ d_
`yr$c[sdpNdp hi sp dep lh A dpN D`f Qpgu_ dpf L$ep
`lpQhp_y R>. A\ps dp_hh__y Arsd ee iy R> ? cyA L$`p
L$fu_ Ap`Z_ dp_h v$l Apep R>. s v$l hX$ Ap`Z L$hp A_ L$ep
`yfyjp\ L$fhp_p R> ? Ap`Z iy L$fuA sp Ap`Zp Chfv$ Ap
dp_hv$l kp\L$ \pe ?
Ap b^p _p_p eyf AL$ S> R>. A_ s A L$ dp_h_p
(h_p) Arsd `yfyjp\ R> "dpn pq L$fhp_p' h ^d_p dpN
Qpgu_, A\ pq A_ L$pd pq L$fu_ As dpn pq L$fu ghp_u R>.
h_ epf dpn pq \pe epf s_y h_ kp\L$ \ey NZpe. AV$g L$
h_ S>epf `psp_p Ae\p h$` (ly)_y rhdfZ \pe A_ `psp_p
Akg h$` (sy L$Z) _y cp_ \pe epf (epf s `psp_u s_
cNhv$ Ai $` ApmMu g epf) s_ dmg v$l kp\L$ \pe. `yfyjp\
\pe dp_h v$l\u. A_ AV$gp dpV$ dp_h v$l_ Ad|e dpep R>.
kpQy S> L$y R> L$ Ajp byqdsp byqd_ujp Q d_urjZpd &
eked_s_l de_p_prs dpdsd &&
udv$ cpNhs_p ArNepfdp L$^_p 29dp Aepe_p 22dp
gpL$dp L$y R> L$ ""rhhL$u `y{$jp_p (hp_p) rhhL$ A_ Qsyf `y{$jp_u
QsyfpC_u `fpL$p$p Adp\u v$MpC Aph R> L$ shp `y{$jp, `psp_p
rhipiu A_ Ake Ahp ifuf hX$, dpfp S>hp (`fdpdp) Arh_piu
A_ `fd ke sh_ p L$fu g R>. kpQ S> h_ dmg dp_h v$l_
epf S> kp\L$ b_phu iL$pe epf s_p hX$ dp_h dpn `y{$jp\_u pq
L$fu g.
dpn AV$g hN pq _l]. dpn_u syg_pdp hN pq sp
AL$ nyL$ hsy R>. h_p dpn A
69V$g Ap`Zp Nyfyv$h uhgc pfp

Ap`Z_ A`peg Nd (r_hv$_ d) dp bspep dpZ (1) Ap

`Q_p b^p Alsp-ddspde `v$p\p A_ Apdp krls `psp_p
khh_y kd`Z cNhp_ L$Z_p QfZdp L$fu_ A_ (2) uL$Z_y
v$pkh huL$pfu_, s\p (3) L$Z_u S> _l`|hL$ khp L$fu_, s_p`
(sv$ueph) `pdhy s. "ly' _y \p_ "sy' g s_y _pd sv$ueh. A_
sv$ueh AV$g S> dpn. Ahp dpn L$hm kd`Z\u S> dm Ahy dpfp
Nyfyv$h d_ bpgbp^ N\dp L$y R>. Ap`u Apop L$f R> kd`Z_pd_p rl sv$ueh chv$ ^yh &
udv$pQpeQfZ Ap "bpgbp^' N\_ "kh rkpsp_p kpfkNl$` NZpep R>. Ap`uA c[sdpN D`f `p `p `Ngu `pX$sp,
dpfp S>hp L$v$pQ sdpfp S>hp `Z, Aby^ bpmL$p_ c[sdpN_p
rkpsp_p AL$X$p OyV$pX$hp dpV$ Ap N\_u fQ_p L$fu R>. AV$gp dpV$ sp
Ap`uA sdp, Qsy:gpL$u_u dpaL$, h_p AgpqL$L$ `y{$jp\p_y r_$`Z
_\u L$ey. bpgbp^ N\dp gpqL$L$ `y{$jp\p_y A_ sdp `Z Mpk L$fu_
Arsd `y{$jp\, dpn_y r_$`Z bpmL$p kd iL$ A fus L$ey R>.
A_p A\ Ahp _\u \sp L$ Ap N\dp hedp bpmL$p A S>
hpQhp_p R> s `ys he_p hp dpV$ _\u. bpmL$ AV$g hedp bpmL$
Ahp A_p A\ kdS>hp_p _\u. bpmL$ AV$g "op_dp bpmL$' A\hp
"kdS>dp bpmL$' Ahy kdS>hp_y R>. A fus rhQpfsp, Ap`Zpdp\u
L$V$gp hZhp `yr$dpN_p N|Y$ rkpsp_ kdS>hp S>V$gu `ys Jdf_p R>
? OZp \pX$p - bpmL$ NZpe. Ahp r_S> bpmL$p D`f L$`p L$fu_
ApQpeuA, c[sdpN_p kh rkpsp_p kpf $`, Ap N\sd_ Apep
R>.
bpgbp^ N\_u fQ_p L$fhp `pR>m udlpcy_y iy epS>_
lsy s Zu ghp\u Ap`Z_ kp_ A lL$uL$s_u e\p\sp_p epg Aphu
S>i.
Abpgp Npddp _pfpeZv$pk L$pe\_pd (`ys he_p) AL$
Nl\flsp lsp. sAp uApQpeu_ ifZ Apep. bkb^ `pep
70

`R>u, sdZ ApQpeu_u khp cph`|hL$ L$fu. sd_u khp\u Ap`u

k \ep A_ `R>u sd_ `psp_ Of S>hp_u Apop L$fu. s kde
_pfpeZv$pk _dsp\u L$y, ""Nyfyv$h, ApV$gp qv$hk ky^u ly Ap`_u `pk
fp. `fsy dpfp Aby^ As:L$fZ_ L$pC bp^ _ \ep. s kpcmu_
udlpcyA Ap N\_u fQ_p L$fu (_pfpeZv$pk S>hp AL$ bpmL$_p
r_rd Ap`Zp S>hp A_L$ bpmL$p_ bp^ Ap`hp dpV$) A_ sd_ Ap
""bpgbp^'' N\cZpep.
bpgbp^ N\dp Ap`u iy L$l R> s kpcmp A_ Ap`u S>
Apop L$f R> s kpcmu bp^ NlZ L$fp. Ap`u Apop L$f R> S>Nsdp S>du_ h iy p L$fhp_y R> ? ipp L$l R> L$
d_ye Qpf L$pf_p `yfyjp\p rk L$fhp_p R>. A_ s R>. ^d, A\ L$pd
A_ dpn _pd Qpf `yfyjp\p.
S>Nsdp rc rc fyrQhpgp gpL$p fl R>. fyrQ A_ykpf sd_u
drs OX$pe R>. QphpL$ S>hp _pqsL$ gpL$p b S> `yfyjp\_ dp_ R> e\p
cpN cpNhhp A_ cpN cpNhsp h^ s bu_ Ap`hy. AV$g L$ Mphy,
`uhy, MhX$phhy A_ _lu rdp kp\ dpS>-d L$fhu. sAp v$lpd
hpv$u R>. s\u sAp v$l_ S> Apdp dp_ R>.
bu L$V$gpL$ gpL$p e kQe L$fhy - s_ S> `fd `y{$jp\ dp_
R>. s\u kpd, v$pd, cv$ L$ v$X$ hX$ - e_ L$_ L$pfZ - ^_ kQe
L$fhpdp S> `psp_p h__u kp\L$sp kdS> R>.
L$V$gpL$ L$urs_u L$pd_p L$f R>. L$V$gpL$ L$pd pq_ S> `psp_p
AL$ dp `y{$jp\ kdS> R>. L$V$gpL$ ApQpf-rhQpf_p `pg__ h__y
ee kdS> R>. sAp Ahy dp_ R> L$ ^d ApQpf\u D` \pe R>. s\u
kv$pQpf A ^d R>. A_ A_pQpf A A^d R>.
hmu L$V$gpL$ s`_, sp L$V$gpL$ S>`, epN, ke, id, v$d
Apv$u_ `psp_p h__y ee (`fd `y{$jp\) kdS> R>.
epf dpfp Nyfyv$h uhgc L$Zkhp_ S> h_p AL$ dp
^d, AL$ dp `y{$jp\ kdS> R>.
71

D`f L$y sd "bpgbp^' N\bpmL$p dpV$ R>. bpmL$ s R> S>

`psp_y rls A\hp Arls, `psp_u dm Zu iL$psy _\u shp bpmL$p_p
rlsprls_p (e A_ e_p) rhQpf A_ NyfyA L$fhp_p R>. A_
Ap`Zp Nyfyv$h sp rhe (r_S> khL$_p e_ Zu_, s e_ kp^u
A`ph_pf) R>. s\u sAp `psp_p khL$p_ `psp_p bpmL$ kdp_ kd_
sd_y e, C$, rls Apqv$_p rhQpf L$f R>. Ahp rhQpf L$fu_
Ap`uA bpgbp^_p\pe Ap bpgbp^ N\_u fQ_p L$fu R>. A
N\dp A lsy\u Ap`uA cpf`|hL$ L$y R> L$, "uL$Zkhp L$fhp
rkhpe h_ p L$fhp epe buSy> L$pC Dd am _\u L$pfZ L$ khp A
dp q$ep _\u; sAp khpam R>. A_ A am_u pq dpV$ d gnZp
c[s rkhpe AV$g L$ sv$ueh `lpep rkhpe buSy> L$pC kp^_ _\u.
ApV$gy L$fhp `R>u, c[sdpN_p Ahp rkpsp_y op_ L$fphhp
dpV$ Ap`uA, hv$ ippqv$ dpZp hX$ dpZc|s L$fu_, r_e`|hL$ S>
s rkpsp bpgbp^ N\dp kdep R>. (kyrhq_sd)
Ap`u bpgbp^ N\dp Apop L$f R> L$ `y{$jp\p Qpf R> - ^d,
A\, L$pd A_ dpn. v$p_, cpN, L$urs, L$pQ_, kv$pQpf, s`, v$p_, L$d,
op_ A_ c[s A b^p_ p L$fhp $`u `y{$jp\p_p kdphi Ap Qpf
`y{$jp\pdp \C e R>. Ap N\dp A Qpf `y{$jp\p_y r_$`Z - Aby^
Ahp `ys he_p bpmL$p dpV$ L$fhpdp Apey R>. AV$gp dpV$ A
`y{$jp\p_ gpqL$L$ L$lhpe, S>dL$ ^d AV$g afS>, A_ v$p_, ke,
Atlkp, Apqv$_ v$l^pfu_u afS> $` NZu_ s b^p_ h_p v$l_p ^dp
$` NZpep R>. Apd ^d (v$l^d) _ gpqL$L$ kdS>hp.
A\ A_ L$pd (e, L$urs, hpk_p `|rs) A b sp `$ $`
Cqe S>r_s lpC_ gpqL$L$ S> R>. A_ dpn AV$g kL$dp L$fu_
hNpqv$ kyMp_ cpNhhp Ahp A_p A\ \sp lpe sp s `Z gpqL$L$
`y{$jp\ NZpe. Ap fus Ap N\dp r_$r`s Qpf `y{$jp\p h$` gpqL$L$
R>. AgpqL$L$ `y{$jp\p_y r_$`Z Qsy:gpL$udp A\hp hpkyf
Qsy:gpL$udp L$fhpdp Apey R>.
72

Ap Qpfe `y{$jp\p_p rhQpf A fus L$fhpdp Apep R>. (1)

hv$ pfp A_ (2) h pfp Da hrhQpqfsp.
hv$ pfp rhQpf : hv$ A Cf qfs hpZu _\u. A sp he
Cf_u hpZu R>. hv$dp Ap Qpf `y{$jp\pp_p rhQpf L$fhpdp Apep R>.
AV$gp dpV$ A `y{$jp\p_ Cf rhQpqfs A\hp AgpqL$L$ `y{$jp\p
L$lhpdp Apep R>. s\u S> L$pC cNhv$pq_p CRy>L$ h, Ap
AgpqL$L$ `y{$jp\p `pdhp dpV$, `ps hv$_y Aee_ L$fhy.
h pfp rhQpf : Ap Qpf `yfyjp\p_p rhQpf ks `yfyjp, ksdlsp, F$rj-dyr_Ap Apqv$A `Z L$fgp R>. A_ A rhQpf_ sdZ
N\\(ipp, `yfpZp $`) `Z L$ep R>. sdZ L$fg Ap rhQpf, Cf
qfs S>$f R>. `fsy s he Cf_u hpZu _\u. s\u s b^p `yfyjp\p
gpqL$L$ L$ h rhQpfus L$lhpe. Al] Cf iv$\u hv$_y A_ h
iv$\u hv$_p A\ (cph) bsph_pf F$rjAp_y k|Q_ \pe R>.
lh Cf rhQpfus `yfyjp\p_y h$` kdhsp Ap`u Apop
L$f R>, AgpqL$L$psy hv$pL$sp: kpe kp^_ keysp: AV$g L$ Cf
rhQpfg A `yfyjp\pdp hv$dp L$lgp R>. sdp kpe AV$g eopqv$L$
(eo_pfpeZ_u pq L$fphu Ap` shp) A_ s eopqv$L$_ rk L$fhp_p
yL$yhpqv$L$ kp^_p_p sdp rhspf`|hL$ rhQpf L$fhpdp Apep R>.
Aopqv$L$ $`u ^d L$fsp L$fsp s_p hX$ As A`|h ^d (dpn) AV$g L$
r_e ke Ahy cNhv$ $` L$V$ \pe R>. AV$gp dpV$ Np. u
v$hL$u_v$_ dlpfpS> Apop L$f R> L$ "hv$dp L$lgp ^dpqv$ `yfyjp\p_
AgpqL$L$ kdS>hp.
Ap fus AgpqL$L$ A_ gpqL$L$ Ahp A Qpf `yfyjp\p_y h$` A_
gnZ kdep `R>u lh Ap`Z gpqL$L$ AV$g L$ h rhQpfus
`yfyjp\p_p rhQpf L$fuiy.
udlpcy Apop L$f R>, ""AgpqL$L$ `yfyjp\p sp hv$dp [\s
A_ r_:kqv$^ R>. s\u sdp L$pC kv$l _\u. `fsy gpqL$L$ `yfyjp\p OZp
L$pf_p lphp\u sdp kv$l \pe. (L$urs L$ L$pQ__u pq_ L$hp L$pf_p
73

`yfyjp\ NZphp Ahp L$CL$ kv$l). AV$gp dpV$ gpqL$L$ `yfyjp\p_y h$`
bsphhp_u Ap`u rsop L$f R> - e\p
gpqL$L$psy heprd, hv$pv$ppes: [\rs: &
Ap fus Ap`uA "bpgbp^' dp gpqL$L$ `yfyjp\p D`f S> rhQpf
L$fhp_p r_Ze L$ep. `fsy A Qpf `yfyjp\pdp `lgp Z `yfyjp\p AV$g
L$ (qhNp:) ^d, A\ A_ L$pd, hcph A_ h$` `Z s_ gpqL$L$
lphp\u, sd_p D`f ApQpeuA rhQpf _ L$fsp, A Z `yfyjp\p_y
r_$`Z L$fsp S> ipp (drs N\p L$ `yfpZp) R> s_p DM L$fu_, S>
s `yfyjp\p_ kdS>hp dpV$ s_p D`f fQpeg ip hpQu S>hp Apop L$fu
R>. A_ Ap`uA `ps sp L$hm Arsd `yfyjp\ dpn L$ S> dp_hh__y
AL$ dp ee A_ kpe R> s_p D`f Ap N\dp rhQpf L$ep R>.
Ap`u Apop L$f R> L$ - ^dipprZ _urs L$pdipprZ Q
$dps& A\ps ^dip AV$g L$ ^d_y rs`pv$_ L$f_pf d_y Apqv$_u
drsAp A_ Nyk| Apqv$_y NlZ L$fhy. Al] ^d AV$g afS>. Aphp
^d v$l^d NZpe. Apdp_p ^d sp ApgpqL$L$ Ahu cy khp L$fhp_p
R>. _ursip AV$g bl`rs Apqv$ ApQpep pfp \pr`s fpS>_urs
A_ L$pdipdp hpkpe_ k|_ Np fpey R>. bu L$pg Apqv$_p
L$pdk|_ (L$pdip_) ANp bspep R>; L$pfZ L$ s gpL$p
L$pdip_p bly vy$$ cphhpmp rkpsp Ap` R>.
epf `R>u Ap`u `psp_p r_Ze L$V$ L$fsp L$l R> L$ - qhN
kp^L$p_urs _ sqZe Des & A\ps (D`f bsphg Z `yfyjp\p
AN_p ipp, (Np ipp)) qhN AV$g ^d, A\ A_ L$pd_ rk
L$f_pfp R>. s\u Ad s Z `yfyjp\p_p r_Ze (r_$`Z) L$fsp _\u. A
Z_y (qhN_y) c[sdpNdp NlZ _ lphp\u Ap`u sd_y r_$`Z
L$fhp_u _p L$l R>.
Ap fus qhN_u eh\p \C. AV$g L$ ^d, A\ A_ L$pd
`yfyjp\_ kdS>hp dpV$ s_p D`f fQpeg Np ipp hpQu ep Ahy
Ap`uA lf L$ey R>. A_ lh A b^p_p ag$` S> dpn `yfyjp\ R>
74

s_p rhj Ap`u rhspf\u L$l R>. kh \d sp Ap`u dpn

`yfyjp\_p L$V$gp L$pf R> s L$lu bsph R>.
Ap`u Apop L$f R>, ""dpn Qhpqf ipprZ gpqL$L$ `fs:
hs:& AV$g L$ dpn_p b L$pf R> (1) `fs: dpn - bu\u \sp dpn
A_ (2) hs: - `psp_p\u \sp dpn. A b L$pfdp\u v$fL$ L$pf_p
dpndp\u b b dmu Ly$g Qpf ipp R>.
dpn AV$g kkpfdp\u R|>V$hp_p `yfyjp\. s_p D`f L$y sd b
L$pf R>. h Ae L$pC_u klpesp\u Ap kkpfdp\u R|>V$ A\ph
`psp_u dm, L$pC kp^__u klpesp\u dpn dmhu g - Ahp b L$pf
R>.
hs: dpn_p (1) epN pfp AV$g kpe pfp A_ (2)
AepN pfp AV$g epN pfp, dpn dmhhp_y bsphsp b ipp R>.
sdp kpe ipdp A_pd hsy AV$g L$ S> Apdp _\u Ahu b^u
hsyAp (v$l, Cqe, ^_, Of Apqv$) _p epN L$fhp_y L$y R>. A_p
A\ A L$ kpe ipdp b^uS> Ar_e (A_pd, Apdp\u AgN
Ahu) hsyAp_p epN pfp dpn dmhhp_p dpN bspep R> A_ A R>
op__p dpN. A_ epN ipdp, L$pC`Z hsy - Apd L$ A_pd - _p
en epN L$fhp_y L$y _\u. sdp sp ApsqfL$ epN (d_\u epN)
AV$g L$ rQhqAp_p r_fp^ L$fhp_y L$y R>.
epNipdp v$yheu hsyAp_p epN L$fhp_y L$y _\u. epN sp
Apdp `Z L$fhp_p R>. `fsy A epN u-`y, ^_-k`q Apqv$_p _l]
`fsy `psp_u rQhrAp AV$g L$ hpk_pAp_p epN L$fhp_p R>.
Al] (epNdp) epN_p A\ kd ghp `X$. epN_p kpdpe
kdS> dpZ_p A\ R> R>pX$u v$hy L$ e v$hy. AV$g L$ S> hsy L$
e[s_p epN L$fhp_p lpe s_p\u kh\p AmNp \C S>hy. `fsy Al]
Ahp A\ ghp_p _\u. epNipdp d__u hrAp L$ hpk_pAp_
epNhp_u R>. AV$g L$ s_p r_fp^ L$fhp_p R>; sd_ L$pb|dp fpMhp_u
R>. d__u b^u hqAp L$ hpk_pAp epf L$hm Cf pq dpV$ S> L$pd
75

L$f epf sd_p r_fp^ \ep (epN \ep-kkpf\u AgN \C A_ cy

kp\ kg \C) Ahy L$lhpe. A_ s dpV$ epNdpNdp ed, r_ed,
Apk_, pZpepd, eplpf, ep_, ^pfZp, A_ kdpr^ A ApW$ ANp
(kp^_p) pfp rQhqAp_ hidp L$fu ghpdp Aph R>. A_ sd_
CfprcdyM b_ epf h_p dpn \ep Ahy L$lhpe. kpkpqfL$ cphp
A_ hqApdp\u dys \hy (sd_p\u Arg \C S>hy) A_y _pd dy[s.
bu iv$pdp L$luA sp Apdp_y `psp_p (h) h$`dp S> flhy A_
kpkpqfL$ rhjepdp A_yfL$s _ flhy s_y _pd dpn.
udlpcyA dpn_y h$` Ap fus bspey R>.
Alsp ddsp _pi kh\p r_flL$sp &
h$`\p ev$p h: L$sp\ k r_Ns &&
AV$g L$ Alsp A_ ddsp_p _pi \C_ "ly L$pC L$fsp _\u'
Ahp cph [\f \pe A_ b^u fus AlL$pf_u r_h \sp v$lprcdp_u
hpdp epf `psp_p h$`dp AV$g L$ `psp_p Apdp_ e\p\ fus
ApmMhpdp - r_$phpmp \pe R> epf s hpdp L$sp\ AV$g dyL$s
L$lhpe R>.
Ap fus hs: dpn_p b L$pf bspep. (1) kpe A_ (2)
epN. kpe ip_p hsL$ uL$`ug dy_u R> A_ epNip_p hsL$
u`sS>rg R>. kpe A_ epN hQ, Ap fus, epN A_ AepN
(r_fp^)_p cv$ flgp R>.
Ap hps Ap`Z udlpcy_p iv$p pfp kd gCA.
Ap`u L$l R> L$ AepN_y h$` kd ghy ApheL$ R>. epN _l]
L$fhpdp r_e L$fu_ epNdpN flgp R>. `fsy epN hNf dpn L$d dm?
s\u epNdpNdp `Z epN sp L$fhp A_ s Ahu fus L$ "ly L$C L$fsp
_\u' (L$sh_p epN) : Ap R> Alsp_p epN. Apdp "ly L$pC L$fsp
_\u Ahy Y$sp\u kd_ d_ hX$ epN L$fhp_p R>. Aphp epN rk
L$fhp dpV$ ed r_ed Apqv$ ApW$ kp^_p Ahe L$fhp. sd L$fhp\u
d__u b^u hqAp_p r_fp^ $`u epN rk \i. A_ Alsp-ddsp_p
76

_pi \i. h `psp_p h$`dp (cy Ai$`) [\f \sp s L$sp\ \i

A_ s_ S> dpn L$lhpe.
`fs: dpn AV$g `psp_p rkhpe buS> pfp (Ae_u L$`p, dv$v$
pfp) p \sp dpn. udlpcy Apop L$f R> L$ `fpeZ dpn
(`fs: dpn) `Z b L$pf_p R>. (1) rh pfp p \sp A_ (2)
rih pfp p \sp dpn.
`fpeZ dpn AV$g `f (bu)_p Ape\u dmsp dpn. `fsy
`f L$p'_ L$lhpe ? Al] `f_p A\ bu (`fpep) Ahp ghp_p _\u.
`f AV$g kh$ S>dL$ `fp`f, `f b, `fdpdp - Ap b^pdp `f
AV$g kh$. (S>_p L$fsp h^y $ buSy> L$iy _\u s) s\u `fs: dpn
AV$g kL$g rhdp S> kh$ R> Ahp rh A_ rih_p Ape\u
(dv$v$\u, L$`p\u) dmsp dpn. A_ A rh A\hp rih_ sd
sdpfp\u Sy>v$p dp_sp lpe sp A_ epf S> `f _p A\ bu Ahp \pe.
S>Ns_u Nrs_p Z `pkp R>. (1) D`q, (2) [\rs A_
(3) ge. [\rs AV$g fnp A_ ge AV$g _pi. A Z Nrs_p
Ar^$psp Z dlpv$hp R>. e\p bp (D`q), rh ([\rs) A_
rih (ge) b pfp kq$_u D`q \pe R>; rh pfp s_u fnp
\pe R> A_ rih pfp s_p klpf_y L$pe \sy fl R>. `yfpZpdp A Z
v$hpr^v$hp_ kdp_ dlh Ap`hpdp Apey R>. Ad lpe sp A
Z_p Ape\u, dpn `Z, Z L$pf_p lphp CA. `fsy
ApQpeuA `fs: dpn_p dp b S> L$pf - rih A_ rh_p
Ape\u dmsp dpn - NZpep R>. Ahy ip dpV$ ? iy bp_p
Ape\u dpn _ dm ?
A _p eyf `$ _p dp R>. s_p b L$pfZp NZphu
iL$pe.
(1) bp dpn Ap`sp _\u. L$pfZ L$ sd_ kfhsu ip` R>.
ip` lphp_ L$pfZ sd_pdp bh sp fy R>. `fsy `|e` flsy
_\u. s\u bp_u `| (khp) \su _\u.
77

(2) bp dpn _ Ap`u iL$. L$pfZ L$ dpn_y h$` S> Ahy R>.
dpndp b^_u r_hq A_ Ap_v$_p A_ych A b gnZp R>. h_p
b^_u r_hq \C_ epf s S>d-dfZ\u R|>V$ epf s h bp_u
kq$dp\u L$du \C e. A fus sp ^uf^uf kq$_p rh^p_ (qh^V$_)
\pe. AV$gp dpV$ "kq$_p D`pv$L$ Ahp bp' `ps kq$_p qh^ps L$hu
fus L$f ? sd L$f sp hL$pe (D`pv$_)_p S> rsb^ \pe. AV$gp
dpV$ bp dpn Ap`sp _\u.
Ap\u Ap`Zp Nyfyv$h uhgc Apop L$f R> L$ ""bp bZsp
essv$ $`Z kykes'' AV$g L$ bp_u bpZ $`\u (b $`\u
_l]) khp L$fpe R>. sd_u L$pC dpnv$ps`Zp\u khp L$fpsu _\u. b
AV$g hv$, L$ S> kpnps `fb_y h$` R> A_ A b (R>v$) _ Z
s bpZ, bp hv$_ Z R> s\u sAp bp`Zp_ `pdgp R>. s\u
(1) b op__u pq L$fhp dpV$, (2) hv$pee_ L$fhp dpV$ A\hp
(3) bsS>_u pq A\ bp_u khp L$fpe R>; dpn pq dpV$ L$epfe
L$fpsu _\u.
bp bpZ` `pep lphp\u sdZ hMp_ks $`u dpn_y
ip fey R>. sdp dpn L$hu fus dmu iL$ s sdZ L$y R>. sdp dpn_
Ahu fus rk L$ep R> L$ cNhp_ (`fb) R> s dye v$h R>. A_ s
S> dpn Ap`hp hpmp R>. A_ bp sp L$hm D`v$i Ap`_pf Nyfy R>.
Nyfy $` sAp dpn Ap`u L$ A`phu iL$ R>. `fsy v$h`Zp\u sAp he
dpn Ap`sp _\u.
lh fp b dlpv$hp - AL$ rih A_ bu rh. b
`fb_p h$`p R>. sAp `psp_u dm dpn Ap`u iL$ R>. AV$gp dpV$
ApQpeu Apop L$f R> - As: rih rh S>Nsp rlsL$pfL$p A\ps
rih A_ rh b `psp_y cS>_ L$f_pf_ Qpf `yfyjp\p $`u am
Ap` R>. A fus sAp b S>Ns_y rls L$f_pfp R>.
bp_ bp` rk R>. epf `Qfp A_ `piy` ip_
Qgph_pfp A_ hsy dp_u fnp A_ klpf L$fhp_y S>d_y dye L$pe R>
78

shp rh A_ rih S> lsy dpV$ rih A_ rh $` \egp R> s lsy

dpV$ sAp_, sd_ gpNsp ippdp, khpdL$`Zp_ L$fu_ L$lgp R>.
AV$g L$ sAp Qpf `yfyjp\p_p v$psp R>.
sp`e A L$ "bh spi' A yrs A_ykpf b rih$` A_
rh$` R>. L$V$gpL$ D`r_jv$pdp S>hp L$ spsfue, dp`r_jv$,
L$hep`r_jv$ hNfdp rih$`u b_y rs`pv$_ L$ey R>. epf bu
L$V$gpL$ D`r_jv$p S>hp L$ dlp_pfpeZp`r_jv$, kybgp`r_jv$ Apqv$dp
rh$`\u b_y rs`pv$_ L$ey R>. Ap fus D`r_jv$pdp rih A_
rh_ b sfuL$ Nep R>. `piy`s ipdp rih_ r_v$pj A_
`|ZNyZ (r_v$pj `|ZNyZ_p) A_ `Qfp ipdp rh_ r_v$pj A_
`|ZNyZ L$lhpdp Apep R>. Ap fus ipp A_ D`r_jv$pdp rih A_
rh_y b` rk L$fhpdp Apey R>.
AV$gp dpV$ sp udlpcyA Apop L$fu R> - cpNdn ag
v$psy iL$sp phr` er` - AV$g L$ rih A_ rh b cpN A_ dpn
$`u ag Ap`hp kd\ R>. R>sp `Z dpV$ cpN sp - cpN: rih_ dpnsy rh_rs rhr_eAV$g L$ rih hX$ cpN rk \pe R>. A_ dpn sp rh hX$ rk \pe
R>, Ahp rhij L$fu_ r_e R>. s_y L$pfZ A R> L$ Ap gpL$dp sd Sy>Ap
R>p L$ hpdu S> hsy `ps cpNh R> s (`psp_u cpNhhp_u hsy)
kp^pfZ fus L$pC bu_ Ap`sp _\u.
ApQpeu_u Ap Apop dpZ kyQp$ $` kd gCA.
kp^pfZ fus L$pC bu_ Ap`sp _\u.
ApQpeu_u Ap Apop Ap`Z kyQp$ $` kd gCA.
kp^pfZ fus S> d_ye (fphZ, bpZ Apqv$) rih_y Apfp^_ L$f R> s_
k`q dm R> A_ s\u s_ cpN_u pq \pe R>. A_ S> d_ye
rh_y cS>_ L$f R> s_ dpn p \pe R>. Ap fus rih_ cpN_p
rh_ dpn_p v$psp NZhpdp Apep R>. A_ A_ygnu_ Ap`uA
Ahu Apop L$fu R> L$ - dpnsy rhZp: kygcp, cpNsy rihs\p &
79

Aphy ip dpV$ ? s kdhhp dpV$ Ap`u AL$ gpqL$L$ $ps Ap` R>.
Ap`u L$l R> L$ Ap gpL$dp hpdu `ps S> hsy cpNh R> s
hsy, kpdpe fus, sAp bu L$pC_ Ap`sp _\u. rh gdu_p `rs
AV$g L$ cpN_p cpL$sp R>. A_ rih epN_p cpL$sp R>. sAp ifuf
cd Qpmu dip_dp fl R>; L$pC`Z L$pf_p cpN cpNhsp _\u A_
hfpe (epN) cpNhu k fl R>. s\u `psp_ S> _\u cpNhhy Ahp
cpN sAp r_S> cL$sp_ Ap` R>. A_ `ps S> cpNh R> s epN L$
hfpe sAp r_S> cL$sp_ Ap`sp _\u. Ap kh kp^pfZ r_ed R>.
`fsy r_eddp A`hpv$ lphpdp S> r_ed_u L$sp\sp R>. s\u
A`hpv$ $` L$epfL$ rh kyv$pdp S>hp r_S> cL$sp_ cpN Ap` R>. A_
rih _ftkl dlsp S>hp `psp_p cL$sp_ dpn Ap` R>. (rh_y
kpqe L$fphu Ap`hy s_y _pd dpn) Ap\u Ahy rk \pe R> L$ cpN
Csp lpe sp rih_y `|S>_ L$fp A_ dpn Csp lpe sp rh_y
cS>_ L$fp. A`hpv$ fus s\u EgVy$ \C iL$; `fsy A`hpv$ dpV$ Ap`Z
ApNl _ fpMhp CA.
ip dpV$ ApNl _ fpMhp ? epv$ fpMp cpN Ap`hp A
rih_p NyZ-hcph_y gnZ R> A_ dpn Ap`hp A rh_p NyZhcph_y gnZ R>. rih spd NyZ (L$qs) ^fph R>. s\u r_S>
L$rs A_ykpf sAp `psp_p fpS>k-spdk NyZhpmp csp_ kpqhL$
hcphhpmp b_ph epf S> sAp sd_ dpn Ap`u iL$. A_ A dpZ
L$fhy s sd_p L$rs-NyZ-hcph\u rhfy_y L$pe R>.
A S> fus rh kpqhL$ NyZ L$q ^fph R>. Ap\u r_S> L$rs
A_ykpf sAp `psp_p kpqhL$ hcphhpmp hZh cL$sp_, fpS>k L$
spdk hcphhpmp b_ph epf sAp sd_ cpN Ap`u iL$. sd L$fhy s
sd_ dpV$ r_S> hcph\u rhfy_y L$pd R>. s\u gpL$ehlpfdp ip sp
bly ApR>p kpqhL$ rh cL$sp ^_hp_ li. A_ S> ^_hp_ li s
kpdpe fus gdu cL$s li. L$hm rhrep gdu_p kv$c sAp
rh cL$s L$lhpsp li.
80

lh Ahy dp_hpdp Aph L$ rih dp cpN Ap`hp S> kd\

R>. dpn Ap`hp _l] A_ rh dp dpn Ap`hp S> kd\ R>, cpN
Ap`hp _l] - sp Ahu dpep kh\p r_fp^pf R>. A dpZ dp_hy A_p
A\ Ahp \pe L$ sAp Cf lphp R>sp sd_p Cf`Zpdp \pX$uL$
e|_sp R>. Ahy lfNuT _\u. sAp `|Z `fb_p h$`p R>. sAp
Cf S> R>. s\u sAp `|Z R>. sd_pdp L$iu e|_sp kchu S> _ iL$.
sp `R>u A_p A\ Ahp L$fhp_p L$ rih dpn Ap`u iL$ R> `fsy kp^pfZ
fus sAp dpn Ap`sp _\u. cpN S> Ap` R>. A_ rh cpN Ap`u
iL$ R>. `fsy sAp kp^pfZ fus cpN Ap`sp _\u, dpn S> Ap` R>.
A\ps b b h$`p-rih A_ rh-cpN A_ dpn b Ap`hp_y
`|Z kpde ^fph R>.
Al] AL$ iL$p Ecu \pe R>. A_ s A L$ rih `ps cpN
cpNhsp _\u A_ r_S> cL$sp_ cpN Ap` R>. sp iy cpN A^d hsy
R>. iy s Dd _\u ? cpN Dd lpe sp rih `ps ip dpV$ s
cpNhsp _\u ? A_ cpN A^d lpe sp sAp r_S> cL$sp_ Ahu
A^d hsy (cpN) ip dpV$ Ap` R> ?
Ap iL$p_y kdp^p_ ip^hy dyL$g sp R> `fsy _ S> ip^u iL$pe
shy _\u; rih ge L$fhp_u i[s\u eyL$s R>. sAp `psp_u A
ge L$fhp_u i[s_ nZcf dpV$ `Z v|$f L$f sp S>Ns_p _pi \C
e. A i[s_p rsL$ $` sAp L$W$dp L$pgL|$V$, Nmpdp k`, ifuf D`f
cd Apqv$ ^pfZ L$f R>. A_ Ae b^p cpNp_p epN L$f R>. `fsy
r_S> csp_ sp sAp kfmsp\u s b^p cpNp Ap`u v$ R>. cpN,
h$` A^d _\u. S> fus, S> cph\u cpN cpNhhpdp Aph s fus L$ s
cph A_ykpf, cpN, Dd L$ A^d b_ R>. gpqL$L$ cpN A_ykpf, cpN
A^d lpC iL$ R>; AgpqL$L$ cpN sp ag_pd de rhirs - ag de
hig R>. s\u cpN dm `R>u s_p Dd D`epN L$fp sp s Dd
cpN; _l]sf A^d.
A_ rh r_S> csp_ cpN Ap`sp _\u s_y L$pfZ `$ R>.
81

cpN cpNhhp_u fusdp v$pj L$ NyZ flgp R>. cpN_p kb^ gdu
kp\ R>. gdu_p kb^\u dv$ D` \pe R>. A_ dv$ \sp rhr_`ps
\pe R>. cNhp_ cp. 10-11 dp L$y R> L$ ""cNhp_ `psp_p A`L$h
kdS>hpmp cL$sp_ k`q, kp, fpe L$ Ae Ap`sp _\u; L$pfZ L$
sAp ^r_L$_ ^__p dv$\u \sp r_`ps `ps Sy>A R>.
cpNhsdp Ad `Z L$y R> L$ ""kyv$pdp bpZ v$u_sp\u cy
`pk dpN R> L$, ""cy ! S>dpS>ddp d_ cNhv$ c[s dm.'' `fsy s
(kyv$pdp) `qf`|Z kdS>hpmp cL$s (AQL$hs ^fphsp) lsp. sd_u
`_u `Z Ahu S> cL$s lsu. Ap\u cyA s_ k`q Ap`u A_
rhQpey L$ Ap S>ddp d A_ k`q Ap`u, shu k`q s_ bu
S>ddp dmi sp L$v$pQ s_p\u s_u c[s_p dpNdp AX$QZ Ecu
\i. s\u lh_p S>ddp s_ k`q Ap`hu _\u. s_u `pk k`q
li sp s cNhv$ cL$sp_p kN _l] L$f. A_ kkN L$ep rh_p h_p
r_spf _\u.
Ap fus, Ahy rs`pv$_ L$fhpdp Apey R> L$ rih A_ rh
b cpN A_ dpn Ap`u iL$ R>. sd L$fhpdp c[sdpN}e L$pC nrs
_\u. sd R>sp S> kpQp csp R> s sp cpN A_ dpn b_p huL$pf
L$fsp _\u.
bpgbp^ N\_p Qpf L$pf_p h rhQpfus dpn_y r_$`Z L$ey
R> - A b^p dpn gpqL$L$ L$pf_p R>. AV$gp dpV$ sp c[sdpNdp A
Qpf L$pf_p dpn gpqL$L$ L$pf_p R>. AV$gp dpV$ sp c[s dpNdp A
Qpf L$pf_p dpn_p huL$pf hZhp pfp \sp _\u.
sp `R>u iL$p Ahu \pe R> L$ c[sdpNdp dpn_p huL$pf _
lpe sp udv$pQpeQfZ bpgbp^dp s_y rs`pv$_ ip dpV$ L$ey ? s_p
eyfdp L$l R> L$ "" L$ c[sdpNdp cpN L$ dpn bdp\u L$pC_y `Z
NlZ _\u, sd R>sp L$hrQs S> c[sdpN}e h_ Ahp dpn_u
pq_u CR>p \pe s_ s L$hu fus p L$fhp A bsphhp dpV$ S> Al]
s_y rs`pv$_ L$fhpdp Apey R>. sd R>sp `$ kL$s sp L$ep S> R> L$
82

dpn NlZ L$fhp epe _\u. `yq$ csp_ sp "r_e ApR>h, r_e
L$us_, r_fMhp _v$ Ly$dpf f' A S> BR>r_e (e A_ e b) R>.
bpgbp^ N\_p cph_ kd g_pf `yq$ h c|g\u `Z Ahp gpqL$L$
dpn (Qsy\ `yfyjp\)_u L$pd_p _ L$f.
kp^pfZ r_ed dpZ rih cpN A_ rh dpn Ap` R>.
sd R>sp, D`f L$p dpZ, Ap r_ed_ A`hpv$ R>. A A`hpv$_u
fS|>Aps uNyfyv$h klsyL$ L$fu R>. Ap`u Apop L$f R> L$A`hpv$ $` rih A_ rh `ps`psp_p (Arsqepe) urs`p csp_, L$pCL$ hMsS> (L$hrQs) dpn A_ cpN Ap` R>. A
fus rih pfp dpn A_ rh pfp cpN Ap`hpdp Aph epf s_p
hX$ h_y S> s b h$`_u kp\ sv$ueh (s_p`) A_ sv$pe
(s_p Ape) rk \pe R>.
A_p A\ sp A \ep L$ sv$ueh A_ sv$pe pfp cs_p
Arsreh_y dp` _uL$mu iL$ R>. A_ Ahp r_S> cs_ L$ S> sd_
Arsre lpe s_ sAp r_S> cpe-`v$p\ (`psp_ cpNhhp_u hsy)
`Z Ap` R>. S>d L$ dlpv$hA bpZ A_ dev$p_h_ dpn Apep R>
A_ rhA D`qfQf hky_ cpN Apep R>. s\u kprbs \pe R> L$
L$pBL$ hMs S> (A`hpv$ $` S>) sAp `psp_ Arsre lpe shp cL$s_
hcpe hsy Ap` R>. hsy[\rs Aphu lphp\u, rih A_ rhdp
cpN A_ dpn b Ap`hp_u i[s R> Ahy kprbs \pe R>.
`fsy kp^pfZ r_eddp A`hpv$ L$fu_ rih dpn Ap` A_
rh cpN Ap` sp sd L$fhp sAp kd\ sp R> S>. `fsy sd L$fhp\u
sd_ d `lpQ R>. uhgc Apop L$f R> - qrsep\ dlpR>d: AV$g L$ buSy> L$fhp\u sd_ dlp_ d `lpQ R>. A dpZ d
`lpQhp_y L$pfZ A bspey R> s h dp hcph\u vy$$ (v$pjhpmp) R>. s hcph\u vy$$ R>.
h$`\u vy$$ _\u. s\u Ahy Ae\p ag (rih pfp dpn A_ rh
pfp cpN) Ap`hp dpV$ cyA h_p hcph bv$ghp `X$ R>. s
83

bv$ghpdp sd_ d `X$ R>. `fsy s bv$gu sp iL$ S> R>. cNhp_ `ps
r_S> cs_p hcph_ bv$gu_ s_ Ae\p am Ap`hp i[sdp_ R>
Ahy s_p\u kprbs \pe R>.
_p^ : D`f L$y L$ hp: hcphsp vy$$p: &
A bpbsdp L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ h hcph\u vy$$ R>; `fsy
s h$`\u vy$$ _\u. h$`\u sp s cNhv$ Ai R>. Nuspdp `Z
L$y R> - ddhpip h gpL$.
h_ hcph\u vy$$ ip dpV$ L$lhpdp Aph R> ? s rhj
kdhsp AL$ Ahy L$lhpdp Aph R> L$ h_p AL$ dp ^d R> cNhv$
v$pk `Zp\u kv$p cNhv$ khp L$fhu s. `fsy v$pj\u cfgp lpC, s h
cNhv$ khpL$fsp _\u. s\u s vy$$ R>. s_u A vy$$sp v|$f L$fhp dpV$ sZ
hZ L$us_pqv$ c[s L$fhu. sd L$fsp s_p hcphNs v$pj v|$f \i.
cS>_, L$us_, kkN, c[s Apqv$ cy_ Arsre \hp dpV$_p Dd
kp^_p R>.
`R>u Ap`u Ahu Apop L$f R> L$ - Zp kh L$pe rl
rkers- AV$g L$
ucpNhs Apqv$_y hZ A_ cS>_-L$us_ Apqv$ kp^_p,
epS>sp, h_p b^p v$pj dV$u S>i A_ hpcprhL$ fus S> s_p
v$edp cNhv$ d D` \i. cy e_p d\u h_p Ap gpL$ A_
`fgpL$_p L$fhp S>hp b^p epe L$pep rk \i.
udlpcy Apop L$f R> L$ h kv$p khv$p hZ L$us_ Apqv$
L$f sp s_pdp cy e d D` \pe. A_ s d hX$ s_ sv$ueh
A_ sv$pe rk \pe.
cy_ S> A_ AL$ dp cy_ S> d L$f_pf h `psp_p
Apdp krls (Apd_ kl) `psp_p Ald A_ dd_p b^p `v$p\p
(v$l, Cqepqv$ Ald_p `v$p\p A_ `_u, `yu, Nl, ^_ Apqv$
ddsp_p `v$p\p) _y kd`Z cy_ L$fi. s\u s_y ly (Ald) A_ dpfy
(dd) v|$f \i A_ dp "sy' A_ "spfy' S> bpL$u fli. A_ A fus s
84

cy_p b_u fli. Ap\u r_e`|hL$ L$lu iL$pe L$ kd`Z hX$ h_

r_e`Z sv$ueh p \pe R>. A_ L$v$pQ kd`Zdp L$CL$ L$kf flu
e sp `Z s_ ApR>pdp ApRy> sv$pe (s_p Ape) sp dm S> R>.
Ap`Z L$luA R>uA agpZpcpC sv$ue R> A R> L$ sv$ue
L$p'_ L$lhpe ? A_ s_ sv$ue L$l_pf sp Ahp sv$ue b_hp dpV$
Ap`Z iy L$fhy ?
sv$u`Zp_ kdhsp Ahy L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ h Apd
krls S> b^y `psp_y d_psy lpe s b^y cy_ r_hv$_ L$fu v$hy A_
d_dp Ahp rhQpf L$fhp L$ lh ly _\u L$ dpfy L$iy _\u. S> L$pB R> s sy
R> A_ spfy (cy_y) R>. ly `Z spfp Ry>; spfp v$pk Ry>. dpfp Nyfyv$h
uhgc dpfu `pk L$fphg kd`Z_p ANuL$pf dpfp C$v$h L$Z L$ep
R>. s\u lh ly s_p (L$Z_p) bep Ry>. Ap_y _pd sv$ueh_u pq.
Ap sp _fu lL$uL$s R>. dpfp Nyfyv$h uhgc Arhp S>r__
dpfy Aop_ v|$f L$fu_ d_ kdey R> L$ S> b^u hsyAp_ ly dpfu
kdS>sp lsp s b^u hpshdp sp cy_u S> R>. A hpsrhL$sp kd_
d dpfu L$lhpsu A b^u hsyAp, s b^u cy_u lphp\u, ""hv$ue hsy
Npthv$ syedh kd`e Ahp cph\u d cy_ kd`}v$u^u R>. lh "ly'
A "ly' _\u fp. A_ "ly' S> _ flhp\u L$pC hsy ly_u (dpfu) _\u
flu: l cy, lh dp syS> fp R>. s\u kOmy spfy R>. Adp\u L$iy dpfy
_\u S> _\u. Aphp cph d_dp [\fsp\u \p`u_ cy_ L$lhy
(r_hv$_ L$fhy) L$ v$pkp@ld, L$Z shp[d & Ap fus hpZu hs_,
hcph A_ L$rs\u cy_p b_u flhy s_y _pd sv$ueh. cpC dpfp !
sv$ueh p L$fhy A O dyL$g L$pd R>. cNhp_ dpfy hfZ L$fi epf
Ahy sv$ueh d_ ps \i.
AL$ bu iL$p R> ! A_ s AL$ `yq$dpNdp cNhv$ A_yNl
pfp S> b^p_y r_eZ \pe R>. sp `R>u h_ \eg sv$ueh_u pq,
h pfp L$fpeg kd`Z\u (h_p e_) \pe R> L$ cNhv$
A_yNl\u \pe R> ? Ap iL$p_y kdp^p_ bly klgpC\u \C iL$ R>.
85

`cy_y cS>_-L$us_-hZ Apqv$ L$fhp A h_p ApheL$ ^d R>. A

^d bhhp A L$pC h rhij L$fu_ L$fg `yfyjp\ _ L$lhpe. h
`psp_p A ^d (hZ, L$us_ L$fhp_p) bhi sp cNhv$ A_yNl\u,
s_pdp Apdr_hv$_ L$fhp_u cph_p Ni. A_ Apdr_hv$_ L$fu_ s
sv$ueh `pdi. Ap fus `Z, sv$ueh_u pq, cNhv$ A_yNl pfp
\C L$lhpe. udlpcyA L$y S> R> L$ A_yNl: `yq$dpN r_epdL$
Crs [\rs:
dp_u gp L$ L$pC h r_hv$_ (kd`Z) _ L$ey. A_ dp
cNhv$pe S> L$ep (sv$pe) sp shp h_u iu Nrs \i ?
Df `$ R>. L$hm cNhv$pe L$f_pf depv$p hp R>. A_
cNhv$pe L$fu_ `R>u r_hv$_ L$f_pf `yq$ hp R>. b L$pf_p hp
cy_ ifZ Neg cL$sp R>. s\u S> cL$s dp sv$pe S> L$f (ifZ
huL$pf) s_u `Z Dd Nrs S> \pe. uL$Z cNhp_ ASy>__ L$y R>,
""l ASy>_ ! dpfp Ape L$fu_ L$v$prQs L$pC `p`u pZu `Z dpfp
ifZ Aph sp s A_ shp bu u, he, i| Apqv$ `Z Dd Nrs
Ahe `pd R>. A_ s_ kp^_$` c[s_u pq \pe R>; A_ A S>
A_u Dd Nrs.''
`fsy L$hg sv$pe\u ag$` c[s (S>dp kp^_ A_ kpe
(ag) AL$ S> lpe shu c[s) p \su _\u. ag$` lqL$L$s sp
sv$ueh (kd`Z) pfp S> p L$fu iL$pe R>.
As uhgc L$l R> L$ sv$pe A_ sv$ueh_ kd_ s_
p L$fhp dpV$ h dp b S> kp^_p L$fhp_p R> - (1) `psp_p
hZpe ^d_y ApQfZ L$fhy A_ (2) uApQpe_u ifZpNrs
kp^hu.
uv$hL$u_v$_ gM R> L$ sv$pe A_ sv$ueh_ kdS>hp dpV$
h `psp_p Nyfyv$h (ApQpe uhgc) _ ifZ S>hy. A_ s_u
kp\pkp\h^d (r_S> hZpd ^d)_y ApQfZ `Z L$fhy. sd L$fsp
shp h D`f Nyfyv$h_u L$`p \i A_ s h_ sv$pe A_ sv$ueh_y
86

h$` kdC S>i. s kdC S>sp, s_p v$edp kd`Z L$fhp_u hq

Ni. A_ Nyfyv$h L$`p L$fu_ s_ r_hv$_ L$fphi. r_hv$_ \sp,
cNhv$ L$`p\u h_ sv$ueh A_ sv$pe p \i.
D`f L$fg rhhQ__y sp`e A R> L$ Qpl `yfyjp\p_u pq pfp
dmsp amdp dye am sp dpn R>. A_ A dpn AV$g S> cNhv$
pq. s p L$fhp_p p\rdL$ kp^_p, hZ L$us_ Apqv$ R>. `fsy
Arsd kp^_ sp cNhv$ A_yNl S> R>. h cS>_, L$us_, v$u_sp`|hL$ c[s Apqv$ b^y L$f `fsy ep ky^u L$`p L$fu_ cy h_y hfZ _
L$f ep ky^u s_ cNhv$ pq _ \pe. yrsdp L$y R>, ""edhj hZy s
s_ ge'' AV$g L$ cNhp_ S> h_y hfZ (`kv$Nu) L$f s h_ s
`ps (cNhp_) ge R>. s\u hfZ rkhpe cNhv$ pq_y L$pC kp^_
_\u Ahy L$luA sp MpVy$ _\u. bu b^p kp^_p_ cNhv$ pq L$fhp
dpV$_p klpeL$ kp^_p L$lhpe. B_p L$p`\u hS>_ bQphhp dpV$
Nph^__ KQL$ep lsp L$Z. `fsy sd L$fhpdp sd_ klpe L$fu lsu
sd_p Np` rdpA. sApA `psp_u gpL$X$u hX$ V$L$p Apep lsp. A_ A
fus V$L$p Ap`u_ sdZ sp kpQ S> kspj A_ycep lsp. Ap`Z hp
`Z cS>_-L$us_ L$fu_ Ahp kspj A_ychuA L$ sv$ueh_u pq $`u
Nph^_ ^pfZ L$fhp_p L$pedp Ad cS>_-L$us_ $`u V$L$p Apep R>.
cy A V$L$p_u qL$ds bly cpf ApL$i A _$u R>. hsys: cNhv$
A_yNl hX$ S> sv$ueh (AV$g L$ dpn) p \pe R>. R>sp h cS>_L$us_ L$v$u _ R>pX$hp - A_ rhQpfhy L$ d L$fg cS>_-L$us_ hX$ S> d_
sv$ueh p \ey R> - kpQ S> cpC qv$gL$p Myi fM_ L$ rge el Mepg AR>p l & sd R>sp, kv$p
dpV$ epv$ fpMp L$ cNhv$ pq kp^_\u \su _\u. s sp hfZ\u S>
iL$e b_ R>. r_:kp^_ h_y cNhp_ hfZ L$f R>. A_ `ps `psp_u
pq L$fphu Ap` R>.
Ap R> `yq$dpN_p dye rkps.
- S>euL$Z
87

3. rkpsdysphgu
_hp lqf heprd hrkpsrhr_ed &
L$Zkhp kv$p L$pep dp_ku kp `fp dsp && 1 &&
Q s shZ k h p sqke s_y r h &
ss: kkpfvy$:Me r_hqbbp^_d && 2 &&
`f b sy L$Zp rl kqQv$p_v$L$ bls &
q$` sq kh epv$L$ sdpqgnZd && 3 &&
A`f s `|hqd_ hpqv$_p bly^p S>Ny: &
dpreL$ kNyZ L$pe hs Qrs _L$^p && 4 &&
sv$hsL$pfZ chsurs ysdsd &
q$` Qpr` NNphoe kp S>g$r`Zu && 5 &&
dplpekeysp _Zp khsp cy[sdy[sv$p &
depv$pdpNrhr^_p s\p bpr` byespd && 6 &&
sh v$hsp d|rscL$ep ep es hrQs &
NNpep Q rhijZ hplpcv$bye && 7 &&
enp kp _ khjp pL$pe epep S>g
rhrlspQ agpq suepr` rhries && 8 &&
e\p S>g s\p kh e\p isp s\p bls &
e\p v$hu s\p L$Zspesqv$lpes && 9 &&
S>Ny rqh^ p s b rhrihpss: &
v$hsp$`hpsp bZu\ lqfds && 10 &&
L$pdQpfsy gpL$@qdbpqv$ep _ Qpe\p &
`fdp_v$$` sy L$Z hpdr_ r_e: && 11 &&
Assy b hpv$ _ L $ Z by q rh ^ uespd &
Apdr_ b$` sy rR>p ep_uh Qs_p: && 12 &&
D`pr^_pi rhop_ b pdhphbp ^ _ &
NNpsufq\sp ev$ v$hsp s `ers && 13 &&
88

s\p L$Z `f b hqdop_u `ers

kkpfu esy cS>s k v|$f\p e\p s\p && 14
A`rnsS>gpqv$_pdcphp vy$:McpL$
sdpR>uL$ZdpN\p rhdys: khgpL$s: && 15
Apdp_ v $kdy \ L $ Zd h rhrQse s
gpL$p\}QS>L$Z [g$p chrs kh\p && 16
[g$p@r` QS>L$Z gpL$p _ers kh\p
op_pcph `yr$dpN}rs$`|khpqv$jy && 17
dep v $p\sy N N pep ucpNhss`f:
A_yNl: `yr$dpN r_epdL$ Crs q\rs: && 18
Dcep sy $d Z h `| h p s h argers
op_pr^L$p c[sdpN Ah sdpq$r`s: && 19
cecph sy suf\p e\p vy$$: hL$drc:
Ae\pcphdp`sdp\p_pQ _ers && 20
A h hipkh h dep Ny r_$r`sd
Asv$byhp rhdyes `y{$j: khkieps && 21

&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&

&& Crs udgcpQperhfrQsp rkpsdysphgu kdpp &&

_hp lqf AV$g L$ ulqf_ _dL$pf L$ep `R>u, dpfp `|e

Nyfyv$h uhgc ""rkps dysphgu'' _pd N\dp, hrkps
(hds)_y S> r_$`Z L$ey R>, Ap`u_p s rkpsp_ kdS>hp_p epk
ly Ap`u_p L$`p bm L$lu_ L$fui.
epNu uNp`f dlpfpS> Apop L$f R> s bk|
(Acpe) dp ApQpeuA Apr^cprsL$ ds_y, r_b^dp ApepqdL$
ds_y, ukybpr^_udp Apr^v$rhL$ ds_y A_ jpX$i N\dp Ap`uA
hds_y r_$`Z L$ey R>. jpX$i N\dp_p "qkps dyL$sphgu' _pd N\dp
Ap`uA hrkps_ qhspf`|hL$ kdep R>. "rkps dysphgu'
89

N\_p rhje R> "hrkps r_$`Z' Ap`u r_e`|hL$ Apop L$f R> L$
hrkps hv$p\_p r_e$` R>. AV$g L$ s hv$ rs`pqv$s R>. lL$uL$sdp
Ap`uA rkps dyL$sphgudp hv$_y iy sp`e S> v$ipey R>.
udlpcyA uedy_p$L$d dp c[s$`uZu uedy_p
dlpfpZu_u syrs cph`|hL$ A_ dyv$p L$fu R>. `R>u bpgbp^dp,
Ap`uA dp_hh__p Qpf `yfyjp\pdp\u Qsy\ `yfyjp\ dpn_p rhQpf
L$ep R>. A_ lh rkps dyL$sphgu N\dp Ap`u iyps bhpv$_p
`pep_p qkpsp_ kdh R>.
ukhpd spdp uhgc_p b _pdp Ap dpZ R> - (1)
kpL$pf bhpv$ \p`L$ A_ (2) dpephpv$ r_fpL$sp. Ap`Z kpcmuA
R>uA L$ Ap`uA kpL$pf bhpv$_u \p`_p L$fu, Ap`uA dpephpv$_y
MX$_ L$ey, bhpv$_y r_$`Z L$ey Apqv$. kpcmuA sp R>uA `fsy s_p
A\ OZp ApR>p hZhp kdS> R>. uApQpeQfZ bhpv$_p A b^p
rkpsp A_ s_p pfp dpephpv$_y MX$_ L$hu fus \ey s b^y Ap N\pfp
kdey R>.
udlpcy v$hu hp_p Dpf dpV$ c|sg D`f L$V$ep. v$hu
hp_p Dpf dpV$ Ap`uA "bkb^' A_ "L$Zkhp' A b
bpbsp_ Ar_hpe`Z ApheL$ NZphu R>. lh _ A R> L$ S> b
kp\ uhgc h_p kb^ bp^u Ap` R> A_ S> b_u khp L$fhp_u
Ap`u Apop Ap` R> A_ S> b_u khp L$fhp_u Ap`u Apop L$f R>
s b R> L$pZ ? s_y h$` L$hy R> ? `yr$dpN}e hZhpA A b_u
khp L$fhp_u R> - sp khp AV$g iy ? khp L$V$gp L$pf_u R> A_ s
L$hu fus L$fu iL$pe ? hmu khp L$f_pf h_p b kp\ ip kb^ R> ?
A_ Ap S>Nsdp flu_ h b_u khp L$fhp_u lpe sp Ap S>Ns_y
hpsrhL$ $` L$hy R> ?
Ap b^p _p_p S>hpb udv$pQpeQfZ, r_S> cL$sp D`f L$`p
L$fu_, Ap gOy N\dp Apep R>. bhpv$_p Ap b^p rkpsp he
L$pris Ad|e dyL$spam S>hp R>. A b^p rkpsp$`u dyL$spamp_ AL$
90

k|dp `fphu_ Ap`uA, r_S> khL$p_p ApersL$ L$epZ A\, AL$

dlpd|ehp_ "dyL$spdpmp' b_phu R>. s_y _pd rkps dyL$sphgu.
rkps dyL$sphgudp iyps bhpv$_p rkpsp kdep R>.
s kdhsp `lgp, N\_u i$Apsdp S>, Ap`uA dyL$spdpmp_p
`X$g $` AL$ Dd Apop r_S> khL$p_ L$fu R>. A_ s R> -""L$Z
khp kv$p L$pep'' AV$g L$ ldip L$Zkhp L$fp. Apdp kdS>hp S>hp b
iv$p R>. (1) L$Z A_ (2) khp. Ap b iv$p_p cph kd S>hpe
sp bhpv$_p b^p rkpsp Ap`pAp` kdC e.
kp\u `lgp Ap`Z khp AV$g iy ? khp_p L$V$gp L$pfp R> ?
A_ khp ip dpV$ L$fhu S>$fu R> A\ps khp_y am iy R> ? - A
kdS>hp e_ L$fuiy.
uhgc khp_u epep AL$ gpL$_p A^QfZdp L$lu bsphu
R> - QsshZ khp. AV$g L$ rQ s_pdp (L$Zdp) `fphphy s_y
_pd khp. Ap fus sp khp AV$g rQ_ L$Zdp `fphhp_u q$ep.
A_ A fus kdS>sp khp q$epdL$ lphp L$fsp h^y sp s cphpdL$ R>.
rQ_p ku^p kb^ cph kp\ R>. Agb khp dpV$ cph kp\ q$ep
\hu `Z S>$fu R>. khp_u i$Apsdp sp q$ep_u ^p_sp fl R>. `R>u
^uf ^uf cph h^sp e R> - q$epdL$ Ai ApR>p \pe R>. As
cphrhcpf b_gy rQ L$Z_p h$`dp `fphpC e R>. `R>u sp d_
hX$ S> khp \pe R>. s_ dp_ku khp L$l R>. A_ dpfp Nyfyv$h_u `$
Apop R> L$ ""dp_ku kp `fp dsp'' AV$g L$ dp_ku khp `f (khpd)
AV$g L$ ag$` R>.
D`f L$y sd khp_u i$Aps q$ep\u \pe R>. khp_p b
q$epdL$ h$`p R>. L$lp_ L$ s b dp_ku khp rk L$fhp_p kp^_p
R>. A b q$epdL$ khp h$`p Ap dpZ R> (1) s_y A_ (2)
rh.
dp_ku khp_u rkq dpV$, hZh `lgp sp s_yrh_u khp\u
i$Aps L$fhp_u R>. s_y khp AV$g hZh_p `psp_p s_ (ifuf)
91

hX$ L$fhpdp Aphsu khp. cL$sfpS> Abfuj A_ dlp_ `yr$ cL$s iW$
`y{$jpdv$pk, `ps s _v$pgedp bylpfu L$fsp lsp; cy_p cpN dpV$
kpdNu rk L$fsp lsp; S>m cfu gphsp lsp. Ap b^u khp sAp `ps
s `psp_p ifuf hX$ L$fsp lsp. bu `pk L$ L$pC_ ^_ Ap`u_
L$fphsp _ lsp. `psp_p s_\u L$fg khp_ s_y khp L$lhpe.
A_ Zp R>p sp Mfp_ ! L$ s_ A h_p Alspde rhje R>.
s_ AV$g ""ly''. A ""ly'' _p rhr_epN cykhpdp L$fhp\u h_u
Alsp R|>V$ A_ s sv$ueh `pd. AV$gp dpV$ s_y khp S>$fu R>.
ifuf_p b^p ANp_p D`epN L$Zkhp dpV$ L$fhpdp Aph epf s_y
khp L$fu L$lhpe. s_y khp s_p kpQp h$` A_ s_p cph
kd_ L$fhpdp Aph sp, A_u khp L$f_pf_u b^u Cqep_p (`pQ
L$dqep_p) b^p ehlpfp cyde b_u e. s_u ApM cy_p
h$`_ S> r_lpm, s_p L$p_ cy_p NyZNp_ S> kpcm, s_u c
cy_p NyZp_y S> Np_ L$f A_ A fus s_p d_dp kv$h cy dfZ fp
L$f. sd \pe epf s_p b^p ANp s_p _ fl; s b^p cNhp__p b_u
e. s_y Ald v|$f \pe. s_u b^u Cqep_p r_fp^ \pe. s_ kkpf
e rhf[s \pe. `qfZpd s_
ss: kkpf vy$:Me r_hq b bp^_d & AV$g L$ kkpf_p
vy$:Mpdp\u r_hq dm A_ s_ b h$`_y op_ \pe.
A_ rh A h_p ddspde rhje R>. rh AV$g ^_. L$p'_y
^_? sp L$ dpfy ^_. hZh `psp_p rh hX$ S> cy_u khp L$f
(`_pcv$pk_u dpaL$) s_y _pd rh khp. s L$pC_ rh Ap`u_
s_u `pk khp L$fph sp s rh khp _ S> L$lhpe. bu_ ^_
Ap`u_, s_p pfp, cy khp L$fphhp\u, Ahu rh khp L$fphhp\u,
Ahu rh khp L$fph_pf_p Alcph h^ R>; s_p fpS>k NyZ DR>pmp
dpf R>. d_ kdsy _\u L$ sdpf bv$g L$pC bu khp L$f sp sdpfy
rQ cydp L$hu fus QpV$? A_ sdpfy rQ cydp _ QpV$ sp sd
khp L$fu L$lhpe Mfu ? s\u EgVy$ `psp_p ^_\u `ps cykhp L$fsp
92

b ee k^pe (1) s_y rQ cydp QpV$ R> A_ (2) rh e_u s_u

ddsp v|$f \pe R>.
Ap `lgp (b kb^ \sp) r_hv$_ L$fu_ sZ `psp_y b^y
rh cy_ kd`}v$u^y R>. lh A b^y ^_ cy_y S> R>. Ahp Y$ cph
d_dp \p`u_, s ^__p rhr_epN cy khpdp L$fhpdp Aph epf
rh khp \C L$lhpe. Ap fus rh e_u ddsp _pi `pdsp ss: kkpf vy$:Me r_hq b bp^_d - AV$g L$ (s h_) (1)
kkpf_p vy$:Mpdp\u r_hq dm A_ (2) s_ b_p h$`_y op_
\pe.
sp`e A L$ `psp_y s_ (ly) A_ `psp_y rh (dpfy) A b_p
k`|Z rhr_epN cykhpdp L$fhp s_y _pd s_y-qh khp. A_ Ap
fus_u s_y rh khp s_p kpQp A\dp L$fhpdp Aph sp sdp b
am dm (1) kkpf_p vy$:Mpdp\u r_hq-kkpf vy$:Me r_hq A_
(2) b_p h$`_p bp^-b bp^_d &
A_ A b am dmsp _h^p c[s `L$u_p \d kps kp`p_hZ, L$us_, dfZ, `pv$ kh_, AQ_, hv$_ A_ v$pe - ky^u
`lpQu S>hpe. `R>u b kp`p_ - ke A_ Apdr_hv$_ - bpL$u fl.
ep `lpQhp dpV$ dp_ku khp S>$fu R>. Ad R> sp s_p A\ Ahp
\ep L$ s_yrh khp rk \sp, h, dp_kukhp_p hi pf `lpQu
e R>. s_y d_ (rQ) AL$pNsp `pd R>. dpfy - spfy sp lh fy _\u.
Alsp-ddsp _pi `pdu QyL$u R>. bpL$u fp R> sy A_ dp sy S>. AV$g
L$ hpdu uL$Z. `R>u sp h_ "ly' L$epe _ v$Mpe. s_ kh sy
(L$Z) S> v$Mpe. A_ s_y rQ s_pdp `fphpC e. s_y _pd dp_ku
khp.
Ahu A dp_ku khp_y ag iy ? L$iy S> _l]; s_y L$pC `Z ag
_\u; _ S> lpe. L$pfZ L$ s `ps S> ag$` R>. dp_ku khp rk \pe
AV$g s `ps S> ag$` b_u e R>. s dep `R>u buSy> L$iy ag
dmhhp_y flsy _\u. Np`uS>_p_y d_, rQ, As:L$fZ b^y L$Zdp
93

gpNu Ney lsy. s\u sd_ kh L$Zh$`_p v$i_ \sp lsp. sd_
L$Z_p h$`p_v$_u pq Ap`pAp` \C lsu. dp_kukhp ag$` lpC,
s_ `f AV$g L$ khpL$$ L$lu R>.
L$Zkhp kv$p L$fhu - Ahu Apop L$fu_ Ap`Zp Nyfyv$h
Ap`Z_ kph^p_ L$f R>. Ap`u L$l R>, ""h dp_y dye L$se
cNhv$ khp R>; s\u s kv$p L$fhu.'' A_p A\ A L$ cy khpdp
L$pg_p `qfR>v$ (depv$p) _\u. L$pC gpqL$L$ hqv$L$ L$pe L$fhp_y lpe
sp s AdyL$ kde S> - iyc kde - L$fhp_y lpe. Ahp gpqL$L$-hqv$L$
L$pe_ L$pg_p `qfR>v$ (bp^) R>. ep L$pg_y b^_ R>. epf cNhv$
khpdp L$pg_y L$pC b^_ _\u. s\u s kv$p, kh L$pg, L$fhu.
c[sdpNdp Aphu_, h, cy khp _ L$f sp s_ h^d (khp) _
L$fhp_p ehpe (`psL$, v$pj) gpN. sp`e A L$, ly cNhp__p v$pk
Ry> Ahy A_yk^p_ L$fu_ A_ cykhp A S> v$pk_p AL$ dp `yfyjp\ R>.
A_ v$pk sfuL$ A `psp_p ApheL$ ^d R> Ahy rhQpfu_, kv$p,
khL$pgdp khp L$fhu.
ApQpeuA Al] c[s iv$_ bv$g khp iv$_p epN
klsyL$ L$ep lpe Ahy d_ gpN R>. cL$s c[s L$f; c[s L$f s cL$s.
c[s L$f_pf_ cL$s L$lhpe. A_ cL$s sp kv$pe hv$_ue. cL$s
L$lhX$phhpdp AlL$pf_p fZL$pf d_ sp kcmpe R>. ly cL$s Ry> Ahy
L$lu Sy>Ap A_ sd_ dpfp Ap cph kdC S>i. s_ bv$g L$lp L$ ly
cy_p v$pk Ry>, cy_p khL$ Ry>. sdp cph_u rh_dsp_p dv$ `fsy `$
fZL$pf kcmpi. cpC, ly c[s _\u L$fsp; c[s L$fhp_y dpfy kpde
_\u; ly sp dp dpfp hpdu_u khp L$fy Ry> A_ s `Z dpfpdp khp
L$fhp_u i[s lpe sp. A_ ly sp khp `Z S>hu shu L$fy Ry>. kd Ap
cph_ A_ `R>u cy_u c[s L$fhu L$ khp L$fhu s_p r_Ze L$f.
dpfp Nyfyv$h sp r_Ze L$fu gu^p R> A_ d_ "khp' L$fhp_u Apop L$fu
R> - L$Zkhp kv$p L$pep. khp iv$ hpdu-khL$_p kb^_p cph_
Qqfsp\ L$fsp lpC, d_ A iv$ h^y epe gpN R>.
94

ApQpeu s_yrh pfp dp_ku rk \pe R> Ahu Apop L$f

R>. s_y qh AL$ iv$ R>. s_p A\-`psp_p S> s_ A_ ^_ hX$
L$fpsu khp-Ahp \pe R>. h s_y rh pfp `psp_p s_ (Ald)
A_ `psp_p ^_ (dd) _ ApNpmu v$hp_p R>. bu_ `kp Ap`u_ khp
L$fphuA sp Ap`Zp s__p rhr_epN cykhpdp L$ep Ahy iu fus
L$lhpe? A_ `psp_p ifuf\u khp _ L$fuA sp s s_ hX$ buSy> iy
L$fhp_y R>? iy s s_ hX$ C[eS>r_s cpNp S> cpNhhp_p R> ? s_
hX$ khp _ L$fuA sp Ap`Z Ap`Zp s_ (Ald) _ sp kyfrns S>
fpMuA R>uA. A_ Ald_ kyfrns fpMip sp d_ Alddp S> fep
L$fi. s cydp _l] `fphpe. h s_\u A_ h ^_\u khp L$fsp L$fsp
dp_ku khp Ahe rk \i Ahp dpfp Nyfyv$h_p ds R> (hds). A_
dp_ku rk \ep `R>u L$fpsu s_yrh `Z kpnps ag$` S> b_u
fli. hS> cL$sp_u s_y qh kpnps ag$` lsu s_u L$pZ _p L$li?
lh AL$ hps sp _$u \C NC L$ h ldip L$Zkhp L$fhu.
s_yrh pfp dp_ku khp rk \i. L$Z khp kv$p L$fhu AV$g L$
L$Z khp L$epfe _ R>pX$hu. Al] iy L$y R> ? L$y R> L$ L$Zkhp kv$p
L$fhu. sp S>_u khp L$fhp_y L$y R> s L$Z R> L$pZ ? afu\u AS> _
`|Ry> ? udlpcy S>_u khp L$fhp_u Apop L$f R> s L$Z L$pZ R> ?
s_y h$` L$hy R> ? s_y AL$S> h$` R> L$ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p h$`p R> ? Ap
b^p _p_p S>hpb `Z Ap`uA Ap N\dp S> Apep R>. A_ bly
kfk fus kdhu_ Apep R>.
uhgc L$Z_ Ap fus ApmMph R> - ""`f b sy L$Z rl
- AV$g L$ L$Z S> `fb `y{$jpd R>. hv$dp S>_ `fdpdp L$lhpdp
Apep R>, A_ `fb _pd\u ApmMphhpdp Apep R> sS> L$Z R>.
A_ Ap`Z khp s L$Z_u L$fhp_u R>.
`fb sfuL$ L$Z_ epf ApmMhpdp Aph epf \pXy$L$ tQs_
L$fhp_u S>$f R>. b h$`_ ApmMhp dpV$ bly KX$p qhQpf L$fhp `X$.
b h$`_u QQp L$fsp L$V$gpL$ Ahp iv$p epS>hp `X$ R> L$ S>_p A\
95

`$`Z Akqv$^ fus kdS>hpdp _ Aph sp cpf NyQhpX$p Ecp \pe.

L$pfZ L$, b iv$ gpNg keyL$s iv$p OZp R>. S>hp L$ `fb,
`fphf b, Anf b, ep`L$ b, blv$ b, nfb Apqv$. Ap
b^p b h$`p_ ApmMhp dpV$ b_p Z h$`p_ ApmMu ghp
`X$.
b_p b h$`p R> - (1) `fb A_ (2) A`fb. sdp\u
A`fb_p b h$`p R> - (1) Anfb (ep`L$ b) A_ (2)
nfb (S>Ns)
`fb_ Ap`Z `fp`f b, ANrZsp_v$ b A\hp sp
L$Z _pd\u ApmMuA R>uA. `f b sy L$Z rl _p A\ S> A R> L$
L$Z R> s `fb R>. b_y s Apr^v$rhL$ h$` R>. A h$` r_NyZ
kpL$pf R>. `R>u Aph A`fb. s_p b h$`p R> : (1) Anf A_
(2) nf
Anf b_ Ap`Z ep`L$ b A\hp blv$ b _pd\u `Z
ApmMu iL$uA. A R> :- `fb L$Z `psp_ rbfpS>hp dpV$, `psp_p
^pd $` (cNhv$ ^pd $`) AMug bpX$_ cfu v$sy `psp_y S> AL$
rhfpV$ h$` L$V$ L$f R>. Ap h$`_ Anf b L$l R>. s `fb_y
^pd R> (cy s_ "sv$ ^pd `fd dd' L$l R>.) Anf bdp `|Z
`y{$jpd, `fb, `|Z L$pd, `|Zp_v$, `fdpdp uL$Z bufpS> R>.
s\u s h$` (Anf) O ep`L$ R>. s_y h$` r_NyZ r_fpL$pf R>. S>
kh ep`L$ R>. s_p ApL$pf _ lpe.
Anf b `Z `fb_y kqQv$p_v$ $` R>. `fsy epv$ fpMp,
udlpcyA s_ dpV$ kqQv$p_v$L$ iv$ hp`ep R>. `fb A_
Anfb b kqQv$p_v$ L$lhpe R>. L$Z (`fb) A_ Anf b_y
h$` AV$g L$ gnZ (kqQv$p_v$) kdp_ lphp R>sp b AL$S> R> Ahy
L$v$pr` _ dp_hy. L$pfZ L$ ks, rQs A_ Ap_v$ A cNhp__p ^dp R>. `fb A_ Anf
bdp s ^dp rhdp_ R>. `fsy `fbdp s ANrZsp_v$ R>. A_
96

Anf bdp s NrZsp_v$ R>. Ap fus Ap_v$ ^d_y ApR>php`

lphp\u bdp aL$ R>. A aL$ bsphhp dpV$ sp ApQpeu A Anf b_
kqQv$p_v$L$ L$p R>. L$ Anf Ddfhpdp sd_p kL$s sd_pdp flg A_
^d_u e|_sp bsphhp_p R>. L$pfZ L$ "L$' Anf e|_sp k|QL$ R>. \pXy$
A_ \pXy$L$ A b iv$pdp S> A\ cv$ R> s fus.
udlpcy Ahy L$lhp dpN R> L$ ks, rQs A_ Ap_v$ A
Z ^dp b_p R>. L$Z `fb R> L$pfZ L$ b_p A Z NyZp
sd_pdp `|fu dppdp (k`|Z`Z) rhdp_ R>. Anf bdp `Z R>
Z ^dp rhdp_ sp R>. `fsy s_p Ap_v$ ^ddp e|_sp R>. A\ps s
NrZsp_v$ R>. Anf b_p AL$ rhij NZu_u `rs\u NZu iL$pe
R>. epf `fb_p Ap_v$ NZu _ iL$pe shp (ANrZsp_v$) R>.
A_ S>Ns sp Anf b_y S> h$` R>. `fsy s b_y kp\u
Ar^L$ e|_sphpmy h$` R>. L$pfZ L$ sdp b_p Z ^dpdp\u L$hm
AL$ S> kv$i L$V$ R>. bpL$u_p b ^dp - rQ A_ Ap_v$ - AL$V$
R>. sp`e A L$ S>Nsdp `Z, s b_y h$` lphp_ L$pfZ kqQv$p_v$` sp R> S>. `fsy s_p rQv$ A_ Ap_v$ b Aip rsfprls
\eg R>.
h b_p Ai lphp\u s_pdp `Z k[Qv$p_v$pdL$sp R>.
s_pdp kv$i A_ rQv$i (k[Qv$pi) rhdp_ R>. `fsy Ap_v$ Ai_p
rsfpcph R>. AV$gp dpV$ sp Nd (r_hv$_ d) dp `$`Z
""Ap_v$ rsfpcph'' A iv$p, h_p kv$c bpgphhpdp Apep R>.
d_ gpN R> L$ ApV$gp rhhQ_ `R>u (1) `fb (2) Anf
b A_ (3) nf b (S>Ns) A Z_p cv$ `$`Z kdC Nep
li. A cv$_ kdS>hp dpV$ S> s b h$`dp kqQv$p_v$L$sp L$V$gp
dpZdp R> s hp_u S>$f R>.
nf b (S>Ns)dp - dp kv$i. `fsy rQvi A_ Ap_v$pi_p
rsfpcph.
h (b_p Ai $`)dp - dp kv$i A_ rQv$i. `fsy
97

Ap_v$pi_p rsfpcph.
Anf b (blv$ b)dp - kv$i, rQv$i A_ NZu iL$pe
AV$gp Ap_v$pi (NrZsp_v$)
`fb (L$Z)dp - kv$i, rQv$i A_ `|Z Ap_v$pi
(ANrZsp_v$).
Ap fus `fb A_ Anf b krQv$p_v$ lphp R>sp A_
h$`_p rhQpf\u b AL$ lphp R>sp, Anf NrZsp_v$ A_ `fb
`|Zp_v$ (ANrZsp_v$) lphp\u, s b hQ_p cv$ `$ v$Mpe R>.
ApV$gy kdep `R>u A udlpcyA Anf b_p b $`p
(q$`) rhj S> L$y R> s kd gCA. Ap`u Apop L$f R> L$ - q$`
sq kh - AV$g L$ Anf b q$` R>; A\ps s_p b $` R>. AL$ $`
s S>Ns$` R> A_ s_y buSy> AL$ rhgnZ $` Ahy R> S> op_uAp pfp
D`pe R>. AV$g L$ op_uAp s $`_u D`pk_p-`| L$fR>.
epv$ fpMp op_uAp Anf b_u D`pk_p L$f R>. `qfZpd sAp
As Anf b_ S> `psp_u D`pk_p_p ag $` `pd R>. epf csp
`fb L$Z_u khp L$f R>. s\u As sAp h$`p_v$_ (`fb_) S>
ag$` `pd R>.
Ap fus Anf (b) op_uAp_y D`pe lpC epf op_uAp_
dpn dm epf sd_p ge Anfdp S> \pe R>. Anf b_p _pi L$epfe
\sp _\u. s\u sp s_ Anf AVg _pi _ `pd shy L$lhpdp Aph R>.
S>Ns `Z s_y S> h$` R>. `fsy s nf R>. nf R> AV$g L$ s_p ge
\pe R>. ge \pe epf nf b Ahy S>Ns bdp ge `pdu e R>.
ge AV$g _pi _l]; ge AV$g AL$$` \C S>hy. `fbdp (ge
L$pm) s_p ge \pe R> A_ kS>_ L$pm `fbdp\u s L$V$ R>.
hgcu hZhp S>Ns_ `fb_u gugpc|rd dp_ R>. Anf
L$Z_y ^pd R>. nf L$Z_u gugpc|rd R>. A_ L$Z r_S> cL$sp_p
ke lphp\u sd_p csp_u dy[s (dpn) sd_p h$`p_v$_u pq hX$
S> \pe R>. epv$ fpMp, `yr$ cL$sp_p L$Z_p h$`dp ge \sp _\u.
98

sAp sp L$Z h$`_ r_fMu_ (r_e ApR>h, r_e L$us_ r_fMhp

_v$Ly$dpf f) cNhv$ cL$s $` h$`p_v$ dmh R>. L$Z h$` r_fMsp
cs_S> Ap_v$ dm s_ h$`p_v$ L$lhpe. A h$`p_v$_u TpMu \C
lsu k|fv$pk_ - kpcmp iy L$l R> sAp AL$p `g el kyM, L$lp cep is L$` e.
AL$ `g_y kyM :- h$`p_v$ AL$ `g dpV$ `Z dm AV$g L$
cy_p h$`_u AL$ TgL$ S> dmu fl sp s_p\u dmsp kyM_u syg_pdp
"is L$`' ky^u hhp\u dmsy kyM _rlhs R>.
nf b A\ps S>Ns_p h$` rhj bpgsp ApQpeu Apop
L$f R> :A`f s `|h[d_ hpqv$_p bly^p S>Ny:
dpreL$, kNyZ, L$pe, hs, Qrs _L$^p &&
A\ps, S>Ns A Anfb_y h$` R>. yrs L$l R> L$ ""s
(Anf b) Ap S>Ns $` \ep R>. '' yrs Ahy `Z L$l R> L$ ""kh
Mgy Cv$ b'' AVg L$ Ap kh MfMf b R>. A\ps, S>Ns_u
D`q, [\rs A_ ge bdp S> R>. A_p A\ Ahp \pe L$ Anfb
S> `Q (S>Ns) $` Apqhc|s \pe R>.
`fsy `Q $` (S>Ns $`) Aprhc|s `pdg Anf b rhj,
AV$g L$ S>Ns_p h$` A_ s_u D`q rhj OZp dsp Qrgs R>.
S>hp L$ :(1) dpephpv$uAp S>Ns_ dpreL$ L$l R>. s gpL$p L$l R> L$
S>Ns_y D`pv$p_ L$pfZ dpep R>. AV$g L$ S>Ns_u D`q dpep_
Apr^_ R>.
(2) kpe A_ epNuAp S>Ns_ NyZ_y L$pe dp_ R>. kh,
fS>k A_ sdk A Z NyZ_u kdp_ Ah\p A kpe_u L$rs R>. A
L$rs_p Z NyZp_p kpedp, `yfyj_u q$ `X$sp sdp MmcmpV$
(npc) dQu e R>. epf S>Ns_u D`q \pe R>. V|$L$dp S>Ns A
D`eyL$s Z NyZp_y L$pe R> Ahy kpe A_ `psS>g v$i__p
99

A_yepreAp dp_ R>.

(3) _epreL$p A_ hirjL$p dp_ R> L$ Ap S>Ns `fdpdp\u
D` \ey R>. sAp L$l R> L$ `lgp S>Ns S>hp `v$p\ _ lsp. dp
`fdp lsp. `fsy L$pC A$ i[s L$ CfR>p\u `fdpdp q$ep
D` \C. `R>u sp AL$ `fdp bu `fdp kp\ X$pC_ s eL$,
eL$ \sp \sp $d $d Ap ApMy S>Ns D` \ey R>.
(4) dudpkL$ gpL$p Ap S>Ns_ hs S> dp_ R>. S>d Cf
`lgp\u S> hs$` lsp s fus S> S>Ns `Z `lgp\u S> R>. AV$g L$
S>Ns_ D` L$f_pf L$pC R> S> _l]. s sp hec| R>. Ahy sAp dp_
R>.
(5) bp, hcprjL$p, kpprsL$, Apls, QphpL$ (gpL$persL$),
hpd A_ ipL$s Apqv$ hv$\u brldshpmp gpL$p sp `psp_u df dpZ
`Q $`u b_p rhjedp `psp_p ds lf L$f R>. `fsy sd_p ds hv$
ds\u brldyM lpC_, s gMhp_u A S>$f _\u.
S>Ns_u D`q rhj_p Ap rc rc dsp_y MX$_ Ap`u
yrs (hv$) _p ds hX$ S> L$f R>. Ap`u L$l R> L$ - sv$hsL$pfZ
chsurs ysdsd - AV$g L$ sS> Anf b Ap L$pf S>Ns$` \pe R>
Ahp yrs_p ds R>. A_ `R>u sfs S> Ap`u lf L$f R> L$ - S>
yrs_p ds R> s dpfp ds R>.
D`f L$p dpZ Anfb Ap S>Ns$` \pe R> Ahp yrs_p
A_ s\u uhgc_p ds R>. s\u Anfb_p b $`p \ep - (1)
`Q (S>Ns) $` A_ (2) Anfb $` L$ S> op_uAp_y D`pe $`
R>. Ap ke_ kdS>hp dpV$ ApQpeu NNp_y $ps Ap` R>.
Ap`u Apop L$f R> L$ NNp_p b $` R> - (1) _v$u $`p
AV$g L$ S>mhpl $`. s D_pmp-Qpdpkpdp OV$-h^ R>. A_ gpL$p_p
_p_, `p_, ApQd_ Apqv$ b^p ehlpfp_p D`epNdp Aph R>. hmu s
e R>. s\u s NNp_y Apr^cprsL$ $` R> A_ (2) NNp-dplpe
$`: hqv$L$ fus dpZ _p_, `|, v$p_ Apqv$ hX$ khp L$fhp\u, khp
100

L$f_pf gpL$p_ cpN L$ dpn Apqv$ am Ap`hp_y dplpe ^fph_pf

NNp. Ap $` $ _\u : s A_ych Ne R>. s NNp_y ApeprdL$
$` R>.
rbgLy$g A S> fus Anfb_y S>Ns $` s_y Apr^cprsL$ $`
R>. s e R>. epf Anfb_y D`pe $` (op_uAp S>_u D`pk_p
L$f R> s $`) Anfb_y ApeprdL$ $` R>.
Al] A hps `$`Z kd ghp_u L$ NNp_y ApepqdL$
(dplpe) $`, s_p Apr^cprsL$ S>mhpl $` L$fsp rhij R>. AS>
fus b_y ApepqdL$ $` s_p `psp_p Apr^cprsL$ S>Ns $` L$fsp
rhij R>. s Ahu fus L$ NNpdp\u AL$ `pdp cfu gu^gy S>m A_
NNp_p hpldp hlsy S>m Apd sp kfMy R>. R>sp ampq_u [$A
s Sy>vy$ R>. `pdp cfu_ Of gC S>hpdp Aphg NNpS>m hX$ _p_,
`p_ L$ ApQd_ L$fhp\u, h_p `p`p_u r_hq \pe R>. L$pfZ L$ s R>
sp NNpS>m S>. `fsy NNp_p hpldp hlsp S>mdp _p_ Apqv$
L$fhp\u su\_p_ L$ep_y (dpn Apqv$) am dm R>. A\ps v|$f v$idp
`pdp cfu gC S>hpeg S>m\u _p_ L$fhp\u L$ `p_ L$fhp\u `p`p_u
r_hq \pe. `fsy dpn _ dm. AV$g L$ su\_p_ L$ep_y S> am (dpn)
R> s _ dm. s dmsy lps sp gpL$p ^_ MQ}_, `pp cfu_ NNpS>m
dNphu, s_p hX$ _p_ L$fu_ `psp_ su\_p__y am dey Ahy dp_u_
sAp `psp_u s_ L$sp\ \eg dp_u gs.
AS> dpZ Apr^cprsL$ S>Ns (nf b) L$fsp ApepqdL$
Anfb rhij R> S>. S> L$pd Anf\u b_ s L$pd S>Ns $` nfb\u
_ b_ Ad kdS>hy.
Ap fus sp b_p Z h$`p \ep. (1) `fb L$Z, (2)
Anfb L$ blv$ b A_ (3) nf b L$ S>Nsb_p Ap Z
h$`p_ kdS>hp dpV$ ApQpeu `y_: NNp_p Z h$`p_y $ps
Ap` R>.
(1) NNp_y S>mhpl $` :- kp L$pC s_ C iL$ R>. s
101

CqeNe R>. s NNp_y Apr^cprsL$ (c|sg D`f_y) h$` R>. AS>

fus S>Ns `Z b_y Apr^cprsL$ h$` R>. kp L$pC s_ C iL$ R>
A_ s `Z CqeNe R>.
(2) NNp_y su\ (dplpe) h$` :- NNp L$hm _v$u _\u.
s sp AL$ dlp_ `rh su\ R>. s_p dplpe_y hZ_ Qyf dppdp
L$fhpdp Apey R>. s `psp_p S>mdp _p_ L$f_pf_ dpn Ap` R> A_
AS> s_y dplpe. NNp_y ApepqdL$ (dplpe) h$` C iL$psy
_\u. `fsy s_y dplpe A_ychu iL$pe R>. s\u s NNp_y
ApepqdL$ h$` R>. A S> fus kdN bpX$dp ep Ahy blv$ b
(Anfb) `Z C iL$psy _\u. R>sp s_y dplpe A_ychu iL$pe
R>. op_u `yfyjp s_u D`pk_p L$fu_ dpn dmhu iL$ R>. Apd s b_y
Apep[dL$ h$` R>.
(3) NNp_y v$hu h$` : S> op_u cL$s NNp_p S>mh$`
A_ su\ h$` A b hQ Acv$ cph ^fph R>. s_ NNp v$hu $`
(kpL$pf b_u_) v$i_ Ap` R>. fp cNuf\ A_ycey L$ s_p `|h_u
dy[s dpV$ NNpS>mdp _p_ L$fhy S>$fu R>, epf sdZ p\_p`|hL$,
c[scph\u s` L$fu_ NNp_ k L$ep. s\u NNp sd_u kpd
v$hu $` L$V$ \ep. rcdv$pv$p_u dpspA `Z L$V$ $` ips_y fp_
v$i_ Apep lsp A_ kDe sApA ips_y fp kp\ g L$ep lsp.
NNp_y Ahy v$hu h$` s sd_y Apr^v$rhL$ h$` R>.
udlpcy Apop L$f R> L$ S> h_u NNpdp Arsie
c[s \pe R>. AV$g L$ epf s hpldp hlsp S>m A_ NNp_p
dplpe h$`dp Arcsp A_ych R>. (cNuf\fp_u dpaL$) epf
shp cL$s kpd NNp v$hu $` L$V$ \pe R>. v$hu$` NNp_p v$i_
kp L$pC_ \sp _\u. NNp_u c[s_u `fpL$p$pA `lpQgp lpe shp
L$pC rhfg cL$sp_ S> NNp v$hu $` v$i_ Ap` R>. Ahu S> fus
cNhv$ cs S>Ns_y kpQy h$` kd_, AV$g L$ s_ `fb `fdf
L$Z_u gugpc|rd kd_ s_pdp (S>Nsdp) A_ ApepqdL$
102

(dplpe) h$` S>_y R> Ahp Anfbdp Acv$ A_ych R> shp
cL$s_ cNhp_ Apr^v$rhL$ h$` AV$g L$ L$Z h$` v$i_ Ap` R>.
uL$Z A b_y Apr^v$rhL$ h$` R>. Ap lL$uL$s kdhhp dpV$
$ps Ap`sp udlpcy Apop L$f R> e\p S>g s\p kh e\p iL$sp s\p bls
e\p v$hu s\p L$Z: spesqv$ lpes &&
A_ S>g S>hy S>Ns, dplpe i[s S>hy Anf A_ v$hu
S>hp L$Z lpe sp -Assy bhpv$_ L$Z byqrh^uespd & AV$g L$
bhpv$ pfp S> L$Zdp byq \p`hu. A\ps kh M[hv$ b_p
A_ych L$fhp. S>Ns, Anf A_ `fb b^p_ b dp_u_ s b^p_
L$Z_p S> h$`p kdS>hp. S>Ns_ L$Z_y Apr^cprsL$ h$`, AV$g L$
r_S>^pd h$` kdS>hy. L$Z S>Nsdp fpq gugp L$f R> A_ Anfdp
r_e r_hpk L$f R> Ahy kdS>hy s_y _pd bhpv$.
ApQpeuA bhpv$_ kdhhp dpV$ b k|p Apep R> -(1)
$` _pd rhcv$_ S>Ns q$X$su ep es: A_ (2) kh Mgy Cv$ b - Ap
b k|p_p cph kdS>hp\u bhpv$ kdC S>i.
h `fb `fdpdp L$Z_u khp L$fhp_u R>. uhgc
h_ Ahu Apop ip dpV$ L$fu ? Ap`uA h A_ b hQ Ahp
L$ep kb^ ep L$ S>_p\u Ap`uA h_ b_u khp L$fhp_u Apop
L$fu ?
s_p S>hpb AL$ S> R> A_ bly `$ R>. h b_p Ai R>.
Ai Aiu_u khp L$fhu A s_p ^d R>. h khL$ R>. L$Z hpdu R>.
khL$ hpdu_u khp L$fhu A s_p ^d R>.
Al] h_ b_p Ai A_ s\u b_p khL$ L$lhpdp Apep.
sp `R>u h_y kpQy h$` iy R> s A_ A h$`, h_u dy[s iy
L$fhp\u \pe s Zu ghp_u S>$f R>. A kdS>hp dpV$ Ap`uA Apop
L$fu R> 103

Apdr_ b$` sy rR>p ep_uh Qs_p: &

D`pr^_pi rhop_ bpdhph bp^_ &
A\ps, ApL$pidp Z rR>p lpe A fus Anf b rhj hp
R>. A_ s Arhp$`u Asfpe_ L$pfZ v$Mpe R>. Asfpe $` b_g
Arhp$`u D`pr^_p _pi \pe epf h `psp_ b_p Ai $` C
iL$ R>. op_u lpe s `psp_p Apdp_ Anfb $` Sy>A R>; cL$s lpe
s `psp_p Apdp hX$ `fb L$Z h$`_p v$i_ L$f R>.
h b_p Ai R> s\u s `ps bh$` R>. `fsy Arhp_
L$pfZ h_ `psp_y kpQy h$` v$Mpsy _\u. Arhp AL$ Asfpe R>
S>_ L$pfZ h_ `psp_y kpQy b h$` v$Mpsy _\u. Arhp AL$
Asfpe R> S>_ L$pfZ s_pdp `pQ L$pf_p Aepkp (Aepk AV$g
Apcpk, cd, MpV$u L$`_p) D` \pe R>. e\p - v$lpepk,
Cqepepk, pZpepk, As:L$fZpepk A_ h$` qhj_p cd.
Ahp Aepk \sp h Ahy dp_u g R> L$ s_p v$l, Cqep, pZ A_
As:L$fZ AS> A_y kpQy h$` R>. `fsy A sp A_ \eg Aepk dp
R>. s_y kpQy h$` sp bh$` R>. s sp b_p Ai (_p_p Vy$L$X$p)
R>. udv$ cNhv$ Nuspdp ucNhp_ ASy>__ h_y Ai` Ap fus
L$y R> - ddhpip hgpL$, hc|s: k_ps_ - AV$g L$ hgpL$dp
k_ps_ Ahp dpfp S> Ai, h $` \egp R>.
h_ Ai AV$g L$ A S>hX$p bspep R>. h A S>hX$p
lpe sp s lp\u L$ lg S>hp dlpL$pe pZuAp_p ifufdp L$hu fus
ep`u fl R> ? A iL$p_p r_hpfZ A\ uepk L$l R> :
""Arhfp^v$_hs'' - s ApMp v$ldp ep`u flgp R>. AV$g L$ Aes
s`phgp sg\u k`|Z cfgp Ahp dpV$p L$X$pepdp _pMgp Qv$__p AL$
_p_p Vy$L$X$p hX$ S>d b^y sg W$Xy$ \B e R> sd A S>hp h dlpL$pe
ifufdp hisp s `psp_p kpde\u S>X$ Ahp s ApMp ifuf_
Qs_phpmy b_phu v$ R>. Ap hps bpX$ `yfpZdp L$lu R> Adpp@eQ h: hv$l epe rs$rs e\p epe ifufprZ
104

lqfQv$_rh`j & - AV$g L$ ""ifuf_p AL$ cpN (v$i) dp flgp

lqfQv$__p tbvy$Ap S>d b^p ifufdp ep`u_ iusmsp D` L$f R>
sd hpdp A S>hX$p R> sp `Z, `psp_p Qse$`u NyZ\u ApMp
ifufdp, ep \C_ s v$l_ kQs_ L$f R>.''
h_y h$` kdep `R>u ApQpeu h_p dy[s L$pf
(h_u dy[s iu fus \pe s)_p D`v$i Ap` R>.
D`f L$p dpZ Arhp_ L$pfZ `pQ Aepkpdp b^pegp
h `psp_p h$`_ c|gu_ Ae\p h$`dp ApkL$s fl R>. h_y
kpQy $` "b_p Ai' R>. A_ h_y Ae\p $` s_p kkpf R>. `Q
Aepkp\u Ofpegp h kkpfdp ApkL$s fl R>. kkpf_u Apk[s_
v|$f L$fhp h iy L$fhy ? sp L$ `psp_p kpQp h$`_y op_ dmhhy.
`fsy s L$hu fus dm ? sp L$ cy_u khp pfp Arhp_p _pi
\pe A_ Arhp\u Dv$chgp kkpf e_u Apk[s v|$f \pe A_ s_
h$`_y (b_p Ai lphp_y) op_ \pe. epf h_ kde L$ S>Ns
(nf b), Anfb A_ `fb A b^p b_p S> h$`p R>. s_pdp
L$pC sprhL$ cv$ _\u - S> cv$ R> s ks rQs A_ Ap_v$ ^dp_u
e|_pr^L$sp_p S> R>. sd_u hQ h$`pdL$ cv$ _\u. A Z ^dp ks, rQs A_ Ap_v$_u e|_pr^L$sp A\hp sd_p Aprhcph rsfpcph_
L$pfZ sd_pdp cv$ v$Mpe R>. A_ h `ps `Z b_p S> Ai lpC s
`ps `Z b h$` R>. h_ Ap L$pf_y op_ \pe L$ sfs S> s `ps
L$Zh$` lphp_p A_ych L$f R>. Ap_y _pd h_u dy[s dy[srlhpe\p $`d h$`Z eh[\rs : (rinpgpL$u)
h_u dy[s_p L$pf udlpcyA Ap fus hZep R> :sdpR>uL$ZdpN\p rhdyL$s: khgpL$s: &
Apdp_v$ kdy\ L$Zdh rhtQses &&
A\ps S> h `psp_p h$`_ ApmMu_, Ae\p h$`dp\u
dyL$s \hp dpNsp lpe s h, `psp_p A lsy rk L$fhp dpV$ iy L$fhy ?
`psp_u A lsy rkq dpV$ sZ - b^p gpL$\u AV$g L$ Alsp ddspdL$
105

kkpf\u rhij L$fu_ R|>V$p \C_ `psp_p Ap_v$$`u kdydp rbfpS>dp_

uL$Z_y - AV$g L$ iy `yq$dpN}e uNp`uS>_p_p kd|ldp rhlpf
L$f_pf kv$p_v$, `|Z `y{$jpd, uNp`uS>_hgc L$Z_y tQs_ L$fhy.
sd L$fsp kkpfdp b Ahp A h kkpfdp\u dyL$s \i. s_y _pd
h_u dy[s.
`fsy Ahy tQs_ L$ep Apie\u, L$hp cph\u L$fhy s kd ghy
fy. gpL$p\}(gpqL$L$ L$pd_phpmp) h L$Z_ cS> sp s kh\p
[g$ (vy$:Mu) \pe R>. s\u EgVy$ [g$ (vy$:Mu) lphp R>sp `Z
cph\u s L$Z_ cS>hp_y Qpgy fpM (_ R>pX$) sp s_p gpL$_p
(gpqL$L$ L$pd_pAp_p) _pi \pe R>.
sp`e A L$ S> h_u kpkpqfL$ Apk[s _ Ry>V$u lpe s h,
kkpfdp S> Apks flu_, uL$Z_u khp L$f sp cNhp_ s_
kpkpqfL$ kyMp Ap`sp _\u. Ahp h kpkpqfL$ vy$:Mp cpNhhp `X$ R>.
`fsy kpkpqfL$ vy$:Mp cpNhsp flsp lphp R>sp s L$Zkhp L$fhp_y
R>pX$u _ v$ AV$g L$Zkhp L$e S> fpM sp cy s_u kpkpqfL$ hpk_pAp
(Apk[s) R>pX$phu v$ R>. A_ s h D`f A_yNl L$fu_ s_ `psp_p
QfZpdp \p_ Ap` R>. Ap hps kdhhp dpV$ S> Ap`uA Apop
L$fu R> L$ gpL$p\}Qv$ cS>s L$Z [g$p chrs kh\p &
[g$p@r` Qv$ cS>s L$Z, gpL$p _ers kh\p &&
cy h_u hpk_pAp A_ Apk[s_ `psp_p A_yNl hX$ S>
R>pX$ph R>; h_p kp^_ bm L$fu_ s R|>V$su _\u. vy$:Mu lphp R>sp
L$Z khp Qpgy fpMhu A s_y kp^_ Mfy. `fsy A kp^_p_p bm L$fu_
S> cy s_u Apk[s R>pX$phsp _\u. cy sp `psp_p A_yNl_p bm
L$fu_ s_u Apk[s R>pX$ph R>. Ap lL$uL$s_ ep_dp fpMu_
udlpcy Apop L$f R> A_yNl: `yr$dpN r_epdL$ Crs [\rs:
A\ps `yq$dpNdp h_y kp^_ _l] `fsy cy_p A_yNl kh
106

`qf[\rs_y r_eZ L$f_pf R>.

L$l R> L$ op_ pfp cypq \pe R>. `fsy S>_u `pk op_ _
lpe shp hp_y iy ? op_pq hNf s_ cypq$`u am L$hu fus
dm ? s_p S>hpbdp Ahy L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ op_u _ lpe shp `yr$dp
flgp cL$s (h) ucpNhs_p `pW$ (hZ L$us_)dp s`f \C_, S>
\m hZ-L$us_ r_fsf \sp lpe shp \m S>C_ flhy. `fsy op_u
_ lpe shp depv$pdp flgp cL$s, ucpNhs hZdp s`f \C_
uNNp Apqv$ su\\p_pdp S>C_ flhy. AV$gp dpV$ sp fp `furns
pep`hi gC_ NNp_p qL$_pfp D`f S>C bW$p lsp. rhvy$f `Z
AS> fus NNp-edy_p qL$_pf (su\ \p_pdp) S>C_ fp lsp.
Ap_p A\ A \ep L$ depv$pdpN}e cL$s op__p Acphdp
su\\p_p_y kprde khhy, Ahp kpdpe r_ed R>. `fsy `yq$dpN}e
cL$s_ dpV$, op__p Acph, r_S> [\rs L$fhp dpV$ (flhp dpV$) L$pC
Qp$k v$i (\p_)_p r_ed _\u - s_ dpV$ AdyL$ Qp$k su\ \m
flu_ S> hZ-L$us_, `|kh Apqv$dp s`f flhy Ahp L$pC r_ed
_\u. sZ sp cy A_yNl L$fu_ s_ ep [\rs L$fph ep S> flhy.
`yr$dpNdp hv$rhr^_y r_ed_ _\u. cy_p A_yNl S> sdp r_epdL$ R>.
depv$pdpN}e hp op_u s\p cL$s `Z lpC iL$. sd_p
D`f cy rhij L$`p (A_yNl) L$f sp. sAp `yqV$dpNdp hi dmhu_
`yr$dpN}e c[s p L$f R>. AV$g L$ h$`p_v$ `pd R>. `fsy
sd_p ANuL$pf depv$pdp S> L$fhpdp Apep lpe sp `R>u depv$pdpN}e
op_u A_ depv$pdpN}e cL$s A b_ ag$` dy[s S> dm R>; sd_
h$`p_v$ dmsp _\u. s\u `$`Z kde R> L$ op_pr^L$p
c[sdpN A\ps op_dpN L$fsp c[sdpN Ar^L$ R>.
`yr$ c[s sp Av$e (klgpC\u v$hpdp _ Aph shu) R>. s_y
k|Q_ L$fsu AL$ D[s R> - ""L$v$prQs dy[s_y v$p_ L$f R>; `fsy
c[sepN sp _l] S>.'' cy Ahu `fd c[s (`yr$ c[s) _y v$p_ sp
`psp_p L$pC rhij A_yNl cpS>__ S> L$f R>. Ap fus udlpcyA
107

c[sdpN_p op_dpN L$fsp DL$j k|Qep R>.

c[sdpN op_dpN L$fsp Ar^L$ R> A bu fus `Z kdhu
iL$pe. op_dpNdp Anfb A_ hpdp_ AL$$` (As) Zhpdp
Aph R>. hpdp dp_ R> L$ ly b Ry>. Ap b^y `Z b R>. Ap fus_p
op_\u s Anfb_u D`pk_p L$f R>. s\u s_u D`pk_p_p am$` s_
Anfb_u pq \pe R>.
A_ c[sdpNdp, Nusp hpL$e dpZ - edpnfdsusp@ld, Anfpv$r` Qpd - AV$g L$ ly nf\u Arss Ry> A_ Anf\u
`Z Dd Ry> Ahy kd_ nf A_ Anf\u `Z S> `f R> A_
gpL$hv$dp `y{$jpd _pd rk R>. Ahp u`y{$jpd_u khp \pe R>.
Nuspdp Ahy `Z L$y R> L$ dpfp csp d_ S> `pd R>. s dpZ
`y{$jpd_p csp_ `y{$jpd_u S> pq \pe R>. Ap fus yrs
hpL$ep\u dpZrk Ahp c[sdpN op_dpN L$fsp Ar^L$ R>.
Ap fus udlpcyA hrkps (hds)_y r_$`Z L$ey R>.
`fsy kp\pkp\ Ahy `Z L$y R> L$ hip_p rkps $` `psp_y khh
S> Ny R> AV$g L$ Ncuf sp`ehpmy R> s brldyMp_ Zhp epe
_\u. sp `R>u Ahy Ny q_$`Z L$ey ip dpV$ ? s_p S>hpbdp Ap`u
L$l R> L$ ""hip_p op_\u, hdpN (`yr$dpN) kb^u S> L$pC kiep
lpe s b^p r_h \pe R> A_ s_y op_ _ lpe sp ""kiepdp
rh_ers'' A epe h_u byq Ae\p \C e. AV$gp dpV$ r_S>
khL$pA Ap N\_y sp`e Ahe Zhy.
- S>e uL$Z
***

108

4. `yr$hpldepv$pcv$:
`yr$hpldepv$p
rhijZ
`\`\L$
hv$lq$epcv$: hplZ ag_ Q && 1
heprd khkv$lp _ crheqs eRy>s:
c[sdpNe L$\_p`yr$fsurs r_e: && 2
p c|skNprheys: hplp@r` ehq\s:
hv$e rhdp_hpdepv$pr` ehr\sp && 3
L$[v$h rl csp rl ep cs CsufZps
khpL$jL$\_p`yr$fsurs r_e: && 4
_ khp@s: hplpq rcp hv$pQ cv$s:
ev$p eers hQ_ppl hv$qfsufZps && 5
dpNL$h@r` Qv$ep s_| cepNdp dsp
_ sys k|sp rl rc eyep rl hqv$L$: && 6
hv$lL$su_p Q rch r_esp ys:
e\p s`yr$dpN epfr` r_j^s: && 7
dpZcv$pqp rl `yr$dpNp r_{$r`s:
kNcv$ heprd h$`pNq$epeysd && 8
CR>pdpZ d_kp hpl k$hp_ lqf:
hQkp hv$dpN rl `yr$ L$pe_ r_e: && 9
d|gR>ps: ag gpL$ hv$ps hqv$L$@r` Q
L$pe_ sy ag `y$p rcR>psp@r` _L$^p && 10
sp_l qjsp hpeprp hp: hprlZ:
As Ahsfp rcp kpsp dpnhis: && 11
sdphp: `yr$dpN rcp Ah _ kie:
cNh|`khp\ skr$_pe\p chs && 12
h$` Z phspf Z tgN _ Q Ny Z _ Q
spfse _ h$` v$l hp sq$epky hp && 13
109

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s\pr` ephsp L$pe sphe L$fprs rl &

s rl q^p iyrdcv$pqdps\p `y_: && 14 &&
hplprv$rhc v $ _
cNhL$pe r ke &
`y$ep rhrdp: khop: hplZ q$epfsp: && 15 &&
depv$ep NyZops iyp: Zprsvy$gcp: &
Ah kNsy sjp rl ag h r_$es && 16 &&
cNhp_ h rl ag k e\p@@rhc h y r h &
NyZh$`cv$_ s\p sjp ag chs && 17 &&
Apksp cNhp_h ip` v$p`ers hrQs &
AlL$pf@\hp gpL$ sdpN\p`_pe rl && 18 &&
_ s `pjX$sp epqs _ Q fpNpy`hp: &
dlp_ycphp: peZ ip iyhlsh && 19 &&
cNhpfse _ spfse cS>qs rl &
hqv$L$h gpqL$L$h L$p`V$epjy _pe\p && 20 &&
hZhh rl klS> ssp@e rh`ee: &
kbq^_sy e hp: hpl\ps\p`f && 21 &&
Qj Z uiv$hpeps s kh kh h d k y &
nZppkhhdpepqs {$rQsjp _ Ly$rQs && 22 &&
s j p q$ep_y k pf Z kh kL$g agd &
hpl\p_ heprd h$`pNq$epeysp_ && 23 &&
hps pkyfp: kh hr Qrs hrZsp: &
s Q q^p L$ues ovy$orhcv$s: && 24 &&
vy$ops cNhpsp opsp__y e `y_: &
hpl@r` kdpNe `yr$\s_ eyes && 25 &&
kp@r` ssLy$g s: L$dZp es es:&&25 1/2&&
&& Crs uhgcpQperhfrQs: `yr$hpldepv$pcv$: kdp: &&

110

jpX$i N\pdp kdprh$ b^p N\p L$fZ N\p R>. sv$_ykpf

"`yq$hpl depv$pcv$' `Z L$fZ N\R>. L$fZ N\lpC L$v$dp s
_p_p R>, `R>u cg_ he rhje_u q$A sdp NpNfdp kpNf
cfhpdp Apep lpe. jpX$i N\pdp_p b^p N\p A\ Ncuf R>. `yq$hpl-depv$p-cv$ N\`Z bly S> A\ Ncuf N\R>. `fsy Ap`Zp
vy$cpe s k`|Z`Z p \C iL$sp _\u. uNpLy$g_p\A epf s_u
V$uL$p L$fhp_y L$pe D`pX$ey epf Ap`uA ey L$ N\_p As_p cpN Nyd
\ep R>. ufOy_p\ `Z Ap hps_p DM L$fsp L$l R> - Cs Eh
N\yqV$: - AV$g L$ Al]\u ApNm N\A`|Z R>.
AV$gp dpV$ s b dlp_ycphpA Ap N\_p S>V$gp cpN sd_
dmu iL$ep sV$gp cpN D`f V$uL$p L$fu R> A_ `R>u N\A^yfp lphp_p
`$ r_v$i L$ep R>. N\ A^|fp lpe A_ s R> S> sp sdp\u L$ep
dyp_y r_$`Z Nyd \ey R> s_u Mbf L$p'_ R> ? ur`spbf A_
u`y{$jpd Apop L$f R> L$ Ap N\dp\u hpldpN_y epS>_,
kp^_, AN, q$ep A_ ag s\p depv$pdpN_y epS>_, h$`, AN,
q$ep, kp^_ A_ ag b^y S> uhgc L$fgy r_$`Z Nyd \C Ney R>.
AL$ hps _L$L$u R> L$ S> cpN Nyd \ep R> s cpN uNpLy$g_p\_p
kde\u Nyd \ep R>. s L$hu fus Nyd \ep R> s bpbs r_qs`Z L$lu
iL$pe sd _\u. sd R>sp s dpV$_p Z iL$e L$pfZp Ap`hpdp Apep
R>. e\p (1) Ahy L$lhpe R> L$ uNp`u_p\_p gugphi `R>u
`yr$dpN_p ApQpe`v$ D`f L$pZ rsr$s \pe - uNp`u_p\_p
kNuf `y u`y{$jpd L$ uNp`u_p\_p A_yS> urh$g_p\ A bpbsdp dscv$ Ecp \ep. s_p\u _pfpS> \C_ uNp`u_p\_p
hly uhgc_p N\pdp\u lp\`X$ey kp\ gC_ v$rnZdp Qpep
Nep. A_ s b^y L$epL$ rhkfpC Ney. `qfZpd `yq$hpl depv$pcv$_p
Arsd cpN A_ Acpe_p R>p v$pY$ Aepe_y r_$`Z L$fsp `$p
Nyd \ep Ahy d_pe R>.
111

(2) L$v$pQ Ahy `Z b_ L$ ApQpeuA `ps A N\p A^yfp

fpep lpe. `fsy Ahy L$v$u _ b_. L$pfZ L$ `yr$-hpl-depv$pcv$ sp
gOy N\R>. sdp \pX$pL$ S> gpL$p _ fQhp dpV$_y Ap`u_y L$pC epS>_
_ lpC iL$.
(3) Ap N\_p S>V$gp cpN dm R> sV$gp cpNdp `yq$dpN
rhj k`|Z QQp R>. epf hpl A_ depv$p dpN rhj_y r_$`Z L$fsp
bpL$u_p cpN, S> pe _\u, s urh$gi_p ds L$v$pQ bly ANe_p
_ lphp\u s sfa bly ep_ fpey _ lpe sp uNpLy$g_p\_p kde
ky^udp s Nyd \ep lpe A hpcprhL$ R>. A_ s _ dmsp Ap`uA
s_p D`f V$uL$p L$fu _\u A `$ R>.
_p^ : `yr$-hpl-depv$pcv$_p Nyd \egp cpN uNykpC_
ANe_p _ gpep lpe A hpcprhL$ R>. L$pfZ L$ Acpe_p S>
cpN _ dep s b^p cpN Ap`uA `ps gMu_ s N\_ `|Z b_pep
R>. epf `yr$-hpl-depv$pcv$dp sd L$fhpdp Apey _\u.
L$pfZ Nd s lpe, Ap`Zu `pk Aepf A N\_p S>V$gp cpN
rhdp_ R> s_p D`f S> ur`spbf, u`y{$jpd, ufOy_p\
A_ uNpLy$g_p\A kL$sdp V$uL$p L$fu R>. s_p Ap^pf Ap V$uL$p
gMhp_p _d epk d L$ep R>. hpL$`rs uhgc_p de bm L$fu_,
s gMpC S>i Ahu d_ p R>.
uds cyQfZ uNykpCA "khpd sp'dp uhgc_p
108 r_e rk _pdp NZpep R>. sdp AL$ _pd R>, ""v$hppf
e_pdp'' AV$g L$ v$hu hp_p Dpf dpV$ e_ L$f_pf.
Ap`u_p pvy$cph v$hu hp_p Dpf L$fhp dpV$ \ep lpe, A_ s \ep
S> R>, sp s_p A\ A \ep L$ c|sg D`f v$huhp rkhpe_p bu
L$pf_p hp A[sh ^fph R>.
udv$ cNhv$ Nuspdp uW$pLy$fA `$ Apop L$fu R> - p
c|skNp gpL$@[d_ v$h Apkyf Ah Q & - AV$g L$ Ap c|sg D`f b
L$pf_u c|s kr$ (h kr$) R>. (1) v$hu hp_u kr$ A_ (2)
112

Apkyfu hp_u kr$. s_p A\ A \ep L$ hp b L$pf_p R>. v$hu

hp A\ps v$hu NyZ k`q ^fphsp hp A_ Apkyfu hp AV$g
Apkyfu NyZ k`q ^fphsp hp. A_ Ap`Z ZuA R>uA L$
uhgc_y c|sg D`f_y pL$V$e \ey lsy v$hu NyZ k`q ^fphsp
hp_p Dpf dpV$.
`yr$-hpl-depv$pcv$ N\_p pfc, Ap`uA A hps rk
L$fhp_p epk L$ep R> L$ hkr$ A cypr L$fhp dpV$_p kp^_$`
Z dpNp A[sh ^fph R>. (1) `yr$ dpN, (2) hpldpN A_ (3)
depv$pdpN (op_dpN). b^p hp_y Arsd ee AL$ S> R>. A_ s R>
"h pfp \su cypr' iy AL$ S> dpN Qpgu_ A ee p _ L$fu
iL$pe ? s dpV$ Z dpNp_u iu S>$f R> ? sp L$ h, v$l, h_u L$rs
s\p hkr$_p hpl A_ am_ ep_dp fpMu_ A Z dpN
bsphhpdp Apep R>.
dpNp cg Z lpe `fsy s c[sdpN (`yr$dpN), hpldpN
(L$ddpN) A_ depv$pdpN (hv$dpN) A _pd\u S> ip dpV$
ApmMphhpdp Apep R> ? Ap hps_u `$sp L$fhp dpV$ Ap`u Apop
L$f R> (1) ucpNhs s\p Nusp S>hp ippdp c[sdpN L$lgp
R>. s\u `yr$dpN lphp_p r_e \pe R>. (2) Ap gpL$dp v$hu A_
Apkyfu hp_u kr$ R> Ahy sp Nuspdp `Z L$lgy R>, hv$ `Z Ad
S> L$l R>. s\u Nusp A_ hv$pqv$ ippdp bsphg hv$dpN (hv$pqv$_u
depv$p dpZ Qpg_pf hp_ am Ap`_pf dpN) `Z R> S> Ahy
r_[s \pe R>. (3) A_ Apkyfu hp_p DM pfp sd_p DL$j
dpV$_p hpl (L$d) dpN `Z eh\p`|hL$ L$fgp R> Ahy rk \pe R>.
lh v$hu hp dpV$ b dpN lpe - `yr$ A_ depv$p - sp
Ahp cv$ ip dpV$ `pX$hpdp Apep R> ?
Nuspdp cNhp_ "ep dv$ cL$s: k d re: - Ahy L$y R> AV$g L$ cNhp_ L$l R>, ""Ahp dpfp cL$s d_ re R>. s_p A\ Ahp
113

\ep L$ v$hu hpdp `Z L$V$gpL$ dv$ cL$sp R> A_ L$V$gpL$ hv$ip_u

depv$p `pm_pf hp R>. hv$ip_u depv$p `pmhp dpV$ hv$ A_ ipp_y
op_ ApheL$ R>. s\u hv$ipp_u depv$p `pm_pf hp op_u hp R>
A_ bpL$u_p L$V$gpL$ sp AdyL$ Qp$k NyZp ^fphsp lpC, cy_p re
cL$sp b_u bW$p R>. cNhv$ Nusp_p bpfdp Aepedp cy_ re s_p
csp_p NyZp_y hZ_ R>.
A_ Nusp-cpNhs Aprv$dp b^, Ae dpNp D`f,
c[sdpN_u Ar^L$sp (dpV$pC) hZhhpdp Aphu R>. s bsph R> L$
c[sdpN R> A_ s c[sdpN hpl A_ hv$dpN L$fsp AgN R>;
AgN lphp D`fps s (c[sdpN) Ar^L$ `Z R>. s A fus L$ epf
S> h D`f cNhp_ A_yNl L$f R> epf s h gpL$ (hpldpN) A_
hv$ (depv$pdpN)dp r_$phpmu `psp_u byq_ e v$ R> A_ `ps
cy`fpeZ b_u fl R>.
`yr$dpN_u Ae dpNp L$fsp Ar^L$sp (Ddsp) v$iphsp
Ap`uA Apop L$fu R> - op_pr^L$p c[sdpN A_ ulqffpeA `Z
Ahy S> L$y R> - `yr$ kL$g d|^Np: - AV$g L$ `yr$ c[s khdp
rifpdZu $` R>. A_ Nuspdp L$y R> _pl hv$_ s`kp _ v$p__ _ Qeep
ie Ah rh^p y$ $hp_rk dp e\p & (11&53)
AV$g L$ ""ly hv$_p Aee_ hX$ s`, v$p_ A_ Aqlppqv$L$
L$d hX$ `Z hphp_ iL$e _\u. A\ps c[sdpN hv$pL$s
depv$pdpN\u A_ gpL$dpN (L$ddpN)\u Sy>v$p A_ Ar^L$ R>.
L$V$gpL$ gpL$p L$l R> L$ Nuspdp cg Z dpN bspep lpe
`fsy hpshdp `yr$, hpl A_ depv$p A Z dpNp AL$ R> A_
depv$p A_ hpl A b dpN c[s_p lsy$` A_ `yr$_p ANc|s R>.
ApQpeu Apop L$f R> L$ A dpZ dp_hy A L$pC`Z fus epe _\u.
L$pfZ L$ am_u r$A Z dpNdp cv$ R>. c[sdpNdp c[sij
(c[s= h$`p_v$ A_ ij = am) p \pe R>. v$hkN (v$hu
114

depv$p hp_u kr$)_ dpn ij (am) A_ Apkyf kN (Apkyfu

hkr$)_ b^ ij (b^_$`u am) dm R>. Ap Z dpN
AL$kfMp lps sp b^p hp_ (A Z dpN `f Qpg_pf b^p
hp_)AL$ kfMy am dmsy lps. AV$g L$ cL$s, depv$p A_ hplu
b^p hp AL$ kfMp am_u pq L$fsp lps. `fsy sd _\u. sd_
dmsy am AgN R>. Ap dpZfrls Ap`g ey[s\u kdC S>i L$
hqv$L$ kN A_ gpL$kN, cL$skN (`yr$ kN)\u Sy>v$p R> (kN AV$g
kr$).
h_u L$rs_u r$A `Z A Z kNp A_ dpNp rc R>.
yrsdp A Z L$pf_p kNp_u q$epAp Sy>v$u lphp_p DM R>. hmu
h, v$l A_ q$ep_y r_e` `Z yrs pfp S> rk \pe R>. sdp L$y
R> L$ hpl A_ depv$pdp kyM\u cNhv$ pq \su _\u A_
c[sdpNdp cNhv$ pr \sp h_ kyM A_ Ap_v$_p A_ych \pe
R>. s L$pfZ `Z Ae dpNp `yr$dpN\u Sy>v$p R> Ahy qk \pe R>.
uhgc L$l R> L$ Ap fus dpZcv$\u A\ps depv$p A_
hpl_y rs`pv$_ L$f_pfp ipp_p cv$\u d Ahy r_$`Z L$ey R> L$
`yr$dpN depv$p A_ hpl b dpN\u rc R>.
`yr$-hpl-depv$p-cv$ N\dp udv$pQpeQfZ h_p dye
Z L$pf bspep R>. e\p (1) `yr$ h (2) depv$p h A_ (3)
hplu h. udv$ cNhv$ Nuspdp hZhg v$huh kr$dp, `yr$ hp
A_ depv$p hp_p kdphi \pe R> A_ Apkyfu hkr$dp hplu
hp_p kdphi \pe R>.
v$hu A_ Apkyfu kr$ kss Qpep L$f R>. s\u s b kr$_p
hp_u D$prs \C iL$ R>. `fsy A Z L$pf_p hp, h$` v$l,
q$ep, hpl (`f`fp) A_ Ly$mcv$_ L$pfZ `f`f\u AgN R>, A hps
D`f L$lhpdp Aphu R>. sd_u Ap AgNsp_ L$pfZ sd_u D$prs `Z
AgN fus \pe R>. hp Z L$pf_p lpC, sd_u D$prs dpV$ Z
L$pf_p dpNp R>. `yr$hp dpV$ `yr$dpN (c[sdpN), depv$p hp
115

dpV$ depv$p dpN A\hp hv$pL$s op_dpN A_ L$ddpN. A_ hplu

hp dpV$ hpl dpN AV$g L$ gpqL$L$ L$ddpN R>. Ap Z dpNp `Z
`f`f\u S|>v$p R> A `Z Ap`Z D`f C Nep.
Ap dpNp pfp AV$g L$ Ap Z dpNp `f Qpghp_p kp^_ pfp
A Z L$pf_p h Z L$pf_p am dmhu iL$ R>. e\p (1) `yr$
hp_ `|Z `y{$jpd_u pr \pe R>. (2) depv$p hp_ Anf b_u
pr \pe R> A_ (3) hplu hp kpfp L$dp (kL$pdcph) L$f sp
sd_ hNpr \pe R>.
Ap Z L$pf_u hkr$, er` AgN AgN R>, R>sp s
Z_u D`q ulqf pfp S>, ulqfdp\u S> \C R>. L$hu fus s kd
gp ulqf_ CR>p \C - AL$pld blyepd - AV$g L$ ly AL$gp
Ry>, bly $` \pJ. AV$g L$ `fb `fdpdp_ fdZ L$fhp_u CR>p \C.
AL$ e[s fdZ _ L$fu iL$. fdhp dpV$ AL$\u h^y (bly)_u S>$f R>.
cy_ CR>p \C A_
BR>p dpZ d_kp hplk$hp_ lqf: &
hQkp hv$dpN rl `yr$ L$pe_ r_e: &&
cy_ CR>p \C A_ sfs S> sd_p d_dp\u, hpZudp\u A_
L$pepdp\u Sy>v$u Sy>v$u Z L$pf_u kr$ D` \C. Ap R> uhgc
pfp hZ}s L$Z_u kN gugp Ap`u L$l R> L$ kr$ D` L$fhp dpV cy_ L$pC `v$p\_u
S>$f `X$su _\u. Ap`uA `ps (r_rd L$pfZ) `psp_pdp\u S>
(D`pv$p_ L$pfZ) Z L$pf_u kr$ D` L$fu (S>d L$fprmep `ps S>
`psp_pdp\u my D` L$f R> sd). A fus cy `ps A Z L$pf_u
kr$_y r_rd A_ D`pv$p_ L$pfZ R>.
cy_ kN gugp (kr$_u D`q_u gugp) L$fhu lsu s\u
sd_ CR>p \C. A_ BR>p dp\u S> nZp^dp, sd_p d_dp\u
hplukr$, sd_u hpZudp\u (hQkdp\u) depv$pkr$ A_ sd_p
116

uANdp\u `yr$kr$ D` \C. AV$g L$ ulqf_p d_ hX$ QQm Ahp

hplu hp, hv$ $`u hpZu hpL$ hX$ depv$p hp A_ `psp_p
Ap_v$pdL$ h$` hX$ AV$g L$ Ap_v$dp L$f `pv$ dyMpv$fpqv$ Ahp
uAN hX$ `yr$ hp D` \ep R>. Z L$pf_p hp cydp\u
D` \pe R> sd R>sp sd_y D`q \p_ Sy>vy$ lphp\u (d_, hpZu
A_ AN) A hp AL$bu\u AgN \ep R>.
Apd, hkr$ cy_p h$`dp\u D` \C. s cy_p
Ai$` D` \C lphp\u, cyA `ps L$y, ""ddhpip h gpL$
hc|s: k_ps_ &'' - hp dpfp Ai $` R>. yrsdp `Z L$y R> L$
S>d cX$cX$pV$ bmsp Aq_dp\u sZMp_y eyQfZ \pe R> sd
ulqf_p krQv$p_v$ h$`dp\u hp_y eyQfZ \ey R>. sdp
D`q_u fus_p cv$ _\u. D`q_p \p__p cv$ R> A_ s\u
hkr$_p cv$ \ep R>. `qfZpd Z L$pf - `yr$, hpl A_
depv$p_p hp eyQqfs \ep R>.
D`f L$y sd sd_u D`q_p \p_ Sy>v$p R>. sd_u D$prs_p
dpNp `Z Sy>v$p R> A_ `ps`psp_p dpN Qpghp\u sd_ dm_pfp am
`Z AgN R>. Ap hps `lgp L$lhpC NC R>.
hplu hp hpl_p dpN Qpg R>. kr$_p hpl_ A_ygnu_
sAp gprL$L$, kpkpqfL$ L$ ehlpqfL$ L$pep L$f R>. gpqL$L$ L$pep L$fhpdp
`Z kpfpkpf_p cv$ _ kdS>hp_ L$pfZ s kpfp A_ MpV$p L$dp L$f R>.
gpqL$L$ L$pep L$fhpdp rhhL$_p Acph lphp\u sd_p A L$pep sd_
gpqL$L$ am Ap` Ahp lpe R>. s\u sdZ L$fgp Ahp gpqL$L$ L$dp_
L$pfZ sd_ cprsL$ kyM, kp, hpe L$ k`q s\p ksrs S>hp am
dm R>. A am L$epfL$ kyMv$peL$ sp L$epfL$ vy$:Mv$peL$ lpe R>. hpshdp
sp s b^p gpqL$L$ amp lpC, s nrZL$ A_ vy$:Mde lpe R>.
depv$p hp hv$pL$s L$dp L$f R>. sd_p A L$dp `pR>m hv$
depv$p A_ hv$hpZu_y op_ flgy lpe R>. `qfZpd hv$op__u depv$pdp
flu_ sAp `psp_p b^p L$dp L$fsp lpe R>. hv$dp L$dp_p b L$pf_p am
117

bspep R>. (1) hNpr A_ (2) dpnpr (dy[s). A depv$p

h kL$pd cph hv$pL$s L$d L$f sp s_ hNpr \pe A_
r_L$pdcph hv$pL$s L$d L$f sp s_ (eoepNpqv$L$ L$dp hv$pL$s L$dp R>)
dpn_u pr \pe.
`yr$ hp sp b^p gpqL$L$ hqv$L$ L$pep e Dv$pku_ lpe R>.
shp hp_p L$dp AV$g fkf cNhp_ L$Z_u khp AV$g L$ fp^pfdZ
cNhp_ u_v$_v$__u gugpAp_y tQs_, d__ A_ dfZ. Ahp `yr$
hp_ L$Zgugp_p A_ych$`u am p \pe R>. A A_ych_
h$`p_v$ L$l R>. `yr$ hp_ pe am R> r_e gugpdp hi \sp
h$`p_v$_u \su pr.
udlpcy Ap fus Z dpNp A_ s D`f Qpg_pf hkr$
pfp L$fhpdp Aphsp L$dp A_ sd_ dmsp amp rhj kdh R> A_
Ap`u Apop L$f R> L$ Ap Z L$pf_u hkr$ AgN lpe R>. A_
sdp `Z sdpS> hp: `yr$dpN rcp Ah _ kie: &
cNh|` khp\ skr$_pe\p chs &&
`pep_u hps L$fu udlpcyA. `yr$dpN_p hp hpl A_
depv$p dpN_p hp L$fsp Sy>v$p R> sdp L$pC kie _\u. A_ `yr$dpN_p
hp_u kr$ cNhv$ h$`_u khp L$fhp dpV$ S> kC R>. `yr$
kr$_p kS>_ `pR>m buSy> L$pC`Z L$pfZ kchsy _\u.
`qfZpd S> `yr$dpN}e hp cNhugp _ufMhpdp kv$p fs
fl R>. shp cNhv$ue cL$sp A_ sd_p cNhp_ A b AL$ kfMp R>.
hmu sAp ucy_p uANdp\u D` \ep lpC v$l, h$` A_
q$ep\u sp kfMp S> R>. S> cv$ v$Mpe R> s h$`pdL$ _\u. `fsy
NyZpdL$ R>. AV$g L$ ks rQs Apqv$ NyZp_u e|_pr^L$sp_ L$pfZ R> (1) b_y h$` sp Ap_v$pdL$ S> R>. A\ps h$` AL$kfMp;
NyZp_u e|_pr^L$sp_ L$pfZ rc-h$` AL$h, (2) khpqv$L$
NyZ$`u Ar^$p_ hX$ A_ hS>, ALy$i Apqv$ rQl_p hX$ AL$ S> R> 118

v$l AL$h. A_ (3) gugp A_ych\u AL$ R> - q$ep AL$h. s_

A_ygnu_ udlpcy Apop L$f R>, ""Ahp `fd cNhv$ue cL$sp
A_ cNhp_ hQ - spfse _ h$`, v$l hp ss q$epky hp &''
dpnpr (dy[s) A_ b^__u r$A `Z A Z hkr$
hQ spfse (Sy>v$pC) R>.
b^p hplu hp kv$p khv$p chpV$hudp AV$hpep L$f R>. sd_p
S>d-dfZ_p afp kv$p Qpep L$f R>. epf depv$p hp cy pr
pfp A_ `yr$ hp r_egugpdp hi pfp ch_p b^_dp\u dyL$s
\pe R>.
depv$p hp `Z v$hu hp R> A_ `yr$ hp `Z v$hu hp R>
`fsy depv$p hp_p dpN A_ sd_ p \sy am, `yr$hp_p dpN
A_ sd_ p \sp am L$fsp Sy>v$p R>. depv$p hp kL$pd cph L$d
L$fu_ hN_u pr L$f R>. `fsy b^p `ye L$dp_p L$pm L$fu_ ne \pe
R>. sd_p `yep_p ne \sp sd_ `y_: S>d ghp `X$ R>. A_ epf
L$pC AL$ S>ddp s r_L$pdcph L$d L$f epf s dy[s `pd R> A_
S>d-dfZ_p afpdp\u Ry>V$ R>. `R>u kpgpL$e, kp$e, kpeye A_
kpdue dy[sdp\u L$pC AL$ L$pf_u dy[s `pdu_ s cyde b_u e
R>. cy kp\ AL$$` b_u e R>.
`fsy cy kp\ AL$$` b_u S>hy (dy[s p L$fhu) A `yr$
hp_y ee L$ e _\u. csfpS> _ftkl dlspA Npey R> lqf_p S>_ sp dy[s _ dpN, dpN S>_dpS>_d Ahspf f,
r_e khp, r_e qL$s_, r_fMhp _v$ Ly$dpf f.
kpQ S>, _ftkl dlspA cy_p `fd cs_u cph_p_ iv$p
hX$ kpL$pf L$fu R>. `yr$cs sp `psp_p cy\u AgN Aqsh ^fphu_
(v$Musy \pXy$L$ s A_ychu_) cy_p h$`_ _ufMu_, s_p\u dmsp
Ap_v$_ `pdhp Qpl R>. sd L$fhp\u s_ S> kyM A_ Ap_v$ dm R> s
Ap_v$ L$hp lpe s Zp R>p ? dpfp Nyfyv$h u hgc r_fp^ gnZ
N\dp Ahp kyM A_ Ap_v$ (kyMp_v$) _u pr dpV$_u h_u TM_p
119

Ap fus es L$fu R> NpLy$g Npr`L$p_p sy, khjp hS>hprk_pd &

es kyM kdc|s sd cNhp_ qL$ rh^pers &&
`yr$ hp_u Aphu TM_p lpe R> - hS>_p Np`Np`uAp A_
hS>_p b^p r_hpkuAp_ L$Zgugp _ufMu_ S> kyM A_ Ap_v$ p
\sp lsp shy kyM A_ Ap_v$ `pdhp_u s_ TM_p R>. dy[s L$ dpn sp
s_ dpV$ Aes nyL$ hsy R>. s_ s Ap`hpdp Aph sp `Z s s_
gi _l]. `yr$hp_ dpn L$ dy[s_u _l] `fsy Aphp kyM L$ Ap_v$_u
pr_u L$pd_p R>. A_ s dmhu_, s L$sp\ \pe R>.
D`f L$p dpZ `yr$ hp cy_p uANdp\u D` \egp
lpC, cNhp__y S>hy Ap_v$v$peL$ h$` R> shy S> Ap_v$v$peL$ h$`
`yr$ hp_y R>. sd R>sp s b cs A_ cNhp_ hQ spfse
(cv$) v$Mpe R> s ip dpV$ ?
cNhp_ hkr$ (kNgugp) _u D`q fdZ dpV$ L$fu R> gugp L$fhp dpV$ S> L$fu R>. s\u gugp$`u r_S> lsy rk L$fhp dpV$
hdp Ap_v$pdL$ NyZ_y e|_pr^L$` fpMhy `X$ R>. b_p Ap_v$ sp
kv$p dpV$ `|Z R>. `fsy hdp i$Apsdp sp Ap_v$ Ai rsfprls
\egp lpe R>. cy khp L$fu_, cy_p h$`_ _ufMu_, L$us_pqv$
L$fu_, Dkhp d_phu_ A\hp cy_p NyZNp_ kpcmu_, s `yr$h
`psp_pdp\u rsfplus \eg s Ap_v$_ `y_: `psp_pdp Aprhcys L$fu
iL$ R>. `yr$ h S>V$gp dpZdp, `psp_pdp Ap_v$ NyZ_p Aprhcph
L$fphu iL$ sV$gp dpZdp s cy kp\ kd$` b_sp e R>. cy
`yr$ hpdp Ap_v$ NyZ_y e|_pr^L$` (ApR>p-h^sp`) _ fpM sp,
cs A_ cNhp__p Ap_v$ kfMp S> fl A_ sd R>sp h$`p_v$_u
pr_p L$ip A\ _ fl. h A_ b b_y Ap_v$pdL$ h$` L$fhp_u
_ fl.
kpQu hps A R> L$ hpdp rhrQsp AV$g L$ NyZp_u
e|_pr^L$sp _ lpe sp A_ b^p hp NyyZ_u r$A `Z kfMp S>
120

lpe (h$`_u r$A sp kfMp R> S>) sp fdZ-cNhgugp_y L$pe

kchu _ iL$. AV$gp dpV$ cNhp_ hpdp `Z cv$ D` L$fhp dpV$
`yr$-hpl A_ depv$p shp_u `Z `f`fdp cmkm L$fu R>.
`qfZpd A L$ L$V$gpL$ hp iy `yr$ hp lpe R>. `fsy dpV$p cpN_p
hp rd `yr$ hp lpe R>. rd `yr$dp AV$g L$ `yr$ kp\ `yr$,
`yr$ kp\ hpl A_ `yr$ kp\ depv$p sh_y rdZ L$fhp\u `yr$_p
Z rd L$pfp b_ R>.
uhgc_p ds dpZ, hpdp `yr$, hpl A_ depv$p
shp_u e|_pr^L$sp L$ `|Zsp lphp_p L$pfZ `yr$ hp b L$pf_p R>
:(1) iy `yr$ h A_ (2) rd `yr$ h. rd `yr$ hpdp `yr$,
hpl A_ depv$pdp gnZp_y rdZ \sp s_p Z `V$p L$pfp `X$ R> e\p (1) `yr$ `yr$ h (2) `yr$ hpl h A_ (3) `yr$ depv$p
h. Ahy S> depv$p A_ hplu hp_y kdS>hy.
Np. uL$epZfpe dlpfpS> A_ Np. ufOy_p\ dlpfpS>
`Z Aphy S> L$y R>. uL$epZfpe dlpfpS> L$l R>, ""rdp Ar`
`f`f epZp rdZ_, eL$ qL$pfp !'' Z AL$budp rd
R>; R>sp `Z krdg_dp Ze_p Z L$pfp R>. (Apd Ly$g 9 L$pfp
R>.) A_ u fOy_p\ dlpfpS> L$l R>, ""rdZdr` eL$
qrcepZpd- `ueL$L$uL$pfp: &'' Ze_y Z L$pf rdZ \pe
R> sd \sp eL$_p Z L$pfp \pe R>. sp`e A L$ Z shp_p
`f`f kp\_p rdZ\u, Z L$pf_p hp_p Z Z L$pf b_ R>.
Ap fus iy rd hp rhj kdhu_ `R>u Ap`u Apop L$f
R> L$ (1) cydp L$hm d lpe shp (d gnZp c[s L$f_pf iy
`yr$) hp Aes vy$gc lpe R>. A hp, bpqv$L$_ `Z S>_u
QfZfS>_u pr Ars vy$gc lpe shp $ lpe R>. NpLy$g_u Npr`ep
s\p Ap`Zp Nyfyv$h A L$pf_p iy `yr$ h R>. Ahp iy `yr$
hp_ `yr$dpN_p Nyfy sfuL$ NZhpdp Aph R>. Npr`L$p: pL$sp: Nyfh:
121

Ahy lf L$fhp `pR>m udlpcy_p Ap cph lpe shy `$ kde

R>. A_ ApQpeu sp `yr$dpN_p hp_p khdpe Nyfyv$h R> S>.
(2) `yr$dp `yr$ rdrs hp kho lpe R>. cNhp__y S>hy
h$` lpe shy sAp ApmM_pfp A_ cNhp__p S>hp Arcpe lpe
shp s_ Z_pfp lpe R>.
(3) `yr$dp hpl rdrs S> hp lpe R> s q$ep L$f_pfp
AV$g L$ ucNhp__ gNsp, `Qfp Apqv$ ippdp rk Ahp S>
L$dp L$fhp_y L$y R> s L$dp_p L$f_pfp lpe R>. sAp cy khp sp L$f R>.
`fsy sAp _ sp cy_p h$`_ ApmM R>, _ sAp cy_p NyZp_ Z
R>. sAp q$epdL$ khp (L$dp) L$f R>. `fsy cyL$`p\u L$epfL$ sd_u
Ahu q$epdL$ khp ag$` b_u e R>. L$pfZ L$ sd_pdp `yr$ sh sp
R> S> - ApRy> L$ h^sy.
(4) `yr$dp depv$p rdrs S> hp lpe R> shp hp cNhv$
NyZp_ Z_pfp lpe R>. sAp cy_p h$`_ dpZsp _\u. sAp sp
cy_p Aepqv$ NyZp_ Ahe Z R>. s\u s NyZp sfa ApL$jpC_
sAp cy_ d L$f R>. (cyc[s L$f R>.)
Ap fus udlpcyA hkN AV$g L$ hkr$_y r_$`Z
L$ey R>. epf `R>u ag r_$`Z L$fsp Ap`u Apop L$f R>, ""cNhp_h
rl agd'' AV$g L$ `yr$hp_, r_e L$fu_, cNhp_ S> ag$` dm
R>. s L$hu fus A\hp L$hp h$` ? sp L$ - cNhp_
(1) r_S> cL$s_p v$edp \p_ g R>.
(2) r_S> cL$s_p Nldp fdZ L$f R>.
(3) uhv$ph_ Apqv$ gugp \mdp Aepqv$ NyZp
krls L$V$ \pe R>.
(4) _tkl, hpd_ , fpd L$ L$Z$` - h$`cv$\u L$V$ \pe R>.
`yr$ hp Ae hp L$fsp Dd lphp R>sp, cNhp_ `yr$
hp_ c|sg D`f ip dpV$ A_ L$hu fus dpL$g R>, s kdhsp
Ap`u Apop L$f R> 122

(1)

_gLy$bf A_ drZNuh_u dpaL$, `yr$h_ Aedp

Apk[s lpe sp s R>pX$phhp dpV$
(2) rQL$sy A_ `furns_u dpaL$, `yr$ h_ AlL$pf \pe sp
sdp\u dyL$s L$fhp dpV$,
(3) `yr$h_ Apk[s _ lpe A_ AlL$pf `Z _ lpe, `fsy
fp Cy_ depv$p_y DO_ L$ey s\u sd_ c|sg D`f
dpL$gu_ s pfp gpL$depv$p_y \p`_ L$fhp dpV$.
(4) gpL$ kNl_ dpV$ - ri$ gpL$ S> L$f s_y A_ykfZ Ae gpL$
L$f R> A epe gpL$p_y L$epZ L$fhp dpV$,
(5) sdpN \p`_pe rl - S> s dpN \p`hp dpV$.
Apdp\u L$pC`Z lsy dpV$, cNhp_ S> s `yr$h_ L$psp L$pC
pfp ip` A`phu_ A\hp `ps s_ Apop L$fu_ c|sg D`f L$V$ph R>.
udlpcy S>hp iy `yr$h_ S>d dfZ _ S> lpe.
sd_p Aprhcph \pe A_ sAp rsfprls \pe. Ahp iy `yr$ h_
`Z gpL$ L$epZ A\ (v$hu hp_p Dpf A\ A_ cNhp__p N|Y$
A\_p L$pi_ A\) cy_u Apop\u r_e gugpdp\u c|sg D`f
`^pfhy `X$ey lsy. c|sg D`f `^pfu Ap`uA `yr$dpN_y hs_ L$ey
A_ sdpN \p`_pe rl A lsy_ Qqfsp\ L$ep. Agb v$hu hp_p
Dpf_y L$pd sp L$ey S> R>.
cNhp_ epf r_S> csp_ Ap fus ip` Ap`u_ A\hp Apop
L$fu_ (uhgc_ Apop L$fu_ dpL$ep lsp) A\hp Ae L$pC L$pfZ
c|sg D`f dpL$g R> epf s cy_p re cs S> b_ R>. s\u S>
lsy\u s c|sg D`f L$V$ \ep s `|Z \sp s `y_: r_e gugpdp hi
`pd R>. c|sg D`f Aphu_ shp `yr$ hp_ kpkpqfL$ Apk[s \su
_\u. A\hp Ad L$lp L$ sAp cNhp__u dpepdp rbgLy$g akpsp _\u.
hmu sAp hv$bp L$dp L$f_pf `pMX$u _\u b_sp L$ fpNp A\hp
D`h_p cpN `Z _\u b_sp. Ahp `yr$ csp bly dpV$p drldphpmp
b_ R>. L$pfZ L$ kpdpe fus sp cNhp_ sd_ Aepk[s dV$pX$hp
123

dpV$ ip` A`phu_ c|sg D`f dpL$ep lpe R>. s\u sAp Apk[s
frls b_u_ As `y_: cNhv$ pr L$fu g R>. sd_p Aepk[s_p
v$pj dV$u S>sp sd_ cNhv$pk[s Y$`Z \pe R>. s\u sAp `rh
Apdp b_u_ cygugpdp s`f b_u fl R>.
Ahp cNhv$ cspdp hv$pL$s L$d L$fhp` L$ gpqL$L$ ehlpf
L$fhp` v$Mpe sp, s L$hm gpL$kNl_ L$pfZ S> lpe R>. sd_
gpqL$L$ hqv$L$dp Apk[s lpsu _\u. R>sp sAp gpqL$L$-hqv$L$ L$pep L$f
R>; s dp v$MpX$hp dpV$ S>. udlpcy Apop L$f R> hqv$L$h gpqL$L$h L$p`V$epjy _pe\p &
AV$g L$ sAp pfp L$fpeg gpqL$L$-hqv$L$ L$pep, L$`V$\u
(L$p`V$eps) AV$g L$ gpL$p_ v$MpX$hp dpV$ S> A\hp gpL$kNl_ dpV$ S>
L$fhpdp Aph R>. uL$epZfpe Apop L$f R> L$ Dd cNhv$ csp
hqv$L$ L$dp A_ gpqL$L$ ehlpf L$f R>. `fsy s Ahu fus L$ S>d Aop_u
gpL$p L$ddp Apk[s fpMu_ L$d L$f R> shu fus sAp L$d L$fsp _\u,
`fsy S>d op_u gpL$p A_pkL$s cph L$d L$f R> s fus, L$hm
gpL$L$epZ dpV$ L$d L$f R>. sAp gpqL$L$-hqv$L$ L$dp L$f R> s C_
buAp_ Ad gpN L$ Ahp L$pep L$fhpdp sd_u Apk[s R>. `fsy
hpshdp sd _\u. sAp sp gpL$pdp t_v$p _ \pe A_ t_v$p \pe sp
rQ Ah\ b_sp L$v$pQ cykhp L$fsp rQ_ npc \pe shp ce,
L$`V$`|Z ehlpf L$f R>. sd_p b^p gpqL$L$ hqv$L$ L$pep A_ ehlpfp
Ahu fus L$hm L$`V$`|Z A\hp gpL$kNl dpV$ \sp lpe R>.
epv$ fpMp A_ cygip _l] L$ Ahp `yr$ cspdp hZhh sp
r_Qe L$fu_ lpe R>.
hZhh rl klS>, ssp@e rh`ee: &
N\_p As udlpcyA QjZu AV$g L$ cV$L$sp hp_p
DM L$ep R>. Ap`u L$l R> L$ Ap Z dpN (`yr$-hpl-depv$p)
kp\_p \pX$p OZp kb^hpmp S> hp lpe R> A_ Ar^L$sf hpl
dpNdp flgp bu L$V$gpL$ hp QjZu _pd\u ApmMpe R>.
124

Ahp hp (QjZu) b^p dpNpdp flgp hp_p kN_ \pX$pL$

kde dpV$ `pd R>. `fsy sd_ L$pC_p `Z kNdp fyrQ, urs L$ _l
\sp _\u. s\u sAp b^p dpNpdp cV$L$ep L$f R>. cV$L$hy A sd_y iug
R> s\u sAp QjZu L$lhpe R>. Ahp gpL$p_, sAp S> S> dpNdp S>V$gp
kde fp lpe A_ S> S> dpNp_ykpf S> S> L$dp L$ep lpe, sv$_ykpf
MqX$s L$dag p \pe R>.
N\_p As Ap`u hpl dpN_p hp_p h$`, AN A_
q$ep AN r_$`Z L$fhp_u `psp_u s`fsp bsph R>. s\u s rhj Ap`
L$iyL$ r_$`Z S>$f L$ey li. `fsy S> L$pC L$y li s Aepf Ape R>.
A_ s\u s rhdrs_u Nsudp ^L$gpC Ney R>. sdp\u dp ApV$gy S>
bpL$u fy R> Ap`uA L$y L$ - ""h$`, AN A_ q$ep\u eyL$s Ahp
hpldp flgp hp_ (hplu hp_) L$j L$fu_ A\ps kpfu fus L$ly
Ry>hq Q r_hq Q S>_p _ rhvy$fpkyfp: &
_ ipQ _pr` QpQpfp, _ ke sjy rhs &&
A\ps Apkyfu hp ^ddp hq L$fhu A_ A^ddp\u r_hq
L$fhu Ahy Zsp _\u. s\u sApdp `rhsp, ApQpf L$ ke lpsp
_\u. A\ps sAp kv$p A^d_y ApQfZ L$f R> A_ A^d_y ApQfZ
L$fhp\u sd_u epe^dp Nrs - A^ddp S> Nrs \pe R>. shp hp
r_e L$fu_ Apkyfu hp R>.
Ahp Apkyfu hpdp `Z Ao A_ vy$o Ahp cv$\u b L$pf
R>- (1) vy$o AV$g Ahp hp S> ^ddp h \sp _\u A_ A^ddp\u
r_hq `pdsp _\u. A\ps sd_u b^u hq A^ddp S> lpe R>. A_
(2) Ao AV$g Ahp hp S>Ap vy$o hp_ A_ykfu_ Qpg R>.
A_ `R>u Ap`u AL$ bly ANe_u hps L$l R> - A_ s A L$
er` bqg A_ lgpv$ S>hp `yr$_p hp hpldp Apep (v$eLy$gdp
S>_ep) sp `Z sdZ Apkyf ^dp_ NlZ L$ep _\u. shu S> fus
125

Apkyfu hp (hpl_p hp) `Z L$v$pr` `yr$dp Aphu `X$ (Dd

Ly$mdp S>d) sp sAp `yr$_p ^dp_ NlZ L$fsp _\u.
sd R> sp `R>u `yr$h_ Apkyfu hpldp S>d ip dpV$
dm R> ? s_p Mygpkp L$fsp uhgc L$y R> - ""L$dZp'' AV$g L$
sdZ L$fgp L$dp_ L$pfZ. h lpe `yr$_p `fsy L$epfL$ cNhv$ A`fp^
L$f A\hp hv$-t_v$p L$f A\hp s_p\u A^d_y ApQfZ \C e sp s_
Apkyfu epr_dp S>d dm. (S>e-rhS>e_ dep lsp) `fsy sAp `yr$_p
h lpC_, cy s_p b^p Apkyfu L$dp_y r_hpfZ L$fu_, s_ `yr$
c[s_y am Ap` R>. brg, lgpv$ A hps_p Dd $ps R>. A_
Al]\u N\ A^yfp R> Crs Eh N\ yqV$ &
- S>e uL$Z
***

126

5. rkpsfled
phZepdg `n AL$pv$ep dlpr_ri
kpnpv$cNhsp ps sv$nfi Des && 1
b kb^L$fZps kh j p v$ l hep :
khv$pjr_hqrl v$pjp: `Qrh^p: dsp: && 2
kl v$ i L$pgp \p gp L $h v $r_$r`sp:
kepN: `i _ dsep: L$\Q_ && 3
Ae\p khv$pjpZp _ r_hq: L$\Q_
Akdr`shs|_p sdpS>_dpQfs && 4
r_hqv$rc: kdeh kh Ly$epqv$rs q\rs:
_ ds v$hv$he kprdcyskd`Zd && 5
sdpv$pv$p kh L $pe kh hsy k d` Z d
v$p`lpfhQ_ s\p Q kL$g lf: && 6
_ Nprdrs hpe rl rcdpN`f dsd
khL$p_p e\p gpL$ ehlpf: rkers && 7
s\p L$pe kdeh khjp bsp ss:
NNph khv$pjpZp NyZv$pjpqv$hZ_p && 8
NNph_ r_{$ep epv$pr` Qh rl

&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&

&& Crs udgcpQperhfrQs rkpsfled kdpd &&

jpX$i N\pdp `lgp, `pQdp A_ kpsdp Ap Z N\p_y rhij

v$p_ R>. `lgp N\R> edy_p$L$d; s syrs N\R>. `pQdp N\R>
rkps fle; s yrsN\R> (yrs _l]) A_ kpsdp N\R> As:L$fZ
bp^; s ApdtQs__p N\R>. bpL$u_p sf N\pdp uApQpeQfZ
hdpN_p rkpsp kdep R>; sdp_p dpV$p cpN_p N\p r_S> khL$p
D`f L$`p L$fu_ sd_ bp^ Ap`hp fep R> A_ r_S> khL$p_p rdj
127

S>Ns_p b^p hp_ bpep R>.

D`eyL$s Z N\pdp `Z "rkps fle' _y \p_ O KQy R>.
L$pfZ L$ s yrs N\R>. yshp AV$g kpcmhy. `fb `fdpdpA
hdyM DQpfg hpZu Ap`Zp F$rjdyr_ApA kpcmu A_ s_ hv$p $`
S>Ns kdn dyL$u. Ly$fyn_p dv$p_dp, fZcfuAp A_ fZNS>_pAp
hQ, ^ufNcuf hpZudp, ASy>__p f\_p kpf\u, epNf L$Z,
rhjpv$\u Ofpegp r_S> kMp ASy>__ Apdsh_y s\p "L$d', "op_'
A_ "c[s' epN_y op_ Apey. ASy>_ s kpcey. cNhp__u A hpZu
epkA `Z kpcmu A_ s_ udv$ cNhv$ Nusp (AV$g L$
ucNhp__y Nus) A $` S>Ns kdn dyL$u.
bfpbf Ap S> fus, `psp_p qsue cpfs `qfcdZ v$fep_,
rh.k.1549 dp, `psp_u 14 hj_u he, L$rgeyN_p "AL$ dhd
Aqsued' Ahp dlrj hgc NpLy$gdp edy_p qL$_pf, kpnps
uL$ZQ_p udyM S> hpZu kpcmu, s Ap`uA "rkps fle'
_pdL$ N\dp Anfi: L$fu kcmphu R>.
uhgc, uL$Z_p udyM A hpZu kpcmu A_ s_ N\$`
kNlu, s\u s yrs N\L$lhpe; yrs _ L$lhpe. `yq$dpN}e hZhp
dpV$ A N\_y dlh udv$ cNhv$ Nusp L$fsp ApRy> _\u. AV$gp dpV$
sp A gOyN\S>_p AL$ OV$L$ sfuL$ R> Ahp uhgc frQs jpX$i N\p_
`yr$Nusp A\hp hgc-Nusp _pd\u ApmMhpdp Aph sp s kh\p
DrQs R>.
L$hu fus A_ L$hp kNpdp uApQpeQfZ cNhp__u A
hpZu kpcmu s Zhp_y b^p hgcu hZhp_ S>$f Ndi. `psp_p
kpQp h$`_ c|gu_ c|sg D`f cV$L$sp A_L$ v$hu hp_p Dpf dpV$,
r_S> hpdu_u Apop\u, uhgc c|sg D`f L$V$ep. ""v$hppf
e_pdp'' Ahy _pd S>d_ uNykpC pfp Ap`hpdp Apey R> shp
uhgc, c|sg D`f L$V$ \C_, Z hpf cpfs `qfcdZ L$ey.
`psp_p A `qfcdZp v$fep_ Ap`uA ey L$ Ap `hu D`f Ake
128

v$hu hp, `Qrh^ v$pjp\u Ns b_u_ cV$L$ R>. `fd L$`pmy uhgc
sd_p Dpf_p dpN rhQpfhp gpep. A dpN_u ip^dp afsp afsp,
Ap`u uNpLy$mdp, edy_p sV$ Aphu `lpep A_ Npthv$OpV$ D`f
dyL$pd L$ep.
A `fd `rh qv$hk lsp phZ kyv$ ANuepfk_p. uhgc
rhQpfdp es lsp; sd_y d_ eN lsy. `psp_p pvy$cph lsp v$hu
hp_p Dpf dpV$; v$hu hp sp A_L$ lsp. `fsy Arhp_ L$pfZ,
`psp_p kpQp h$`_ c|gu_ sAp c|sg D`f cV$L$sp lsp. hmu
hcphs: sAp vy$$ AV$g L$ v$pjp\u cfgp lsp. sd_p Dpf epf S>
\pe epf sd_ `psp_p h$`_y op_ \pe; AV$g L$ epf sd_p kb^
sd_p Aiu Ahp `fb `fdpdp kp\ X$u Ap`hpdp Aph epf `fsy
A `fb `fdpdp sp r_v$pj R> A_ h hcph\u kv$pj R>.
kv$pj-r_v$pj_p dm L$hu fus dm ? r_v$pj b kv$pj h_p ANuL$pf
L$hu fus L$f ?
Ly$fyn_p dv$p_dp ASy>__ \eg rhjpv$ L$fsp, uhgc_
\eg Ap rhjpv$ ApR>p _ lsp. A_ ASy>__ \eg rhjpv$ sp
dplS>r_s, `psp_p ApdL$epZ A\_p lsp. epf uhgc_ \eg
Ap rhjpv$, b_u Apop_y `pg_ L$fhpdp lSy> ky^u `ps kam \ep _
lphp_ L$pfZ, Ae hp_p L$ep_ A\ \eg lsp. ASy>_
L$ZkMp lsp sp uhgc uL$Z_u kMu (hprd_u) h$` lsp.
`psp_p kMp L$ kMu_ \eg tQsp, DN L$ rhjpv$ cNhp_ uL$Z_y
Apk_ X$pgphu v$ sdp iu _hpC ! cNhp_ v$pX$ep; Apep edy_p sV$;
Npthv$ OpV$; defpuA; NpLy$gQdp $` sAp L$V$ \ep. L$hy lsy
sd_y A h$` ?
udlpcyA sd_p A h$`_y spe hZ_ L$ey R>.
uhgc AV$g uL$Z_y dyMpfthv$ (L$Zped) Ap`uA sfs S>
"d^yfp$L$d' fQu_, s pfp, uNpLy$gQdp_p d^yf h$` A\hp sp
d^yfp L$lsp ufp^pfpZu_p hpdu (d^yfpr^`s) _p AgpqL$L$ h$`_y
129

hZ_ L$ey. d^yfp$L$ddp Ap`uA uL$Z_u Qsyrhv$ dp^yfu-$`

dp^yfu, NyZ dp^yfu, dyfgu dp^yfu A_ gugp dp^yfu_y hZ_ L$ey R>.
Apd, fkf cNhp_ uL$Z L$V$ \ep. sdZ L$y, ""re
hgc ! Ap rhjpv$ ip dpV$ ? dpfu Apop\u sdp L$V$ep R>p. sd `ps
v$hu hp_p Dpf L$fhp kd\ R>p. hp kv$pj R> _ ? s_u raL$f _
L$fp. ly kh\p r_v$pj Ry> _ ! s\u q^p A_ychhp_u S>$f _\u. sd
shp kv$pj hp_p lp\`L$X$u_ dpfp lp\dp s dyL$ip sp ly sd_p
ANuL$pf L$fui. A_ AL$ hpf `L$X$gp sd_p lp\ly L$v$u R>pX$ui _l]; ly
s h_ Ahe A`_phu gCi. A dpV$ ly sd_ AL$ dlpd Ap`y Ry>.
s d pfp Apdr_hv$_ L$fu_ s kv$pj h r_v$pj b_u S>i. A
h_p lp\sd d_ Ap`ip AV$g A h_p kb^ dpfu kp\ X$pC
S>i. `Qrh^ v$pjpdp\u s dyL$s \i. AV$gy S> _l], dpfu kp\ kb^
(bkb^) \ep `R>u `Z, `ps L$fg kd`Z_u A cph_p A_ykpf,
s h eL$ hsy d_ kd`}_, v$pkcph s_p D`epN L$fi sp s
h dpfu kp\ fdZ L$fhp dpV$ epe b_u S>i.
cNhp_ L$Z_p udyM Ap iv$p kpcmu_ uhgc_ Aes
Ap_v$ \ep. kysf_p 360 spf_ L$kfdp fNu_ rk L$fu fpMg `rhy
Ap` uL$W$dp `lfpey A_ d^yfp$L$ pfp sd_u $` dp^yfu_p fkphpv$
A_ycep.
Ap fus cNhp_, uNpLy$gQdp $` L$V$ \ep A_
uhgc_u tQsp v|$f L$fu. uhgc udyM_u hpZu kpcmu A_
rkps fledp s Anfk: fS|> L$fu. cNhp__p dyMpfthv$dp\u L$V$g
A r_N|Y$ fle_ ApQpeuA N\\L$ey s N\""rkps fle'' _pd
ApmMpe R>. rkps fledp S> fle udyM L$V$ \ey R> s_p V|$L$kpf
Ap dpZ R> :
bkb^ AV$g fkpdL$ cy uNpLy$gf kp\ r_e kb^.
A kb^ \sp, kh_p (kh hZhp_p) v$l A_ h b_p kh v$pj
r_h \pe R>. v$pj `pQ L$pf_p (`Qrh^) R>; (1) klS>, (2)
130

v$iL$pgp\, (3) gpL$hv$ r_$r`s, (4) kepNS> A_ (5) `iS>.

Ap `Qrh^ v$pjp_u r_hq bkb^\u S> \pe R>; Ae L$pC
fus _\u \su. L$pfZ L$ r_v$pj `|ZNyZ Ahp cy kp\ kb^ \sp, v$pj
flu iL$ _l]. Ap fus v$pj_u r_hq \ep `R>u, `y_: v$pj `i _ L$f s
dpV$_p Dd dpN A R> L$ r_hqv$s h, cy kp\_p `psp_p khL$ke kb^ rhQpfu_, `psp_p ke cNhp_ uL$Z_ kdep rh_p
L$pC`Z hsy (`v$p\) `psp_p D`epNdp _ ghp.
cy_ kd`gu hsy, kd`Z L$f_pf_ dpV$ ANp b_u e
R>. Ahy S> dse R> s Ae dpN-`| dpN A\hp op_dpN L$
depv$pdpN_y R>. `yr$dpN_y A dse _\u. cy_ kd`gy S> ghy AV$g
L$ Akdr`s L$v$u _ ghy A hpdu-khL$_p ehlpf_y k|QL$ R>. khL$
`psp_p hpdu_u kpv$u hX$ `psp_p r_hpl L$fhp A Ap gpL$_p `Z
ehlpf R>. s\u b^y kd`hy A_ `R>u hpdu_u kpv$u $` s ghy.
cy_ kd`gu b^u hsyApdp bh Aph R>. S>d NV$f A_
Mpm Apqv$_p Ai|rQ S>m, NNpdp ge `pdu e epf s_pdp NNph
Aph A_ `rh b_ R> AV$g L$ A`rh S>m_p b^p v$pjp _pi `pd R>
shy S> cy_ kdr`s hsy_y kdS>hy. AV$g L$ b^u kdr`s hsy
bh `pd R>. s_p b^p v$pjp _pi `pd R>.
v$pjr_hpfL$ Ahu A NNp cy_p QfZ_p AL$ AN|W$pdp\u
Dv$chu R>. s\u s `rss `ph_u b_u R>. sd lpe sp A_ sd R> S>
sp `R>u kpnps cy kp\ S>_p ku^p kb^ \pe shp h, hsy L$
`v$p\_p b^p v$pjp_u r_hr \pe sdp L$pC kie _\u.
udlpcy_ \eg dp`v$i L$pC h pfp \ep _\u. `fsy
he cyA kpnps L$V$ \C_ A dp`v$i udyM L$fpep R>, Ahy
udlpcy Akqv$^ fus L$l R>. cNhv$ D`v$i Ae L$pf `Z \C
iL$ R>- e\p, (1) `psp_p khL$ pfp L$fphhpdp Aph (2) h_ pfp
L$ (3) ApL$pihpZu pfp L$fphhpdp Aph. `fsy Ap dp`v$i, A
Zdp\u L$pC`Z fus L$fphhpdp Apep _\u. A dp`v$i sp kpnps
131

cNhv$ppL$s R>.
A_ cNhp__p dyMpfthv$ $` uhgc R>. sd_ L$pC h
Aphu_ dp`v$i L$fph Ahp rhQpf S> r_f\L$ R>. A_ sdp `Z Aphp
N|Y$ flehpmp d, L$pC`Z h, Qpl Ahp dlp_ lpe sp `Z bu_
Ap`hp_u iqL$s ^fph Ahy L$v$pr` _ dp_u iL$pe. Aphp N|Y$ flede
d sp kpnps cNhp_ S> L$pC_ Ap`u iL$ A_ uhgc Ahy S> L$l
R>. Ap`u L$l R> L$ kpnps cNhp_ `ps sd_ A d_p D`v$i L$ep
R> A_ uhgc_p iv$pdp Arhhpk _ L$fu iL$pe.
uhgc h_ L$fg khpd v$_ (v$p_ L$lp sp Qpgi) b $`
rss \pe R>. (1) bkb^_p AV$g L$ Apdr_hv$__p cph A_
(2) rkps fle AV$g L$ h pfp b_ S> kh hsy_y kd`Z
L$fhp_y R> A lL$uL$s_p huL$pf. uhgc r_S> khL$p_ Ap`gu A
khpd cV$ R>.
`fsy ApS>\u kpW$-rkf hj `lgp, Ap`Zp `yr$ kv$pe_p
L$V$gpL$ juApA, A b Dd cphp_p dd_ dpfu dQX$u_, sj\u
fpC_, rhL$s fus kdep lsp. sdZ A b cphp D`f cpf
v$pjpfp`Z L$ey lsy. A_ s `Z Nsue (Nv$u) cpjpdp. AV$g L$ ri$
e[sAp_ _ R>pS> Ahu cpjpdp v$pjpfp`Z L$ey lsy. sdZ Nddp
rh`qfs A_ A_rsL$ cphp lphp_p Apfp` L$ep R>. A ddp v$yrjs
`pW$cv$p d|L$ep R>. sd L$fu_ sdZ `yr$ kv$pe_u cpf bv$_pdu L$fu
lsu. klS> kpfp L$lhpe Ahp AL$ Apfp`_y $ps _uQ dpZ R> sAp L$l R>,
uL$Z_p v$lps \e `pQ lf hj husu Nep R>. s kde_p
L$Z, Aepf_p uhgc_ phZ dpk_u A^fpuA L$hu fus dep?
L$hp bprgi _ R> Ap ? A_p S>hpb A R> L$ S> `fb
`fdpdp R> Ahp L$Z_p v$l iy gpqL$L$ lpe Mfp ? A_ S> A_pqv$
A_s R> Ahp L$Z_p As (v$lps) \C iL$ ?
Aphp Apn`p L$f_pfpAp L$pC kpdpe dpZkp _\u. sAp
132

yrs_ sp dp_ S> R>. `fsy A yrs `ps L$Z rhj iy L$l R> s Zhp
sfa ApM ApX$p L$p_ L$f R>. yrs L$l R>, ""L$rjc|hpQL$ iv$pZQ
r_hqhpQL$ &'' A_ Nuspdp epNhf L$Z L$l R>, ""S>d L$d Q d
qv$e'' sAp Ad `Z L$l R>, Ah_qsdp d|Y$p dp_yj] s_ydprsd
-AV$g L$ dpfp DL$V$ cph_ _l] Z_pf d|Y$ gpL$p d_ d_ye ifuf
^pfZ L$f_pf kdS> R>. hv$_ Zhp_p A_ dp_hp_p v$php L$f_pf
V$uL$pL$pfp Nuspdp Ap L$\_p\u AZ lpe sp sd_ dlpd|Y$ A_
Aop_u S> kdS>hp `X$ _ ! A_ kdN hv$ S>_ dpe R> Ahp A
v$pjr$hpmp A`o hpA iy hv$_u Ap yrs C _\u ? ""Ap_v$$`d Ads'' A\ps b (uL$Z) Ap_v$de A_ Adsde
R>. Apdp `$`Z uL$Z_u kpL$pf Ap_v$desp_p DM R>.
Ahp Ap_v$de cy_p v$i_ iy _ L$fu iL$pe ? uhgc L$fg
cy v$i__ r_f\L$ W$fph_pf_ A juAp Ahy sp L$l R> L$ epNuAp
epN pfp b_y v$i_ L$f R>. epNuAp_ v$i_ \pe sp cL$sp_ ip
dpV$ _ \pe ?
A_ hv$ sp L$l R>, ""_pl hv$_ s`kp _ v$p__ _ Aeep'' AV$g L$ hv$\u, s`\u, v$p_\u, eo\u hp_ ly iL$e _\u. ly `ps S>_y
hfZ L$fy s_ ly p \pJ Ry>. A_ Ad `Z L$y R> L$ ""cL$ep h_e
ep iL$e:'' A\ps A_e c[s\u ly hphp iL$e Ry>. hv$_p Ap
dpZp\u rk \pe R> L$ ""A_e cL$s_ cy_p en v$i_ \C iL$
R>.''
A_ A kv$pe juApA Nsue cpjpdp L$fg v$pjpfp`Z_y
`Z AL$ $ps C gCA. sAp gM R>, ""S> (L$pC) NykpCAp_p Qgp
\pe R> A_ s_ kh `v$p\_y kd`Z L$f R>, s_p kh v$pjp_u r_hq
\C e R>.'' rkps fledp sp L$y R> L$, ""bkb^ L$fZps
khjp v$l hep: kh v$pj r_hq rl &'' `yr$ kv$pe_p A juAp
Ap hpL$e_p kpdpe A\ `Z kdS>sp lpe sd gpNsy _\u. sdp `$
L$y R> L$ (""r_v$pj `|Z NyZeyL$s'') Ahp b_p kb^ \hp\u kh_p
133

v$l A_ h_p b^p v$pjp r_h \pe R>. Apdp NpkpC_p Qgp \hp_u
A_ sd_ b^y kd`hp_u hps L$ep Aphu R> s sAp bsph.
A_ h `psp_y khh cy_ kd`hp_u Apop sp Nuspdp,
he cyA S> L$fu R> ""eL$fprj, ev$prk, eSy>lprk, v$v$prk es &
s`eprk L$pse, sLy$$h dv$`Zd &&
A\ps, sy S> L$f, S> cpNh, S> lpd, S> Ap`, S> s` L$f s
b^y l L$pse, sy d_ A`Z L$fu v$.' rkps fledp A dpZ S>
`psp_y b^y cy_ kd`Z L$fhp_u rsop R>. sdp L$iy NykpCAp_ L$
he hgc_ `Z kd`hp_y L$y _\u.
Ap A_ Aphp A_L$ v$pjpfp`Z Nd A_ rkps fle
D`f \ep; Ap`Zp k`v$pe_u bv$_nu L$fhpdp Aphu. Nddp vy$rjs
A_ L$`pg L$q`s `pW$cv$p (S>hp L$ L$Z iv$_ \p_ ApQpe iv$)
d|L$u_, s pfp kv$pe_ bly Mfpb A_ _ursc$ rQsep. Ahu
bv$_nudp\u kv$pe_ bQphhp_y dlp cNuf\L$pe L$f_pfpApdp dyM
cNhv$ue hZh L$pC lpe sp s R> ueys dygQv$ sguhpmp. kpcmp
sAp iy L$l R> It is an accepted belief in the Sampradaya that
Vallabhacharya, alone is the Acharya; and, all his decendant, however
illustrious, have never claimed anything turther than being
recongnised as Gurudev. Thus, the initiation is believed to be done by
Vallabhacharya himself, through the instumetality of his agnate
dscendants. The dedication is to Lord Krishna and not to Acharya it is
manshous to substitute the word Acharya in place of Krishna, and then
to charge Vallabhacharya that he preached immorality. It would be a
cruel injustice to one of the greatest saints and philosophers of India.
Vallabh's descendants even to this day, initiate their pupils not in their
own name and responsibility but in the name and responsibility of Shri
Vallabh.

D`eyL$s AN L$\__p cphp\ :

kv$pe_u A AL$ qhL$s dpesp R> L$ hgcpQpe S> AL$ dp
ApQpe R>; A_ sd_p b^p hi, `R>u s Nd sV$gp dlp_ lpe,
134

sApA dp Nyfypf sfuL$ S> `psp_ ApmMpep R>. Ap fus v$unprhr^

uhgcpQpe pfp S> - sd_p kNp hi_p dped pfpL$fphhpdp Aph R> A_ S> kd`Z L$fphhpdp Aph R> s cNhp_ L$Z_
A_ _l] L$ ApQpeu_ L$fphhpdp Aph R>. Nddp L$Z iv$_
\p_ ApQpe iv$ dyL$hp A_ `R>u uhgcpQpe_u D`f A_rsL$
lphp_p Apn` L$fhp A Ny_prls L$e R>. cpfs_p AL$ dlp_ ks A_
shhsp Ahp uhgc_ A pfp OpsL$ Aepe L$fhpdp Apep R>.
ApS> `Z uhgc_p hi, `psp_p khL$p_ `psp_p _pd A_
kp\u _l] `fsy uhgc_p _pd A_ kp\u v$unp Ap` R>.
ueys sguhpgp_ Ap dpZ gMhp_u afS> AV$gp dpV$ `X$u L$
`yr$ kv$pe_p juApA OZp cpf D`pX$p gu^p lsp. sdZ Nddp
`pW$cv$ L$fu_, s d_ vy$$ cph\u fNu _pep lsp. sdZ Ahp
`pW$cv$hpmp R>gde Nd_ rk L$ep lsp A_ s_p Ap^pf `yr$
kv$pe k`|Z`Z A_rsL$ R> Ahy lf L$ey lsy. A fus sdZ Ap`Zp
kv$pe_u cpf bv$_nu L$fu lsu.
Ap\u, A fus \su bv$_nu_p rsL$pf L$fhp dpV$,
usguhpmpA Nd_p iy `pW$ R>p`u rk L$fhp rhQpey. `fsy
Nd A sp fle d R> Ahu `f`fpNs, Y$ dpesp_ L$pfZ s
R>p`u _ iL$pe Ahy rhQpfu_ L$V$gpL$ `yr$dpN}e $qY$Qys hZhp A_
L$V$gpL$ Nphpdu bpgL$p_ `Z Nd R>p`hp dpV$ `psp_p rhfp^ lf
L$ep. epf uhgc_p `rh _pd A_ Ap`uA L$V$ L$fg `yr$dpN
D`f, dpN_p juApA L$fgp NguQ A_ bapd Apn`p_p kamsp`|hL$
kpd_p L$fhp dpV$, Nd A fled lphp R>sp, s kp_p fpj
hlpfu_ `Z usguhpmpA s iy$` R>`phu_ rk L$ep. Ap
bpbsdp sAp L$l R>- (ANdp R> `fsy s_p cphp_yhpv$ fS|> L$fy
Ry>.)OZu cpf dp_rkL$ spZ (Ap_pL$p_u) `R>u Ad R>hV$ Nd_
rk L$ep R>. Ad_ Mbf R> L$ s\u L$V$gpL$ hZhp_u gpNZu vy$cpi.
135

`fsy OZp d_pd\_ `R>u Ad A r_Ze D`f Apep R>uA L$

uhgc_y h_L$pe (dui_) Ad A d_ rk L$fuA s_p\u h^y
kpfu fus rk \i. L$pfZ L$ kv$pe_p juApA A d_ rhL$s fus
R>p`u rk L$ep R> A_ Ad s_ k`|Z kpQu fus rkq Ap`u R>.
sApA rhL$s fus Nd_u fS|>Aps L$fu s_p D`f A_ uhgc_p
_pd D`f spap_u Apn`p L$ep R>. sd R>sp S> gpL$p Adpfp Ap L$pe
(Nd R>`phhp_p L$pe) kp\ kds _ \sp lpe shp hZhp_ Ad
kv$pe_p dlp_ rhp_ Np.u`y{$jpd_p iv$pdp S>hpb Ap`hp\u
rhij L$iy L$fu iL$uA sd _\u. Ap`u Apop L$f R> - er` dvy$L$sp
dpN fle L$pi_p`fp^ Apeprs, s\pr` L$pi_epefh L$sh_
sv$\ kv$l hpfZeh, dL$rs sep hpL$j L$pi_p\hpcphpv$
cNhp_ udv$pQpeQfZp dv$`fp^ ndqhrs rhop`epdurs qv$L$&&
(rk.fle V$uL$p `.37)
L$ d L$lg dpN fle\u, s_y L$pi_ L$ep_p A`fp^ Aph
R>, sp `Z L$pi__p bu S> dpN huL$pfu_ s_p A\dp kv$l r_hpfu
iL$pe. dpfu L$rs\u (`psp_p DL$j L$pi_p Acph\u) cNhp_ udv$
ApQpeQfZL$dgdp S> A`fp^ \egp R> s_u ndp L$fp Ahu rh_su L$fu
R>.
kv$pe_p V$uL$pL$pfp A_ juAp_ S>X$bpspX$ S>hpb Ap`sp
u`y{$jpd dlpfpS> L$l R> sp cNhgugp $ps gpqL$L$ hsL$p_ hsdp_p
rhdyMpq[e skN `qfe khqe r_Nl: L$pe.
u`y{$jpd_p Ap iv$p pfp Ap`Zp kv$pe_y _rsL$sp
rhj_y kpQy hgZ ArceL$s \pe R>. uhgcpQpe_p L$pC hiS> `ps
ApQpe lphp_p v$php L$fsp _\u. kv$pe sp L$hm uhgc_ S>
ApQpe sfuL$ huL$pep R>. `qfZpd S>d uApqv$ iL$fpQpe \p`gp
dW$pdp b^p iL$fpQpep S> dlpr^`rs b_ R> s fus uhgc_p Nlpdp
b^p "hgcp' S> Nlpr^`rs b_sp _\u. uhgc_p L$pC`Z hiS>
136

`ps uhgc lphp_p v$php L$fsp _\u; sp `R>u s `ps L$Z lphp_p
v$php sp L$fu S> L$d iL$ ? `ps kpnps `y{$jpd R> Ahy sp hgc `Z
_\u L$y. sp sd_p hi Ahy h_ `Z L$hu fus rhQpfu iL$ ?
uhgc sp `ps `psp_ "L$Z v$pk' sfuL$ ApmMph R>. S>dL$ Crs
uL$Zv$pke hgce rls hQ: he uhgc L$Z_p v$pk
sfuL$_y \p_ huL$pey lpe sp sd_p hi s\u rhfy L$fu S> L$d iL$.
A_ kd`Z_p h$`_ kdhsp usguhpmp L$l R>, Ap b^p
rhhQ_ D`f\u A `$`Z kdC Ney li L$ S> kd`Z `fdpdp_
S> L$fhpdp Aph R> s kd`Z ApQpe_ L$fhpdp Aph R> Ahy rhQpfhy A
dyMpdu_u `fpL$p$p S>hy R>; Aop_sp_y psL$ R>. Ap bpbsdp L$iu
iL$p_ \p_ _\u.
Ap\u Ap`Z A r_L$j D`f `lpQuA R>uA L$ kv$pedp S>
kd`Z_p cph R> s `y{$jpd uL$Z_ S> A_ygnu_ R>, A_ A
kd`Z dp hgcpQpe S> L$fphu iL$ R>. v$unprhr^ kN Ap`u ep
k|d $` (in spirit, not by body) lpS>f lp R>p Ahy dp_hpdp Aph R>.
sd_p hpfkp `ps Nyfypf lpC, v$unp\}_ uhgc_p dpNdp hi
L$fph R>.
Ap fus usguhpmpA kamsp`|hL$ Ap`Zp kv$pe_p
juAp_p dpY$p b^ L$fu v$u^p. A_ s_p `qfZpd $` ApS> sp
kv$pe_u R>p` h^y DS>hm b_u_ r_Mfu flu R>. L$v$pQ s_p ei
dlv$ Ai usguhpmp_ apm e R>. Ad L$y A_yrQs _l] d_pe.
ApQpeuA jpX$i N\p_u fQ_p ip dpV$ L$fu s bpbs `Z
kdS>hp S>hu R>. Ap`uA S>rd_u k|p (`|h rddpkp) D`f cpe
fey. s\u sAp L$ddpN hsL$ L$lhpep. bhpv$_y r_$`Z L$fhp dpV$
Acpe (bpv$fpeZ_p bk| D`f gMpeg cpe) A_ c[sip
Ahu udv$ cpNhs_p fle_ kdhhp dpV$ ukybpr^_u, k|d
V$uL$p A_ r_b^psNs cpNhsp\ L$fZ_u fQ_p L$fu. `fsy L$rgL$pg_p
cph\u Ab|^ b_gp gpL$p Ap b^p N\p kd _l] iL$ Ahy
137

rhQpfu_ Ap`uA kpm L$fZ N\p fep. A jpX$i N\pdp_p `pQdp

N\Aepf Ap`Zp rhQpfpr^_ R>. N\(rkps fle)_u i$Apsdp
dpfp Nyfyv$h uhgc rsop`|hL$ lf L$f R> L$ phZepdg`n AL$pv$ep dlpr_ri &
kpnps cNhsp pL$s sv$nfi: Des &&
A\ps :- phZ dpk_p iyL$g `n_u AL$pv$iu_u defp,
kpnps cNhp_ L$V$ \C_ S> L$y s ly sd_ Anfi: L$ly Ry>.
Al] uhgc dpk, rsr\, `n A_ kde bly Qp$k `Z
bspey R> s ip dpV$ ?
dpk rsr\_p DM pfp Ap`u Ahy L$lhp dpN R> L$ Ap
N\dp S> D`v$i A`peg R> s ifZpNs h_p Apr^cprsL$,
ApeprdL$ A_ Apr^v$rhL$ Ad Z L$pf_p v$pjp_y r_hpfZ L$fhp_u
i[s ^fph R>. Ahp D`v$i ly ApS> sd_ `rh phZ dpk_p Adg
(dm frls AV$g L$ iy) `ndp, ArNepfk S>hp iyc qv$hk Ap`hp
dpNy Ry>.
hZ _n hZh R> Ahy L$lhpdp Apey R> - hZ rl
hZhd & s\u hZ _n_p Ap^pf _pdL$fZ `pdgp phZ dpk
`Z hZh R>. A `rh hZ dpkdp Ars `qh Ahp Qpf `pL$V$ep
\sp s_u `rhsp OZu h^u NC R>. A Qpf pL$V$ep Ap dpZ R> (1) S>dp$du_p qv$hk, defpu A_ L$V$ \ep eipv$pkN
gprgs, v$hL$u _v$_, fkf, `|Z `y{$jpd, `|Zp_v$ cNhp_ L$Z.
(2) `rhp AL$pv$iu_p qv$hk, defpuA L$V$ \ep qcNu
h$` cy uNpLy$gQdp. sd_p pL$V$e_u kp\ L$V$ \ep - (A)
d^yfp$L$d A_ (b) Nd.
(3) phZ kyv$ pv$iu, ps:L$pm_p `|r_s kde A_ L$V$ \ep
`yr$`\. A_ A `\D5f \d `v$p`Z L$ey (uhgc_p Akud
L$`p`p Ahp) v$dgpA (b^p hZhp_p rsr_r^ Ahp uv$pdpv$fv$pk
lfkp_uA)
138

(4) phZ kyv$ 3 _p iyc qv$hk L$V$ \ep uedy_p

uhgc_ Ap`u_u CqR>s ZL$pfu Ap`hp (Npthv$OpV$ A$
W$L$fpZu OpV$ L$p_kp s bsphhp dpV$.)
Aphp Aes `rh phZ dpk_p kb^ R> urh kp\. A_
hZh s R> S>_p kb^ rh kp\ R>. cNhv$ kb^ h_ `rh L$f
R>. cNhv$ kb^ L$fhp dpV$_p dlpd dep R>. uhgc_, A `rh
phZ dpk_p iyL$g `n_u ArNepfk_u defpuA.
A R> iyL$g `n. iyL$g `ndp S>d Qdp fpS> fpS> `psp_u L$mp
rhspf R> A_ s\u h^y_ h^y A^L$pf_p _pi L$f R> s fus Ap Nd
pfp \eg D`v$i ifZpNrs `pdgp hp_p b^p v$pjp_p _pi L$f R>,
Ahp, dpk A_ `n_p DM L$fhp `pR>m_p, cph R>. iyL$g `n _
L$lsp Ap`u Adg `n L$l R>. Adg AV$g r_dm. r_dm s R> S>
khv$pj frls lpe. Al] phZ dpk A_ Adg `n L$lhpdp Apey
R>. s pfp cNhv$uep kv$p v$pj frls S> flhp_p Ahy Nrcs k|Q_ \pe
R>. Al] h (r_hv$us) Apr^cprsL$ v$pjp\u dyL$s \i Ahy k|Q_ R>.
Ap fus dpk A_ `n_p cph L$p.
A_ A sp AL$pv$iu_p qv$hk R>. AL$pv$iu_y dplpe kd.
AL$pv$iu_p qv$hk D`hpk lpe. D`hpk L$f_pf_u v$i Cqep A_
ArNepfdy d_ cy_u r_L$V$ Aphu e. s\u h_p b^p ApepqdL$
v$pj (L$pd, $p^, gpc, Apqv$)_y Ap`pAp` lfZ \C e sdp L$pC
kie _\u. b^u Cqep A_ d_ cy `pk fl sp `R>u $p^, gpc,
L$pd Apqv$ v$pj L$f L$pZ ?
A_ kde R> dlpr_ri_p (defpu_p). cNhp_ uL$Z
d^fps L$V$ \ep lsp. ip dpV$ ? `psp_p AsfN cL$sp Ahp
Np`uS>_p_ A_ sd_p blp_ b^p NpLy$ghpkuAp A_ cNhv$ gugpdp
A_yfL$s b^p hp_ h$`p_v$_y v$p_ L$fhp dpV$. shu S> fus cNhp_
uL$Z (NpLy$gQdp $`) ApQpeu_ D`v$i (Nd) Ap`u_,
A_ sd_p pfp kh cNhv$ue hp_ dv$p_ L$fphu_. sd_p b^p
139

`y{$jp\p (`yr$ hp_p b^p `y{$jp\p uL$Zdp S> kdpegp R> Ahy
Qsy:gpL$u L$l R>) rk L$fphu Ap`hp L$V$ \ep lsp.
Ap fus, uL$Z_y d\yfpdp pL$V$e A_ NpLy$gQdp_y
NpLy$gdp pL$V$e b d^fps S> \ep R>. s\u s kde A`peg D`v$i
NlZ L$fsp, cNhv$ue_p Apr^v$rhL$ v$pjp `Z v|$f \C e Ahy k|Q_
R>. Sy>Ap sp Mfp L$hp qhZu kNd \ep R> (1) iyc phZ dpk,
iyL$g `n, ArNepfk_u defpu_p kde, (2) c[s h$`p
uedy_p_p qL$_pfp S>hy Dd \m A_ (3) kh\p r_v$pj Ahp
`fdpdp_y pL$V$e. h^y iy L$ly - iv$p _\u, dpfu `pk.
Aphp kycN kNd kde S> Nd_p D`v$i cNhp_
ApQpeu_ L$ep, s dlpd L$hp lpe s rhQpfu ghy fy. s kh v$pj
r_hpfL$ - qrh^ v$pjlpfL$ S> lpe. s_p pfp v$unp `pd_pf h_p kh
v$pjp_u r_hq L$fphu_, s r_hqv$s h_ cNhv$h A` Ahy k|Q_
dpk, rsr\, qv$hk A_ kde_p DM pfp L$fhpdp Apey R>.
gpL$_p bu QfZdp `Z Ahu S> AgpqL$L$ hps L$lhpdp
Aphu R>. A_ s A L$ ApQpeu_ A`peg A Nd kpnps cNhv$p
pL$s R>. AV$g L$ hv$, Nusp_u dpaL$ s cNhp_ udyM L$lu kcmphg
R>. A_ A fus L$lu kcmphhpdp `Z AL$ rhijsp R>. hv$_u F$QpAp
`Z cNhp_ L$lu R> A_ F$rjApA s kpcmu lsu. `fsy s kcmphsu
hMs, cNhp_ F$rjAp kpd kpnps L$V$ \ep _ lsp. Al] sp Ap
Nd cNhp_ L$p. s L$lhp dpV$ cNhp_ kpnps L$V$ \ep R>. s\u
s_y dlh Ars O h^u e R>. epv$ fpMp L$ ApQpeuA Al],
""cNhp_ D`v$ig'' Ahy _\u L$y. Ap`uA sp L$y R> ""kpnps
cNhp_ D`v$ig - kpnps cNhv$ppL$s''
cNhp_ kpnps L$V$ \ep R> L$pfZ L$ Aphp AgpqL$L$, kh v$pj
r_hpfL$ D`v$i L$pC h sp _ S> Ap`u iL$; L$pC Ap`u iL$ sp s
L$hm `fdpdp S>. S>d Nusp_p D`v$i L$pC h _ Ap`u iL$. Ap`u
iL$ L$hm epNhf uL$Z. A fus Aphp AgpqL$L$ D`v$i Ap`hp
140

`^pep R> kpnps ucNhp_. Apdp rhijsp AV$g R> L$ Ap D`v$i

(1) h_ pfp (2) ApL$pihpZu pfp L$ (3) L$pC rhc|rs (S>X$cfs L$
L$`ug cNhp_) pfp _ Ap`sp cNhp_ (`|Z `y{$jpd) `ps L$V$
\C_ Apep R>. A_ ApQpeuA s Anfi: L$p R>.
v$i qv$Ns rhS>eu u`y{$jpd dlpfpS> Ap gpL$_p cph_
bu fus kdh R>. Ap`u Apop L$f R> L$ Ap D5v$idp kd`Z_y
r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>. kd`Z_y r_$`Z s cpNhsdp AL$ _l]
Qpf \m L$fhpdp Apey R>. e\p udv$ cNhs_p ArNepfdp L$^dp
(1) r_rdfp_p __p Dfdp _h epNfdp\u \d L$rh epNuf
(2) A S> fus by _pd_p Qp\p epNuf (3) Dh_p __p
Dfdp cNhp_ cp. 11, L$^ 11 dp Aepedp A_ afu\u (4)
Dh_p __p Dfdp cNhp_ cp. 11 L$^_p 19dp Aepedp Ap Qpf \m kd`Z_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>.
Ap fus udv$ cpNhsdp kd`Z_y r_$`Z \egy lpe sp
Ap dp`v$idp \eg kd`Z_y r_$`Z AL$pv$i L$^_p kd`Z AN_p
hpL$ep_p A_yhpv$ $` S> lpC iL$. s L$pC kpnps cNhv$p pL$s lphp_u
S>$f _\u. Ap iL$p_y kdp^p_ sp uhgc_p `psp_p iv$p\u S> dmu
fl R>. Ap`usp cy_p kpnps pL$V$e_p dpk, rsr\, `n A_ kde
`Z L$lu bsph R>. s\u Ahy r_rs`Z L$lu iL$pe L$ ApQpeuA
r_hv$__y L$fgy r_$`Z s AL$pv$i L$^_p A_yhpv$ $` _\u. `fsy cyA
hs $` s L$fgy R>. A_ uhgc s Anfi: d|L$ey gpL$ $` dyL$ey
R>.
hmu bu kie Ecp \pe R>. cpNhs_p AL$pv$i L$^dp
dlpdp by "u, `y, Nl, pZ Apqv$ b^y cy_ S> kd`hp_p
ApNl fpM R>. dlpdp L$rh `Z L$pdpqv$ b^p cphp `Z cy_ S>
kd`Z Ahy cpf v$C_ L$l R>. cNhp_ `ps `Z b^y kd`Z v$pkcph
d_ L$fp Ahy L$l R>. (Dh_). A_ Nddp Ap b^p cph AS> fus
eL$s L$fpegp R>. sp `R>u Nd_ cpNhs AL$pv$i L$^dp v$iphg
141

kd`Z_p fle_p A_yhpv$ $` ip dpV$ _ dp_hp ?

s_p Df Ap fus Ap`u iL$pe. A_yhpv$ AV$g `lgp L$pCA S>
L$pC L$y lpe s_p A\ A\hp s_p cph L$ s_p iv$p afu\u L$lu
kcmphhpdp Aph. Ahy L$fhpdp Aph sp ep `lgp d_ye_p L$\__p
A_yhpv$ L$ep L$lhpe. `fsy Ap lL$uL$s Nddp b^$ bksu \su _\u.
AL$pv$i L$^dp kd`Z_y am S>Zphgy R>. s Nddp _\u S>Zphg.
s D`fps AL$pv$i L$^dp cy L$l R>, ""S> gpL$p u, Nl,
`y, hb^y, hN, pZ A_ rh_ e_ dpf ifZ Apep R> sd_
R>pX$hp_ ly L$hu fus Dkpl v$iphy ?'' Ap cNhv$ hpL$edp cNhp_
`ps u-`y-rhpqv$_p epN L$fhp_y k|Qh R>; _l] L$ sd_y kd`Z
L$fhp_y. Agb epNdp `Z Arsd cphsp S> s hsy e_u ddsp
R>pX$hp_p R>. ddh R|>V$ AV$g kd`Z \pe. s fus sp Al] k|Qhgp
epN kd`Z_p A\dp kdS>hp CA. `fsy Al] iv$ sp ""epN''
Ahp R>; ""kd`Z'' _\u. s bsph R> L$ Nd cpNhsdp D`v$ig
kd`Z_u Apop_p A_yhpv$ _\u. Nd A sp hs dpZ R>. dp
A_yhpv$ $` _\u.
sd R>sp AL$pv$i L$^dp r_$r`s kd`Z_p cph Nddp
`$`Z hr_s \pe R>. A_ A q$tbvy$\u sp s_p A\_p kNl
Nddp A_ychhp dm R> A r_rhhpv$ R>.
_ A R> L$ Nd NlZ L$fhp_p Ar^L$pf dp `y{$jp_ S> R>
L$ uAp_ `Z R>? Nddp cy_ kd`Z L$fhpdp Aphsu hsyApdp
"v$pfp' R> `Z "`rs' _\u; `y{$j_ S> v$pfp lpe; uAp_ A_ bpmL$p_
_ lpe. sp iy u-bpmL$p_ Nd NlZ L$fhp_p Ar^L$pf _\u?
ep `$`Z kdhhpdp Apey R> L$ ""`|h rddpkp'' dp
hrZs kr$ epe_ A_ykfsp - Nddp S> v$pfp `v$ R> s_p pfp
uAp_p kv$c `rs_y NlZ \C e R>. A_ `y pfp r`sp_y NlZ
\C e. `qfZpd u `psp_p `rs_y A_ bpmL$ r`sp_y kd`Z L$f R>
Ahp cph R>. s\u u-bpmL$_ `Z kd`Z_p Ar^L$pf R> S>. lL$uL$s
142

A R> L$ Nddp v$iphg iv$p - v$pfp, ApNpf, `y, rh A b^p

iv$p_y L$\_ Cl A_ `f iv$_p rhhfZ $` R>. AV$g L$ Cl A_ `f
iv$pdp s b^p_p kdphi \C e R>. hsys: rhZyc[sdp kh
hp Ar^L$pf ^fph R>.
AL$ Dv$plfZ\u Ap hps `$ \i. ipmpdp `fd cL$s
lgpv$ Akyf bpmL$p_ cNhp__y _pd dfZ L$fhp_p D`v$i Ap`
R>. sd_p A v$e`i}D`v$i kpcmu_ cprhs \egp Ak|f bpmL$p
sd_ `|R> R>. ""lgpv$, ApV$gu _p_u he, sd_ Aphy Av$cys op_
L$hu fus p \ey?'' epf lgpv$ S>hpb Ap`sp L$l R>.
""ly epf dpsp_p Dv$fdp lsp epf _pfv$A dpfu dpsp_
_hrh^ c[s_p D`v$i Apep lsp.'' A_p A\ Ahp \ep L$
lgpv$_u dpsp L$ep^| L$ S> AL$ u A_ sdp `Z Akyf epr__u u
lsu s_ _pfv$A D`v$i L$ep lsp. A sp c[sdpNdp uAp_p
Ar^L$pf `fh L$pC iL$p _ L$fhu.
kpQ S> Nd `rh R>, AgpqL$L$ R>, Aqsue R>. s_p dyM
gnZp Ap dpZ R> :(1) s kpnps cNhv$ppL$s R>.
(2) s kd`Z pfp v$pkh pq_p k|QL$ R>.
(3) sdp h_p khh_y kd`Z L$fhp_p D`v$i R>.
(4) s fled R>; s\u s_, d__u iyq lpe epf S> s
DQpfhp Ahu depv$p R>.
(5) Nd dmsp khp_p Ar^L$pf p \pe R>.
(6) Nd pfp h_p v$edp c[scph_y buS> fp`pe R>.
(7) Nd dmsp kh hp_p kh v$pjp_u r_hq \pe R>.
lh Ap`Z kpnps cNhv$ppL$s Ahp A Nddp L$hp
D`v$i R> A\hp sdp L$hu rsop ghfphhpdp Aphu R> s CAb kb^ L$fZps khjp v$lhep: &
kh v$pj r_hq rl v$pjp: `Qrh^p: dsp: &&
143

AV$g L$ b kb^ L$fhp\u kh_p v$l A_ h_p b^p v$pjp_u

r_hq \pe R>. A_ s v$pjp `pQ L$pf_p L$lgp R>.
b kb^ AV$g iy ? b_u kp\ L$fhpdp Aphsp kb^ s
bkb^. kh_p hpdu cy R>, A cph\u cNhp__p hprdh_p
huL$pf L$fhp AV$g bkb^. lsdp sygku` gC_ cy_ A fus_y
qhop`_ L$fhp\u bkb^ \pe R>.
rhop`_dp h iy L$lhp_y R> ? h L$lhp_y R> L$, ""l cy !
Ap` Ap`_u $uX$p dpV$ S> Ap S>Ns A_ s_p `v$p\p D` L$ep R>. s
kOmp spfp R>. `fsy ApQe sp A hps_y R> L$ vy$$ byrhpmp hp s
b^pdp `psp_y hpdu` NZph R>. AV$g L$ h A b^p_ "dpfy' dp_u
bW$p R>. s\u Ald A_ dd _u cph_p_p epN L$fu_, ly cy_u `pk,
cy_p kpQp hprdh_u lfps L$fy Ry>. bkb^ AV$g cy_p
hprdh_p iy As:L$fZ`|hL$ huL$pf L$fu ghp s.
Al], kh_p kh v$pjp_u r_hq \pe R> Ad L$y R>. kh_p
AV$g L$p'_p ? kh_p AV$g b^p_p-v$hp_p, Ak|fp_p, d_yep_p,
enp_p, N^hp_p A_ Nd s epr__p h lpe s b^p_p. Ap b^p_p
b^p v$pjp r_h \pe R>. sAp cy_y hprdh huL$pfu_, cy_u
d\u khp L$f sp. A_p A\ A \ep L$ kh L$pC cNhv$ c[s_p
Ar^L$pfu R>. cNhv$ c[s_p Ar^L$pf kLy$rQs _\u; s bly rhipm R>.
Al] L$y R> L$ kh_p v$l A_ h_p kh v$pjp_u r_hq \pe
R>. Al] v$l A_ h_ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p NZpep R>. v$l `v$\u ApQpeu
\ym ifuf_p r_v$j L$f R>. A_ h `v$\u s_ `\L$ NZ R>. h
`v$\u ""Arhp\u Ns Apdp'' Ahy kdS>hp_y R>. Ap fus b `v$_
kdS>sp \yg v$l_p A_ Arhp Ns Apdp (h) _p b^p v$pjp
r_h \pe R>. Ahy Al] L$lhpdp Apey R>.
Al] AL$ iL$p \pe R> L$ `|dp dpNdp sp, `| L$fhp ApX$_p
v$pjp_u r_hq dpV$, AdyL$ kp^_p NZpep R>; S>dL$ c|s iyq hNf.
`fsy shy L$C `Z kp^_ L$ep rkhpe L$hm cy kb^ \sp S> b^p v$pjp
144

Qpep e Ahy dp_u iL$pe Mfy ?

s_p S>hpb A R> L$ `|dpNdp ke v$hsp `|Zs: r_v$pj _\u.
sd_pdp ApR>p h^sp v$pjp lpe R>. s \u sd_u `| L$fhp\u sAp
h_ `|Z v$pj frlssp _ L$fphu iL$. he sAp S> ep `|Z v$pj
frls _\u ep sAp (`psp_u `pk _\u shy) `|Z v$pj frls`
`psp_p khL$p_ L$hu fus Ap`u iL$ ?
s\u EgVy$ khpdpNdp, hZh_y S> ke h$` R>. s `|Z
NyZ\u rhc|rjs, kh v$pj frls (r_v$pj), kqQv$p_v$ h$` R>. s
cy `|Z v$pj frls (r_v$pj) lpC, s_u kp\_p kb^\u L$pC`Z v$pj
kp\ Ap`Zp kb^ _ \pe. uApQpeQfZ Apop L$f R> L$ "L$Zps `f
_p[s v$h hsysp v$pj hrS>sd &' AV$g L$ L$Z\u `f Ahp bu L$pC
k`|Z v$pj frls _\u. kv$pj h_ r_v$pj b_phhp dpV$ s_p kb^ A
r_v$pj cy_u kp\ L$fphu v$p. kv$pj h_ r_v$pj b_phhp_p Ap
fpdbpZ CgpS> R>.
depv$pdpNdp `Qrh^ v$pjpdp\u dy[s dmhhp dpV$ h hs,
s`, S>`, ep_, pers Apqv$ A_s A_y$p_p L$fhp `X$ R>. `fsy
`yq$dpNdp, v$pjpdp\u dy[s dmhhp dpV$ L$hm AL$ S> hsy bkb^ - L$fphhp_u S> S>$f fl R>.
v$pj_u r_hq \pe R> Ahy L$y R>. r_hq iv$ klsyL$ hp`ep
R>. v$pj_u r_hq AV$g v$pjp ldi_ dpV$ kv$sf r_d|m b_u e Ahy
_l]. Al] v$pjp_u sd_p h$`\u r_hq _\u \su. h$`\u sp b^p
v$pjp fl R> S>. `fsy cNhv$ khpdp rsb^ L$fhp_u sd_u Akf _$
\C e R>. bkb^ L$fphg hp_p, khp ApX$_p b^p rsb^p v|$f
\pe R>, Ahp A_p A\ \pe R>. AV$gp dpV$ sp Ap`Z_ L$lhpdp Aph
R> L$ bkb^ L$fphhp\u h_ cy khp_p Ar^L$pf dm R>. h_p
khp L$fhp ApX$_p rsb^p v|$f \pe s\u h khp L$f A_ s_u khp_p
cy ANuL$pf L$f. Ahy b_ epf h_ khp_p Ar^L$pf dep Ad
L$lhpe.
145

ApNm L$y L$ b kb^ L$fhp\u kh v$pj_u r_hr \pe R>.

""kh v$pj'' AV$g L$V$gp A_ L$hp L$pf_p v$pj ? s kdhsp Ap`u
Apop L$f R> kl, v$iL$pgp\p, gpL$hv$r_$r`sp: &
kepN:`iQ _ dsep: L$\Q_ &&
Al] `Qrh^ v$pjp_p _pd NZu bspep R>. v$pjp `pQ L$pf_p
R>. e\p (1) klS> v$pj (2) v$iL$pg\u D` \sp v$pj (3) gpL$hv$dp
r_$r`s v$pj (4) kepN A_ (5) `i - v$pj_p Ap `pQ L$pf R>.
`fsy ApQpeu Apop L$f R> L$ Ap`Zp c[sdpNdp Ap `pQ
L$pf_p v$pjp dp_hp epe _\u. s\u Ap `pQ L$pf_p v$pjp_y h$`
kd ghy S>$fu R>.
(1) klS> v$pj : A h_u kp\ D` \sp v$pjp R>. v$l_u
kp\ h D` \pe R>. s\u Ap v$pjp h A_ v$l b_p v$pjp R>.
\|m ifuf_p klS> v$pjp AV$g dpspr`sp sfa\u hpfkpdp dmgp
v$pjp-e\p L$a L$rs S>e v$pjp : ne, X$peprbV$uk Apqv$ v$pjp - (dpbp`_ lpe sp bpmL$_ lphp_u iL$esp fl R>.)
A_ h_ Arhp_p L$pfZ \sp Alsp, ddsp_p v$pjp A_
L$rsS>e L$pd$p^pqv$ v$pjp.
Ap b^p klS> v$pj R>. ifuf A_ s_u L$rs s\p Apdp_u
Arhp_ L$pfZ sAp S>dsp S> klS> hpcprhL$ $` s h_ hmNu_
Aph R> s\u sAp klS> v$pjp L$lhpe.
(2) v$iL$pgp\v$pj : v$iL$pgp\AL$ keyL$s iv$ R>. s\u s_
rhcL$s L$fu_ ""v$i_ L$pfZ'' A_ ""L$pg_ L$pfZ'' Apd b fus D`
\sp v$pjp Ahy kdS>hp_y _\u. Ahy `|e Nphpdu bpmL$p `psp_p
rhhfZdp L$l R>. v$i L$pg A_ykpf L$V$ \sp v$pjp v$iL$pgp\v$pjp
L$lhpe R>. sd_p kb^ v$i_u kp\ A_ L$pg_u kp\ `Z R> s\u sd_
v$i S> A_ L$pgS> `Z L$lhpdp Apep R>. v$iL$pm AV$g \m A_
kde.
146

dN^, dpfhpX$ S>hp A`rh v$ipdp\u S>d \hp\u L$ ep

S>hp\u \egp v$pjp v$i S> v$pj R>. Ahp v$ipdp cNhv$ h$`
rbfpS>sy _ lphp\u A_ ep L$hm rh_pv$ rhgpk_ \p_ lphp\u ep
S>d_pf L$ S>_pf h_ L$V$gpL$ v$pj gpN R>. v$uh, Nphp, Apqv$
v$ipdp S>_pf A_ ep fl_pf_ L$v$pQ ifpbMpfu_p v$pj gpN. ep
Sy>Npf Mgpsp lpe (L$pev$kf) L$ ifpb `uhpsp lpe (ifpbb^u _
lphp_ L$pfZ) A\hp ep u-`y{$j hQ dyL$s rse klQpf \sp
lpe shp v$idp S>_pf L$pC_ L$pC v$pj_p cpN bep rkhpe _ fl.
Ahp v$ipdp S>sp `lgp kp NmZ Npmu_ `pZu `uhy `X$. _tlsf
v$pj_p cpN b_u S>hpe. A v$pj_y _pd R> v$ip\v$pj.
shy S> L$pg dpV$ kdS>hy. Ap sp lmplm L$rgL$pm R>. keeyN,
p`f A_ spdp sd klS> fus v$pjpdp\u dyL$s flu iL$p R>p `fsy Ap
L$rgL$pgdp, L$pg_p vy$:kl cph\u h_ A_L$ v$pjp hmN R>. hmu
L$epfL$ vy$$ dyl|s-Aepe kde L$pep L$fhpdp Aph sp shp L$pep L$fhp\u
v$pj gpN R>. qv$rs sp L$e`_u `_u; S>hu Aqv$rs shu qv$rs. `fsy
qv$rs_ L$pgv$pj gpp. sZ kep kde `psp_u L$pdhpk_p_u `|rs L$fu.
s\u s_pdp Apkyfu cph a|ep A_ s_ \egp `yp v$ep \ep.
L$_ep_p r`sp _v$bphpA fp r_rj kde edy_p _p_ L$ey.
s\u \ep L$pgv$pj. s v$pj_ L$pfZ h$Z_p v|$sp sd_ `L$X$u Nep. A
hps Sy>v$u R> L$ gpgpA sd_ R>pX$pep - v$pj dyL$s L$fpep. `fsy b^p_p
`y sfuL$ ""L$_ep'' \pX$p S> lpe R> ! Ap`Z_ gpNg L$pgp\v$pjdp\u
Ap`Z_ L$pZ R>pX$ph ? L$_ep-`y $` _ kl] `fsy Ap`Zp ke $`
lpe sp s S>$f bQph. Agb ke b_sp `lgp s Ap`Zu `pk
Ap`Zp khh_y kd`Z dpN R>. Aphp L$pg_p cph\u D` \sp
v$pjp L$pgp\v$pj L$lhpe.
A_ v$ip\s\p L$pgp\dmu_ v$iL$pgp\v$pj b_ R>.
(3) gpL$ hv$ r_$r`s : AV$g L$ S>_y r_$`Z gpL$dp A_ hv$dp
L$fhpdp Aphgy R> Ahp v$pjp; yrs drsdp S>_p DM L$fhpdp Apep
147

R> Ahp v$pjp. S>d L$ eoepNpqv$ L$fsp \C S>sp v$pjp. S> L$dp AQyL$
rhr^ dpZ S> L$fhp_p R> s L$dpr_ rhr^ A^|fu (e|_) fpMhp\u \sp
v$pjp. Ap D`fps gpL$dp r_$`Z L$fgp - S>dL$ ""b_p gpL$\u dpX$u_
kh gpL$p_p `y_S>d \pe R>'' A hpL$edp bp krls h dp_
hmNgp `y_S>d `pdhp_p v$pj - Ap b^p gpL$ hv$ r_$r`s v$pjp R>.
(4) kepN v$pjp : kepN\u D` \sp v$pjp A kepN_u
v$pjp L$lhpe. `|dpNdp ArcjL$ A\, d\u `rh b_phu fpMg
S>gdp Ae S>g cmu e sp s kepN\u \eg v$pj NZpe. d_ A_
byq_p D`epN\u L$V$gpL$ AOqV$s L$pep L$fhpdp Aph A\hp A`rh
L$pd_pAp (rhQpfp) L$fhpdp Aph sp shp L$dp L$ L$pd_pAp_ kepN
v$pj NZhpdp Apep R>.
hS>epp v$fep_ bW$L$dp A`fk_y `pg_ k`|Z`Z L$fu
iL$psy _\u. A_ L$V$guL$ hpf Ahp kepNp Ecp \pe R> L$ Tpfu,
QfZ`i S>hp `rh L$dp L$fhp S>sp OZp v$pjp \C e R>. Adp
kepN_u brglpfu R>. sd A v$pjp \sp Sy>Ap R>p, d_\u A_ychp R>p
A_ L$epfL$ `ps L$fu bkp R>p. R>sp s_ r_hpfu iL$sp _\u. Aphp
v$pjp_ kepN v$pj L$lhpe.
(5) `i v$pjp : AZsp L$ Ar_R>pA A\hp Zsp L$
CR>p`|hL$ L$pC A`rh hsy L$ eqL$s_ AX$u S>hpe sp s_p\u \sp
v$pj_ `i v$pj L$lhpe. `| dpV$ gphu fpMgp `y`, `pp, N^
Apqv$_ u (fS>hgp) i|pqv$_p `i \C e sp s_p\u `i v$pj
D` \pe R>. cy dpV$ sepf L$fu fpMg kpdNu D`f L$pC prls
dpZk_u q$ `X$ sp kpdNu_ s_u vy$rjs q$_p `i \ep NZpe.
A_ s_p\u `i v$pj D` \pe R>. cy dpV$ sepf L$fu fpMg
kpdNu D`f L$pC prls dpZk_u q$ `X$ sp kpdNu_ s_u vy$rjs
q$_p `i \ep NZpe. A_ s_p\u `i v$pj D` \pe.
ApQpeu Apop L$f R> L$ Aphp `Qrhr^ v$pjp `R>u s Nd s
L$pf_p lpe - ps lpe L$ dps lpe; gpqL$L$ lpe L$ `| Apqv$_
148

gNsp lpe - s b^p v$pjp_ r_hqv$s h v$pjp sfuL$ dp_hp _l].

dp_hp S> _l]. AV$g L$ s b^p v$pjp s_u cNhv$ khpdp rsb^L$ R>
Ahy sZ h_ `Z _ dp_hy. (_ dsep:) A_ Ap D[s_ h^y
AkfL$pfL$ b_phhp dpV$ Ap`u L$l R> L$ "L$pC `Z L$pf _ dp_hp
(L$\Q_)'
Np. u`y{$jpd dlpfpS> `psp_u V$uL$pdp Ap rhje_
A_ygnu_ Apop L$f R> L$ ""Aphp v$pjp_ _ dp_hp; L$pC`Z L$pf _
dp_hp. h^pf sp iy `Z Aphp v$pjp p \i L$ L$d A\u kcph_p
`Z, `yr$dpNdp hi `pep `R>u fpMhu C$ _\u. ip dpV$ ?
L$pfZ L$ kh kd\ A_ kv$p r_v$pj (hsys: v$pj hrS>s) cy
kp\_p r_e kb^ ^fph_pf_ Aphp v$pj iy L$fu iL$ ? `| dpNdp sp
`| dpV$ \sp v$pjp_p r_hpfZ dpV$ OZp D`pep L$V$ L$fhpdp Apep
R>; `fsy iy c[sdpNdp sp cy khp A\ cNhqhv$_ L$fhp rkhpe
Csf L$pC v$pj rhr_hpfL$ _\u Ad dp_hy A kysfpd dyL$s S> R>.
(`|f`|fy epe R>). cqL$sdpN sp hs: v$pj r_hpfL$ R>. L$pfZ L$ sdp
`| dpN_u dpaL$ L$pC kp^pfZ v$h ke _\u lpsp. sdp sp kpnps
`|Z `y{$jpd ke R>. (AV$g L$ `y{$jpd_p Ai L$ rhc|rs ke
_\u.) `|dpN_p ke rhc|rs $` R>; s kpnps fkpdL$ cy _\u.
Np. u`y{$jpd dlpfpS> Ap hps h^y `$sp\u kdhsp
L$l R> L$ ""`| dpNdp cy_u `fpNdyMsp (kdyMsp _l] s) R>. `|
dpNdp `lgp `psp_p `|e v$h_ Aphpl__p _pd bpgphhpdp Aph
R>, Z L$ s L$pC \m kspC bW$p _ lpe ! sd_ bpgphu_, sd_
_p_pqv$L$ L$fpep `R>u, ^|`, v$u` _h hNf ^fphhpdp Aph R>.
^|`, v$u` Apqv$ kpdNu lp\hNu _ lpe sp s_ bv$g dp AL$ ApQd_u
S>g Ap`hpdp Aph R>. Ap fus sd_p D`lpk L$fu_ `R>u rhkS>__
_pd ""Ap` h\p_ `^pfp'' Ahy bpgu_ sd_ rhv$pe Ap`hpdp Aph
R>. Mybu_u hps sp A R> L$ Aphy Aphpl_, rhkS>_, ^|`, v$u`, _h^
hNf b^y d\u \pe R>. dp\u Aph_pf, dpr^_ v$hsp sp rhc|rs S>
149

lpe. s `|Z `y{$jpd, kh ep rh _ S> lpe.

rh sp b^ R>; AL$ A S>V$gu S>ep `Z s_p hNf _\u.
`R>u s_ bpgphhp_p L$hu fus lpe A_ s_ S>hp_y L$lhpdp Aph
(h\p_) sp s L$ep e ? `yr$ `y{$jpd sp L$l R>, ""ly hv$\u Np
_\u; ly sp L$hg c[s\u S> Np Ry>.
b kb^\u kh v$pjp_u r_hq \hp dpV$ v$i qv$Ns rhS>eu
u`y{$jpd dlpfpS> bly kyv$f L$pfZ Ap` R>. Ap`u Apop L$f R>
L$ ""bkb^ \ep `R>u v$l, Cqe, pZ, As:L$fZ A b^p A_ s
b^p_p ^dp hNf b^pdp cNhv$ueh L$V$ \pe R>. v$lpqv$_p hs
kb^ r_h \pe R>. Agb v$lpqv$ h$`\u sp fl S> R>. `fsy s
cy_p (dpfp _l]; spfp, cy_p) \C_ fl R>. A_ S> cNhp__p lpe
s_ v$pjp iu fus Akf L$fu iL$ ?
sp`e A L$ r_hqv$s h_p v$l Apqv$ `psp_y h$` sp mhu
fpM R>. `fsy lh s h_p dV$u cy_p \ep R>. AV$g L$ sv$ueh `pep
R>. A_ S> sv$ueh `pep R> s_p D`f `Qrh^ v$pjp L$pC`Z fus
`psp_y f v$pMhu iL$sp _\u.
Ap fus b kb^\u kh v$pjp_u r_hq \pe R> Ahy rh^p_
L$ep `R>u, Ap`u, ""iy Ap_p rkhpe bu L$pC fus v$pjp_u r_hq _
\pe?''- Ahp __p S>hpb Ap` R>. Ap`u Apop L$f R>, ""_p,
bu L$pC fus v$pjp_u r_hq _ \pe.''
Ae\p kh v$pjpZp _ r_hq: L$\Q_ &
Akdr`s hsy_p sdpv$ hS>_dpQfs &&
A\ps Ap`u Apop L$f R> L$ v$pjp_u r_hq dpV$_p Ap AL$ S>
dpN (b kb^ L$fphhp s) R>. bu L$pC`Z fus `Qrh^ v$pjp_u
r_hq \su _\u Ae\p kh v$pjp_p r_hq: _ & - _\u \su, L$v$pr`
_\u \su (L$\Q_). Ap\u h^y iy L$lhp_y lpe ?
b kb^ \hp\u h r_v$pj b_ R>, A hps kpQu. `fsy iy s
kv$p r_v$pj S> fli ? v$l $` sp s_ S>Nsdp flhp_y R>. S>Ns_p
150

Ae hp_p A_ Arhp_p k`L$dp Aphhp_y R>. s\u kNv$pj gpN A

hpcprhL$ R>. A kNv$pj\u bQu_ afu\u s_ v$pj`|Z _ b_hy lpe
sp sZ iy L$fhy ?
ApQpeu L$l R>, ""sp sZ Akdr`s hsyAp_p epN
(hS>_) L$fhp - Akdr`s hsy_p sdpv$ hS>_ dpQfs. v$pj dyL$s
\ep `R>u v$pj frls bep flhp_p Ap R> fpdbpZ CgpS>. h afu\u
v$pj `|Z _ b_hy lpe sp Akdr`s Ahu sdpd hsyAp_p D`epN
he NZhp.
Ap `lgp sd sdpfu NZpsu b^u hsyAp-sdpfy khh,
Alsp A_ ddspde b^p `v$p\p, sdpfp Apdp krls cy_ A`Z
L$fu lsu. s\u sd v$pj dyL$s bep lsp. s\u lh Ahp r_v$pj (v$pj
frls) bep flhp dpV$ sd, A L$pd Qpgy fpMp. AV$g L$ b^u
hsyAp_p epN L$fp. sd S> L$pC L$fp, Mph, `uhp, MQp, cpNhp,
rhQpf L$fp L$ hsp (hpZu hs_ A_ q$ep) s b^y uL$Z_ A`Z L$fp.
sd L$fhp\u sd_ L$hm uL$Z rkhpe bu L$pC_p kN \i S> _l];
`R>u kNv$pj L$ep\u gpNi? L$pfZ L$ s sp kh\p r_v$pj R>. L$Zps
`f _pqs v$h hsysp v$pjhrS>s: Akdr`s A_ Aepe_p epN
L$fip sp sd `Z r_v$pj b_u flip, Aphu R> cNhv$ Apop.
Al] kdS>hp_u hps AV$gu R> L$ cy_ kd`gu b^u hsy_
cNhv$ue` p \pe R>. s\u S> fus cy kh\p r_v$pj R> A fus
cy_ kdr`s L$fgu b^u hsy, cy_u kpv$u $` b_u flsp, s `Z
r_v$pj b_u fli. A_ r_v$pj b_gu s hsy kpv$u $` g_pfdp s
v$pj `v$p L$fu _l] iL$. s\u s g_pf (s_p D`cpN L$f_pf)dp s v$pj
`v$p L$f R>. AV$gp dpV$S> Apop L$fu L$ kh hsy cy_ kd`}_ cy_u
kpv$u $` ghu. Akdr`s ghu S> _l]. _pqs d|gp L$s: ipMp !
v$pj_y d|g R> Akdr`s NlZ L$fhy s. Akdr`s _ lpe sp v$pj L$d
kch ?
u`y{$jpd dlpfpS> `Z Ap DqL$s_ A fus S> kdh R>.
151

Ap`u L$l R>, ""bkb^ \sp `|h_p b^p v$pjp cg _$ \pe, `fsy
ApS>_p v$iL$pg sp v$pj_p D`pv$L$ R>. sAp AV$gp drg_ b_u Nep R>
L$ sd_p kkN\u h drg_ bep hNf _ fl. h v$pj `|Z b_uS>
e. sp `R>u Ahp v$pjp_p id_ dpV$ iy L$fhy ? sp, ApQpeu_u Apop
dpZ, `cy_ kd`Z L$fhpdp _ Aphu lpe shu b^u hsyAp he
NZphu. sd_p epN L$fhp. s AV$g ky^u L$ shu hsyAp kp\_p kb^
`Z R>pX$hp. sd_p `X$R>pep `Z _ ghp.
Ap fus ApQpeuA c[sdpN_u depv$p kdhu A_ `R>u
Ap`u Apop L$f R> r_hqv$rc: kdeh kh Ly$epqv$rs [\rs: &
_ ds v$hv$he kprdcyL$s kd`Zd &&
AV$g L$ S>d_y r_hv$_ \egy R> Ahp b^p r_hqv$s `v$p\p_p
ucNhp__ (d_\u) ANuL$pf L$fphu_ `R>u S> Ap`Z Ap`Zp b^p
gpqL$L$ A_ AgpqL$L$ L$pep L$fhp Ahu c[sdpN_u depv$p R>. `fsy epv$
fpMp. kd. kdr`s ApMy L$fhp_y R>. v$hp_p v$h Ahp u`y{$jpd_
"A^cyL$s' AV$g L$ L$pCA A^ cpNhgu hsy_y kd`Z L$v$u _ L$fhy A
dpZ (kprdcyL$s kd`Z) L$fhy A L$pC_ `Z kds _\u. AV$g L$
kprdcyL$s kd`Z L$pC_ `Z dpe _\u.
Al] kd`Z iv$_p A\ kd ghp_u S>$f R>. cyg\u `Z
kd`Z iv$_ v$p_ iv$p_p `epe (kdp_p\}iv$) dp_u gip _l].
kd`Z AV$g v$p_ Ahy kdS>ip sp v$p_dp Ap`gu hsy_ `psp_p
D`epNdp gphhp_p v$pj gpNi. ipdp r_hv$_, v$p_ A_ A`Z A
Z iv$p_ Ap fus kdep R> - e\p
ip r_hv$_, v$p_, le`Z qrh^ dsd &
r_hv$_ kdyrle ee op`_ dsd &&
v$p_ hL$uesp spN: `fhp`pv$_ rh: &
A`Z hprdcpee hprd_ op`_ dsd &&
A\ps, ipdp r_hv$__p Z L$pf bspep R>. sdp - (1)
152

L$pC`Z hsy (e Apqv$) hpdu_ S>Zphu_ sd_ Ap`hu s_y _pd

r_hv$_. hv$ue hsy Npthv$ syedh kd`e AV$g L$ l Npthv$ ! Ap
spfu hsy R>, s ly s_ Ap`y Ry> Ahy hpdu_ L$lu_ `R>u s hsy L$ e
s_ Ap`hy s_y _pd r_hv$_. (2) L$pC`Z hsy L$ e S> `psp_y (S>_p
D`f `psp_y hh) lpe s, L$pC_ ""syedl kv$v$, _ dd AV$g L$
""Ap hsy ly sd_ Ap`y Ry>, lh s dpfu _\u Ahp rhr^hpL$e dpZ s
hsy D`f\u `psp_u kp DW$phu gC_, S> e[s_ s Ap`hpdp Aphu
lpe s_u kp s_p D`f k`pqv$s L$fu Ap`hu s_y _pd v$p_ A_ (3)
S> hsy hpdu_ cpNhhp gpeL$ lpe s hsy "Ap hsy Ap`_ cpNhhp
epe R> s\u Ap` s_p D`cpN L$fp' Ahy _dsp`|hL$ L$lu_, sZ hsy
Ap`Zp hpdu uL$Z_ A`hu, s_y _pd A`Z. (cpN)
Ap fus kd`Z, v$p_ A_ A`Z (cpN) Ap Z hsy AgN
R>. s_p cph kd S>sp, Ap N\dp L$lg b^u hps bfpbf kdC
S>i. `R>u sdp L$pC iL$p Ecu \i _l].
bly kpv$p iv$p hX$ kdA sp kd`Z A_ v$p_ hQ_p
saphs fus kdhu iL$pe :Ap S>Nsdp S> L$pC R> s b^y cy_y R>. cyA s b^y, `psp_u
gugp dpV$, `psp_pdp\u D` L$ey R>. s\u s s_y R>. Ap` _\u. sd
R>sp Arhp_ hi \C_ Ap`Z s_ dpfy dp_uA R>uA. `fsy Ap`Zp
kv$Ny{$v$h b kb^_u v$unp Ap`sp `lgp Ap`Z_ kdhu v$u^y L$
Ap b^y sp s_y R>. s_y R> s s_ kd`}v$p. A_ Ap`Z A b^u hsyAp
S> lL$uL$sdp s_u lsu s s_ AV$g L$ L$Z_ Ap`u v$u^u. s_y _pd
kd`Z.
`fsy S> hsy Ap`Zu lpe AV$g L$ S> hsy_ Nd s L$pfZ
(Arhp L$ Ae L$pfZ) Ap`Z Ap`Zu dp_sp lpCA, s hsy D`f\u
Ap`Zp Ar^L$pf DW$phu gC_, s hsy bu_ kp`u v$CA sp s v$p_
L$lhpe. v$p_dp Ap`u v$u^gu hsy `psp_u (dpfu) dV$u e R> A_ s
v$p_ g_pf_u b_u e R>. `R>u v$p_ Ap`_pf v$psp s hsy_p D`cpN
153

_ L$fu iL$. AV$g ky^u L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ ""v$p_dp Ap`g v$uhp_p
L$pi `Z v$pspA _ ghp.'' v$p_ AV$g hh (`psp_u dprgL$u) _p
\p_ Ae_p dprgL$u_y \p`_.
Ap`Z sp uhgc_p khL$ hZhp R>uA. Ap`Zu `pk
Ap` L$lhpe Ahy L$iy _\u. (Ap`Zu `pk b hsy Ap`Zu R> Mfu.
AL$ Ap`Zp hpdu uL$Z (_v$_v$_) A_ bu Ap`Zp Nyfyv$huhgc: Ap cph\u L$epfL$ dpfp\u Ap gMpZdp "dpfp Nyfyv$h' Ahy
gMpC e R>. b^y kdey dpfp hpdu uNp`uS>_ hgc_ `fsy
ApV$gy ddh- dpfp hpdu A_ dpfp Nyfyv$h A b dpfp lphp_p
cph-bpL$u flu Nep R>) Aepf ky^u Ap`Z OZu hsyAp_, Arhp_
L$pfZ `psp_u kdS>sp lsp. `fsy Nyfyv$h L$`p L$fu_ Ap`Z Arhp_p
`pkdp\u R>pX$pep s\u kdC Ney L$ Ap b^y sp Ap`Zp hpdu_y R>.
s kdC Ney L$ sfs S> Ap`Z s h^y Ap`Zp hpdu uL$Z_
kd`}v$u^y R>. Ap R> kd`Z_p kpQp cph. A kd`Z R>; v$p_ _\u.
hZh v$p_ _ L$fu iL$. L$pfZ L$ s_u `pk hh (dprgL$u lL$) ^fphsu
L$pC hsy _\u. hmu v$p_ L$fg hsy_p D`epN v$p_ Ap`_pf _ L$fu
iL$. `fsy s hpdu_ kd`}v$u^y lpe sp s hsy_p D`epN, s_p
khL$, khL$cph, s hsy_ `psp_p hpdu_u kpv$u$` NZu_ S>$f L$fu
iL$.
u`y{$jpd dlpfpS> L$l R>, ""Ap`Z epf Apdkd`Z
L$fuA R>uA epf Ald_p `v$p\p S>hp L$ v$l, Cqe Apqv$ A_
ddsp_p `v$p\p (v$pfp, ApNpf, `y, rh Apqv$) cy_ kd`}v$CA
R>uA. sp `R>u, s b^p_p rhr_epN cydp L$fhp A Ap` L$se R>.
s\u v$pfp, `y Apqv$_ cNhkhpdp epS>hp A_ rh, Nl Apqv$_p
rhr_epN cy khpdp S> L$fhp. c[sdpN_u `fd fdZue `fsy v$pj
frls depv$p A R> L$ Ap`Zp d_dp Ap`Z kv$h Aphp cph fpMuA ""Ap` D`cyL$s dpgp, N^, h, AgL$pf hNf\u c|rjs \egp, A_
Ap`_y DqR>$ g_pfp Ap`_p v$pk Ahp Ad, Ap`_u dpep_ suA
154

R>uA.''
d|m gpL$dp "kh Ly$eps' (kh L$fhy) Ahy L$y R>. A kh AV$g
iy? kh iv$\u gpqL$L$, hqv$L$ b^p L$fhp epe L$pep_y k|Q_ R>. gpqL$L$
L$pe S>hp L$ `ypqv$_p g kN A\hp b cpS>_ kN, S> `v$p\p
`ps D`epNdp ghp_p lpe s b^p `v$p\pAp_ cy_ kd`}_ `R>u s
b^p_p D`epN L$fhp. hqv$L$ L$pep S>hp L$ eo, p Apqv$ kNpdp `Z
b^p r_hqv$s `v$p\p S> hp`fhp. udv$ cpNhs_p kpsdp L$^dp L$y
R> L$, ""cNhp__ r_hv$gp A hX$ S> bu v$hspAp_y eS>_ L$fhy;
r`sAp_ `Z sS> Ap`hy (pdp). sd L$fhp\u s b^y A_s L$pg ky^u
\pre fli. "c[sdpN_u Ap `Z depv$p R>. s_y DO_ L$fsp
v$pjcpNu \hpe.'
Aphp r_Ze L$fu ghp\u A_ s r_Ze dpZ hshp\u, cy_u
hsy_p D`cpN\u S> v$pj \hp_u iL$p lpe, s iL$p_u r_hq \pe R>.
Ap`Z cy_ v$l Apqv$ `psp_u L$lhpsu b^u hsyAp kd`}v$u^u s\u
s b^u cy_u b_u NC. lh cy_u kpv$u hsy\u, S> cy_u S> R> s
b^u hsyAp (v$l Apqv$) _p r_hpl L$fhpdp Aph sp s\u L$ip v$pj
\sp _\u.
lh kd`Z S> fus vy$rjs _ \pe, s fus kdhhp dpV$
udlpcy kd`Z_p vy$rjs hsy kp\_p kkN_p r_j^ L$f R> A_
`R>u L$l R> _ ds v$hv$he kprdcyL$s kd`Zd &
AV$g L$ v$h_p `Z v$h Ahp u`y{$jpd_ L$pCA A^
cpNhgu hsy_y kd`Z L$fhy A dp_gy _\u (AV$g L$ Ahu hps L$pCA
`Z dp_gu _\u.)
udlpcyA kp\u `lgp sp b^u hsyAp cy_ kd`hp_u
Apop L$fu. `R>u L$y L$ kprdcyL$s kd`Z _ L$fhy. AV$g L$ `ps S>
hsy A^}cpNhgu lpe s hsy_y kd`Z _ L$fhy. AV$g L$ S>
`v$p\dp\u \pX$pL$ cpN L$pCA, `ps A\hp u, bpmL$ L$ bu L$pCA
155

Aop_\u `psp_p D`epNdp gu^p lpe sp s `v$p\ cy_ ^fhp L$

kd`hp _ CA. S>d L$ L$pC dpZk `psp_p D`epN dpV$ AdyL$ hsy
gph A_ `R>u sdp\u \pX$pL$ cpN `psp_p D`epNdp g; `fsy epf
`R>u s_ Ahy gpN L$ Ap `v$p\ sp Akdr`s R>. s\u s `gp h^gp
cpN_ cy_ kdr`s L$fhp CR> sp s _ Qpg. A sp kprdcyL$s
kd`Z L$lhpe.
kprdcyL$s_p A\ u`y{$jpd_p iv$pdp kd gp - cyL$s
AV$g cpN A\ps cpNhgu hsy; A_ cpN AV$g, hsy `fh
kyMvy$:M_p A_ych L$fhp s. hsy kpfu R> L$ Mfpb AV$g L$ s cy_
kyM_p A_ych L$fph Ahu R> L$ _l] A bpbs_u `funp L$fhp dpV$ s_u
L$rZL$p dyMdp _pMhu (hpv$ hp dpV$) L$ kyOhu s_ kprdcyL$s`
L$lhpsy _\u. Aphy _ dp_hp `pR>m L$pfZ Ap R> L$ s hsy_ v$ep,
kyep L$ s_p hpv$ Qpep `R>u `Z s hsy_ `psp_p D`epN dpV$
hp`fhp_u CR>p sd_ \su _\u. A^cyL$s sp epf b_ epf hsy_
sp hsS> s_p D`epN_u (suh) CR>p \C e. A_ s_p D`epN
L$ep rkhpe _ flhpe. hmu Cqep `psp_p hlhpf i$ L$fu v$. (lp\s
hsy g A_ dpY$pdp d|L$) Apd \pe epf s hsy A^cyL$s \C Q|L$u
Ahy L$lhpe. Ahu hsy cy_ _ kd`hu.
_p^ : dpfu rh_d kdS> dpZ A^cyL$s_p Aphp A\ `Z
L$fu iL$pe. Ap`Z kh hsy_y (ApS>_u hsy_y) kd`Z L$fhp_y R>.
A_ Ap`Z hpZu\u s dpZ L$ey `Z Mfy. v$l Cqe A_ sd_p ^dp
sdS> v$pfp, ApNpf, `y, rh Apqv$_y kd`Z hpZu\u L$ey. `fsy
`R>u\u Ofdp\u AL$ ApfX$u W$pLy$f_u A_ bpL$u_y Of dpfp D`cpN
dpV$ R>; `_u cy_u khp cg L$f, `fsy s dpfp D`cpN dpV$ R>; Ahp
cph flhp; d v$l cy_ kdep R> Ap\u ly cy_u khp sp L$fui `fsy
v$l_p D`epN ly, dpf dpV$ L$fui. AV$gp dpV$ ly dpfp v$l_ iZNpfui
A_ khui Aphy b^y L$fhy A `Z kprdcyL$s L$lhpe.
V|$L$dp kd`Z ApMu hsy_y AV$g L$ ApM ApMy L$fhp_y R>.
156

A^y dpf cpNhhp dpV$ A_ A^y cy khpdp epS>hp dpV$ _\u. d sp

b^u hsy cy_ kd`}v$u^u R>. lh L$iy dpfy _\u. s\u sdp\u L$pC
hsy_p D`epN ly dpf dpV$ _ L$fu iLy$.
`y_y g Aph epf gpL$pdp dpfu hplhpl bpgphhp dpV$
gpMp MQ}_pMy A_ ^prdL$ L$pedp `Z ^__p D`epN R|>V$\u L$fy A
`Z _ Qpg Ahy L$fhp\u `Z kprdcyL$s kd`Z \pe. ^_, v$pfp, `y,
Of Apqv$_p D`epN `psp_ dpV$ S>$f L$fhp_p R>. `fsy s S>$f `X$
sV$gp dpZdp S> A_ s `Z khL$ cph\u, A hsy_ cy_u kpv$u
kd_ s_p D`epN L$fhp_p R>. cy_u Apop gC_ DrQs dpZkf
D`epN L$fhp_p R>. epf S> s `|Z kd`Z L$lhpe. _tlsf s
kprdcyL$s kd`Z b_u fl R>. Ahp dpfp ds R>.
D`f L$y sd - (1) Akdr`s hsy ghu A_ (2) A^
cpNhgu hsy_y cy_, kd`Z L$fhy - Ap b Aepe R> s\u sdpv$pv$p kh L$pe kh hsy kd`Zd & AV$g L$ b^p L$pepdp, gpqL$L$,
hqv$L$ L$ dps-b^pdp kp\u `lgp sp s L$pe AN S>$fu b^u hsyAp_y
cy_ kd`Z L$fu_ `R>u S> s hsyAp_p D`epN L$fhp. `lgp kh
hsy cy_ kd`hu AV$g L$ u, `y, Ofbpf, k`r Apqv$ b^u S>
hsyAp cy_ kd`hu. cy_ kd`Z L$ep hNf sd_p DepN _ L$fhp.
sd_p D`epN L$ D`cpN L$fsp `lgp, d_pd_ sd L$fhp dpV$ cy_u
Apop dpNhu. Ap fus_y kd`Z hpZu\u A_ d_\u `Z L$fu iL$pe.
Ap fus, c[sdpNdp r_hqv$s hsyAp_ S> hD`epNdp
ghp_y L$lhpdp Apey R>. `fsy A AL$pv$i L$^dp sp cNhp_ Dh_
Apop L$f R>, Ar` v$u`phgpL$ d _p`eyepqhqv$sd AV$g d_
r_hv$_ L$fgp v$uhp_p L$pi `Z h D`epNdp _ ghp, s_y iy ? Ap
__p kdp^p_ dpV$ L$y R> L$,
v$p`lpf hQ_ s\p Q kL$g lf: &
_ Npd Crs hpe rl rc dpN `f dsd &&
AV$g L$ cy_ kd`gu hsy h_p D`epN dpV$ ghp_p r_fp^
157

L$fsu b^u ippL$s ApopAp Ae dpN dpV$_u R>. `yq$ dpN dpV$_u
_\u. L$pfZ L$ `| dpNdp Aphy r_hv$_ R> S> _l]. c[sdpNdp Aphy
r_hv$_ R> s\u v$p`lpf hQ_ (Ap`gy _ ghy shy hQ_) c[sdpN_y
_\u. c[sdpN\u rc dpN_y R>.
c[sdpNdp kpnps `y{$jpd ke lphp\u ulqf_p b^p
cL$sp sd_p khL$pS> NZpe. A_ khL$p_p r_hpl `psp_p hpdu_p
DqR>$\u \pe A C$ R>. s\u khL$ (cy_p v$pk) kd`Z L$ep `R>u
khL$ cph, cNhp__y DqR>$ NlZ L$fhp_y R>. Ap Apop rh^eL$
(lL$pfpdL$) R>; r_j^L$ _\u; AV$g L$ khL$ "kdr`s S> ghp_y R>'
Ahu Apop R>. "kdr`s ghp_y _\u' Ahu Apop _\u.
A_y L$pfZ A R> L$ `| dpNdp cy_ A`Z L$fg hsydp v$p_
Ap`hp_u cph_p R>. `fsy S> cy_y `psp_y R> s hsy_y v$p_ cy_ L$hu
fus A`pe ? c[sdpN\u Ae dpNdp Ap`gy `pRy> cg _ ghpsy
lpe, c[sdpNdp sp s ghy A C$ NZpey R>. cy_y lsy s cy_
Apey. lh s_p khL$ sfuL$ s_u kpv$u sfuL$ s `pRy> ghp_y R> A_
`psp_ dpV$ hp`fhp_y R>. Ap fus cL$s_p hsy kd`Z_, hpdu-khL$
cph, hpdu_u kpv$u $`, khL$ D`epNdp g sp s_p A L$pe_
"hpdu-khL$ cph_p r_hpl L$ep' Ahy L$lhpe. Ap gpL$dp sp Aphp
ehlpf S> rk R>. kpcmp ApQpeu iy L$l R> khL$p_p e\p gpL$ ehlpf: rkers &
s\p L$pe kdeh khjp bsp ss: &&
AV$g L$ khL$p_p AhpS> gpL$ehlpf rk R>. s dpZ kh
hsy hpdu_ kd`}_, `R>u khL$cph, s_u `pk\u s hsy kpv$u $`
dpNu gC_, sdpf sdpfy L$pe L$fhy. A fus kd`Z L$e\u b^p L$pepdp
r_v$pjsp Aphu S>i.
uhgc L$l R> L$ S> khp L$f s khL$; A_ Ap gpL$dp
khL$p_p ehlpf sp Zusp R>. sdp khL$, `psp_p L$pe_p Apfc A_
As Ad b hMs cy_ (hpdu_) rhop`_ L$l R>, Ahy rhop`_
158

L$fhy A_y _pd S> r_hv$_ L$ kd`Z L$lhpe.

N\_p As ApQpeu Apdr_hv$__y am D`v$i R>.
c[sdpNdp L$y R> ""r_hv$_ L$fp A_ s_p ag$` bsp AV$g L$
k`|Z r_v$pjsp p L$fp. b_p AV$g b_p S>hu r_v$pjsp. A\hp
v$pj frlssp. Ap fus hpdu-khL$_p kb^\u Ap gpL$dp \sp b^p
ehlpfp pfp h_ bsp AV$g L$ v$pj frls A_ cNhv$ hsy_y
kfMp` rk \i. yrsdp L$y R>. ""r_v$pj rl kd b'' s\u,
bkb^ L$ep `R>u, khL$ cph, L$hm kdr`s hsy S> ghp\u, h
b kdp_ (r_v$pj) b_u S>i. s_p L$rgL$pg S>r_s v$pjp S>sp fli
A_ sdZ L$fgu khp_p cy ANuL$pf L$fi.
Ap fus - (1) kh v$pjp_u r_hq_p D`pe bsphu_ A_ (2)
r_v$pjsp p L$fhp\u cNhv$ khp kpd_p S> rsb^p R> s b^p_u
kp R>u_hpC e R> Ahy kdpZ rk L$fu_ lh c[sdpN_p A_Ar^L$pfuAp_p Arhpk A_ kie_ L$pfZ
sd_p kh_pi _ ke AV$gp dpV$, ApQpeu sd_, Ap b^u hsy,
AL$ bly Dd $ps pfp kdh R>. Ap`u Apop L$f R> NNph khv$pjpZp NyZv$pjpqv$ hZ_p &
NNph _ r_$ep epv$pr` Qh rl &&
AV$g L$ uNNpdp dmgp NV$f A_ Mpm hNf_p S>m_p
b^p v$pjp_u r_hq \C_ s S>m_ r_e L$fu_ NNph (NNp` NNp S>hy `|Z r_v$pjh A_ `rhsp s\p iysp) rk \pe R>. `R>u
A b^p (NV$f-Mpm hNf_p) S>m NNpde b_u e R>. A_ NNpS>m
sfuL$ S> ApmMpe R>. shy S> Al] `Z kdS>hy. bkb^dp `Z
r_v$pj rl kd b (b r_v$pj A_ kd R>) Cepqv$ yrs hX$, b_
r_hqv$s L$fhp\u, r_hqv$s `v$p\p_ b kdp_ r_v$pj` A_ kdsp
p \pe R> Ahy kdS>hy.
NNpdp cmsp `lgp NV$f L$ Mpm_p `pZu_y hZ_, s_p
NyZv$pj_p Ap^pf L$fhpdp Aph R>. AV$g s Nvy$, N^psy, A`qh S>m
159

R> Ahy s_y hZ_ L$fhpdp Aph R>. `fsy NNpdp cmu Nep `R>u s_y
hZ_ NNpS>m sfuL$ S> \pe R>. AV$g L$ s_ NNpS>m kd_ s_
`rh, iy A_ r_dm kd sdp _p_, `p_ A_ ApQd_ L$fhpdp
Aph R>. L$V$gu b^u sL$iy A_ AkfL$pfL$ Ap v$gug R> !
N\_y kdp`_ L$fsp AV$gy S>$f L$lu iL$pe L$ ""cy_p
QfZL$dm_p AN|W$pdp\u _uL$mu_, bpX$ cv$u_ c|sg `f Aphg
NNp kp\_p kN\u S> fus bu b^p-`rh, A`rh, Nv$p, X$lpmp,
N^psp L$ r_dm-S>m `Z NNp S>hp iy, `rh b_u e R> s fus
kpnps `y{$jpd kp\ kb^ \sp Qs_ L$ AQs_ hsy L$ pZuAp_p
b^p v$pjp_u r_hq \C sAp bh `pdu e sdp iy Ape !
Al] N\_u kdpq \pe R>. `fsy s_p D`f gMpsu V$uL$p_u
kdpq \su _\u. Ap N\_y _pd R> rkps fle. s kL$sdp
gMpegp R> - s_p A\ kd_ s_ epv$ fpMhp dpV$ ly, s ApMp
N\_y NyS>fpsudp kdgpL$u cpjpsf (dpX$pkp r_hpku `.c.
ud\yfv$pk gpgcpC Np^uA L$fgy kdgpL$u cpjpsf) Al] fS|> L$fy
Ry>.
kdgpL$u cpjpsf (rkps fle_y)
phZ iyL$g `n _ AL$pv$iu dlpr_i
L$y kpnps cNhp_ udv$ hgcv$h_ ... (1)
N\rkps fle sdZ s L$y b^y
L$ly s kpf $` ly, hv$u Nyfy`v$_ rhj ... (2)
b kb^\u v$pjp v$l_p _ h_p b^p
\i r_h s kh, v$pjp `pQ L$pf_p ... (3)
kl, v$i-L$pgp\p, kN_p A_
`i_p s\p gpL$ hv$ r_$`gp
c[s dpN _\u dpep, kb^ b_p \sp ... (4)
160

Ae\p A b^p v$pjp, r_h_p \sp L$v$u

Akdr`s hsyAp s dpV$ kly R>pX$hu ... (5)
Apdr_hv$_u cL$sp A` S> L$pC Ci_
L$f r_hpl s_p\u, A` _p A^ cyL$s S> ... (6)
v$p_ `pRy> _ ghpe Ae dpN rhj L$y
c[s dpN _\u dpey, kpv$ A`Z \sy ... (7)
S>d ehlpf gpL$pdp Qpg khL$_p b^
kd`}cL$s r_S> L$dp_, klS> bh `pdi ... (8)
AiyS>m NNpdp cmu, NNph `pdsp
kd`Z b^p L$pe sd bh `pdsp ... (9)
Ap N\dp S> dlpd_p DM R> s dlpd_ Nd L$lhpdp
Aph R>. 84 Anf_p A dlpd Ndp lphp\u s_ Nd _pd\u
ApmMhpdp Aph R>. s_ r_hv$_ d, bkb^_p d hNf _pd\u
`Z ApmMhpdp Aph R>. `yr$ hp_p L$Z kp\_p As|V$ kb^_p A
Av$cys gM R>. sdp h cNhp_ L$Z_ L$fgy Apdr_hv$_ R>. ep
ky^u Ap d pfp v$unp ghpdp _ Aph ep ky^u hZhsp _ Aph;
cNhv$ khpdp Ar^L$pf _ dm; b kp\ h_p `qfZe _ \pe.
Ap dlpd kpnps cNhp_ L$V$ \C_ uhgc_ Apep R>.
A_ s kde u_p\A `ps uhgc kdn rsop L$fu R> L$ ""Ap
d pfp S> h_p kb^ sd dpfu kp\ L$fphip s_p ly huL$pf L$fui.
AV$gy S> _l] `fsy s_p `L$X$gp lp\ly L$v$u `Z _l] R>pXy$.
bkb^ d_p cphp\ Ap dpZ R> :""cNhp_ L$Z\u rhM|V$p `X$, lfp hjp_p kde erss \C
Nep R>; sd R>sp, L$Z_p rhepN_ L$pfZ, dpfp v$edp, sp` A_
L$gi_p S> Ap_v$ \hp CA s, S>_ \ep Ahp ly l cNhp_ L$Z dpfp v$l, Cqe, pZ As:L$fZ A_ s
b^p_p ^dp, A_ s D`fps, u, Of, `y, _luS>_p, ^_, Ap gpL$
161

A_ `fgpL$ Ap b^yS>, dpfp Apdp krls, Ap`_ kdr`s L$fy Ry>. ly

v$pk Ry>; l L$Z! ly spfp Ry>.''
Ap N d_p R>p `pQ Anf - L$Z shpqd - _ `Qpnf
_pd\u `Z ApmMhpdp Aph R>. Ap Nd pfp h `psp_y khh
cy_ kd`Z L$f R>. A_ `Qpnf pfp h cNhp_ L$Z kp\_p
`psp_p hpdu-khL$ kb^_p `$ AL$fpf L$f R>.
bkb^_p Ap d_p cphp\_ eL$s L$fsy AL$ `v$ R>. s
kfmsp\u epv$ L$fu iL$pe shy R>. s\u s `Z Al] fS|> L$fy Ry> bkb^ d_p cphp\_y `v$ :
klp hfk husu Nep,
\ep re cy_p qhepN f
usd L$epf dm f .... V$L$
cp_ h$`_y c|gsp
\ep sp` L$gi Ap_v$ v|$f f ... usd ...
Nyfyv$h cp_ L$fphuey _
\ey kpQp kb^ L$fy op_ f ... usd ...
d|m L$pep ch fpN_p
L$fu Alsp ddsp v|$f f ... usd ...
Alsp hkgu v$lpqv$dp f
s A`}cy_ QfZ f ... usd ...
v$l, Cqep, pZ _ (hmu)
As:L$fZ, sd_p ^d krls f ... usd ...
ddsp_p \p_ lh kpcmp
rQ fpMu_ sd q\f f ... usd ...
kNp-_lu, u, k|s _ hmu
Of A_ ^_ dp f ... usd ...
Ap gpL$, `fgpL$, Apdp krls
162

^ey hlpgd_p QZ kdu` f ... usd ...

kh kd`Z \ey epd iy
\ep hlpgp iy r_e kb^ f
`usd dmu Nep f ... V$L$ ...
Ad \ep usd_p gpX$ugp
hlpg r_e L$ep ANuL$pf f ... usd dmu...
Apd kb^ \ep r_S> _p\iy
\C Are kkpfu fus f ... usd dmu...
v$pk sdpfp (l) _p\ly
Ad DQpfy qv$hk _ fps f ... usd dmu...
du usd dug_ rh_p
L$ed b|T v$e L$fu ApN f
usd dmu Nep f.
bkb^ d_u kdS|>su
(Adpfp `yq$-kpf-kNl N\_p Ap^pf)
h_ cNhp_ L$Z\u rhMyV$p `X$ lfp hjp_p kde esus
\ep. kl `qfhkf AV$g dp AL$ lf hj _l]; `fsy ANrZs
hj. cy_ fdZ L$fhp_u CR>p \C A_ ""CR>p dp_'' kr$_u
D`q \C. S>d Aqdp\u sZMp Tf sd L$Zdp\u hp D` \ep.
Apd L$Z `ps `psp_pdp\u S> hp D` L$ep. kr$_p A
kS>_L$pm_ dp`hp_y L$ey kp^_ R> Ap`Zu `pk ? L$pC _l]; AV$gp
dpV$ S> "kl `qfhkf' L$y R>.
Aphp A`qfrds kde\u h uL$Z\u AgN \ep. s_
L$Z_p rhepN \ep. h L$Z_p Ai R>; Aidp Aiu_p b^p NyZp
lpe. hdp cNhp__p b^p NyZ ^dp lsp. `fsy L$pm L$fu_ s_pdp\u
Ap_v$ ^d_p rsfpcph \ep. sd \sp jX$^d}`cy_p, A R> ^dp_p `Z
163

rsfpcph \ep. s v$u_ A_ lu_ bep. `fsy s\u h^y vy$:Mv$peL$ hsy
sp A b_u L$ s `psp_y Akg h$` c|gu Nep. `ps `fb_y h$`
R>, s_p Ai R>, A cygpC Ney.
Ap fus, rhepN \sp, kepN_u v$ip `y_:p \hu CA.
cNhp_dp\u D` \C s_p\u AgN \egp h afu\u cNhp_dp
dmu S>hy CA. `fsy Ahy epf S> \pC epf s_ ApR>pdp ApRy>
AV$gy op_ sp lpe S> L$ s_ L$Z\u rhepN \ep R>.
A_ rhepN_y op_ \pe sp rhepN\u D` \sp sp` A_ L$gi
`Z D` \pe. fpkgugpdp Npr`L$pAp_ uL$Z h_p _pv$ L$fu_
bpgphu. sd_u `funp L$fu. `funpdp DsuZ \sp, sd_u kp\ gOyfpk
gugp Apv$fu. `fsy sd \sp, epf sd_pdp Ald_p pvy$cph \ep
epf cNhp_ Ae \ep. A_ Af fus sdZ Np`uS>_p_ r_S> (L$Z)
rhfl S>r_s, sp`L$gi_p A_ych L$fpep lsp.
L$Z rhfl\u Np`uAp_ S> sp` A_ L$gi_p A_ych \ep lsp
shp sp`L$gi h_ epf \pe epf s_p L$Z e_p d Np`uAp_p
d S>hp lpe. `fsy ep A h `psp_p h$`_ S> c|gu Nep lpe
ep Ahp d s L$ep\u gph? s_ sp`L$gi \pe sp s s_y dlv$ cpe
gMpe. Ahp sp`-L$gi \pe sp s_pdp\u S> Ap_v$ ^d gy \C Nep
R> s_p Aprhcph \pe.
L$pC_ Ad \pe L$ sp` A_ L$gi\u sp vy$:M \pe. s_p\u
Ap_v$ L$hu fus \pe ? A_p S>hpb AL$ S> R> - ""Opeg L$u Ns Opeg
Z'' S>Z rhfl dpep lpe s Z L$ rhepNdp L$V$gp Ap_v$ R>. `|R>p
Np`uAp_. Af `|R>p `gp NS>_ ^ph__. rhepNdp Ap_v$ _ lpe
A_ sdp L$hm vy$:M S> lpe sp rhepN_p A_ych L$pC _ L$f.
rhepNdp L$hm vy$:M S> lpe sp Ahy rhepN-vy$:M `psp_ dm Ahu
L$pd_p L$pC _ L$f. A_ dpfp Nyfyv$h sp gey R> eQ vy$:M eipv$pep _v$pv$u_p Q NpLy$g &
Np`uL$p_p sy evy$:M svy$:M epde L$rhrQs &&
164

AV$g L$ NpLy$gdp ueipv$p_ A_ u_v$fpe hNf

hS>hpkuAp_ sdS> uNp`uS>_p_ \ey shy vy$:M L$epfL$ d_ `Z \pAp.
Ahu L$pd_p Ap`uA sp L$fu R>. A rhfldp `fdp_v$ p L$fphu
Ap`hp_u i[s li AV$gp dpV$ S> _ !
L$Z NpLy$m R>pX$u d\yfp Nep. `R>u sp OZp hj, k|e NlZ
r_rd sAp Ly$fyn su\dp Np`uL$pAp_ dep. AV$gp b^p hjp_p
rhfl Np`uApA L$hu fus v$edp kOfu fpep li ? A rhfl
vy$:Mv$peL$ S> lps sp s_p\u sd_p v$l R|>V$u Nep lps. `fsy A rhfl
vy$:Mv$peL$ _ lsp; Ap_v$ v$peL$ lsp. rhfl_p A Ap_v$_ `psp_u
dlpdygu dyX$u dp_u_, Np`uS>_pA s_ `psp_p v$edp kOfu fpep.
L$Z rhfl_p A Ap_v$ gpqL$L$ Ap_v$ (qhjep_v$) lps sp s
vy$:Mv$peL$ S>$f lps. `fsy s AgpqL$L$ lsp. A sp Np`uS>_p_p
qhflp_v$ lsp. L$Zdu rhfluS>_p_p rhflp_v$ lsp.
Aphp rhflp_v$ hdp lphp OV$. `fsy h_p v$edp\u s_p
sp rsfpcph \C Nep R>. A_ A_ygnu_ Nddp L$y R> sp`L$gip_v$ rsfpcph: AV$g L$ sp` L$gi Ap_v$_p rsfpcph.
L$Z\u AgN `X$gp h_y h$` Nddp Ap dpZ bspey
R>- kl `qfhkf rds L$pg s L$Z rhepN S>r_s sp` L$gip_v$
rsfpcph : A\ps h lfp hj\u L$Z_p rhepN `pdgp R>. A
rhepN_ L$pfZ sp` L$gi S>r_s Ap_v$ s_pdp lphp CA. `fsy Ahp
Ap_v$ S>_pdp _\u fp Ahp A h R>.
Ahp h AV$g "ly' (Ald) L$Z AV$g> "sy' A_ h AV$g
ly. ly A_ sy _p cv$ L$V$ep R> b h$` sp AL$ R>. R>sp b AgN
b_u Nep R>. L$Z h_ dpV$ sy b_u Nep R>. A_ h `psp_ dpV$
`ps ly bep R>. Ahp A ly _ kkpf hmep. s kkpfdp akpep. h_y
kpkpqfL$ h$` AV$g s_y Alsp ddspde h$`. ly AV$g Alsp A_
dpfy AV$g ddsp.
bkb^_p Ap d pfp, dpfp kho A_ kd\ Nyfyv$h
165

uhgc dpfp kb^ b kp\ L$fpep R>. `lgp sp Ap`u h_ s_y

Alsp ddspde $` bsph R>. A_ `R>u Alsp A_ ddspde b^p
rhjep L$Z_ kd`hp_u Apop sAp h_ L$f R>.
Ap\u h lh ApNm h^ R>. s L$l R>, ""Ahp ly, l L$Z,
s_ Z L$pf_u hsyAp L$ rhjep kd`Z L$fy Ry>.''
h L$l R>, "L$Z' s uL$Z _\u L$lsp. L$pfZ `$ R>.
uL$Z AV$g u krls L$Z. AV$g L$ hprd_u ufp^p (L$Z_u
Aplgpqv$_u i[s) krls hpdu. A R> hpdu_y kepNpdL$ h$`.
`fsy Ap`Z_ Aepf S>$f R>. hpdu L$Z_p rhepNpdL$ h$`_u u frls L$Z_u, AV$gp dpV$ "cNhs L$Zpe' cNhp_ L$Z L$y.
A_y L$pfZ A R> L$ h b\u AgN `X$ep lpe sp b `Z h\u
AgN \ep lpe _ ! s\u Al] b_p rhepNpdL$ h$` "L$Z' _ h
rh_su L$f R>, ""l L$Z! ly s_ Z L$pf_u hsyAp kd`Z L$fy Ry>.''
h Z L$pf_p A L$ep rhjep cy L$Z_ kd`Z L$f R> ?
epv$ fpMp. c|gip _l]; h_ s_y h$` cygphu v$_pf b^p S> rhjep
s L$Z_ A`Z L$f R>. e\p - (1) b^p Alsp de rhjep - v$l,
Cqe, pZ A_ As:L$fZ s\p A b^p_p ^dp (L$pep). (2) b^p
ddspde rhjep - u, Of, `y, kb^uAp, k`q Ap gpL$ A_
`fgpL$ A_ (3) Apdp (L$ S> b\u AgN `X$ep R> s)
h_p Alspde rhjep Qpf R>. e\p - v$l, Cqe, pZ A_
As:L$fZ. Ap`Z A Qpf_ ly kdA R>uA. v$l AV$g ly. Cqep
AV$g ly; pZ A_ As:L$fZ AV$g `Z ly. sd_p pfp \sp b^p L$pep
d L$ep, Ahy Ap`Z L$lu iL$uA R>uA. s\u Ap`Zu A Alsp v|$f L$fhp
dpV$ A Qpf_ sd_p ^d (L$pep) krls L$Z_ A`Z L$fhp.
\d v$l - `hu, S>m, hpey, Aq A_ ApL$pi (sS>) Ap
`pQ shp_y b_gy A `ysmy R>. s_ v$l L$l R>. v$l S>sp A
`Qdlpc|sp `ps`psp_pdp cmu S>i. `hu dpV$udp, S>m S>mdp, hpey
hpeydp, Aq Aqdp A_ ApL$pi AhL$pidp ge `pdu S>sp L$iy bpL$u
166

_l] fl. ly S>sy flsp i|e bpL$u fli. Ap fus, Ap`Zp Ap v$l Ald
(Alsp) _p `lgp rhje R>. l L$Z - s s_ kd`Z.
`R>u Cqep - s v$i R>; `pQ L$dqep e\p hpZu, lp\, `N,
Nyv$p A_ D`\. A_ `pQ op_qep e\p ApM, L$p_, _pL$, c A_
hQp. l lqf ! s s_ kd`Z.
uSy> pZ - ifuf_p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p cpNpdp Sy>v$p Sy>v$p L$pf_p hpey
fl R> s_ pZ L$l R>. s Sy>v$p Sy>v$p L$pep L$f R>. Ahp hpey v$k L$pf_p
R>. e\p - (1) pZhpey - v$edp fl R> A_ KQ Nd_ L$f R>, (2)
A`p_ hpey - Nyv$pdp fl R> A_ _uQ Nd_ L$f R>, (3) ep_ hpey ApMp ifufdp fl R>, (4) Dv$p_ hpey - L$W$dp fl R>, (5) kdp_ hpey
- _prcdp fl R>, (6) _pN hpey - S>W$fdp flu_ `pQ__y L$pe L$f R>,
(7) Ly$d hpey - ApM_u `p`Z DOpX$-b^ L$fhp_y L$pd L$f R>, (8)
Ly$L$g hpey-c|M gNpX$ R>, (9) v$hv$ hpey - bNpky gphu KO f R>,
(10) ^_S>e hpey - ApMp ifufdp ep`u_ s_ Nrs Ap` R>.
Ap v$k L$pf_p hpey `Z l L$Z ! s_ kd`Z.
Qp\y As:L$fZ : As:L$fZ Qpf `v$p\p_y b_gy lpe R> - (1)
d_, (2) byq, (3) rQ A_ (4) AlL$pf. d_ kL$`-rhL$` AV$g
L$ kpfp-MpV$p rhQpfp L$f R>. byq d__p kpfp-_fkp rhQpfp_
ApQfZdp dyL$hp_u kgpl Ap`hp_y L$pe L$f R>, rQ - d_ A_ byq
A dmu_ S> r_Ze L$ep lpe s_ Adgdp dyL$hp_y L$pe (hq) rQ L$f
R>.
A_ AlL$pf A sp h_y Arcdp_ `ps R>. S> L$pC \pe R> s
ly S> L$fy Ry> Ahu cph_p_ s `pj R>. l L$Z, A b^p s_ kd`Z.
A_ R> sv$ ^dpr_ AV$g L$ A Qpfe_p L$dp (^dp) l cy,
d s_ v$l, Cqe, pZ A_ As:L$fZ A Qpfe A`Z L$ep. A s_p
^dp (s_p pfp \sp L$pep) `Z s_ A`Z L$fy Ry>. v$l_p L$pep R> L$pd, $p^, lpe, fyv$_ Apqv$ rhL$pfp - A b^p rhL$pfp_y kd`Z ly s_
L$fy sp A `Z spfpde b_u e. `R>u sp l _p\! ly spfpde b_gp A
167

v$l hX$ cNhv$ khp L$fu iLy$. hpZu pfp spfp NyZNp_ L$fy, L$pC_u t_v$p
_ L$fy. lp\pfp lrf, Nyfy, hZh_u khp L$fy. `N pfp khp_p \m
J. dqv$f S>C v$i_ `Z L$fy. lp\-`N pfp spfu khp epf S> \pe
epf s s_ kdr`s \ep lpe. A_ spfp b_u Nep lpe. Nyv$p A_
D`\pfp, dm-d|_p epN L$fu_, ifuf_ r_fpNu fpMu_, dpfp
ifuf_ kv$p spfu khp_ epe fpMy. dpfp v$l kv$p spfu khp L$fhp s`f
fl; s_pdp fpN L$ Apmk _ Aph. s fpN\u `uX$pe sp s spfu
khp\u rhdyM b_u e. AV$gp dpV$ l L$Z - dpfu Ap `pQe
L$dqep s_ kd`Z L$fy Ry>.
lh op_qe_p L$dp - dpfu b^u op_rep Aepf sp
rhjecpNdp ds b_gu fl R>. `fsy s_ kdr`s \sp s cNhv$
c[sdp ds b_u fli. `R>u sp ly ApM pfp spfp v$i_ L$fui; spfp
h$`_ C Ap_v$ `pdui. L$p_ pfp spfu L$\p A_ L$us_ kpcmui.
_pL$ pfp spfu khpdp fpMg `v$p\p kyN^eyL$s R> L$ _l] s_u QL$pkZu
L$fui; A_ dp kyN^eyL$s `v$p\p_p S> spfu khpdp D`epN L$fui. s_
cpN ^fhp_u kpdNu kfk A_ kyN^uv$pf R> L$ _l] s Zui. s
kpdNu bmu Negu, bNX$u Negu L$ vy$N^ hpmu li sp ly s_ aL$u
v$Ci A_ _hu kpdNu rk L$fui.
c pfp spfp NyZNp_ L$fui. spf dpV$ rk L$fpeg kpdNu
Dd L$pf_u R> L$ _l], s _pL$ hX$ _l] kde epf c pfp
QpMu_ s_u Mpsfu L$fui. ly Ahy L$fy sp l _p\! s_ Akdr`s L$
kprdc|L$s _ kdi.
A_ QpdX$u pfp (hQp pfp), b^u kpdNu s_ A_yLy$m Aph
Ahu R> L$ _l] s C gCi. Nfd kpdNu\u sy v$pTu _ e s ly
Ci. L$pd rhje_y kyM cpNhui. `fsy spfu khpdp D`epNu \pe
shp bpmL$p D` L$fhp dpV$ S> sd L$fui. dpfp rhL$pfp_ `pjhp dpV$ ly
L$pd kyM cpNhui _l].
Ap fus v$l_p A_ Cqep_p sdpd L$pep s_ A`Z L$fhp\u,
168

s b^p `rh b_u S>i. A_ A`rh L$pep ly L$fui _l]. L$pfZ L$ v$l
A_ Cqep s_ kdr`s L$fg lpC, A b^u D`f spfpS> Ar^L$pf R>.
dpfp Ap_v$ L$ kyM Mpsf ly s_p D`epN _l] L$fy. l _p\, s b^p_p
D`epN ly spfp kyM_ Mpsf (skyMpe) L$fui.
pZ_p L$pep : l cy ! dpfp v$k L$pf_p `pZ (hpey) pfp S>
S> L$pep \pe R> s b^p `Z s_ kd`Z. b^p hpey spfu CR>p_ Apr^_
sp R> S>, `fsy s_ kdr`s \sp lh s b^p spfu CR>p dpZ S> Qpg
Ahy ly CR>ui. kyM dm L$ vy$:M, fpNu dm L$ r_fpNu (ifuf) - A
b^y spfu CR>p dpZ R> Ahy dp_u_ ly s vy$:MkyM Apqv$_ klj
huL$pfui.
As As:L$fZ_p L$pep : Ap b^y s_ kd`Z L$ep `R>u dpfy
As:L$fZ iy b_u S>i. lh s MpV$p rhQpfp _l] L$f. L$hm
khp`epNu d_pf\p S> L$fi. s_ kdr`s \sp r_dm b_g dpfu byq
dpfu `pk kpfp L$pep S> L$fphi. hZh Npeudp uhgc Apop L$f
R>, ""byqfL$ L$Ze `pv$` rkv$sy'' A\ps byq_p fL$
uL$Z_p QfZL$dm k \ph. d dpfu byq sp s_ kdr`s L$fu. s_
lh sy kv$p fZp Ap`S>. sd \sp, spfu fZp `pdgu dpfu byq d_
kL$pep L$fhp fi.
dpfp rQdp spfy d_dplL$ $` li. s\u dpfy rQ cNhv$
khpdp gpNgy fli. A_ AlL$pf_ L$pfZ lh ly Ad _l] dp_y L$ ""ly
S> b^y L$fy Ry>'' dpfy L$sp`Zp_y Arcdp_ lh v|$f \i. b^y sy S> spfu
CR>p dpZ L$f R>. l L$Z ! dpfp As:L$fZ_p (d_, byq, rQ A_
AlL$pf_p) L$pep s_ kdr`s.
Ap dpZ Alsp_p b^p rhjep kdr`s L$ep `R>u, ddsp_p
b^p rhjep kdr`s L$fhp_p R>.
ddsp_p `lgp rhje R> "v$pfp' AV$g `_u (v$pfp AV$g
`_u) Ap iv$ kp`n R>. kp`n AV$g S>_p lphp\u bu L$pC hsy
lphp_u A`np fl s. v$pfp L$lp AV$g s_u A`npA `rs lphp CA.
169

s\u v$pfp_y kd`Z L$fhp_p cph Ap dpZ R>. `yfyj v$pfp_y kd`Z L$f
epf s `psp_u `_u_y kd`Z L$f R> `fsy u epf v$pfp_y kd`Z L$f
epf s_p cph Ap dpZ lpe R> - v$pfp AV$g ly S>_u v$pfp Ry> Ahp
dpfp `rs. u A_ `y{$j_y Acv$ d_pegy R>. A_ u cph_p ge
`y{$jdp \sp b^p hp_ `y{$j dp_hpdp Aphgp R>. `y{$j_p `yfL$ h
AV$g u, s_u `_u. u `y{$j_p $` fl sp `y{$j\u cNhv$ khp
Dd fus \pe. `fsy u_p rhjecpN dpV$ D`epN \pe sp cNhv$
khpdp bp^p Aph. s\u kp \d sp S>_ ly dpfu `_u dp_y Ry> s s_
kd`Z. S>_ ly dpfy dp_y Ry> s b^pdp d_ kp\u h^y ddsp hmNu lpe
sp s dpfu udp. s\u kp\u `lgp "v$pfp' _y kd`Z.
`R>u ApNpf AV$g Of : udlpcy Apop L$f R> L$ Nl
khpd_p epe. AV$g khpdcph`|hL$ Nl_p epN L$fhp. A_p A\
Ahp _\u L$ Of R>pX$u h_dp Qpep S>hy. A_p A\ Ahp R> L$ Ofdp
cNhp_ rbfpS> R>. s\u Of_p D`epN cNhv$ khp dpV$ L$fhp. Ofdp
Apk[s _ fpMhu. s\u l cy, A Of `Z s_ kdr`s.
`R>u `y - `y iv$ `Z kp`n R>, `y iv$ bpgp AV$g s_u
A`npA r`sp lphp CA. s\u epf _p_p bpmL$p `y_y kd`Z L$f
epf s_p cph Ap fus kdS>hp.
""ly S>_p `y Ry> Ahp dpfp r`sp_y ly kd`Z L$fy Ry>.''
Ap fus rhQpfsp u-bpmL$p_ `Z b kb^ L$fphsu hMs
v$pfp L$ `y_y kd`Z L$fhpdp hp^p _\u. AV$g b^p ksp_. ksp__u
S>$f R> cykhpdp dv$v$$` sAp \pe s dpV$. `fsy l cy d sp
rhjepkL$s b_u_ ksp_ `v$p L$ep R>. lh iy L$fhy ? sp L$ A b^p
ksp_ cy_ kdr` v$hp. sAp spfu khpdp dv$v$$` \i sp spfp
kpv$ $` sd_u kp\ ly kb^ fpMui A_ cy khpdp sd_ epi,
_l] sp s_p epN L$fui. s\u l cy, `y `Z s_ kdr`s.
`R>u Ap AV$g Ly$Vy$buS>_p. sAp khp L$pedp dv$v$ _ L$f shp
lpe sp cg. `fsy ApR>pdp ApRy> sAp khpL$pedp qhn` _ `pX$ shp
170

lphp CA. sAp s khpL$pedp klpeL$ _ b_ sp `Z d_ khpL$pe

L$fhpdp kNhX$ Ap` shp lphp CA. ly khp L$fui. sAp d_ khpdp
bp^L$ _ b_ A_ khp L$pedp kNhX$ Ap` Ahp lpe sp bk. sAp
Ahp L$epf b_ ? sAp `Z spfp b_ sp. s\u l cy, dpfp A
ApS>_p_y `Z s_ kd`Z L$fy Ry>.
lh rh : rh AV$g ^_. ^_ s S> d_ Apey R>. `fsy
Arhp\u fpC_ ly s_ dpfy dp_u bW$p Ry>. s_p D`epN ly dpfp kyM_
dpV$ L$fy Ry>. lh dpfp Nyfyv$h dpfu ApM hX$_p Aop__p `X$m v|$f L$ep
R>. epf d_ kde R> L$ s spfy ^_ R>. sp `R>u, ""sfp syS>L$p A`Z,
L$ep gpN dfp'' - spfy R> s s_ kd`Z Adp lh dpfy L$iy _\u. ly lh
s_p hluhV$L$sp Ry>. lh ly s_p D`epN spfu Apop dpZ, spfu fZp
`pdu_, spfu khp_p L$pedp A\hp khp`epNu gpqL$L$ A_ hqv$L$ L$pepdp
A_ lqf, Nyfy, hZh_ dpV$ L$fui. s\u s ^_ s_ kd`Z.
Cl AV$g Ap gpL$ - Ap gpL$dp Aphu_ ly rs$p, dp_,
dpcp, \p_ Apqv$ dmhhp e_ L$fsp lsp. sdp dpfp cpepv$e R>
Ahy ly dp_sp lsp. `fsy Nyfy L$`p\u kpQy op_ \hp\u s b^p_u
Ar_esp d_ kdC NC R>. s\u s (Cl) s_ kd`Z. dpf sp spfy
Apey CA R>; spfy L$pey Csy _\u. Ap`hy lpe sp sy Ap`; _l] sp
spfu `pk fpM. ly lh spfu `pk `Z _l] dpNy. ly sp q_[s b_u_
spfu khp kyrdf_ L$fui. Ap gpL$dp dp_dpcp S>hu L$pC hsy d_
Ap`hp S>hu s_ gpN sp, s sy rk L$fphu Ap`S>. bu pfp dm s
d_ _ M`. s\u cy dpfp Ap Cl (gpL$) s_ kd`Z.
A`fpZu AV$g `fgpL$ - dpf `fgpL$_u tQsp ip dpV$ L$fhu ?
dpf _\u Csy hN L$ _\u Csp dpn. hpkyf_u dpaL$ dpf `Z
L$lhy CA L$ - sy _p dm sp _\u C \phy, _\u \hy `hu`rs _fi.
spfp rh_p rkq d_ M`_p, _ dpn_u gi d_ `lp _p ! A_ ly s
cpf`|hL$ L$ly Ry>. dpfp Ap gpL$ A_ `fgpL$_p hpdu sy R>. sy dpfp
lp\`L$X$. bkb^ \sp, dpfp v$pj r_h \hp_p. `R>u dpfu gpqL$L$
171

hp S>hu Nrs _l] S> \pe. bkb^ \sp ly spfp S>hp r_v$pj
b_hp_p. ly bh `pdhp_p. bh `pd_pf_ `fgpL$ `pdhp_u CR>p
lpe Mfu ? dpf `fgpL$_u tQsp _\u. dpfy A `fgpL$ s_ kdr`s.
Ap fus, h `psp_p Alsp s\p ddspde `v$p\p, rhjep A_
hsyAp sd S> s b^p_p L$pep cy_ kdr` v$u^p. lh iy bpL$u fy ?
fp AL$ `gp rhepNu hpdp.
A_ s sp L$Zdp\u Dv$cep R> _ ? `fsy A hps s c|gu
Nep R>. lh s_ A hps epv$ Aphu NC. spfp Ai $`, A Apdp `Z
spfp S> R>. s\u Apd_p kl kd`eprd. l _p\! D`eyL$s Alsp
ddspde b^p rhjep_, dpfp Apdp krls, ly s_ kdr`s L$fy Ry>. lh
dpfy L$lhpe Ahy L$iy dpfy flsy _\u. Af ""ly'' _p `Z _pi \C Nep
R>. khh_y kd`Z \sp "ly' L$ep fp. lh fp R> dp sy. A dp sy
bpL$u fp R>. lh AL$gp sy bpL$u fp R>. `lgp `Z AL$gp sy S> lsp
_ ? lh hpdp_p Apdp kd`Z `R>u `Z sy S> flui - sy AV$g
`yr$ h dp_p hpdu. l hpdu, dpfp Apdp_p `Z huL$pf L$fu g.
Ap Nd pfp h Z hsyAp_y kd`Z L$f R>. A Z
dmu s_y khh b_ R>. A Z hsy_y kd`Z L$fhp\u s `psp_p
khh_y kd`Z L$f R>. s _\u v$p_ L$fsp; sp _\u qhr^`|hL$ A`Z
L$fsp. s kd`Z L$f R>. - hv$ue hsy Npthv$ syedh kd`e ! Aphy
R> kd`Z_y h$`.
bkb^ L$fsu hMs, lp\dp sygku` gC Ap`Z Aq
(Nyfyv$h uhgc) _u kpnuA L$luA R>uA, ""l hpdu, Ap b^y spfy
S> R>. Aop_\u d s_ dpfy dpey lsy. NyfyL$`p\u dpfu ApM EOX$u NC
R>. s\u ly C iLy$ R>y L$ s b^y spfy R>. s\u A b^y ly s_ kd`Z L$fy
R>y.
A_ cy_ kdr`s L$fg b^u hsyAp_p rhr_epN h cy_p
kyM, khp dpV$ L$fhp_p R>. Agb hpdu kpv$u$` S> Ap` s_p
D`epN khL$ L$fu iL$. hpdu `psp_p Esfgp hp, AgL$pf, cpe
172

`v$p\ Apqv$ r_S> khL$_ Ap` sp s_ cy_u kpv$u kd_ s_p

D`epN khL$ S>$f L$f. `fsy cy_u `kpv$u $` A hsy_p vy$fy`epN s
L$v$u _ L$f.
Ap b^u hsyAp L$Z_ kdr`s L$fu. `fsy s L$Z_p L$ep
h$`_ kdr`s L$fu s bsphhp dpV$, uNykpC_p Qsy\ gpg,
uNpLy$g_p\A ""cNhs L$Zpe'' `R>u ""uNp`uS>_ hgcpe''
iv$p dyL$ep R>. uL$Z uhgc_ D`v$ig Nddp A iv$p _\u.
uhgc "v$dgp' _ Ap`g dlpddp A iv$p _ lsp. `fsy
uNpLy$g_p\_p khL$p A iv$p Nddp d|L$ R>, A_ A iv$p
krls Nd bpg R>. d|m Nddp A iv$p _\u AV$gu `$sp L$fu
ghp_u S>$f R>. S>\u hZhp NyQhpX$pdp _ `X$. Ap fus kd`Z `yfy
\ey. `fsy lSy> d `yfp \ep _\u. kd`Z \sp lh h L$hp b_ R> ?
Alsp ddsp\u r_h \egp h lh `psp_ L$Z_p v$pk kdS> R>.
s\u s L$l R>, ""v$pkp@ld'' AV$g L$ ly spfp v$pk Ry>. sp`e A L$
`lgp ly dpfu s_ dprgL$ kdS>sp lsp. `fsy s dpfu c|g R>. ly
dprgL$ _\u. ly sp v$pk Ry>. v$pk Ry> A_ s `Z spfp v$pk Ry>. l L$Z
lh ly spfp Ry> - L$Z shp[d.
Nddp R> Aph R> "`Qpnf d' s_p kdphi Nddp
L$fhpdp Apep R>. s s_y dlh kdh R>. r_hqv$s h L$l R>,
""L$Z shp[d'' ly spfp Ry>. sdp L$V$gu v$u_sp R> ? L$V$gu ApS>hsp
R>? L$V$gp sp` R> ? ly spfp Ry>; l L$Z. ly spfp Ry>. spfp ifZdp
Aphg ly spfp Ry>. ly spfp Ry>; bu L$pC_p _\u - _ Qpqd `f`
(ulqffpe dlpcy_p Ap iv$p, A_epe Y$ L$fsp iv$p R>)
l _p\ly spfp Ry>. spf ifZ Ry>. spfp v$pk Ry>. dpfp huL$pf L$f. d_
spfu ifZdp fpM. afu `pR>p ly dpfu s_ c|gu _ J s S>.
AV$g L$ ly spfp Ry> - d_ spfpS> fpMS>. d_ afu\u Alsp ddspde
b_hp _ v$Ci. dpfy L$iy _\u. ly `Z dpfp _\u. iy L$fy cy ? ly spfp
Ry> bu L$pC_p _\u. v$pj\u cfgp lpJ sp `Z spfp Ry>. dpfp huL$pf
173

L$f. d_ sfR>pX$ui _l].

Aphp R> k`|Z kd`Z_p cph, Ap sp h v$u_sp`|hL$ L$fgy
Apdkd`Z R>. lh L$iy bpL$u _ fy. h_ s_p hpdu p \C
Nep. s_p b_u kp\ kv$p_p kb^, As|V$ kb^ b^pC Nep. b_u
kp\ s g_u `rh NpW$ b^pC Nep A_ s `Z Aq_u (hgc_u)
kpnuA. hpdu bep L$Z A_ h b_u s_u v$pku. A_ sd \sp
h dgnZp c[sdp v$urns \C Nep.
rkps fle N\hpQsp AL$ _ Dv$ch R> A_ s A L$ Ap
kd`Z d_ L$ep ip_p Ap^pf R>. Agb kpnps cNhv$p pL$s
lphp\u s_ L$pC ip_p Ap^pf_u L$ dpZ_u S>$f _\u. R>sp s_p
L$V$gpL$ dpZp ucNhv$ Nusp A_ udv$ cpNhsdp R>. s Zu ghp
S>$fu R>. Nusp `Z kpnps cNhv$p pL$s R> A_ cpNhs sp kpnps
cNhv$ h$` R>, A epv$ fpMp. sp`e A L$ Ap kd`Z d_ udv$
cNhv$ Nusp, udv$ cpNhs A_ he cNhv$ Apop, A Z_p
Ap^pf R>.
(1) udv$ cNhv$ Nusp_p 9dp Aepe_p 27dp gpL$dp S> L$f, cpNh, hp S> S> lpd, v$p_ S> L$f
ApQf s`_ hp, S> L$f, L$f A`Z s d_ &
(2) Nusp Aepe 9_p gpL 34dp L$y R> d_ c[s d_ A`, d_ `|S>, d_ _d &
d_ S> `pdi Aphp epN\u d`fpeZ &
(3) Nusp Aepe 12_p gpL$ 14dp L$y R> epNu, kv$p kspju, hpdp Y$ r_eu &
d_ byq d_ Aep s dv$ cL$s d_ re &
A S> fus udv$ cpNhs_p ArNepfdp L$^_p 2, 3, 11 A_
Mpk L$fu_ 19 dp Aepedp kd`Z_u Ap cph_p_ `|f`yf A_ L$epL$
174

sp iv$i: kd\_ kp`X$ R> A hps ApNm Ad L$lu R>. Agb kp\u
dpVy$ hS>_v$pf dpZ sp udv$pQpeQfZ_p `psp_p iv$p R>. Ap`u
L$l R>, ""kpnps cNhp_ cpey, spl Anfi: L$fy'' r_hqv$s h
r_e L$Z khp L$fhu. khpdp - (1) Nd DQpfu_ sygku`
cy_p QfZdp kd`hy. (2) Z, `pQ, kps L$ _h dpmp Ap $ddp
afhhu. \d A$pnf d_u dpmp, `R>u `Qpnf d_u dpmp A_
`R>u A$pnf d_u dpmp. Ap $ddp Z, `pQ, kps, _h, S>V$gu
dpmp afhu iL$pe sV$gu afhhu. (3) `psp_p ke h$`_u kdyM
L$Zpe_p `pW$ L$fhp. A_ dpNdp bspep dpZ A$lf khp
L$fhu.
- S>euL$Z
***

175

6. _hf_d
jpX$i N\pdp_p R>$p N\ R> _hf_d. udv$pQpeQfZ A
N\_u fQ_p Npthv$ v|$b dpV$ L$fu R>. Ad L$lp_ L$ v|$b_p rdj,
Ap`uA r_hv$u hp_ (S>Z Apdkd`Z L$ey R> Ahp hp_),
L$pC`Z L$pf_u gpqL$L$ A\hp Ahp qhjeL$ AgpqL$L$ tQsp _ L$fhp_u
Apop L$fu R>. A_ shu tQsp \pe sp sdp\u dyqs L$hu fus dmu
iL$ s kdey R>.
kN :- Mfpmy r_hpku Npthv$ vy$b udlpcy_p khL$
bep. bkb^ L$fphu r_hv$u h bep. uhgc sd_p dp\ khp
`^fphu A_ W$pL$yf_u khp `yfp cph\u L$fhp_u Apop L$fu. Npthv$ vy$b
khp sp L$fsp; `fsy khpdp sd_y d_ QpV$sy _l]. s\u kpQu khp
(Qsss hZ khp) _ \su. Ap\u, khp _ \ep bpbs_u tQsp sd_p
d_dp kv$p b_u flsu. A_ vy$b_y d_ eN flsy. Ap\u sdZ
`psp_u dp_rkL$ eNsp_u lL$uL$s ApQpeu_ gMu S>Zphu. s\u,
sd_p d__p kdp^p_ dpV$ ApQpeuA _hf_d N\_u fQ_p L$fu A_
s N\sd_ dpL$gu Apep. Ap`uA Apop L$fu L$ ""Ap N\_p r_e
`pW$ L$fhp\u spfp d__u eNsp v|$f \i.'' vy$bA sd L$ey. s_y iuO
A_ kspjL$pfL$ `qfZpd Apey. udv$pQpeQfZ_u L$`p\u sd_u
dp_rkL$ eNsp v|$f \C A_ sd_y rQ cNhv$ khpdp gpNu Ney.
Ap fus sp, Ap N\, r_hqv$s hp_u gpqL$L$ L$ AgpqL$L$, lf
L$pC L$pf_u tQsp_ v|$f L$fhp dpV$_p fpdbpZ CgpS> R> Ad kdS>hy.
tQsp L$pZ _ L$fhu ? sp L$ r_hqv$s h _ L$fhu. r_hqv$s h L$p'_
L$lhpe A sp rkps fledp L$lhpdp Apey R>. `psp_p Alsp
ddspde b^p `v$p\p, Apdp krls cy_ kdr`_, S> cy_p v$pk
bep R> Ahp h_ r_hv$u h L$lhpe. A_ Ahp h tQsp _ L$fhu
Ahy _hf_dp L$y R>. AV$gp dpV$ rkps fle N\`R>u_p $d
_hf_ N\Aph R>.
176

_hf_ N\_y rhje-hsy Ap dpZ R> S> h, uhgc pfp, uW$pLy$f_ Apdr_hv$_ L$ey R> Ahp
h L$pC`Z L$pf_u tQsp _ L$fhu. hp bkb^ \sp. h sv$ueh
`pd R>. sZ Apdr_hv$_ L$ey R>; sZ `psp_p khh_y kd`Z cy_
L$ey R>. s\u s_u `pk s_y L$lhpe Ahy L$iy flsy _\u. sp `R>u s_
ip_u tQsp L$fhu ? s_ _\u v$l_u tQsp L$fhp_u L$ _\u ksrs L$
k`q_u qQsp L$fhp_u. u hpe, kpdprS>L$ v$f$p Apqv$ gpqL$L$
rhjep_u tQsp `Z s_ L$fhp_u flsu _\u. L$pfZ L$ sZ sp A b^y
W$pL$pf_ kdr` v$u^y R>. lh s L$pC`Z hsy D`f (hh) dprgL$u
^fphsp _\u. lL$uL$s A R> L$ s dprgL$ dV$u Nep R> A_ khL$ b_u
Nep R>. A_ khL$_ tQsp ip_u ?
khL$_ tQsp L$fhp_u _ lpe. s_p dp\ s_p hpdu rbfpS> R>.
r_S> khL$_p epNnd_u tQsp `Z s L$fi. s_p hpdu, cNhp_ L$Z,
rsop`|hL$ L$y R> L$:
A_ep [sesp dp e S>_p: `ey`pks &
sjp r_eprceyL$sp_p epNnd hlped &&
AV$g L$ A_e rQ\u S> h dpfu D`pk_p L$f R> shp
h_p epNnd_y hl_ ly L$fy Ry>. Ad R> sp Ahp h (r_hv$u h)
L$pC`Z L$pf_u tQsp L$fhp_u flsu _\u.
sd R>sp Ahy b_ L$ A_ gpqL$L$dp Ahy b_ `Z R> L$ hpdu_
Ake khL$p lpe; s b^p_p epNnd_p hl_ L$fhp_u s_pdp i[s _
lpe; sp `R>u `psp_p epNnd_ hl_ L$fhp_u tQsp khL$ `ps L$fu ghu
`X$. `fsy r_hv$u h_p hpdu, `yq$ hpdu uL$Z R>. A_ s "kd\p
rl lqf: hs:' AV$g L$ s kh kd\ R>. s `psp_p khL$p_y rls L$fsp
Apep R>; L$f R> A_ L$fi S>. Aphy kd_ S> s_p bep lpe sZ
L$pC`Z L$pf_u tQsp _ L$fhu.
Ahy `Z b_ L$ khL$ Apdr_hv$_ L$f; `fsy Apdr_hv$_ L$ep
`R>u. AV$g L$ `ps khh_y kd`Z L$ep R>sp, `ps L$fg kd`Z_u
177

cph_p dpZ_y hs_ s L$fu iL$sp _\u A_ lSy> `Z s_p d_dp `ps
kdr`s L$fg hsyAp (v$pfpNpfpqv$)dp hh (`psp_y lphp`) _p
cph v$Mpe R>. sp s bpbs_u tQsp s_ \pe A hpcprhL$ R>. Aphp
L$pf_u tQsp_p r_hpfZ AN `Z Ap N\dp L$lhpdp Apey R>; AV$gy
S> _l] `fsy b^p L$pf_u tQspAp_ kd|mu v|$f L$fhp_p kh$ CgpS>,
kss A$pnf_p Z S>`hp s, `Z Ap N\dp bspep R>.
Apdr_hv$_ L$f_pf h_y L$se AL$ S> R> A_ s cykhp.
^dpeL$d se v$he khp & udlpcyA r_b^dp L$fg Ap Apop_
uS>Np\ kdyM b_g kN_p kv$cdp rhQpfhu. udv$pQpeQfZ
cy uS>Np\_p de bm\u r_:iL$`Z kprbs L$fu Apey R> L$ :AL$d ipd v$hL$u `y Nusd, AL$pv$hp v$hL$u `y Ah &
dpeL$ se _pdpr_ epr_, L$dpeL$ se v$he khp &&
kp L$pC Z R> L$ Ap gpL$ uS>Np\A `ps gMu Ap`g
R>. sdp L$y R> L$ h_p ^d AL$ S> R> A_ s v$hL$u `y fkf
cNhp_ L$Z_u khp. udlpcyA s\u sp Apop L$fu R>, ""L$Z
khp kv$p L$pep.'' AV$gp dpV$ Y$sp\u kd gp L$ h_y AL$ dp
L$se L$Zkhp R>.
A_ khp AV$g "Qss hZ khp' - rQ_ cydp (cy_p
h$`dp) `fphu v$hy s_y _pd khp. cydp rQ `fphhp_y L$epf iL$e
b_ ? epf Ae b^u hsyApdp\u h_u Apk[s Ry>V$ epf A_
epf S> h_y rQ `cydp `fphpe; Ae\p _l].
`fsy Aphu khp OZu L$$ kpe R>. kpdpe h Ahu L$$
kpe khp L$fu _ iL$. s khp sp L$f `fsy khp L$fsp, s_y rQ cV$L$sy
fl, Aedp gpNgy fl. s kde, s h kpqhL$ L$pf_p lpe sp
s_ Ap bpbs_u tQsp \pe. s rhQpf L$ dpfy AL$ dp L$se cykhp
R>. `fsy dpfp\u dpfp L$se_y `pg_ \C iL$sy _\u. sp dpf iy L$fhy ?
Ahp h_ Ap L$pf_u tQsp \pe, S>d Npthv$ v|$b_ \C lsu shu.
Aphu tQsp A OZp Dd cph R>. Ahp Ds cph\u cfgu
178

tQsp_ gedp gC_, udlpcyA Ap N\_u fQ_p L$fu A_ sdp

kp\u `lgp Apop L$fu L$ :tQsp L$pr` _ L$pep, r_hqv$spdrc: L$v$p`uqs &
cNhp_r` `yq$\p _ L$qfers gpqL$L$] Q Nrsd &&
A\ps : S>Z `psp_p Apdp (Apdp A_ Apqde `v$p\p)
cy_ r_hqv$s L$ep R> Ahp h L$pC`Z L$pf_u tQsp L$epfe `Z _
L$fhu. h `y[$\AV$g L$ `yq$dp flgp (L$`p`p) R>. s\u cNhp_
`Z s_u gpqL$L$ Nrs _l] L$f. (`R>u cg_ s_pdp depv$pdpN_p hfpe
Apqv$ kp^_p _ lpe).
Ap`u Apop L$f R> L$ r_hqv$s h L$v$u tQsp _ L$fhu. sZ
gpqL$L$_u sp _l], `fsy AgpqL$L$_u `Z qQsp _ L$fhu; L$pC`Z h$`,
L$pC`Z L$pfZ tQsp _ L$fhu. `fsy epv$ fpMp, Ap`u_u Ap Apop
r_hqv$s h dpV$ S> R>. S>Z Apdr_hv$_ L$ey _\u shp hp dpV$ Ap
Apop _\u.
s_y L$pfZ `$ R>. sd Apdr_hv$_ L$ey AV$g sd sdpfp
khh_y kd`Z L$fu v$u^y. lh sdpfp v$l, pZ, v$pfp, ApNpf, rh
A_ Apdp krls sdpfy khh sdpfy _ fy. s b^y hpdu uL$Z_y
b_u Ney R>. sd sp v$pkp@ld, L$Z shpqd L$lu_ L$Z_p v$pkh_p
AL$fpf L$ep R> A_, ""L$Z_p v$pk L$v$u _ \pe Dv$pk'' A D[s
dpZ sdpf lh tQsp L$fhp_y L$ Dv$pk \hp dpV$_y L$pC L$pfZ flsy
_\u. AV$gy S> _l] sdpfp S>hp r_hv$us h_u gpqL$L$ Nrs `Z L$v$u
\hp_u _\u. L$pfZ L$ sdpfp hpdu uL$Z sdpfp lp\`L$X$ep R>. `ps
`L$X$gp sdpfp lp\, s L$epfe _l] R>pX$. hmu s kd\ R>; s AgpqL$L$
R>. s\u sdpfp lp\`L$X$ep `R>u, s sdpfu gpqL$L$ Nrs \hp _l] v$.
AgpqL$L$ Ahp uL$Z sdpfp lp\`L$X$, `R>u sdpfu gpqL$L$ Nrs _ S>
\pe A sp kpv$u kdS>_u hps R>.
dlpcy_u D`eyL$s Apop `$ R> A_ h s kd ghp_u
S>$f R>. sdp b hps L$lhpdp Aphu R>. AL$ sp A iy sd r_hqv$s h
179

R>p ? , lp, sp sdpf tQsp L$fhp_y L$pC L$pfZ _\u. buSy> A L$ iy sd

r_hv$_ L$fu_, `yq$ `\D`f sdpfp `N dpX$ep R> ? , lp. sp lh
`yq$ hpdu `Z sdpfu gpqL$L$ Nrs _l] L$f, Ahp rhhpk fpMp.
h_ tQsp \pe dp AL$ hps_u. A_ s A L$ d dpfy khh
cy_ A`Z L$fu v$u^y R>; ly s_p v$pk b_u Nep Ry>. sp lh L$pC`Z
L$pfZ (blp_) cy dpfu gpqL$L$ Nrssp _l] L$f _ ! AgpqL$L$ Ahy
Apdr_hv$_ L$ep `R>u, h_u gpqL$L$ Nrs \hp_u lpe sp
Apdr_hv$_ L$ep_p ip A\ ? s\u h_u tQsp AV$gu S> L$ s_u
gpqL$L$ Nrs _ \hu CA.
A_ s_u Ap tQsp_p id_ dpV$ udlpcyA s_ `$ L$lu
v$u^y R> L$ sy Aphu tQsp _ L$fui. s sp Apdkd`Z L$ey R>, sy s_p
khL$ bep R>; lh s spfp hpdu bep R>. A_ s `yq$\h_p
hpdu R>. s\u s spfu gpqL$L$ Nrs _l] L$f shu p fpM, tQsp _
L$fui.
sd L$lip L$ cy sp L$syd, AL$syd A_ Ae\p L$syd R>. s
b^y L$fu iL$ R> sp `R>u dpfu gpqL$L$ Nrs ip dpV$ _ L$fu iL$ ? Af
cgp cpC, cNhp_ spfu gpqL$L$ Nrs L$fhp Qpl sp s S>$f sd L$fu
iL$ R>. `fsy s sd _l]S> L$f. Ahy L$lhp dpV$ dpfu `pk b L$pfZp R>.
`lgy L$pfZ R> hNs A_ buSy> L$pfZ R> cNhv$Ns.
hNs L$pfZ A R> L$ h r_hqv$s Apdp R>. sZ r_hv$_ L$ey
s\u lh s_pdp L$pC`Z L$pf_u Ald, dd_u N\u flu _\u. Ald
A_ dd_u N\uAp sp gpqL$L$ R>. s gpqL$L$ N\uAp S>sp lh s r_dm
v$e_p bep R>. Alsp ddsp\u s `f bep R>. sp `R>u s_u gpqL$L$
Nrs L$hu fus \pe ?
uNykpC Ap hps bu fus kdh R>. Ap`u Apop L$f R>
L$ r_hqv$s h cydp Ahp qhhpk fpMhp CA L$ sZ r_hv$__p
L$fgp ANuL$pf dp\u S> cy s_y khh rk L$fi. cs_ dpV$
bp QpsL$ cph ApheL$ R>. gpL$dp S> r_hqv$spd `v$ R> s_p
180

Apie Aphp kdS>hp. S> h_p cydp Y$ rhhpk _ lpe s h

r_hv$_ L$f sp `Z s r_hqv$spd h _ L$lhpe. A_ s_ cydp
`|Z qhhpk lpe sp s_y r_hv$_ kp\L$ b_sp, s r_hqv$spd L$lhpe.
s\u cydp QpsL$ hs rhhpk lphp dp\u S> s_ Mpu \C S>hu
CA L$ s_u gpqL$L$ Nrs _l] \pe.
cNhv$ Ns L$pfZ : AV$g L$ S>_p kb^ cNhp_ kp\ R> shy
L$pfZ :- cNhp_ Ahepqv$ NyZp\u eyL$s R>. s\u hdp S> hsy_p
Acph lpe s hsy s_ Ap`u_ s_ `|Z L$fi. A_ S> `|Z R> s_u Nrs
gpqL$L$ _ \pe.
Ap S> hps bu fus kdS>sp s Ap fus kde. cy_p A
Mpk ^d R> A_ s R> cy_p "ANuL$s `pg_' _p ^d. cy S>_p
ANuL$pf L$f s_y `pg_ L$fi A sp AgpqL$L$ ^d R>. s S> h_p
ANuL$pf L$f R> s_p v$pjpqv$L$_p rhQpf _ L$fsp, s s_u Dd
(AgpqL$L$) Nrs p L$fphu Ap` R>. cNhp_ `ps L$y R> L$ S> cL$s
buSy> b^y R>pX$u_ AL$ dp dpfy S> tQs_ L$f R>, s h_p epNnd ly
hl_ L$fy Ry>. A_ s_ L$sp\ L$fy Ry>. cy S>_p epNnd hl_ L$f s_u
gpqL$L$ Nrs _ \pe.
sd R>sp Ahy b_ L$ L$epfL$ h_u `funp L$fhp A\hp s_ s_p
pf^_p cpN L$fphhp dpV$ cy s_ vy$:M Ap`. s\u s_u epNnd
kp^hpdp rhgb \pe. Ahy \pe epf `Z h s b^p vy$:M ^e\u kl_
L$fu_ tQsp _ L$fhu. "L$epfe _ L$fhu' Ahp A\ "L$v$p`urs' `v$\u
k|Qhhpdp Apep R>.
A hps r_rhhpv$`Z kpQu R> L$ cNhp_ `psp_p Ar^L$pfu (S>
cNhp__u A_e cph khp L$f s cy_p cs L$lhfphhp_p Ar^L$pfu
R>.) csp_p b^p d_pf\p `|fp L$f R>. A_ s_p epNnd_y hl_ L$f
R>. s_p gpqL$L$ A_ cNhv$ue A\ (`yfyjp\) `|Z L$fph R>. `fsy
cNhp__u c[s L$f_pf b^p csp Ar^L$pfu _\u lpsp. L$V$gpL$
A_r^L$pfu `Z lpC iL$. shp csp_ tQsp \hu CA L$ _l] ?
181

A __p S>hpbdp Ap`u Ap gpL$_p Dfp^ L$lu kcmph

R> - ""cNhp_r` `yr$\p _ L$qfers gpqL$L$] Q Nrsd'' - Df
`$ R>. cg_ s h lu_pr^L$pfu lpe. s `yr$\(`yr$ `\`f
Qpg_pf, L$`p`p) sp R> _? sZ r_hv$_ sp L$ey R> _ ? A_ cNhp_
`ps `Z `yr$\(L$`pmy-`yr$dp q\s) R>. s L$`p_p L$f_pf R>. s\u s
Ahp lu_pr^L$pfu_u `Z gpqL$L$ Nrs _l] \hp v$. Ahy kd s
lu_pr^L$pfuA `Z tQsp _ L$fhu. s_ S>$f R> AL$ dp cydp As|V$
p_u.
depv$pdpNdp, S> hdp hfpe Apqv$ NyZp lpe, shp hpA,
`psp_p A NyZp_ L$pfZ `psp_u gpqL$L$ Nrs _l] \pe Ahy kd_
sdZ tQsp _ L$fhu. `yr$dpNdp, hpdp Ahp hfpepqv$ NyZp _ lpe
sp `Z sZ `yr$cydp rhhpk fpMhp_p R>. s_p cyA s_p r_hv$__
huL$pfu gu^y AV$gy Zhy s_p dpV$ `yfsy R>. Ahy kd sZ tQsp _
L$fhu. _gLy$bf A_ drZNuh qhjepkL$s lsp. sAp kkpf\u rhfs _
lsp. `fsy _pfv$ S>hp cy_p `fd cL$s_ sd_ ip` $` hfv$p_
Ap`u sd_p huL$pf L$ep. s hfv$p__p cph, r_S> cL$s _pfv$_p
iv$p_ ke L$fhp dpV$. `yr$\cy _gLy$bf A_ drZNuh `pk Nep.
A_ sd_u gpqL$L$ Nrs _ \C. sd_u dy[s \C. _pfv$ pfp sd_p
D`f cNhv$ L$`p Esfu h Ap fus, cydp Y$ qhhpk fpMu, cy
khp L$f sp s_ tQsp_y L$pfZ _ fl.
`fsy h_, vy$:M, L$gi Apqv$ r_fsf \sp fl s_p iy s_
rhhpk X$Nu _ e ? _ X$Nhp CA. s_p rhhpk QpsL$ kdp_ lpe
sp s _ X$N. Aphp kde sZ cydp Arhhpk _ L$fsp, Ahy rhQpfhy L$
Aphp vy$:M Ap`u_ cy s_ s_p pf^_p cpN L$fph R>. pf^ cpN
cpNhu_ s_ iy b_phu_ cy s_ huL$pfu gi. Aphy kd_ tlds
_ lpfsp, kpnuhs vy$:M kl_ L$fhp A_ vy$:M dmhp dpV$ \su tQsp _
L$fhu. tQsp R>pX$p, cydp Y$ rhhpk fpMp. dO-QpsL$ kdp_. sdpfu
gpqL$L$ Nrs _l] S> \pe s_u Mpu fpM.
182

`fsy h tQsp frls b_u e sp L$v$pQ Ahy `Z b_ L$

L$pm L$fu_ s hR>v$ hs_ L$f _ brldyM b_u e. sp s dpV$ iy
L$fhy? Ap iL$p_p kdp^p_ dpV$ ApQpeu Apop L$f R> r_hv$_ sy dsep kh\p spiuS>_: &
khhf khpdp r_S>R>ps: L$rfers &
A\ps : AV$g L$ Aphu iL$p_p r_fpL$fZ dpV$ shp h
spiue S>_p_u kp\ bku, r_hv$__y dfZ L$fhy. kh_p r_esp A_
kh_p Apdp$` A `fdpdp kOmy r_S>R>p\u L$fi.
Al] Ahy L$y L$ h_ brldyMsp _ Aph A_ s cy D5f
kv$p rhhpk L$fsp fl AV$gp dpV$ sZ spiu S>__u kp\ bku ldip
r_hv$__p cph_y dfZ L$fhy. sd L$fsp r_hv$__p cph Y$ \i.
brldyMsp v$|f \i; cy_u L$`p_p A_ych \i A_ tQsp L$fhp_y L$pC
L$pfZ _l] fl. Ap R> udv$pQpeQfZ bsphg tQsp r_hpfZ_p AL$
Dd dpN. fpS>fpS> Apdr_hv$__y dfZ L$fsp flhp\u, khh
kd`Z_u cph_p ldip sp fli. `ps khL$ R>. A_ L$Z s_p
hpdu R>. A cph_p hS> g` kdu b_u fli A_ s_ tQsp L$fhp dpV$
L$pC L$pfZ _l] fl.
Ap gpL$dp udv$pQpeQfZ bu `Z AL$ hps bly `$sp\u
L$lu R>. A_ s A L$ kh_p Apdp A_ kh_p hpdu Ahp cy, b^y
`psp_u CR>p dpZ L$f R>, A_ L$fi. s\u sdpfy ^pey _ \pe sp tQsp
_ L$fip. sd tQsp L$fip s\u iy s `psp_u CR>p_u qh{$ S>C_ sdpfy
L$pe rk L$fi ? lfNuT _l]. s sp `ps S> L$fhp CR> R> s S> L$fi.
Apd R> sp `R>u r_f\L$ tQsp ip dpV$ L$fhu ?
rQ sy iuv$_ tQsp L$f, L$Z_ L$fhy lpe s L$f.
^Zu_p ^pep d_kybp lf, bp\u _hu af.
hZhp Ap gpL$_p cph (dd) kd e sp sAp tQsp_p
kh\p epN L$f. A_ h pfp \su gpqL$L$ tQsp_p _ ldi dpV$
DL$gu e.
183

Np.u`y{$jpd Ap lL$uL$s bly kpfu fus kdS>h R>.

Ap`u L$l R> L$, ""Apdr_hv$_ AL$ kL$pf R>. S> fus h D`rQs
Apqv$ kL$pfp L$fhp_p lpe R> s fus cNhv$ue h Apdr_hv$_
kL$pf L$fhp S>$fu R>. A kL$pf L$ep `R>u S>, h_ cykhp_p
Ar^L$pf dm R>. r_hv$_ L$ep\u h_ kde e R> L$ ly lh cy_p
khL$ bep Ry>. s\u cy_u khp A S> dpfy ^p_ L$se R>. khp A
Apdr_hv$u_p ^p_ ^d R>. `psp_p A ^d_y s_ kss A_yk^p_ \sy
fl s dpV$ sZ L$pC cNhv$ue_u kp\ s_y dfZ L$fep flhp_u S>$f
R>.
hpshdp, khp S> h_y ^p_ L$se R>. `fsy L$epfL$ ifuf
AiL$s b_ A\hp Ae L$pC kNpdp h khp _ L$fu iL$ epf `Z
`psp_p d_\u s r_hv$__y dfZ sp S>$f L$fu iL$. A_ sZ s L$fhy S>
CA. A_p A\ A \ep L$ r_hv$_ L$ep `R>u, h - (1) cykhp
A_ (2) `ps L$fg r_hv$__y r_e dfZ L$fsp flhp_y R>. A_ khp
_ \C iL$ Ahu `qfq\rsdp sZ r_hv$__y dfZ sp L$fhy S>. sd
_l] L$fhpdp Aph sp hdp Apkyfcph hihp_u iL$esp R>.
gpL$dp khf A_ khpdp iv$p R>. cy kh_p Chf R>
A_ s kh_p Apdp `Z R> S>. s\u s kp_y L$epZ L$fi. h
khh_y kd`Z L$fu_ s_p bv$gpdp sZ cy_ `psp_p b_phu gu^p
R>. Aphp kpv$p L$fhp kpfp. L$pfZ L$ h cy_ `psp_p b_phu g sp
cy s_ `psp_p b_phu gi sdp gi dp iL$p _\u. s r_hv$u h_y
hprdh kcpmu gi. hpdu b_u_ s khL$_y rls L$fi s\u cy_p
khL$ b_g h tQsp L$v$u _ L$fhu.
tQsp _ L$fhu - Af ! hrls dpV$ h cy_ p\_p `Z _
L$fhu. cy kh_p Apdp R>. s kh_p d__u hps Z R>. s\u s
h_u b^u CR>pAp_p ZL$pf R>. hmu s ldip h_y rls S>
rhQpf R>. s\u s_ gpN L$ h_u CR>p `|fu L$fhpdp s h_y
L$epZ kdpegy R> sp s, h_u p\_p dpZ L$fi. `fsy sd
184

L$fhpdp h_y AL$epZ \pe shy li sp s_u p\_p _L$pfu L$pY$i.

V|$L$dp h p\_p L$f sp `Z S>dp h_y Arls li shy cy L$v$u _l]
L$f. r_S>R>p_p Aphp A\ R>.
h `psp_p gpqL$L$ hpdu_ p\_p L$f. `fsy s_p s gpqL$L$
hpdu, `psp_p khL$_y L$epZ ipdp R> s Zsp _ lphp\u, s L$v$pQ
h_u p\_p huL$pfi. `fsy Ahy b_ L$ s_p\u h_y rls \hp_
bv$g Arls \C e. `fsy `yr$\hp_p hpdu gpqL$L$ _\u. s kho
R> A_ kd\ R>. hmu s kh_p Apdp lpC, h_u p\_p, s_p L$p
rkhpe, s Zu g R>. s khpdp lphp\u, hNf L$, s h_p v$e_u
hps Zu g R>. sd R>sp s h_u CR>p dpZ L$fsp _\u; s cs_u CR>p_u D`np
L$f R>. s_ Mbf R> L$ h_u CR>p_u `|rs \sp s pfp s_y Arls
\i. Ahy Zu_ s cL$s_u p\_p_p huL$pf L$fsp _\u. epf Aphy
\pe epf Ap`Z Ap`Zu CR>p_ `y_: ApNm _ ^fsp, s_ bv$g
cy_u rlsL$pfL$ CR>p_ Apr^_ \hy. A_ cy\u rhdyM _ \hy. h
kd ghy L$ dpfp e (CR>p)dp dpfy e _\u. dpfu CR>p `|fu L$fhp
kd\ Ahp dpfp hpdu s `|fu L$fsp _\u L$pfZ L$ sd L$fhy A dpfy C$
_\u Ahy dpfp kho hpdu Z R>.
cy kho, kh kd\ A_ khhf s\p khpdp R>. Ahy
kd_ udv$pQpeQfZ, ""rhhL$^epe'' N\dp Apop L$fu R>,
""pr\s hp ss: qL$ eps hpercpe kieps.''- A\ps p\_p
L$fhp\u iy hm ? p\_p L$fhu AV$g hpdu_p r_Zedp kie L$fhp s.
`fsy hpdu sp r_Ze (CR>p) h dp_p L$epZ dpV$_p S> lpe R>.
sdp kie \pe, sp kiepdp_p rh_pi \pe.
Ap\u rk \ey L$ gpqL$L$ L$ AgpqL$L$_u pq dpV$ h cy_
p\_p _ L$fhu. rh_p p\_p L$f s Z R> L$ sdpf iy CA R>. A_
sdpf S> CA R> s Ap`hp s kd\ R>. `fsy `psp_u khosp\u s
C iL$ R> L$ sdpfu A CR>p `|fu L$fsp _\u. s dpZ \pe sp
185

dpsp bpmL$_ dpf sp bpmL$ S> fus dpsp_ hmNu fl R> s fus, sdpfu
CR>p_u `|rs _ \pe epf sd s_ S> hmNu flp, A_ cy khp s\p
r_hv$__y dfZ L$fsp flp. A S> sdpfy ^p_ L$se R>.
D`f L$p dpZ r_hv$u h, gpqL$L$, AgpqL$L$ A_ khp
kb^u tQsp _ L$fhu, A bpbs `lgp b gpL$p pfp kprbs L$fhpdp
Aphu. `fsy kdr`s v$lpqv$_p rhr_epN gpqL$L$-u `ypqv$L$dp \C e
sp h^d_u lpr_ \pe Ahy rhQpfu_ h tQsp L$f sp iy L$fhy ? ep
udlpcy Apop L$f R> :
khjp cy kb^p _ eL$rdrs q\rs: &
Asp@e rhr_epN@r` tQsp L$p he kp@r`Qs &&
A\ps : cy_p kb^ kh_ AL$ kp\ S> \ep R>; AgN AgN
_l]. u-`y, _luS>_p, Apqv$_p cy kp\ AgN AgN kb^ \ep
_\u. r_hv$__u A `$ depv$p R>. s\u v$lpqv$_p, Ae r_hqv$s
hsyAp S>hu L$ `ps r_hv$u R>. sp s b^p `Z r_hv$u \C Nep R>.
cyA s kOmp_p huL$pf, s r_hv$_ L$ey s kde S>, spfp huL$pf_u
kp\pkp\L$ep R>. Ahy kd tQsp _ L$fui.
kdS>hp_y A R> L$ h Apdr_hv$_ L$ey. sZ `psp_y khh,
v$pfp, ApNpf, `y, Ap, rh Apqv$ b^y cy_ kdr`s L$ey. s\u lh
A b^p_p rhr_epN cy khpdp L$fhp_p R>. `fsy s b^u hsyAp_p
rhr_epN cy khpdp L$fhp_ bv$g, sd_p rhr_epN `f`fdp \pe R>.
ifuf cy_ kdey R>: `fsy A ifuf_u b^u Cqep pfp cNhv$ khp
\su _\u. `psp_p v$l_p D`epN s u-`ypqv$L$dp L$f R>. rh_p
D`epN cy khp_ bv$g u-`ypqv$L$_ kyM Ap_v$ Ap`hp dpV$ \pe
R>. sp lh iy L$fhy ? h_ dpV$ Ap A_ Aphp bu OZp tQsp_p
rhje Dv$ch R>. Ap R> sp kpqhL$ tQsp. A_ Aphu tQsp L$hm
cNhqv$ep_p d_dp S> Dv$ch. L$pfZ L$ Apdr_hv$__p kpQp A\ s
gpL$p S> kdS>sp lpe R>. s\u sd_ Aphu tQsp \pe s hpcprhL$ R>.
sp iy sZ Aphu tQsp L$fhu ? ApQpeu_u Apop R> L$ _ L$fhu 186

tQsp L$pr` _p L$pep.

l h ! s sp Apdkd`Z L$ey. spfp hpduA s_p huL$pf
L$ep. sZ spfp khh_p ANuL$pf L$ep. lh A b^y s_y R>; A_ s_y R>
s b^y s kcpmi. sp `R>u "rQ sy iuv$_ tQsp L$f, L$Z_ L$fhy lpe
s L$f.' spfu khpdp rsb^ Aph sp s rsb^ Ap`_pf s R>. s
kdr`s L$fgu hsyAp_p `f`fdp rhr_epN \pe sp s s_u S>
CR>p\u \pe R>. b^y s_u CR>p dpZ \pe R>. sy dpfp khL$cph_p
r_hpl L$f A_ tQsp R>pX$u v$.
spf sp s L$fg r_hv$__y dfZ cNhv$uep kp\ L$fhp_y R>.
bpL$u_y b^y s kcpmu gi. s_y R> A_ s kcpmi. s kcpm_pf sy R>
L$pZ ? sy sp s_p v$pk R>; s hpdu R> A_ s kh kd\ R>. s\u Aphu
kpqhL$ tQsp L$fhp_y `Z sy R>pX$u v$; tQsp L$pr` _ L$pep.
epv$ fpM L$ s kd`gp b^p S> `v$p\p cy_ kfMu fus kdr`s
\egp R>. sdp e|_pr^L$sp _\u. spfp v$l cy_ ApMp_ ApMp
kdr`s \ep lpe A_ v$pfp L$ rh Ais: kdr`s \ey lpe Ahy
lfNuT _\u. b^y S> AL$ kp\ `|f`|fy kdr`s \ey R>. s\u cy_y A
rh, s kd`g spfp A v$l L$ S> lh cy_p \C Nep R>. s_p
D`epNdp Aph sp sd cy_u CR>p\u \pe R> Ahy kd tQsp _
L$fui. A S> fus spfp v$l_p D`epN u-`ypqv$ dpV$ \pe sp s `Z
cy_u CR>p\u \pe R> Ahy kd_ tQsp L$pr` _ L$pep.
spfp ^d sp dp cy_u khp L$fhp_p R>. sy khp L$f. b^u
tQsp R>pX$u_ sy spfy d_ s_pdp `fphu v$. s kd`gp b^p `v$p\p_p
`f`fdp rhr_epN \pe sp `Z s spfp khp_p L$pedp bp^p $` _ \hp
CA. L$pfZ L$ - (1) s A b^y cph`|hL$ cy_ kdr`s L$ey R>
A_ (2) A kd`Z_y dfZ sy v$ffpS> cNhvue$p_u kp\ L$fsp lpe sp
spfp d__p A_ spfu rQhqAp_p r_fp^ L$fhp_y L$pe spfp hpdu
L$fi. spfp d__p r_fp^ L$fhp_y L$pe Nd sV$gy L$$ kpe li sp `Z s
L$fi. Ahy rhQpfu sy tQsp _ L$fui.... tQsp L$p he kpr` Qs &
187

epv$ fpM, Apdr_hv$_ L$fu_ sy S>V$g Ai cNhp__p bep

R>. sV$g S> Ai spfu NZpsu A b^u hsyAp `Z cNhp__u b_u
NC R>. sd L$fhpdp, h Apdr_hv$_ L$ey s\u s dye R> Ahy
kd_ s_ cy_p kb^ h^pf \ep A_ sZ kdr`s L$fgp v$lpqv$L$
`v$p\p_ NpZ NZu_, s b^p_ cy_p kb^ ApR>p \ep Ahy dp_hp_y
_\u. cy kp\_p A kOmu hsyAp_p kb^dp ey_pr^L$sp _\u S>
_\u. s b^u hsyAp_ cy kp\ e|_pr^L$ kb^ lps sp AV$g L$
b^p_p e|_pr^L$ ANuL$pf L$fhpdp Apep lps sp, s b^u hsyAp_p
`f`f rhr_epN\u v$pj \ps. `fsy shy _\u. cyA sp s b^p_p
k`|Z`Z ANuL$pf L$ep R>. s\u khp_p A_hkf_p kde Ar_rj
L$pf\u u-`ypqv$L$dp `psp_p v$lpqv$L$_p rhr_epN \C e sp, khp
L$fhp `u spfp ^ddp L$iu lp_u _l] \pe. L$pfZ L$ b^y cy_ kd`gy
lphp\u s b^p_ cNhv$ue` rk \egy R>. s\u sd_p `f`f_p
rhr_epN\u - tQsp L$pr` _ L$pep.
l h ! L$v$pQ sy Ahy qhQpf L$ iy Qs_ (v$l, Cre Apqv$)
A_ AQs_ (rh, ApNpf) A b_y AL$ bu L$fsp h^y ApRy> dlh
_\u ? hmu kd`Zdp v$lpqv$ Ald v$iphsu hsyAp dye R> A_
v$pfpNpfpqv$, ddsp v$iphsu hsyAp NpZ R> s\u v$lpqv$_y dlh v$pfp
ApNpf Apqv$ L$fsp h^y lpe, Ahy spf L$v$u _ dp_hy. spf sp Ahy dp_hy
L$ S> fus cyA dpfp huL$pf L$ep R> s S> fus dpfu NZpsu ddsp`v$
hsyAp_p `Z cyA huL$pf L$ep S> R> s\u s b^p_p `f`fdp
rhr_epN \C e sp sdp L$iu v$pj byq _ fpMhu. A_ tQsp L$pr` _
L$pep.
h L$li L$ cg, `f5f rhr_epN_u tQsp R>pX$u. `fsy sd
L$fsp bu AL$ tQsp Ecu \C, s_y iy ? A_ s A fus L$ r_hv$u hp
cy_u khpdp r_fsf gpep fl R>. epf ly sp \pX$p kde dpV$ S>
khpdp fly Ry> A_ s `Z sd_u dpaL$ qQ gNphu_ dpfp\u khp \su
_\u. sp `R>u cy_u L$`p s_p D`f h^y A_ dpfp D`f ApR>u sp _l]
188

\su lpe ? Aphp L$pf_u tQsp s_ iy _ \pe ?

sp L$l R>, _p, _ \pe; _ \hu CA. s\u EgVy$ h^y khp
L$f_pf D`f cy_p qhij A_yNl \sp r_fMu_ Myi \hy A_ `ps
rhij rQ QpV$pX$u_ khpdp h \hy. Ap bpbsdp udv$cpNhsdp
Ahy L$y R> L$ - eqds s`: kyd_kp bly^p _ers - AV$g L$ cy_
sygku h^y re R>. s\u cy_ sygku` ^fphhpdp Aph sp, sygku_u
N^ gC cy bly k \pe R>. `fsy s_ `y` ^fphhpdp Aph sp
s_u N^ gC_ `Z s ApR>p k \sp _\u. sygku` s_u kdn
lphp R>sp `Z, `gp `y`_u N^ gC_ s AV$gp S> k \pe R>.
A fus cy L$pC `pk\u qhij khp `pd sp shu khp
L$f_pf D`f s_u rhij L$`p lpe R> A Qp$k. `fsy s_p A\ A _\u
L$ sd S>hu L$fp R>p shu - sd cph`|hL$ L$fgu-khp `pdu_ s sdpfp
D`f ApR>u L$`p L$fi. cpC dpfp ! L$`p A sp cy_p AgpqL$L$ NyZ ^d
R>. sd s_u cph`|hL$ L$fgu \pX$uL$ `Z khp_p ANuL$pf L$fu_ sdpfp
D`f S>$f L$`p L$fi. sd L$fg r_hv$_, cy_u e|_pr^L$ L$`p rk
L$fphu Ap` R> Ahy L$v$p`u _ dp_ip. L$pfZ L$ sd_ A_ kh_ r_hv$_
L$fph_pf sp uhgc S> R>. A_ uhgc r_S> khL$p `pk cy_
L$fphg r_hv$_, cy_ AL$ kfMy huL$pe R>. s_p ANuL$pf L$fu_ cy
r_hv$u hp D5f L$`p L$f R>. epv$ fpMp r_hv$_ A Ar^L$pf k`pv$L$
rhr^ R>. s L$fsp sd_ cy_p v$pk b_u, cy_u khp L$fhp_p Ar^L$pf
k`pqv$s \pe R>. s cy_u h^y L$ ApR>u L$`p dmhu Ap`_pf _\u. h^y
ApR>u L$`p_y L$pfZ cy_y hfZ R>. cy S>_y hfZ L$f, s_ s `ps p
\pe R>. s\u L$pC D`f h^y-ApR>u L$`p p \su v$Mpe sp s cy_p
hfZ_ L$pfZ R>: Ahy \pe epf Ad _ dp_hy L$ ly cy_p A_yNl_
epe _\u A\hp ApR>p epe Ry>. cpC! cy_p A_yNl_y h$` sp
L$CL$ Sy>vy$ S> R>. cy `psp_u CR>p dpZ h_y hfZ L$f R>. h L$fg
kd`Z, h L$fg khp, h cy pq dpV$ A`_phg kp^_p - Ap
b^p_ Ap^pf cy h_y hfZ L$fsp _\u; Ap b^p_ Ap^pf cy hp
189

D`f ApR>p-h^sp A_yNl L$fsp _\u. s\u tQsp L$pr` _ L$pep.

h_ L$v$pQ Ahu tQsp \pe L$ d L$fg r_hv$_ sp, r_hv$__p
A\ kdep hNf L$ey R>. s\u cyA s_p ANuL$pf L$ep li L$ _l] ?
Ahy rhQpfu_ s tQsp L$f sp Ahu tQsp_p kdp^p_ A\ ApQpeu
Apop L$f R>Aop_pv$\hp op_ps L$sdpd r_hv$_d &
e: L$ZkpL$s pZsjp L$p `qfv$h_p &&
A\ps : Aop_\u A\hp op_\u `Z S>_ Apdr_hv$_ L$ey R>
sZ `Z tQsp _ L$fhu. sp S>dZ `psp_p pZ L$Z_ Apr^_ L$fu v$u^p
R> shp r_hv$uAp_ tQsp lpe S> L$hu fus ?
l h ! bkb^ L$fphsu hMs, Apdr_hv$__p cph
kd_ L$ kdep hNf, s Apdr_hv$_ L$fu v$u^y R>. s kde s spfp
pZ `Z L$Z_ kdr`s L$ep R>. lh sp sy L$Zkps L$s pZ AV$g L$
S>Z `psp_p pZ L$Z_ Apr^_ L$ep R> Ahp s_p khL$ b_u Nep R>.
Af ! Ap S>Nsdp `Z S>_p dprgL$ kd\ lpe s_p khL$ tQsp L$fsp
_\u sp `R>u spfp hpdu sp AgpqL$L$ R>; s sp kh kd\ uL$Z `ps
S> R>. sy s_ Ar^_ \ep R>. sp, lh spf iu tQsp ? tQsp L$fhu li
sp s L$fu gi. `R>u spf L$p `qfv$h_p ?
`yr$c[s_p Ddpr^L$pfu s R>, S> `yrdpN hsL$ Ahp
`psp_p Nyfyv$h_p h$`_ ApmM R>. A_ Z R> L$ s_p Nyfy qhe R>
AV$g L$ sAp `psp_p khL$_ `yrag p L$fphu Ap`hp kd\ R>.
Nyfyv$h_p ag$``Zp_ S> Zsp _\u, s hZh lu_pr^L$pfu L$
depdpr^L$pfu L$lhpe. Ddpr^L$pfu hZh_ ip_p ipk_ _uQ
Qpghp_y lpsy _\u. r_Nye `rs rhQfsp L$p rhr^ L$p r_j^ ? `fsy
lu_ A_ dedpr^L$pfu hZhpA ip_ A_ykfhy A sd_p dpV$
eL$f R>. Ahp lu_ A_ de Ar^L$pfu hZhpA `Z epf sd_p
v$l_p Aedp rhr_epN \sp v$Mpe epf Ahy rhQpfhy L$ cNhv$ CR>p
Ahu R>; s\u dpfp Ae\p rhr_epN \ep. `fsy sd \hpdp cy dpfp
190

A`fp^ _l] NZ. L$pfZ L$ b^y cNhv$ CR>p\u \ey R>. Ahy rhQpfu_
s tQsp _l] L$f. lu_ A_ ded Ar^L$pfu `Z Ae rhr_epN
Apqv$dp tQsp _ L$f sp S>Z `psp_p pZ_ L$Zkps L$ep R> Ahp Dd
Ar^L$pfu_ tQsp \hu _ CA. AV$gp dpV$ udlpcy Apop L$f R>
L$ S>Z kd_ L$ kdep hNf `Z r_hv$_ L$ey A_ s kde `psp_p
Apdp krls b^y cNhp__ kdr` v$u^y R> shp h_ tQsp $`u
`qfv$h_p L$ep\u lpe ? _ S> lpe. kdep hNf r_hv$_ L$f_pf_ `Z
_ lpe sp S>Z kdS>`|hL$ r_hv$_ L$fu_, S> L$Zkps L$s pZ b_u
Nep R> Ahp r_hv$u_ sp `qfv$h_p lpe S> L$ep\u ?
lh AL$bu L$pf_u tQsp qhj L$lhpdp Apey R>. _h^p
c[sdp ke A_ Apdr_hv$_ A b L$pf_u c[s, cy s_p
huL$pf en $` L$f epf S> rk \pe Ahy L$lhpdp Aph R>. `lgp
kps L$pf_u c[s h_p L$pendp Aphu iL$. h hZ L$us_,
dfZ, hv$_ Apqv$ c[s L$fu iL$. cy s_p huL$pf L$fi L$ _l] L$f
s_p rhQpf _ L$fsp s cy_p NyZNp_ kpcm, cy_p NyZp_y L$us_
L$f, cy_p `yr_s _pd_y dfZ L$f s_ `Z c[s L$lhpe. `fsy ke
c[s epf S> \pe epf cNhp_ h_p `psp_p kMp L$ kMu sfuL$
huL$pf L$f epf. sd sdpfu dm cNhp__p rd b_u _ iL$p. cNhp_
sdpfu ke c[s_p huL$pf L$V$`Z L$fhp `X$. shy S> Apdr_hv$_
kdS>hy. sd Apdr_hv$_ L$fp, sdpfp khh_y kd`Z cy_ L$fp,
`fsy cy ep ky^u s b^u hsyAp_p L$V$`Z huL$pf _ L$f ep ky^u
s r_hv$_ c[s _ b_. s\u h `ps r_hv$_ sp L$f `fsy `ps kd`g
b^u-Ald A_ dd rhjeL$ s\p Apdp-hsyAp_p cyA huL$pf L$ep
li L$ _l] s_u Mpu s_ _ \pe ep ky^u s_ tQsp \pe A
hpcprhL$ R>. Ahu tQsp \pe epf `Z iy h tQsp _ L$fhu ? Ahu
tQsp_u r_hq L$fhp AN udlpcy Apop L$f R> s\p r_hv$_ tQsp epep u`y{$jpd &
rhr_epNr` kpepep kd\p rl lqf: hs: &&
191

A\ps : u`y{$jpddp r_hv$_ \hp bpbs_u tQsp `Z h

R>pX$hu OV$. rhr_epNdp `Z tQsp R>pX$hu. L$pfZ L$ lqf `ps S> kh
kd\ R>.
cy_ spfp r_hv$__p huL$pf L$ep R> L$ _l] s bpbs_u tQsp
`Z spf _ L$fhu. L$pfZ L$ spfp kd\ Nyfyv$h uhgc spfu `pk
r_hv$_ L$fpey R>. uhgc L$fphg bkb^ As|V$ A_ AduV$ R>.
s\u s L$fg r_hv$_-khh_y kd`Z- cyA S>$f huL$pey R>. spfp
Nyfyv$h, spfp lp\`L$X$u_, spfp hpdu_p lp\dp d|L$ep R>. A_ spfp A
hpduA, spfp lp\afu L$v$u _l] R>pX$hp_u rsop`|hL$ `L$X$ep R>. spfp
Nyfyv$h de\u R> A_ spfp hpdu AL$hQ_u khpdp, khhf A_
khkd\ R>. s\u L$epfe, L$pC`Z bpbs_u tQsp _ L$fui. kd\p rl
lqf: & cy kh kd\ R>. s `psp_p de bm\u spfp D`f A_yNl
L$fi; spfp kp^_ bm D`f A_yNl _l] L$f. epv$ fpM sZ sp `gu
`|s_p (ApmM R> _ ! `gu Alp bL$ue s_ L$pgL|$V$ hpmu `|s_p) D`f
`Z A_yNl L$ep R>.
`|s_p bpgL$Z_ dpfhp Aphu lsu. s_p Cfpv$p drg_ lsp
R>sp cyA s_p D`f Ahp A_yNl L$ep R> L$ S>hp sdZ `psp_u dpsp
v$hL$u L$ eipv$p D`f `Z _\u L$ep. ucpNhs Ahy L$\ R>.
`|s_p_p ds ifuf_p Vy$L$X$p L$fu s_ rQspdp _pMsp, s_p v$ldp\u vy$N^
_l], `fsy kyN^ kfu lsu. bsphp bu L$pC Aphp v$pMgp S>dp Ap
dpZ \ey lpe. A_ L$lhpe u`|Z `y{$jpd `fdpdp uL$Z_p
"bpg^prs_u `|s_p' D5f A_yNl.
cy `|s_p D`f L$ Ardg A\hp hpkyf S>hp Akyf D`f
`Z A_yNl L$f R> sp `R>u sy sp s_ spfy khh kdr` bW$p R>. s\u
dpfp re cpC, rQsp L$pr` _ L$pep.
kpQu hps A R> L$ lpg_p r_hv$uep (hZhp) cy_p h$`dp
Qse_p A_ych L$fsp _\u. s\u cyL$`p `pdhp dpV$_p sAp lu_ L$
ded Ar^L$pfuAp R>. lu_ lpe L$ de `fsy sAp Ar^L$pfuAp sp R>
192

S>. L$pfZ L$ sd_ uhgc pfp r_hv$_ L$ey R>. s\u sAp cy_p
h$`dp Qse_p A_ych _ L$fu iL$ep lpe sp `Z sd_p r_hv$__p
cyA huL$pf L$ep li L$ _l] L$ep lpe Ahu L$pC tQsp sdZ _ L$fhu
CA.
s_y kbm L$pfZ A R> L$ Ap`Zp cy sp `y{$jpd uL$Z R>.
CqepN cN_p kN, sdZ hS>hpkuAp_p Aepe R>pX$pep lsp;
Np`uS>_p `pk Aepk[s R>pX$phu lsu A_ sd_ `psp_p e
A_yfL$s b_phu lsu; A fus sdZ Np`uS>_p_p d__p r_fp^ L$fpep
lsp. Ahp A cy, Ap`Z e-Ae L$fg r_hv$__p ANuL$pf
S>$f L$fi.
uL$Z h_p ANuL$pf L$ep R> A_ h_ `psp_p L$fu
gu^p R>. sp `R>u h cNhv$ khp rkhpe_p bu b^p ehkpe
R>pX$hp CA. `fsy, r_S> L$rshi cykhp rkhpe_p bu b^p
L$pepdp s h \pe R>. sd \sp, h_ Ahy gpN L$ d L$fgy r_hv$_
e\ Ney. Ahy kd_ s tQsp L$f. epf uhgc_u Ap Apop epv$
L$fhu - Ae rhr_epNdp `Z tQsp L$pr` _ L$pep.
gpL$dp cy dpV$ kd\ rhijZ Apey R>. s_p A\ A L$ s
b^y L$fhp i[sdp_ R>. L$rshi h Ae L$pedp h \i sp
`Z s hkhL$_p fnZdp v$n A_ kd\ lpC, _uS>khL$_u fnp S>$f
L$fi. s\u tQsp L$pr` _ L$pep.
Ap bpbsdp dpfp _d Arcpe A R> L$ h_p r_hv$__p
cyA ANuL$pf L$ep R> L$ _l], s rhj_u tQsp h L$v$u _ L$fhu. L$pfZ
L$ h `pk r_hv$_ L$fph_pf uhgc R>. uhgc_, he
`yr$cyA, Nd Apep R>. A_ he cyA S> uhgc_ Apop
L$fu R> L$ Ap d pfp r_hv$_ L$f_pf h_p `Qrh^ v$pjp_u r_hq
\sp s r_v$pj \i. s D`fps Ap`Zu kpv$preL$ dpesp dpZ cyA
uhgc_ hQ_ Apey R> L$ uhgc S> h_p lp\`L$X$u_ cy_p
lp\dp d|L$i s h_p lp\cy L$epfe _l] R>pX$.
193

A_ Adpfp (hZhp_p) cy sp ke kL$` R>. e\p - ke

kL$` sp rh _pe\psy L$qfers & s\u s h_p r_hv$__p ANuL$pf
Ahe L$fi. s s_p lp\_l] R>pX$. h_ uhgc_u de\udp A_
uW$pL$pf_p hQ_dp ApV$gp rhhpk lphp S> CA. Ad R> sp
h Ahu tQsp L$v$u _ L$fhu L$ cyA dpfp ANuL$pf L$ep li L$ _l].
Ahu rQsp L$fhu s_y _pd uhgc pfp L$fphg r_hv$_ A_ uL$Z
Ap`g hQ_dp Arhhpk.
Np.u`y{$jpd dlpfpS> Apop L$f R> L$ ke A_
Apdkd`Z A b L$pf_u c[s_p huL$pf cy `ps L$V$ \C_ L$f
R>. A_ s epf epf h cy_p h$`dp Qse_p A_ych L$f epf.
Ap`u Apop L$f R> L$ A b L$pf_u c[s-ked A_
Apdr_hv$_d - cNhv$ L$s R>, s h L$s _\u. s\u h r_hv$_
L$ey s kde cy en L$V$ \ep_p A_ s_p r_hv$__p ANuL$pf
L$ep_p A_ych s_ _ \ep lpe sp, cyA MfMf s_p r_hv$__p
huL$pf L$ep R> L$ _l] s_u tQsp h_ S>$f \pe.
h_ Ahu tQsp \pe sp Mfu `fsy D`f v$iphg bpbsp_
ep_dp gC_ sZ Ahu tQsp sfs S> e v$hu. uhgc L$fphg
bkb^ A_ `fb L$Z Ap`g hQ_dp k`|Z rhhpk fpMu_ sZ
Y$sp\u Ahy dp_hy L$ cyA s_p r_hv$__p huL$pf Ahe L$ep R>. h
rhhpk fpMhp L$ cy_ re Ahp uhgc sdp de\u L$fu R>. s\u
A hgc_p hpdu L$Z_, uhgc L$fphg bkb^ huL$pe lpe
S>. Aphy rhQpfu, h tQsp L$pr` _ L$pep !
h_p ANuL$pf_y \d gnZ s_p v$u_ cph AV$g L$ hpdukhL$_p cph R>. lh `R>u_p gpL$dp s_y buSy> gnZ bsphhpdp Aph
R> gpL$ hpe s\p hv$ lqfsy _ L$qfers &
`yr$dpN q\sp edpkprnZp cNhsprMgp: &&
A\ps : cy gpqL$L$dp sdS> hqv$L dpNdp h_ hpe \hp
194

_l] v$; L$pfZ L$ cs_p vy$:M lf_pf lqf, r_S> cL$sp_ A_yNl
dpNdp Qgph_pf R>. (Ap hps kd_) sd A rhjedp kpnu$`
\pAp.
l h ! kpcm. s Apdr_hv$_ L$ey A_ cyA s_p ANuL$pf
L$ep. sy cy_p bep AV$g spf Ad dp_u ghp_y _\u L$ Ap gpL$dp
A\hp hv$pL$s bpbspdp lh s_ k`|Z hpe dmu Ney. s\u EgVy$
spfp hpdu s_ gpL$ A_ hv$dp hrZs k|p L$v$pQ _l] S> Ap`. A
bpbsdp L$v$pQ A s_ vy$:M S> Ap`i. `fsy sZ Ap`g vy$:Mp_ spf
d\u Ap_v$`|hL$ kl_ L$fhp_p R>. spf sp dp kpnu b_u_ AV$g L$
sV$\cph s ep L$fhp_p R> - S> fus Ap`Z Ae_ \sp vy$:Mp
sV$\cph CA R>uA s fus hp_p R>. vy$:Mp v$lpqv$_ \pe. `fsy
lh v$l A_ Cqep spfp fp R> S> L$ep ? spfp NZpsp A v$l lh
spfp _\u fp. s\u A v$l_ \sp vy$:Mp Ae_ \pe R> Ahy kd_
sd_ sV$\cph, r_qg b_u_ kl_ L$fhp.
spfp hpdu s_ gpqL$L$ kyMp _l] Ap`. gpqL$L$ kyMp dmsp,
L$v$pQ spfy d_ sdp gy^ b_u e, AV$gp dpV$. sd \pe sp sy spfp
hpdu_u khpdp\u Qrgs b_u e. A_ spfp ^d - se v$he khp
- c|gu e. s\u spfy rls rhQpfu_ S> cy s_ gpqL$L$ kyMp _l]
Ap`. AV$gp dpV$ s_ vy$:Mp dm sp `Z s_u tQsp _ L$fui. A_
sV$\cph, kpnu$` b_u_, s kl_ L$f. kprnZ: ch.
Np.u`y{$jpd dlpfpS> L$l R> L$ L$pCL$ hMs h ep`pf^^pdp L$ hZpd ^d_p `pg_dp b^pC e A_ cNhp__ c|gu e
sp s_ rh_ \pe Ahu iL$p_p kdp^p_ dpV$ h hpkyf_p Ap iv$p
epv$ L$fhp S>hp R>. udv$ cpNhs_p R>$p L$^dp hpkyf L$l R> L$,
""Adpfp cy uL$Z h_p qhN `yfyjp\p - ^d, A\, L$pd - rk
_ \sp h sd_ rk L$fhp dpV$ cNuf\epk L$f R>. Ap\u \pL$u
lpfu_ s h cy_ Apif e R>. `ps L$fgp bm `yfyjp\dp s_
kv$sf r_amsp dmsp As sp AL$dp cy_p Y$ Ape ip^ R>.
195

`qfZpd, s_p D`f cNhv$ L$`p \sp, s Y$pe `pd R>. Aphy R>
cNhv$ ANuL$pf_y h$`.
ApV$gp dpV$ Ap gpL$dp udlpcyA Apop L$fu R>,
""kprnZp chsp rMgp'' AV$g L$ gpqL$L$ hqv$L$dp sd bp^p kpnu$`
\pAp. AV$g L$ S> \pe R> s b^y kpnuhs sp flp. sd sdpfy gpqL$L$
hqv$L$ S>$f L$fp. `fsy s b^y A_pkL$s cph L$fp. A_ kpnuhs b_u
flp.
kpnuhs flhp_p cph "qvy$:M kl_d ^ed'' dp Aphu e
R>. kpnuhs flhy AV$g Z L$pf_p vy$:M Z bu_ \sp lpe sd
kd, sdpf ^ufS> fpMu_, sV$\cph s kl_ L$fhp. Apdr_hv$_
L$fhpdp, kpnuc|s b_u flhp_p cph _ lpe sp sd r_hv$_ L$ey s e\
Ney Ahy kdS>hy `X$. A_ sd \pe sp iy tQsp _ \pe ?
_p, _ \pe; _ \hu CA. h L$fgy r_hv$_ L$v$u e\ S>sy
_\u. s_p L$pfZp ApNm D`f bsphu Nep R>uA. sdpfp Nyfy he kd\
R>. A_ sdpfp hpdu, ke kL$` hpmp R>. Ahp Nyfyv$h L$fphg
r_hv$__p huL$pf sdpfp Ahp hpdu S>$f L$fi. s\u Nyfyv$h D`f `|Z
p fpMu_ sd_u Apop_y kv$h `pg_ L$fhy. sd R>sp khpL$rsNyfpfpop bp^_ hp lfuR>ep &
As: khp `f rQ rh^pe \uesp kyMd &&
A\ps : khp L$fhu s Nyfy_u Apop dpZ L$fhu. `fsy
ulqf_u CR>p (Apop) s\u Sy>v$u v$Mpe sp Nyfy Apop_p bp^_u tQsp
_ L$fhu. s\u, khpdp rQ s`f fpMu_ kv$p kyMu flhy.
cykhp L$fhu A h_p khL$ sfuL$_p ^d R>. s\u sZ khp
L$fhu. `fsy Ahu fus L$fhu S>\u Nyfy Apop_p cN _ \pe. `fsy L$epfL$,
L$pC rhij kN, Nyfy Apop\u cN _ rhfy L$pf_u Apop r_S> hpdu
sfa\u \pe sp iy L$fhy ? sp L$y R> L$ sh kde hpdu_u Apop dpZ
L$fhy. sd L$fsp Ahu tQsp _ L$fhu L$ Apd L$fhp\u Nyfy_u Apop_p cN
\i; `fsy d sp Nyfy Apop_p cN cNhv$Apop_p `pg_ A\ L$ep R>
196

Ahy dp_u Nyfy Apop cN\u \su tQsp R>pX$u v$hu.

s Nyfy Apop_p cN S>$f L$ep R>. `fsy s L$pC s spfu kyMkNhX$ dpV$ L$ep _\u. `psp_p kyM dpV$ Nyfy Apop_p cN L$v$u _ L$fpe.
h lfL$pC `qfq\rsdp Nyfy Apop_y `pg_ L$fhy S> CA. A`hpv$
dp AL$ S> R>. A_ s he Nyfyv$h `ps (uhgc) bspep R>. s A
L$ Nyfy Apop\u rhfy cNhv$ Apop \pe sp A_ epf S> A
cNhv$Apop_y `pg_ L$fhy. `R>u, sd L$fsp Nyfy Apop_p cN \ep Ahu
tQsp _ L$fsp Nyfy Apop_p cN dpV$ d_pd_ Nyfyv$h_u ndp epQhu Ap
gpL$ pfp Nyfyv$h Ap`Z_ iu Apop L$fu R> ? Ap`u_u Ahu Apop R>
L$,""cy_u Apop_p `pg_dp Nyfyv$h_u Apop_ bp^L$ _ b_php.''
hsphsf D`r_jv$dp Ahu yrs R> L$ cL$s, `psp_p C$v$h_p
S>hpS> c[scph `psp_p Nyfyv$hdp fpMhp. Ahy L$f_pf_ ipdp L$lgp
A\ `yfyjp\ p \pe R>. ep ky^u h_ v$h (C$v$h)_p A_ych _
\pe ep ky^u sZ Nyfydp v$h_p S>hu c[s fpMhu. A_ Nyfy Apop
dpZ S> Qpghy. A_p A\ A L$ Nyfy_u Apopdp bp^ _ Aph s fus
cNhv$khp L$fhu. `fsy s kde `Z cNhv$ CR>p_p rhQpf Ahe
L$fhp.
`fsy cy_u CR>p_y op_ L$p'_ \pe ? S> h_ cy kp_ycph
L$fph s_ S> cy_u CR>p_y op_ \pe. bu b^p_ sp am pq_u
e|_pr^L$sp_p Ap^pf cy_u iu CR>p R> s_u L$`_p S> a|f R>. s\u
h `psp_p Ar^L$pf dpZ hshy. sp `R>u iy L$fhy ?
Nyfy Apop_p bp^_u tQsp _ L$fsp, h cy_u df dpZ
khp L$fhu. `fsy h_p Ahp Ar^L$pf _ lpe sp, AV$g L$ cy s_
kp_ycph _ S>Zphsp lpe sp, Nyfy_u Apop_p bp^ _ Aph s fus sZ
khp L$fhu. A_ gpqL$L$ hqv$L$dp kpnuhs flhy. Ap dpZ hshp\u
h_ h^dlpr__p ce D`q\s \sp _\u. Ap_p kd\_dp
u`y{$jpd AL$ ApepreL$p L$lu kcmph R> :dpV$p fpdv$pk u_p\_p fpS>cpN ApfpNphhp_p kdedp
197

u_p\bphpA fpdv$pk_ Apop L$fu, ""ly kpnps (L$V$ $`) fpS>cpN

ApfpNy Ry>. s_p sy v$i_ L$f.'' Ap sp u_p\bphp_u CR>p A\hp
Apop lsu. ""sd R>sp fpdv$pkA L$y, '' dlpfpS>, d_ Ap`_p v$i_
L$fhp_u udlpcy_u Apop _\u. s\u ly Ap`_p fpS>cpN ApfpNsp
v$i_ _l] L$fy.'' Ap\u ubphp sd_p D`f Aes k \ep.
ip dpV$ k \ep ? sAp AV$gp dpV$ k \ep L$ `psp_u A
Apopdp h_p kyM_p rhQpf L$fhpdp Apep lsp. cy_p fpS>cpN
ApfpNhp_p v$i_\u fpdv$pk_ kyM dm sd lsy. sdp `cy_p kyM_p
rhQpf _ lsp. sdp cy_p kyM_p rhQpf lpe sp, Nyfy Apop_p bp^
\ps sp `Z sAp cy_u Apop_y `pg_ S>$f L$fs. S>dp cy_y kyM
S>Zpsy _ lpe ep Nyfy_u Apop dpZ Qpghp\u cy k fl R>.
AL$ bu iL$p R>. A_ s A L$ L$epfL$ gpqL$L$dp `y, `_u
Apqv$_p rhepN \hp\u \sp vy$:M_u tQsp \pe epf iy L$fhy ? sp L$l R>
L$ rQpN rh^pepr` lqfeL$qfers &
s\h se gugrs dhp tQsp ys eS>s &&
A\ps : ulqf h_p rQdp DN D` L$fu_ S> S> L$C
L$fi s_- Ap sp cy_u gugp R> - Ahy dp_u_ rQ_p DN\u \su
(A\hp rQdp DN `v$p L$f_pfu) tQsp_ syfs R>pX$u v$hu.
udv$hgc Apop L$f R> L$ h cphu vy$:M_p rsL$pf _ L$fu
iL$ epf s_p rQ_ DN \pe. sh kde s_p rQ_y kdp^p_ L$fhy
AS> vy$:M dV$hp_p AL$ dp CgpS> R>. Apdr_hv$uA s AN tQsp _
L$fhu. L$pfZ L$ h cNhp__p Arcpe_ Zhp kd\ R>. cNhp_
L$epfL$ dpreL$u gugp L$f R>. `fsy sd L$fu_ s h cs_y rls S> L$f R>.
L$V$guL$ hpf cy Ahu gugp L$f sp Ad dp_hy L$ cy_u A gugp
Ap`Zp `p` bpmhp A\hp Ap`Z_ L$d b^_\u R>pX$hhp dpV$ L$fhpdp
Aphu R>. Ahy kd_ sL$pg tQsp R>pX$u v$hu. sL$pg R>pX$hu Ahy
L$lhp dpV$ ysd iv$ epS>hpdp Apep R>.
198

Ap fus ApW$ gpL$p pfp khp L$f_pf_ rhrh^ L$pfZpkf \su

tQsp R>pX$hhp dpV$_p L$pfp L$p R>. S>hp L$, gpqL$L$ bpbsdp kpnuhs
b_u flhy; fpN A_ rhfpN_p cv$ kd_, fpN R>pX$u rhfpN NlZ
L$fhp; rQpN_p kNp. s kN S> \pe s b^p_ cy_u gugp
dp_hu. Ap b^p_u tQsp R>pX$hp_p L$pfp R>. `fsy h\u s b^p L$pfp
b_u iL$ shp v$Mpsp _\u. L$rgL$pg S>e npc_ L$pfZ rQ_ tQsp
\pe R>. A_ s_y kdp^p_ L$fhy dyL$g b_u e R>. sp iy L$fhy ?
Ap b^p L$pf tQsp v|$f _ L$fu iL$pe sp, tQsp v|$f L$fhp_p R>p AL$
A_ A_pMp `fsy kQpV$ D`pe R> A_ s Ap R>sdps khpd_p r_e uL$Z: ifZ dd &
hv$v$rcfh kss \erdeh d drs: &&
A\ps : epf AdS> R> epf kh fus, ""uL$Z ifZ dd''
Ahy r_fsf bpgsp flhy. A_ cydp khp `fpeZ \C_ flhy, Ahu
dpfu drs R>.
c[sdpNdp hep `R>u s_p eL$ ndp A_yNl r_epdL$
R> Ahy L$lhpdp Apey R>. ""A_yNl: `yr$dpN r_epdL$ Crs q\rs''
A_ edhj hs, Apqv$ yrs hpL$edp `Z Ahy S> L$y R>. V|$L$dp epf
Ae L$pC fus tQsp_ v|$f _ L$fu iL$pe sp cNhv$ifZ ghy.
cNhp_ ifZpNs fnL$ R>, A lL$uL$s R>. epf h
hkp^_\u hL$pe rk L$fhp dpV$ Akd\ b_u Nep R> Ahy cy i
epf s ife h_y b^y L$pe rk L$fu Ap`i. A_ s_u tQsp v|$f
L$fi. Aphy rhQpfu_ ApQpeuA cNhv$ifZ_ S> kh L$pe pq_y
kp^_ dp_u_, uL$Z: ifZ dd A A$pnf d_y kss fV$Z L$fhp_u
Apop L$fu R>. udv$ cpNhs_p ApW$dp L$^dp, ""Ap`rdp cNhv$
dfZ L$fhp_p Ap`v$ ^d'' L$p R>. A ^d S> fus NS>_ rk \ep
s fus h_ `Z s Ahe rk \i Ahy uhgc L$l R>.
`fsy Ap gpL$dp kssd A_ r_ed iv$p R>. s_p A\ A R>
L$ ifZpNrs_p A cph AV$g L$ cy_p ifZ NlZ_y dfZ r_e \hy
199

CA. s nZhpf `Z Ry>V$ sp, sV$gp \pX$p kdedp hdp Apkyfu

cph_p hi \C iL$ R>.
gpL$dp hv$v$rc: iv$ R>. uL$Z: ifZ dd A A$pnf d
r_e A_ kss bpgsp flhp_y R>. s DQpfhp c\u, `fsy sd L$fu_
cy khp R>pX$hp_u _\u. v$l_u bu b^u Cqep pfp khp L$fsp
flhp_u R>- s kp\ c hX$ A$pnf_y fV$Z L$fsp flhp_y R>. sp`e
A L$ ifZpNrs_p cph_ khp_p AN$` NZhp Ahy L$y R>.
As AL$ hps_u `$sp L$fhp_u bpL$u fl R>. Ap N\dp, tQsp
L$pq5 _ L$pep A_ uL$Z: ifZ dd _y kss fV$Z L$fp Ahy L$lhpdp
Apey R>. uhgc_p Ap D`v$i kp^pfZ h dpV$ _\u; aL$s r_hv$u
hp dpV$ R>. s_y $ps Ap`sp L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ Ap^mp_ k|e _p
lphp\u `Z s_ epS>_ rk \sy _\u. Ap^mp C iL$sp _\u;
k|e_p L$pi `Z s_ r$ Ap`u iL$sp _\u. s\u Ap^mp_y epS>_
(hsy_ hp_y) k|e_p lphp\u `Z rk \sy _\u. shuS> fus S>
cy_p A_e cL$s _ lpe s_ Ap N\dp bsphg D`pep_p epN\u
`Z L$iy rk \hp_y _\u.
sp`e A L$ Ap N\dp tQsp v$|f L$fhp_p S> D`pep bspep R>
s b^p D`pep A_ N\_ As ifZ cph_p_p dfZ_ tQsp_ v|$f L$fhp
dpV$_p S> fpdbpZ CgpS> bspep R> A b^p D`pep L$hm
Apdr_hv$u_ gedp gC_ bspep R>. Apdr_hv$u S> Ap D`v$i_p
Ar^L$pfu R>. L$pC`Z gpqL$L$ h s_p Ar^L$pfu _\u. s\u gpqL$L$
hp_ Ap D`v$i am$` b_i _l]. V|$L$dp L$ly sp Ap N\_p Apie
Ap dpZ R> :r_hv$u h cNhp__u khpdp rQ `fphpegy fpMhy. e\p
iqL$s khp L$fhu. `ps A_ `psp_p `qfhpf_p b^p kepdp
cNhv$ue`Zp_y A_yk^p_ fpMhy. A_ b^p L$pf_u tQsp R>pX$hu. ep
tQsp R>pX$hp_y Aie S>Zpe ep A$pnf_p fV$Z pfp ifZpNrs_u
cph_p L$fhu. Ap fus h, khpdp q\f fli sp, s_p DN Apqv$
200

b^p rsb^p r_h Ahe \pi. A_ s_u khpdp flgu gpqL$L$sp

dV$u_ sdp Apq^$-v$rhL$sp Aphu S>i. A dpV$, N\_p As L$p dpZ
khp L$fsp L$fsp `Z khpdcph ifZpNrs_p cph kss fpMhp, A
S> c[s dpNdp Dd Ahu dp_ku khp_ p L$fhp dpV$_y khpd
kp^_ R>.
`.c.d|gQv$ sguhpmpA _hf__y sp`e Ap fus kdey
R>:
""h L$Z_ ip dpV$ cS> R> ? h L$Z_ AV$gp dpV$ cS>
R> L$ s Z R> L$ kL$g S>Nsdp `fd Ap_v$, `fd kyM_y r_^p_
(\p_) fk$` L$Z rkhpe buSy> L$pC _\u. fkpdL$ cy rkhpe, buSy>
b^y Aps (vy$:Mde) R>. s\u s b^pdp fep `ep flhp\u vy$:M rkhpe
bu L$ip_u pq \hu A Akcrhs R>. AV$g L$ `fdp_v$ h$`_u
pq_y `fd L$pfZ, fk$` L$Z_u c[s S> R>. L$Z c[s S> h_y
`fd L$epZ L$fu iL$ R>. Ahy lphp\u udv$pQpeQfZ L$d, D`pk_p,
op_ A_ ipps c[s - A b^p_ NpZ kd_, uNp`uS>_pA
L$fgu `dgnZp c[s hs: kh `yfyjp\$` R>. `Q_u rhdrs`|hL$_
uL$Zdp h_u ApkqL$s L$fphu_, h_p d__p r_fp^ L$fph R>.
d_u `fdpQ v$ipdp cs `psp_y hh `cy_ r_hv$_ L$f
R>. A_ `psp_y khh-ArlL$, `pfgpqL$L$ b^y-cy_ kdr`_ `ps
v$pkp@ld, L$Z shpqd_p A_ych L$f R>. v$pk_p ^d sp A R> L$ s
cy_u CR>p_ `psp_u CR>p kdS>. A_ cy_u CR>p\u `psp_ S>
L$pC kyM hp vy$:M \pe s kl_ L$f; cy_u CR>p_ A_ykfhpdp S>
`psp_p h__u L$sp\sp \egu dp_. A_, `ps cy_ khh_y r_hv$_
L$fgy lphp\u, hS>_p_y rls L$fhp_p S>d_p NyZ (^d) R> Ahp cy
s_y `Z rls S> L$fi Ahy rhQpfu s r_[s b_u fl. A_ `|fp
dcph\u cykhp L$f.
h_ bkb^ \egp lphp\u, s_ cNhv$ueh k`pv$_ \egy
R>. R>sp `Z L$pC rsb^_ L$pfZ, h kiepdp b_u_, tQsp L$fu
201

bk R>. sd \sp, cNhkhp L$fsu hMs s_y rQ khpi cydp

`fphpsy _\u. Ap e|_sp h_u L$sp\sp_ MqX$s L$f R>, Ahy kd_
udv$pQpeQfZ _hf_d N\dp _h gpL$ pfp h_ Dd D`v$i
Ap` R>.
_hf_ N\dp udlpcy pfp r_$r`s L$V$guL$ dlh_u
bpbsp Ap dpZ R> (1) cNhv$ueh k`pv$_ L$fhp dpV$ h cy_ L$fg Apd kd`Z
A_ s\u L$V$ \sy cy_y kh L$sh A_ ag v$psh.
(2) kh hsy_u cy_u CR>p_ Apr^_sp.
(3) r_rMg `Q_u cNhgugp$`sp.
(4) kh `Q cNhp__y $uX$p$` R> Ahu kdS>.
(5) cyS> fnL$ R> Ahy kd cy_y hpfhpf dfZ L$fhp_y dlh.
_hf_ N\dp cpf`|hL$ L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ h_p vy$:M A_
tQsp_y kp\u \d L$pfZ s_u Alsp A_ ddsp R>. ""Ap dpfy R>; Ap
spfy R>.'' A fus_p dpfp-spfp_p dpl_ L$pfZ h vy$:M `pd R>; A_
s tQspNs b_ R>. tQsp_ L$pfZ s_y d_ DNdp fl R>. s\u s_
cNhv$khpdp Asfpe `X$ R>. s_p A Asfpe s_u cNhv$khpdp bp^L$
b_ R>. s\u, s_p A Alsp ddspS>_L$ dpl$`u Asfpe_ S>X$d|mdp\u
DR>v$u _pMhp dpV$ udv$pQpeQfZ h_, `ps s L$fg
Apdr_hv$__y hpfhpf dfZ L$fhp_p D`v$i Ap` R> A_ Apop L$f R>
- r_hv$_ sy dse kh\p spiuS>_:
Apdkd`Z_p hpfhpf_p dfZ\u, Alsp-ddsp r_h \sp
A_ cy_p hpduh_p huL$pf L$fhpdp Aphsp, h_ L$pC`Z L$pf_u
tQsp L$fhp_u _\u flsu. cy_p v$pk b_u_ s tQspdyL$s b_u S>i.
sZ S> hsyAp_y r_hv$_ cy_ L$ey, s b^u hsyApdp\u s_u ddsp_y
rsfp^p_ \i. `R>u, S>_pdp Ap`Z_ ddsp _ lpe s hsy L$ eqL$s_y
Nd s \pe sp `Z Ap`Z_ tQsp \hu _ OV$.
Ap fus tQsp v|$f L$fhp_p AL$ L$pf D`v$iu_ udlpcy
202

qsue D`pe_y r_$`Z L$f R>. Ap`u Apop L$f R> :- Ap kL$g
bpX$_p _peL$ uL$Z R>. kL$g rhh_y s s cy Qgph R>. `fsy
A`o Ahp h `ps b^y L$f R> Ahy dp_ R>. s rhQpf R>. ""d Apd
L$ey sp d_ Ap dey. d Apd _ L$ey lps sp, d_ s p _ \ps.
Apqv$.'' Aphp A_L$-kL$` rhL$`p sdp AlL$pfS>r_s L$sh_ kpL$pf
L$f R>. s\u s r_[Qs b_u iL$sp _\u. `fsy hpfhpf vy$:Mu \C_ s
cykhp_p L$pedp rir\g b_ R>.
L$sp sp cy R>; cy kp\_p kb^\u S> h L$sp R>. hs
fus s L$epfL$ L$sp b_u iL$sp _\u. s cy_u CR>p dpZ L$d L$fu iL$
R>. h_ S> ag Ap`hy lpe sv$_ykpf cy s h `pk L$d L$fph R>.
s_p A\ A \ep L$ h_ \sp kyM A_ vy$:M_u pq s_p L$shdp\u
Dv$chsu _\u. s sp cyL$s S> R>. s\u L$sh_ L$pfZ Dv$chsu
tQsp_ r_h L$fhp_p AL$ dp D`pe, cy_p hpduh_p huL$pf
L$fu_, r_S> L$sh_u cph_p_p epN L$fhp_p R>.
tQsp r_hq_p u L$pf `Z Ap`uA D`v$ep R>. Ap`u
Apop L$f R> L$ h_u byq \|g R>. s S> S|>A s kpQy R> Ahy dp_ R>.
\|g $` sp, s S> L$pe L$f s sZ L$ey Ahy L$lhpe. h, cNhp__
L$iy `Z L$pe L$fsp sp _\u. s_ kh L$pedp cNhp__y L$sh v$Mpsy
_\u. `fsy sZ Zu ghy S>$fu R> L$ cy L$pV$u bpX$_p _p\R>. AMug
bpX$_y s s_u CR>p_ Apr^_ R>. s\u S> L$pC \pe R> s cy_u
CR>p\u S> \pe R>. ApMpe rhh_u hq A_ r_hq cy_u CR>p
A_ykpf \pe R>. ""Ci_u CR>p qh_p AL$ `p_ `Z lpg _l].''
Apd R> sp A_ cy r_S> S>_p_y L$epZ L$fhphpmp R>
Ahp cph h_p v$edp $Y$ \egp lpe sp - s r_[s b_u_ cNhv$
khp L$f A_ L$sp\ \pe.
cy_y h$` S>hy AgpqL$L$ R> shy S> cy_u CR>p dpV$ kdS>hy.
cy_u CR>p gpqL$L$ _\u. AgpqL$L$ R>. sdp gpqL$L$h_u N^ `Z _\u.
R>sp `pdf hp_ (dpephpv$uAp_) sdp gpqL$L$_u N^ Aph R>. _rlsf
203

kp L$pC bly$` \ep A_ kq$_y kS>_ \ey. s\u kd gp L$

cNhv$uR>p S> khp`fu R>. cy_u CR>p_ A_ykfhpdp S> h_u
L$sp\sp R>. `ps S> L$pC L$f s_ `Z s cNhv$ CR>p qfs kdS>
sp s L$fhpdp\u s_y L$sh `Z Ahp S> D`v$i R>. "AdyL$ L$pd L$f,
A\hp AdyL$ L$pd _ L$fui.'' Ahu byq_ f_pf L$Z R>. s_p
QfZL$dg_ k fpMhp dpV$ h, cy_u khp L$fhp_u R>.
tQsp r_hq_p Qp\p L$pf `Z ApQpeu D`v$i R>. Ap`u
Apop L$f R> L$ cy khpdp R>. S> cs cy_, `psp_p khh_y
r_hv$_ L$ey R>. s_p Apdp$` `Z A cy S> R>. A_ cy `ps S>_p
Apdp$` lpe shp h tQsp L$fhu epe _\u. cy kp L$pC_ ehs
afh R> -cpde_ kh c|spr_, ep$Y$p_u dpeep - s `psp_u epNdpep
iqL$s hX$, b^p h_, Z L$ sAp L$pC Npm afsp e D`f Ap$Y$
\egp _ lpe, s fus b^p_ afh R>. s sp L$iy L$fsp _\u. L$ipdp s_y
L$sh _\u. s sp q\f Ecp R>. sd R> sp kpfp-_fkp S> L$pep
\pe. s_u am p[ dpV$_u tQsp sZ ip dpV$ L$fhu ? s_ afhsu
hMs, cNhp_ s_p rls_p rhQpf L$f R>. h `ps L$CL$ L$f sp sd
L$fhp\u L$v$pQ s_y Arls `Z \pe. `fsy kh kd\ A_ kho s\p
khpdp Ahp Chf, h_y Arls \pe Ahy L$v$u _ L$f. cy_p
L$shdp, h Aphp Y$ rhhpk fpM sp, s_p rQpN R|>V$u e.
ApV$gy L$lhp\u `Z h_u tQsp_u r_hq _ \pe sp
Ap`uA `pQdp D`pe Dv$ep R>. Ap`u L$l R> L$ cyA Ap ApMy
bpX$ `psp_ gugp L$fhp dpV$ L$V$ L$ey R>. kv$pL$pm AL$kfMu
QugpQpgy gugp \ep L$f sp sdp fk _ `X$. s\u gugpdp r_e _rh_sp
A\hp rhrQsp Aphhu CA. cy_u gugpdp r_e rhrQsp b_u
fl AV$gp dpV$ cy, `ps S> gugp L$fhp CR> s dpZ, shp `pp_y
kS>_ L$f R>. A_ k|^pf S>d k| pfp, L$p$_u `|smuAp_ _Qph R>,
sd s hp_ _Qph R>. cL$sfpS> _ftkl dlsp_p iv$p epv$ L$fp 204

L$p$_u `|smu L$pqV$ gV$L$p L$f, dfL$V$ dp_hu Qplu _ Aph

ArMg bpX$dp AL$ R> _p\sy, `ye _ `p` _pd L$lph.
lL$uL$sdp h, cy_u CR>p_ Apr^_ Ahp AL$ _V$ R>. cyA
AL$ dlp_ _pV$L$ Apfey R>. S> h_ cyA S> `pW$ cS>hhp_y L$pe
kpey R>, s h s `pW$ p`|hL$ cS>hhp_p R>. A_ s cS>hu_ sZ
cy `pk `pRy> S>hp_y R>.
Ap fus, r_e _hu_ Mg Mghp dpV$ cy h_ kyM hp vy$:M
Ap` R>. L$ L$pC_ fpe b_ph R>. sp L$pC_ fL$ b_ph R>; L$pC_ `qX$s sp
L$pC_ dlpd|M. Aphy bly L$fhpdp cy_u CR>p A_ gugp rkhpe buSy>
L$pC L$pfZ _\u. AV$gp dpV$ udlpcyA Apop L$fu R> s\h se rggrs dhp, tQsp |s eS>s &&
tQspdp\u dyL$s \hp_p Aphp L$pfp_y r_$`Z ApQpeuA
_hf_dp L$ey R>. s D`pep L$fhp R>sp, L$rshi, Ap h tQsp L$f R>.
A_ L$pC `Z fus s_u tQsp R|>V$ sp udv$pQpeQfZ R>p, kfm
`fsy AQ|L$ D`pe D`v$i R>. s D`pe Aphp R> "A$pnf d, uL$Z: ifZ dd' _p r_e, kss `
L$fhp.
sdpfp d_ rQ_ QpL$ D`f QY$phu v$p; sd_ Ahu fus V$hphu
v$p L$ s kss A$pnf_p `pW$ L$f. A$pnf_p cph A R> L$ ArMg
bpX$_p _p\uL$Z dpfp fnL$ R>. ""dd r_:kp^_e ifZ, Ape:
iL$epiL$e k`pv$L$: L$Z.'' Ap R> A$pnf_p cph : - ly r_:kp^_
h Ry>. dpfy ifZ dpfp Ape A_ iL$e-AiL$e hsy d_ k`pqv$s
L$fu Ap`_pf L$Z R>.
sd R> sp s dpfu fnp kv$h L$fi S>. s\u dpf tQsp L$fhp_y
L$pC L$pfZ _\u. A$pnf_p kss ` AV$g h pfp v$pk^d_p
huL$pf_u Y$pg `uV$u_ L$fpegu lfps; A R> h pfp L$fpeg r_S>
hpdu_p hpduh_p S>eOpj.
V|$L$dp udv$pQpeQfZ rs cy uL$Z hdyM Apop L$fg
205

A$pnf d_p DQpfZ `|hL$, cy_ ifZ S>hy s_y _pd ifZpNrs.
A_ A R> _hf_ N\_y sp`e.
- S>euL$Z

206

7. As:L$fZbp^:
As:L$fZ dpe kph^_sep &
L$Zp`f _pqs v$h hsysp v$pjhrS>sd && 1 &&
QpX$pgu QpS>`_u sp fpop Q dpr_sp &
L$v$prQv$A`dp_@r` d|gs: L$p nrschs && 2 &&
kd`Zpv$l `|hdyd: qL$ kv$p q\s: &
L$p ddp^dsp cpep `pp`p esp chs && 3 &&
kekL$`sp rh_pe\p sy L$qfers &
Apoh L$pep kss hprdplp@e\p chs && 4 &&
khL$e sy ^dp@e hpdu he L$qfers &
Apop `|h sy ep sp NNpkpNfkNd && 5 &&
ep@r` `pd^yh_ _ L$s sv$e dep &
v$lv$i`qfepNssuep gpL$NpQf: && 6 &&
`psp`: L$\ s khL$p@l _ Qpe\p &
gpqL$L$cyhL$Zp _ $e: L$v$pQ_ && 7 &&
kh kdr`s cep L$sp\p@rk kyMu ch &
pY$p@r` vy$rlsp e_lp es hf && 8 &&
s\p v$l _ L$se hfsyers _pe\p &
gpL$hQq\rsd epqL$ epqv$rs rhQpfep && 9 &&
Aie lqffhpqs dpl dp Np: L$\Q_ &
Crs uL$Zv$pke hgce rls hQ: && 10 &&
rQ rs ev$pL$e csp r_[ssp hS>s && 10 && &&
&& Crs udgcpQperhfrQsp@s:L$fZbp^: k`|Z: &&

207

jpX$i N\pdp "As:L$fZ bp^' AL$ s_ Sy>v$u S> cps `pX$sp

N\R>. edy_p$L$_u dpaL$ A syrs N\_\u; bpgbp^_u dpaL$ A,
"kdS>hpdp bpgL$byq ^fphsp lpe' Ahp hZhp_ bp^ Ap`hp
gMpeg N\_\u; rkps dyL$sphrg_u dpaL$, A `yr$dpN_p rkpsp_
kdhsp N\_\u. rkps fle_u dpaL, A kpnps cy_p iv$p_u
fS|>Aps L$fsp N\_\u; A_ _hf__u dpaL$ A, r_hv$u hZhp_
L$epfe, L$pC `Z L$pf_u tQsp _ L$fhp_p D`v$i Ap`sp N\_\u. A
sp R>, "Apdd\_' L$fsp N\. AL$ dlp_ Apdp, `ps L$fg cNhv$
Apop_p cN AN v$pjcph A_ych R>; A_ Ahu `qf[\rsdp s_p
As:L$fZ iy L$fhy s_p D`v$i, s `psp_p As:L$fZ_ Ap` R>; A_ s
rhj, r_S> S>_pA Ahp kNpdp iy L$fhy s_p D`v$i sd_ Ap` R>.
fQ_pL$pm_u q$A sp, Ap N\, jpX$iN\pdp kdprh$ kpm
N\pdp, udv$pQpe_u Arsd L$rs R>. r_S> hpduA, Ap`u_, v$l
v$i `qfepN_u b ApopAp Ap`u; `fsy Ap`uA s _ `pmu. `R>u
u Apop \C. s Apop_y `pg_ L$fhp dpV$, Ap`uA `yr$dpN}e
kes gC, Apkyf epdpl gugp L$fu. Np. uevy$_p\ rhfrQs
"hgc qv$[hS>e' A_ykpf Ap`uA kepk NlZ L$ep epf `R>u
Ap`u_u c|sg D`f_u q\rs 39 qv$hk_u lsu. s\u AjpY$ kyv$
buS>\u 39 qv$hk `lgp AV$g L$ rh.k. 1587_p hipM hv$ kpsd_u
ApSy>bpSy> Ap N\_u fQ_p \C li Ahy dp_hpdp Aph R>.
v$k qv$Ns rhS>eu Np. u`y{$jpd "N\fQ_p' _p lsy Ap
fus kdh R>. Ap`u L$l R> L$ ""udv$pQpeQfZ D`v$igu cykhp
r_v$pj R>. bkb^ \ep `R>u, khp L$f_pf h_ `Qrh^ v$pjpdp\u
L$pC `Z L$pf_p v$pjp bp^p $` \sp _\u; L$pfZ L$ bkb^ \sp
h_p `Qrh^ v$pjp_u r_hr \pe R>; bkb^ \C Nep `R>u, cy_
kdr`_ kh hsyAp_p D`epN L$f_pf hZhp_ A b^p v$pjp kp\
kkN \sp _\u. Ap fus \su r_v$pj khp_ Apr^v$rhL$u b_phhp dpV$,
h L$pC`Z L$pf_u tQsp _ L$fhu. A fus tQsp frls b_u_ AV$g L$
208

DN _pd_p rsb^_ r_h L$fu_, s hZh khp L$f sp cNhv$

pL$V$e S>$f \pe. cy s_ kp_ycph S>Zph. `fsy sd \sp, s Av$Ly$
`p lpe sp, s_pdp cNhv$ L$`p _ kdpe. s_ dpV$pC_y Arcdp_
\pe; Arcdp_u b_u_ s cy_u Apop_p cN L$fu bk; s A`fp^u
b_ A_ cNhp__u AhL$`p_ `p \pe.
`fsy, cNhv$ ^d, "ANuL$s_u fnp'_p lpC_, cy s h_ _
sfR>pX$; s_ `y_: `psp_u sfa MQu g. cy s h_u r_S> khL$
sfuL$_u dpesp fv$ L$f. Ap sp kh kp^pfZ D`v$i R>. `psp_p Aphp
D`v$idp r_S> khL$p_ rhhpk bk AV$gp dpV$ udv$pQpeQfZ
"Apope_p cN' A_ "ssue Apop `pg_' $`u hhps Ap N\dp
Ll R>.
Ap`u_p A L$\__y lpv$ Ap dpZ kdS>hy. cy_u Apop_y
`pg_, lfL$pC kNpdp \hy S> CA. s _ L$fhpdp Aph sp
"hpdu pl' NZpe. Ap hps kdS>ep R>sp, `ps S> cy_u b Apop _
`pmu. sd L$fsp, `psp_p\u hpdupl \C Nep li Ahy kd_,
Ap`uA v$pjcph A_ycep.
Ap`u_ (uhgc_) v$pjcph A_ychhp_p lpe Mfp ?
Ap` sp Ae `yq$hp L$fsp OZu KQu L$npA rbfpS>sp h R>p.
Ap`u sp uNp`uS>_p_u dpaL$ iy `yq$ h R>p. Ap`u sp
uNp`uS>_p_u dpaL$ iy `yq$h R>p. iy `yq$ h_y \p_ cNhv$
\p_ S>hy R>. Ahy rhQpfu_ sp uNykpCA Ap`u_ ""hsys:
L$Z'' L$lu_ ApmMpep R>. V|$L$dp Ap`u epq5 hLy$W$dp Qpgsu r_e
gugp_p h R>p.
cNhp_ L$Z Ap`u_ c|sg D`f `^pfhp_u Apop L$fu.
c|sg D5f `^pfu_, Ap`uA, b dye L$pep L$fhp_p lsp. (1) v$hu
hp_p Dpf_y L$pd A_ (2) u_p\_p h$` kdp_ udv$
cpNhs_p N|Y$p\_ L$V$ L$fhp_y L$pd. Ap b L$pddp\u, v$hu hp_p
Dpf_y L$pd sdZ L$fhp_y lsy, Ahy kpv$preL$ dpesp pfp Ap`Z_
209

Zhp dm R>. uhgc_p iv$p, S>_ Ap`Z Ap hpL$e L$lu

iL$uA, s Ap`Zu A kpv$preL$ dpesp_ `yr$ Ap` R> :- kpnps
cNhv$ppL$s sv$nfi: Des - cNhp_ uNpLy$gQdpA L$V$
\C_, Ap`u_ S> d Apep s Anfi: L$lhp_u Ap`uA sdp
rsop L$fu R>. s d pfp, v$hu hp_p Dpf_y L$pd \ey R>, \pe R>
A_ ldip \ep L$fi.
A_ buSy> L$pe "cpNhs_p N|Y$p\_ L$V$ L$fhp_y L$pe R>. A
lL$uL$ssp he uhgc_u hpZu pfp Zhp dm R>. `psp_p c|sg
D`f_p pL$V$e_y epS>_ kdhsp, Ap`u, udv$ cpNhs_p \d
L$^$_p kybpr^_u_u pfc_u `pQdu L$pqfL$pdp Apop L$f R> A\ se rhhrQsy _ rl rhcy hhp_fpv$ hpL$`s &
fes rh^pe dp_yks_y dp epkhs u`rs: &&
v$hpop Q L$`phgpL$_ `Vy$eepv$sp@l dyv$p &
N|Y$p\ L$qV$ L$fprd bly^p epke rhZp red &&
A\ps : udv$ cpNhs dlp`yfpZ_p A\ A_ s_y rhhQ_
L$hm hpL$`rs hp_fS> L$fu iL$; Ae L$pC _l], Ahy rhQpfu_, L$`pmy
u`rs cNhp_ d_, epk_u dpaL$, d_ye ifuf ^pfZ L$fu_, s_p
A\ L$V$ L$fhp_u Apop L$fu. s\u ly, epk A_ qh_ re Ahp
cpNhs_p N|Y$p\_ dyv$p (Ap_v$`|hL$) L$V$ L$fui.
r_S> pL$V$e_p lsy $` Ap b L$pe L$fhp_u ndsp, Ap`u
(hgc) rkhpe bu L$pCdp _ lsu. Ap\u cNhv$ Apop \sp,
Ap`u c|sg D`f `^pep.
c|sg D`f `^pfu_, Ap`uA, hp_ Nd_u v$unp Ap`u
A_ A fus v$hu hp_p Dpf_p dpN is L$ep.
epf `R>u_y buSy> L$pe "cpNhs N|Y$p\_p L$pi_y lsy. s L$pe
L$fhp dpV$ Ap`uA udv$ cpNhs D`f ukybpr^_u V$uL$p gMhp_y
i$ L$ey. udv$ cpNhs_p \d Z L$^_p kybpr^_u gMpep. s
kde, NNpkpNf kNd Ap`u_ \d cNhv$ Apop \C. iu Apop
210

lsu s ? A Apop lsu, "v$lv$i `qfepN' _u. Ap \m v$lv$i keyL$s

iv$ R>. s\u Ap`u_ v$l R>pX$hp_u Ahu b AgN ApopAp, Sy>v$p
Sy>v$p \m \C Ahy ly L$lu iL$sp _\u. Agb, Ap N\_p dpe `|e
V$uL$pL$pfp s dpZ L$l R>. s\u ly s huL$pfu gD Ry>.
Ap fus \d Apop \C. `fsy uhgc L$l R> L$ s d _
`pmu. sd R>sp. cNhv$ rdg_dp \sp rhgb_ r_hpfhp dpV$, d
Qp\p\u _hdp L$^_p kybpr^_u gMphp_y dpLy$a fpMu_, ku^p
u_p\_p v$e$` v$id L$^_p kybpr^_u gMphhp_y i$ L$ey. v$id
L$^ `|hp^ `yfp \ep. Dfp^_p kybpr^_u d^yh_dp bku_ gMphsp
lsp ep, d^yh_dp, Ap`u_ `y_: v$lv$i `qfepN_u Apop \C. `fsy
Ap`uA s bu Apop_y `pg_ `Z _ L$ey.
Ap`uA rhQpey L$ cyA b hpf Apop L$fu; v$l epN_u A_
v$i epN_u. `fsy d s b Apop_y `pg_ _\u L$ey. v$l e_p dpl L$
kybpr^_u gMu_ L$urs L$pQ_ L$dphp_u CR>p\u d A b Apop_p
A_pv$f _\u L$ep. ly sp cy_p khL$ Ry>. khL$ sfuL$, cy_u eL$
Apop_y `pg_ dpf L$fhp_y S> lpe. R>sp d s ApopAp_y `pg_ _ L$ey;
L$pfZ L$, v$lepN L$fhpdp Aph sp, hpZu_p ep`pf v$lp^u_
lphp\u, v$l R|>V$sp, kybpr^_u gM_ $`u hpZu_p ehlpf b^ `X$.
`R>u cpNhsp\ L$hu fus \C iL$. A_ ly v$i epN L$fy sp s `Z
epe _\u. L$pfZ L$ ly S> v$idp flu_ (d^yh_dp) kybpr^_u gMphy Ry>
s v$i cNhv$ v$i R>. s_p epN L$fu_, S> v$i cNhv$ v$i _ lpe ep
dpf S>hy `X$. ep flu_ cpNhsp\ L$V$ L$fhp gpeL$ cphp (rhQpfp) _
Aph. Ahy rhQpfu_ d, v$lv$i epN_u A b Apop _ `pmu.
Ap`uA A b Apop _ `pmu A_ kybpr^_u_p gM__y L$pd
Qpgy fpey. v$kd L$^_p kybpr^_u gMpep A_ ArNepfdp L$^_p
Qpf Aepe_p kybpr^_u `Z gMpep. s kde, u Apop \C. A
Apop lsu gpL$NpQf \hp_u AV$g L$ kpdpe S>_ kdyv$pe\u ANpQf
\hp_u A\ps, kes NlZ L$fhp_u.
211

lh Ap`uA qhQpey L$ Ap u Apop_y `pg_ _l]

L$fhpdp Aph sp gpL$p s_y L$pfZ dpfp, dpfp v$l e_p dpl kdS>i.
A\hp kybpr^_u S>hp N\gMu_ L$urs L$dphp_p dpfp Apie lsp
Ahy dp_i. Aphy rhQpfu Ap`uA ukybpr^_u gM__y L$pe b^ L$fu
v$u^y A_ c[sdpN}e kepk NlZ L$ep. A_ kp\pkp\v$lv$i_p
epN L$fu_ `y_: r_egugpdp kpdg \hp_p r_Ze L$ep. sd L$fsp Z
Apop_y `pg_ \C Ney. `fsy `psp_ \eg Ap A_ych pfp `psp_p
khL$p_ bp^ L$fphhp dpV$, c|sg D`f\u rsfprls \sp `lgp,
Ap`uA, As:L$fZ bp^ N\_u fQ_p L$fu. epf `R>u Ap`uA
Apkyf epdpl gugp L$fu, A_ s pfp Ap`uA Z cNhv$
ApopAp_y `pg_ L$ey.
Ap fus Ap`uA u Apop sp `pmu. `fsy s `pmsp `lgp,
Ap`u, \d b Apop _ `pmu iL$pC s bv$g v$pjcph A_ychsp lpe
shy v$Mpe R>. Np.uNpLy$g_p\ dlpfpS> ""Crs uL$Zv$pke
hgce rls hQ:'' _p cph kdhsp Apop L$f R> L$ ""rls hQ''
A `v$ gMgy R>. s\u Ad kdS>hy L$ uApQpe_p hQ__ Ap
hpL$e` R>. s\u Ap`u_y Ap hQ_, AL$ e\p\ bpg_pf e[s_y
hQ_ lpC, s dpZ R>. s\u r_e L$fu_, b^u fus Ap`u_ rQ_y
eN` (v$pjcph) \ey R>, Ahy udlpcyA bspey R>.
khL$ `psp_p hpdu_u Apop_y `pg_ lfL$pC kNpdp L$fhy
CA. `fsy `ps sp `psp_p hpdu_u AL$ _l] b Apop_u Ahop L$fu
lsu. iy A hpdu-pl $`u v$pj _\u ? cy_u `lgu Apop udv$
cpNhs_p N|Y$p\ L$pi__u lsu. Ad_ s Apop_p `pg_ A\
Ap`uA `R>u_u b Apop _ `pmu Ahy dp_u gCA sp `Z "cpNhs
N|Y$p\ L$pi_'_y A L$pe `yfy L$fhy L$ _ L$fhy s_p r_Ze hpduA
L$fhp_p lsp. `ps sp s_p khL$ lsp. s\u `psp_p L$pe_p r_epdL$ `ps
s b_ sp hpdupl NZpe. Aphy rhQpfu_ Ap`uA v$pjcph
A_ycep li, Ad dp_hy.
212

v$pjcph A_ychsp, Ap`u_y d_pd\_ i$ \ey. `qfZpd

`psp_p As:L$fZ_ D`v$i Ap`hp dpV$ Ap`u s_ kph^p_ \C_
kpcmhp L$l R>. kpcmp Ap`u iy L$l R> ?
As:L$fZ dv$ hpe kph^p_sep &
L$Zps `f _p[s v$h hsysp v$pjhrS>sd &&
A\ps :- l As:L$fZ ! sy dpfp hQ_p_ kph^p_ \C_
kpcm. A_ s A L$ (kh ag_ Ap`_pf Ahp agpdL$) uL$Z\u,
buSy> MfMf v$pj qh_p_y (r_v$pj) Ahy v$h (C$v$h) buSy> L$pC _\u.
h pfp \sp b^p L$pep_y r_eZ h_p d_, byq, rQ
A_ AlL$pf pfp \pe R>. A b^p_p kdphi As:L$fZdp \C e R>.
s\u cNhv$ Ahop_y h$` kdhhp dpV$, Ap`u As:L$fZ_ S>
kph^p_ L$f R>. A_ s_ L$l R> L$ dpfp hQ_ sy kph^p_ \C_ kpcm.
_p^ : Ap kpcmu, kp\u `lgp sp dpf kph^p_ \hp_y R>. ly
As:L$fZ bp^_p cph kdhhp s`f \ep Ry>, A dpfu ^V$sp S>
L$lhpe. jpX$i N\pdp\u L$pC`Z AL$ N\_p cph kdhhp_u ndsp
dpfpdp _\u. s\u Ap `|h `Z ly kph^p_ \C_ S> bW$p Ry>. AV$gp dpV$
sp h-i[s\u L$ hs r_Ze\u ly L$iy kdhhp_p e_ L$fsp
_\u. `|e Np. bpmL$p_u V$uL$pAp_p Ap^pf ly s b^y kdhy Ry>. sdp
`Z Ap N\dp sp udlpcyA L$fgy tQs_ R>. Ap`u_p
d_pd\__ kdhsp, he Nphpdu bpmL$p `Z dyTpC e Ahy R>.
s\u, sd_p pfp OZuhpf rhfp^pcpku rh^p_p \sp lpe R>. S>dL$
udlpcy L$p'_p As:L$fZ_ kph^p_ \C_ kpcmhp_u Apop L$f
R> s rhje `fh (1) uNpLy$g_p\ A_ bu OZp V$uL$pL$pfp_y Ahy dse R>
L$ udv$pQpeQfZ `psp_p S> As:L$fZ_ bp^ Ap` R>.
(2) ufOy_p\ dp_ R> L$ ""udv$pQpeQfZ hL$ue
As:L$fZ_p blp_ (e`v$i\u) cL$sp_p As:L$fZ_ D`v$i R>.
(3) u`yfyjpd dp_ R> L$ ""c[sdpN_p Qpf L$fhp dpV$
213

L$V$gp ApQpeu, cL$s_p As:L$fZ_ S> D`v$i Ap` A epe R>.

s\u Al] c[s_y As:L$fZ ghy.
Aphy \pe epf S>d_p ds dpfu p rhiy byq_ $Q s ds
ly eL$s L$fy Ry>. ApV$gu kph^p_sp fpMu_ ly Ap N\_ kdhu fp
Ry>, Ahy ly, uhgc_p khL$, Ap` kp_u kdn AL$fpf L$fy Ry>.
A fus kph^p_ \C_, ly kp_ S>Zphhp_u f gJ Ry> L$ "Ap
N\dp S> kN_p DM R> s udlpcy_u ANs hps R>. sd R>sp
epf Ap`u s_ iv$ v$l Ap`hp_y DrQs dpey R>. epf s_u `pR>m
Ap`u_p L$pC De sp li S>.
L$v$pQ Ap`uA Ahy rhQpey li L$ `psp_p khL$p dpV$ `Z L$pC
qv$hk Aphp AV$`V$p kN D` \pe epf, shp kN, sdZ iy L$fhy
? `ps sp r_e gugp_p h R>. s\u `psp_p As:L$fZdp Qpgsp
kOj_y kdp^p_ `ps L$fu iL$ep. `fsy Aphu `qfq\rsdp kp^pfZ
hZh_y iy \pe ? Aphp rhQpf\u fpC_ L$v$pQ Ap`uA `psp_p
d_pd\__ N\$` L$V$ L$ey li. sdp `psp_p As:L$fZ_ D`v$i
Ap`hp_p blp_ Ap`uA r_S> khL$p_ D`v$i Apep R>. Ap fus,
ufOy_p\_p Ap rhje AN_p ds kp\ ly kds \pD Ry>.
`ps AL$hpf _l] `fsy b hpf cNhv$ Apop_y DO_ L$ey. s
dpV$ Ap`u `psp_ v$prjs W$fph R>. A_ `psp_p As:L$fZ_ L$l R>,
""l As:L$fZ! sy kph^p_ \C_ dpfu hps kpcm. Ap`u r_S>
As:L$fZ_ kph^p_ ip dpV$ L$f R> ? AV$gp dpV$ L$ hpdu_u Apop_p
cN L$fhp A bly cpf dpV$p v$pj R>. s\u A bpbs `fh \eg
d_pd\__ kph^p_u\u kpcmhp_u S>$f R>.
Np. uNpLy$g_p\ kph^p_ \C_ kpcmhy AV$g iy s Ap
fus kdh R>. Ap`u Apop L$f R> L$ ucpNhs v$id L$^_p spdk
ag L$fZdp hpNsd hp dlpcpNp: Bepqv$ hQ_p\u gC_ rseps
ssp Nlp_ AV$g L$ - "sdpfy hpNs R>, l dlpcpeipmu uAp'
ep\u gC_, sd sdpf Of h Ahu cNhp_ L$fgu Apop_y hS>
214

cL$spA DO_ L$ey R>.

L$Z_u bku_p _pv$ kpcmu_ v$pX$u Aphg Np`uS>_p_y cNhp_
\d sp bly cph\u hpNs L$ey. `fsy `R>u rseps ssp Nlp_ Ahp
iv$p pfp sAp_ hNl S>hp_u Apop L$fu. Np`uApA s Apop _
`pmu. sAp Of _ Nep. sd R>sp, Apop_y DO_ pfp sd_p d_pf\_u
rkq \C. _ A R> L$ L$Z_u A Apop, Np`uS>_p `pk s_y `pg_
L$fphhp dpV$ L$Z L$fu lsu ? _p, _l] S>. Ap \m Apop_y `pg_
L$fhpdp Aphs sp agpq A_ d_pf\_u `|rsdp s bp^p $` b_u
s. A\ps Np`uS>_p_ L$Z_p A^fpds_y `p_ L$fhp_y _ dms.
sdZ Apop_y DO_ L$ey sp s sd_ dey.
sp iy uhgc_ \eg Apop `Z A L$pf_u lsu ?
uhgc `psp_p As:L$fZ_ kph^p_ L$f R>. A_ L$l R> L$, ""_p, s
Apop A L$pf_u _ lsu.'' Np`uS>_p_ \eg Apop sd_ kepN
v$ipdp\u qhfl v$ipdp d|L$ shu lsu. Ahu Apop_p DO_ pfp
CqR>s ag pqdp rhgb \hp_p lsp. s\u sdZ L$fg Apop_p
DO__p L$pe_ Np`uS>_pA L$fg ApocN_p L$pe kp\ kfMphu _
iL$pe, Ahp kL$s "kph^p_ \C_ kpcm' A iv$pdp eL$s \pe R>.
s\u uhgc r_S> As:L$fZ_ kph^p_ L$f R>.
Ap`u As:L$fZ_ L$l R>, ""l As:L$fZ ! s b b cNhv$
Apop _ `pmu. `qfZpd Arc$ ag prdp rhgb \ep. spf s
ApopAp_y DO_ L$fhy Csy _ lsy. Np`uS>_pA L$fg Apop DO__y
Arc$ `qfZpd Apey. s\u spf kph^p_ \C_ r_Ze ghp_u S>$f
R>. cNhv$ Apop_p Apie kd_ S> s_y `pg_ L$ DO_ L$fu iL$pe.
cNhp__u A b Apop_p Apie iy li s udv$pQpeQfZ
kd iL$ep _l], s\u sd_y DO_ L$ey. Np. uNpLy$g_p\ dlpfpS>
L$l R> L$ ""cNhv$pop_p Apie udv$pQpeQfZ _ kdS>ep Ad L$lhy
Aepe R> Ahy _ dp_hy. hS>cL$sp `Z L$epfL$ cNhv$ Apop_p Apie
kd iL$ep _\u. s bpbs_y $ps uNpLy$g_p\ Ap` R>. Ap`u
215

Apop L$f R> :fpk `Qpepeudp, `psp_u kp\ AL$psdp gC Neg AL$ dp
hS>cL$sp_ Ahy Arcdp_ \ey L$ "L$Z Ae_ s_ d_ S> cS> R>.'
s\u sZ L$Z_ L$y, ""ep sdpfy d_ lpe ep d_ gC h. lh
dpfp\u Qgpsy _\u.'' epf cNhp_ s_ Apop L$fu. ""L$^ D`f
bkp.'' Np`uL$p kdep L$ cNhp_ s_ cNhp__p L$^ D`f bkhp
L$y R>. hsys: cNhp__p Apie s _ lsp. Aes lpriepf _V$
`psp_p L$^ D`f _e L$f R>. QpgL$_p ifuf h]V$hpdp Qsyf lpe R>.
(s_ dpV$ _e L$fhy A fds hps R>; fds L$fsp s \pL$sp _\u.) s\u
cNhp_ s Npr`L$p_ s_p `psp_p L$^ D`f QY$hp_y L$y lsy. `fsy
Npr`L$p s _ kdep. `qfZpd cNhp__p Mcp D`f bkhp S>sp - _
fp Of_p L$ _ fp OpV$_p (Af gV$L$u Nep).
Ap fus uhgc `Z cNhv$ Apop_p Apie _ kd
iL$ep. s\u sdZ b Apop_y DO_ L$ey. `fsy sd_p kv$cpe sd_
u Apop \C. Ap`uA s_y `pg_ L$ey. `fsy Ap`uA b hpf
L$Zp^fpds_p hpv$ L$fph Ahu ApopAp_y DO_ L$ey lsy s_y iy ? iy
A v$pj _ L$lhpe ? Ap`u Ap`u_p As:L$fZ_ L$l R>, ""lp, s v$pj
S> R>.'' `fsy raL$f _l]. s v$pj lpe sp cg. h dp v$pj L$f R>.
k`|Z`Z r_v$pj sp L$hm L$Z S> R>; bpL$u kh kv$pj R>. ""L$Zps
`f _pqs v$h hsysp v$pj hrS>s:'' Ad R> sp spf spfp A v$pj
dpV$ ApV$gp er\s \hp_u S>$f _\u.
`fsy s\u d__y kdp^p_ \sy _\u. d_pd\_ ApNm h^ R>.
`ps Qplu Qgphu_ _uQy \p_ gu^y. L$Z sp d_ `psp_u `pk
bpgphu_, `psp_u dpr_su fpS>fpZu b_phhp CR>sp lsp. s\u sdZ
d_ v$l v$i R>pX$u_ sd_u `pk S>hp_u Apop L$fu lsu. `fsy d rhepN
v$ipdp flhp_y huL$pey A_ s Ds `v$ R>pX$u v$u^y, s_y iy ? iy Ahu
q\rs hpdu pfp dpfp (hgc_p) \eg A`dp_ kdp_ _\u ?
kpcmp Ap`u iy L$l R> ?
216

QpX$pgu QpfpS>`_u sp fpop Q dpr_sp &

L$v$prQs A`dp_ h d|gs: L$p nrschs &&
A\ps : AL$ QpX$pgu (lgL$p Ly$m_u u) fp_u fpZu \C
A_ fpA s_ dp_urs L$fu; A_ `R>u L$pCL$ hMs `psp_u L$pCL$
Nags_ L$pfZ s_p\u A`fp^ \C Nep; s\u fp sfa\u s_y A`dp_
\ey. sp `Z d|mdp\u (fpS>`_u `v$dp\u) iy S>sy fy ? L$iy _ Ney.
(Aphy rhQpfu_ d_dp cv$ _ L$fhp.)
u`y{$jpd QpX$pgu_p Ap $ps_ uhgc_p kv$cdp
gpNy _ `pX$hy Ad L$l R>. Ap`u L$l R> L$ udv$pQpeQfZ r_v$pj `|Z
rhNl R>. s\u sd_ Ap $ps gpNy _ `X$. sd R>sp, sAp AV$gy sp
L$b|g L$f R> L$ L$V$gpL$ V$uL$pL$pfp QpX$pgu_p Ap $ps_ udlpcy_p
kv$cdp rhQpf R>. sd_p `ndp rhQpfsp u`y{$jpd Ahy L$l R> L$
""sd_p `ndp Ahy kdS>hy L$ ""dNeyqfh L$`ud'' A cdfNus_p
gpL$dp S>d L$gi\u cL$spA cNhp_dp v$pjpfp`Z L$ey lsy sd
udv$pQpeQfZ `psp_pdp v$pjcph_p Apfp` dp L$ep R>.
S> lpe s, Aphp v$pjcph\u, `psp_pdp Ahu s L$hu A_ L$V$gu
A^dsp Aphu S>hp_u R>, S>_ L$pfZ `psp_ Mv$ \pe A rhQpfhp_y R>.
s\u Ap`u Apop L$f R> kd`Zpv$l `|hdyd: qL$ kv$p q\s: &
L$p ddp^dsp cpep `psp`p esp chs &&
A\ps :- kd`Z L$ep `lgp, (bkb^ kL$pf \ep s
`lgp) QpX$pguhs klS> A_ ApNsyL$ v$pj\u vy$$ \egp ly pL$s h,
iy kv$p Dd lsp ? _p, L$v$pr` Dd _ lsp. `fsy S>d QpX$pgu
fpS>`_u \C, sd kd`Z L$fhp\u S> ly Dd `v$_ `pep. bkb^
gu^p `lgp_u dpfu [\rs_p ly rhQpf L$fy sp ly QpX$pguhs lsp.
`R>u fpS>`_uh `pep. d_ KQy \p_ dey. `R>u L$pCL$ L$pfZhi
fpA s_y A`dp_ L$ey sp s_p\u s `y_: QpX$pguhs b_u S>hp_u _\u.
s sp fpS>fpZuS> fli. s\u fpZu`v$ `pdsp `lgp s_u S> A^dsp
217

lsu s s_ p \hp_u _\u. AV$g L$ fpA L$fg A`dp_\u s_ L$iu

h^y A^dsp \hp_u _\u. A fus, cNhv$ Apop_p A_pv$f_ L$pfZ
cNhp__u dpfp D`f Aksp \hp\u, dpfp S>hp (`lgp_u QpX$pgu
S>hp) A^d_u h^y A^dsp iu \hp_u lsu ? `lgp dpfu S> A^dsp
lsu s_p L$fsp h^y A^dsp lfNuT \hp_u _\u. sp `R>u Apop_p
DgO_ dpV$ dpf Mv$ L$fhp_u L$ `psp` L$fhp_u iu S>$f ?
Ap bpbs_ Np. u`y{$jpdA _pfu $` fS|> L$fu R>. s
_pfu Ap dpZ R> :_ : A^dsp AV$g Ahp ce L$ dpfp\u pL$s h \C S>hpi sp ?
Df : s sp klS> R>; ly (uhgc) pL$s S> Ry>.
_ : dpfp\u AcNhv$ue b_u S>hpi sp ? AV$g L$ cNhp_ kp\_p
dpfp kb^ R|>V$u S>i sp ?
Df : cNhp_ kp\_p kb^ _l] Ry>V$. cNph_ dpfp L$v$pr` epN L$ep
_\u. L$pfZ L$ ANuL$pf (ANuL$s_ L$v$u _ eS>hp shp NyZ) A sp
cNhp__p r_e ^d R>. cNhp_ dpfp epN L$ep _\u A_ lh `R>u
`Z epN _l] S> L$f, Ad rk R>.
_ : sp `R>u cy_u Aksp sp \C R> _ ?
Df : cy_u Aksp cg \C. A [\rsdp `Z b kb^ \sp
`lgp_u (A^d) v$ip L$fsp Aepf dpfu v$ip Dd R>. b kb^
`lgp_u S>d, Aepf dpfu A^d v$ip _\u. sp dpf ip dpV$ `Qpsp`
L$fhp CA ?
l As:L$fZ ! rhQpf L$f. sy Ap fus rhQpf L$fui sp spfpdp
cNhv$ kpv$ (ksp) p L$fhp $`u v$e S>hy Dd kp^_ L$V$
\i. v$u_sp \sp, cy_u ksp p \i A_ Aksp r_h \i.
_p^ : u gpL$_y Ap rhhfZ d u`y{$jpdA L$fg Ap
N\_p rhhfZ_p A_yhpv$dp\u gu^y R>. s\u L$pC h^y-ApRy> gMpey lpe
sp d_ ndp L$fip. A dpfp iv$p _\u; `fsy s_p cph kp\ ly kds
\pD Ry>.
218

A cph, Ap`Z Ap fus kdS>hp e_ L$fuiy. Ap`u Apop

L$f R>. ""l As:L$fZ ! s cy_ kd`Z L$ey s `lgp spfu S> [\rs
lsu (A^d) s_p L$fsp sp rhepN_u [\rs OZu KQu R>. rhepN sp
rhepN. `fsy s\u fpS>fpZu sp flhpe R> _ ! kd`Z `lgp_u [\rs
A afu\u `lpQu sp _\u S>hpsy _ ! Ad R> sp, s L$iy Nydpey _\u.
s\u spf npc A_ychhp_u S>$f _\u. rhepNdp `Z Ap_v$ R>. am_p
rhgb s_ S>$f \ep R>. `fsy ampr_u rsnp_p Ap_v$, s nrs_u
`|rs L$fi.
A_ cNhv$ Apop_p DO_ pfp ly QpX$pgu_u [\rsA
`pR>p afsp _ lpJ sp dpfpdp Ahu L$C A^dsp Aphu R> S>_ dpV$ dpf
`Qpsp` L$fhp `X$ ?
Ap sp R> dp_rkL$ kOj_u `fpL$p$p. `ps cNhv$ Apop_p
A_pv$f L$ep. `qfZpd, ag pqdp rhgb \ep; s\u iy h s dpV$
DN L$fhp ? udlpcyA Ap __y kyv$f kdp^p_ L$ey R>. Ap`u
Ap fus rhQpf R>, ""l h ! Apdkd`Z `lgp sy A^d (QpX$pgu
kd) lsp. s Apdkd`Z L$ey, s\u sy A_p v$pk (L$Zv$pk) bep.
A fus sy fpS>fpZu_y (`cy_y khL$`v$) DQ `v$ `pep R>. lh am
pq lp\hsdp R>; s AN Apop `Z \C NC - ""Qpep Aph, spfp
hNf d_ Ndsy _\u.'' `fsy Ae cNhv$ Apop_p `pg_ A\ s cy
`pk Qpep S>hp_u Apop_p A_pv$f L$ep. s_p\u ag pqdp rhgb
S>$f \ep R>. rhgb sp \ep R>; `fsy fpS>fpZu_y `v$ (L$Z_p v$pkh_y
`v$) sp fy R> _ ! A v$pkcph L$ep Nep R> ? spf dpV$ kd`Z
`lgp_u [\rs L$epfe Aphhp_u _\u. hpduA lp\`L$X$ep R>. s
L$epfL$ Ak \pe. `fsy spfp `L$X$gp lp\s L$v$u _l] R>pX$. s\u Aphu
eNsp ip dpV$ ? s dpV$ spf v$pjcph A_ychu_ `psp` L$fhp_u iu
S>$f R> ? s Ahy L$iy _\u L$ey S>_ dpV$ spf `psp` L$fhp `X$.
uhgc `psp_p d__y kdp^p_ ip^ R>. A_ rhQpf R>.
""cyA s_ S> L$pep L$fhp c|sg D`f dpL$ep R>, s b^p L$pep s kpfu
219

fus L$ep R>. lh spfp rhepN kl_ _ \sp s s_ `pR>p bpgph R>. `fsy
c|sg D`f_p pL$V$e kp\ kL$mpeg AL$ L$pe_ `yfy L$fhp_u CR>p\u s
rhepN huL$pep; A_ sy s_u `pk `pR>p _ Nep. Aphy s b hpf L$ey.
`fsy u Apop \sp, kN_u Ncufsp s_ kdC. s_ kdey L$
cy spfp rhepN kl_ L$fu iL$sp _\u. Ap\u s u Apop rifp^pe
L$fu. Apdp Ahp s dpV$p L$ep v$pj \ep R>. S> dpV$ `psp` L$fhp `X$ !
Ap fus udv$pQpeQfZ h_p ^d A_ykpf rhQpf L$fhp_p
D`v$i `psp_p As:L$fZ_ Ap` R> A_ `R>u "cNhp_ hs
CR>phpmp R>.' Ahy kdhhp dpV$, Ap`u cNhv$ ^d A_ykpf
D`v$i Ap` R>.
ke kL$`sp rh_pe\p sy L$qfers &
Apoh L$pep kss, hprdplp@e\p chs &&
AV$g L$ cNhp_ qh ke kL$`hpmp R>. s\u am
Ap`hp_u bpbsdp `ps S> kL$` (CR>p) L$ep li s\u bu L$pC fus
s am _l] Ap`. s\u ldip ucy_u Apop dpZ S> L$pe L$fhy. A
rkhpe bu fus L$pe L$fhp\u AV$g L$ cy Apop dpZ L$pe _
L$fhp\u, hpdupl \ep L$lhpe.
uNpLy$g_p\ dlpfpS> ""Apoh L$pe kss'' A_
""hprdplp@e\p chs'' A b hpL$ep_p cph Ap fus kdh
R>Apoh L$pep kss_p cph sp `$ R>. A hpL$e pfp ""Apop
dpZ L$fhy'' Ahy kde R>. A_ "hprdplp@e\p chs' A
hpL$e_p Arcpe Ap dpZ kdS>hp :
udv$ cpNhsdp_p ag L$fZdp uhS>cL$spA cph pY$u hX$
cy_u Apop_y DO_ L$ey. R>sp sd_ agpq \C. A fus ly `Z
cy_u Apop_y DO_ L$fui sp d_ `Z ag pq \i, Ahy dp_hp_u
c|g dpfy As:L$fZ L$fsy lpe sp s_y s Aop_ (c|g) dV$pX$hp dpV$
S> bp^p[s (bp^ L$fsy L$\_) bsphu s sdp "hpdupl' `v$_p Apie
220

Ap dpZ R>.
ag L$fZdp uhS>cL$spA cNhv$ Apop_y S> DO_ L$ey R>
s sp ucy_ A_ uNp`uS>_p A b_, kh `yfyjp\ rk L$fphu
Ap`_pf \ey R>. A_ $ps $` gC_, l As:L$fZ ! sy `Z sd
L$fui sp s_ A_ ucy_, cy_, b_ rh`fus am dmi. L$pfZ L$
Np`uS>_pA L$fg cNhv$ Apop_y DO_, sd_ am dmhpdp flgp
rsb^_ v|$f L$fhp_p D`epNdp Apey. s_p\u cy_ A_ Np`uS>_p_
r_fqh_ `fdp_v$ rk \ep. `fsy s L$fg cNhv$ Apop_y DO_,
cyA s_ v$hp ^pfg ag_u prdp rsb^ $` b_u Ney R>. s\u
cy_ $p^ \pe sd `Z b_. `qfZpd sAp ag Ap`hpdp rhgb L$f
Ahy `Z b_. s\u s L$fg cNhv$ Apop_y DO_ A ucy_p A`fp^
\ep L$lhpe. Aphp A`fp^\u bQhp dpV$ h ldip hpdu_u Apop_y
`pg_ L$fhy. sd _ L$fhpdp Aph sp hpdupl \pe, Ahp Apdp
cph R>.
uhgc "cNhv$ Apop cN_y `qfZpd' A rhje D`f (1)
h ^dp_y kpf A_ (2) cNhv$ ^dp_ykpf rhQpf L$ep. lh Ap`u
(3) khL$ ^dp_ykpf s_p D`f rhQpf L$fsp L$l R> :khL$e sy ^dpe hpdu he L$qfers &
A_ `R>u L$l R> - ""`psp`: L$\ s, khL$pl _ Qpe\p''
Ap b D[sAp pfp Ap`u khL$_p ^d ip R> s kdh R>.
Ap`u Apop L$f R>, ""khL$_p ^d hpdu_u Apop_y `pg_
L$fhy s R>. s s_p ^d bhi sp hpdu `psp_p ^d S>$f bhi.
r_S> cL$sp_p hpdu (ucy) _p ^d R>, `psp_p cL$sp_y Ap gpL$
A_ `fgpL$ kb^u b^y rk L$fu Ap`hp_p.
Agb, NNpkpNf kNd d_ dmgu `lgu Apop A_
d^yh_dp d_ dmgu bu Apop-v$l v$i_p `qfepN_u Apop - d _
`pmu; `fsy gpL$p_u ANpQf \hp_u (kes_u) u Apop sp d
S>$f `pmu R>. A\ps khL$ sfuL$_p dpfp ^d (hpdu Apop_y `pg_)
221

\pX$pL$ dpX$p, `Z d bep R>. s_y L$pfZ A R> L$ :khL$pl, _ Qpe\p

ly cy_p khL$ Ry>; Ae\p _\u: AV$g L$ khL$ rkhpe buSy>
L$iy _\u. ly dpfp hpdu_p khL$ Ry>; AV$gp dpV$ sp sZ d_ u
Apop L$fu. s pfp sdZ dpfp khL$cph_ dpe fpep R>. dpfp
khL$cph R>u_hu ghpdp _ Apep lpe sp, sd_u b Apop_y `pg_ d
_ L$ey s dpV$ dpf ip dpV$ `psp` L$fhp ?
A_ ly khL$ Ry>, sp s dpfp hpdu R>. A_ s L$pC gpqL$L$
hpdu _\u. ""gpqL$L$ cyhs L$Zp _ $e L$v$pQ_'' - L$Z_ gpqL$L$
hpdu L$v$u `Z _ dp_ip. s gpqL$L$ hpdu lps sp s_u ApopAp_p
DO_ dpV$ _pfpS> \C_ sZ dpfy khL$ `v$ R>u_hu gu^y lps. `fsy
dpfp hpduA sd L$ey _\u; s bsph R> L$ s gpqL$L$ hpdu _\u. s sp
dpfp AgpqL$L$ hpdu R>. A_ s\u S> s ke kL$` R>. ke kL$`
lphp\u s `psp_p kL$` (CR>p) dpZ S> b^y L$fi. s sp
c[scph`|hL$ b^y cy_ kdr`_ sy s_p khL$ b_u bW$p R> A_ sZ
spfp khL$ sfuL$ ANuL$pf L$ep R>. s\u sy L$sp\ R>. lh spf v$pj
A_ychhp_u S>$f _\u-kyMu ch - AV$g L$ sy kyMu \p.
kh kdr`s cL$ep, L$sp\p@rk kyMu ch &&
udlpcy_y d_pd\_ lSy> Qpgy R>. Ap`u Apop L$f R>,
""l As:L$fZ ! s b Apop_y DO_ khL$ cph S> L$ey R>. hpdu_u
AL$ Apop_p `pg_ A\ s_u bu Apop_u Ahop s L$fu lpe sp `Z
sy s_p khL$ S> fl R>. spfp hpdu spfp khL$cph kdS> R>. A_ s_u
L$v$f `Z L$f R>. s spfp D`f L$v$u `Z Nyk \i _l]. L$pfZ L$ s
AgpqL$L$ hpdu R>. D`fps s `lgp\u S> _L$L$u L$fu fpey R>. lh s
L$fg ApopcN_p blp_, s `psp_p kL$`dp\u afu S>i _l]. s\u
ApopcN dpV$ sy DN _ L$fui. cNhv$ khL$ lphp\u sy L$sp\ R>;
kyMu \p.
`fsy kd g L$ spfpdp khL$cph R>; s\u AL$ khL$ sfuL$
222

spfy L$se, spfp hpdu_u Apop dpZ L$pd L$fsp flhp_y R>. Apop
dpZ L$pd _ L$fhpdp Aph sp s hpdu pl NZpe. khL$_p ^d Apop
`pg__p R>. khL$ `psp_p ^d bh sp hpdu `psp_p ^d Ahe
bhi. AV$g L$ Ap gpL$ A_ `fgpL$ kb^u spfy rls rhQpfu_, s
spfp b^p L$pd L$fi. s\u s L$fg Apop cN dpV$ sy eN _ b_ui.
NNpkpNfdp \egu `lgu Apop A_ d^yh_dp \egu bu
Apop s _ `pmu; A_ s v$lv$i_p `qfepN L$ep; `fsy u Apop
\sp gpL$ rk kepk NlZ L$fu_ s NlepN L$ep. Ap fus u
Apop_p `pg_ hX$ s spfp khL$ ^d bep R>.
ApV$gy L$lu_ ApQpeu bly cpf`|hL$ `psp_p khL$^d_u
lfps L$f R>. Ap` L$l R> L$ Ald khL$: Ae\p _ & AV$g L$ ly sp
L$Z_p khL$ Ry>. buSy> L$iy _\u. A_ Ap sp R> Ap hpL$e.
`psp_p h$`_u `$ A_ Akqv$^ fus lfps L$ep `R>u,
udlpcy r_S> hpdu_p h$`_u lfps L$f R>. Ap` L$l R> L$
L$Z_ gpqL$L$ hpdu _ dp_ip.
_ gpqL$L$ cy: L$Zp d_ys _h gpqL$L$d
s gpqL$L$ hpdu _\u; s\u gpqL$L$_ _lu dp_. s gpqL$L$
lps sp `psp_u Apop_p A_pv$f \sp s Nyk \ps A_ `psp_
(uhgc_) khL$`v$\u v|$f L$fs. `fsy s AgpqL$L$ hpdu lphp\u,
Apop_u Ahop \ep R>sp s Nyk _ \ep. `lgu Apop_p cN \sp,
bu A_ `R>u u Apop `Z Ap`u. s bsph R> L$ cy_ r_S> khL$
Ahp hgc_ `psp_p khL$ `v$\u v|$f L$ep _\u. Apop sp r_S> khL$p_
S> A`pe. cyA Ap`g u Apop `$`Z Ahp kL$s L$f R> L$
ucy l `Z uhgc_ `psp_p khL$ $` kdS> R>. hgc A
Apop_y `pg_ L$fu_ r_S> khL$^d_p r_hpl L$ep R>.
epf`R>u uhgc `psp_p As:L$fZ_ AL$ gpqL$L$ $ps
Ap`u_, `ps u Apop ip dpV$ `pmu s kdh R>.
223

pY$p@r` vy$rlsp e_lp es hf &

s\p v$l _ L$se hfsyers _pe\p &&
A\ps :- S>d `psp_u dpV$u \egu v$uL$fu_, _lhi, s_p
r`sp s_p `rs `pk _ dpL$g sp s_p `rs kspj `pdsp _\u. sd l
As:L$fZ, spf v$lepN L$fhp bpbsdp rhgb _ L$fhp. rhgb L$fui sp
cy spfp\u rhepN `pdu_, k _l] \pe. s\u rh_p rhgb, v$lepN
L$fu_ sy spfp hpdu (hf) `pk `lpQu .
kpv$preL$ dpesp dpZ uhgc hprd_u h$` R>. Ap
hps b^p `yr dpN}e hZhp Z R>. hpdu, hprd_u_p rhfl
kl_ _ L$fu iL$ sp, hprd_uA r_S> hpdu `pk S>hy S> fy. AL$
gpqL$L$ $ps Ap`sp Ap`u Apop L$f R> L$ `psp_u `ys he `lpQu
Neg v$uL$fu_, s_p r`sp, _lhi s_p `rs `pk _ dpL$g sp s_p hf
kspj _ `pd. s\u uhgc `psp_p v$l kcpmu fpM AV$g L$
c|sg D`f `psp_u [\rs Qpgy fpM A_ r_e gugpdp kpdg _ \pe
sp sd_p hpdu L$Z kspj _ `pd. Aphy rhQpfu_ Ap`uA A u
Apop `pmu. lh Ap`u r_e gugpdp `y_: kpdg \i; sd_p
hpdu_ sd_p rhepN kl_ L$fhp _l] `X$. s\u sd_p hpdu ksy$
\i.
`|e epd d_plf bphpu (`pgphpmp) - heL$ `yu_
`rsNl dpL$ghp bpbs Ap fus kdh R> Ap`Zp v$l cy_ A`Z L$fhpdp Apep R>. s\u s cy_p
D`cpN dpV$ R>. Ap`Z s v$l hX$ cykhp L$fhp_u R>. `fsy v$l
e_p dpl hi \C_ Ap`Z s_ cy_u khpdp _ epA sp A
v$l_p hpdu L$Z L$hu fus kspj `pd ?
uhgc rhQpf R>. ""dpfp v$l\u dpf dpfp hpdu_u khp
L$fhp_u R>. dpfp hpdu d_ `psp_u khp dpV$ bpgph R>. `fsy d dpfp
v$l s_ `pR>p _ Apep. Agb d L$pC s_u e_p dpl\u s_ fpMu
d|L$ep _\u. dpfp hpdu_u S> AL$ bu Apop ksu s `pmhp dpV$ d
224

s_ fpMu d|L$ep lsp. `fsy dpf kdS>hy Csy lsy s Apop L$f_pf cy
`psp_u Apop Nd epf bv$gu iL$ R>. d_ epf u Apop \C epf
d_ s kdey. A_ S>hy kdey L$ sfs d s Apop_y `pg_ L$ey.
Ap fus udv$pQpeQfZ `psp_p As:L$fZ_y kdp^p_ L$f R>.
A_ Apop L$f R> L$ AiL$e lqffhpqs dpl dp Np: L$\Q_ - AV$g L$ `psp_p\u
_ b_u iL$ shp AiL$e L$pddp ulqf `ps cL$sp_p kh `yfyjp\p rk
L$f_pfp R>. s\u L$pC`Z fus sy dpl_ p _ \Ci. sy S>fp `Z DN
_ L$fui A_ rQhq_ q\f fpMS>.
sp`e A L$ "kh ^d e_ dpf AL$gp_ S> ifZ Aph' A
hpL$e\u `psp_ ifZ Aph_pf h_p b^p `p` v|$f L$fhp_u OpjZp
L$f_pf cNhp_ L$Z, ifZpNs h_p fnL$ R>, Ahp qhQpf L$f. Ap
fus cNhp__u ifZpNrs_p rhQpf L$fhp dp\u S> spfp b^p DN v|$f
\C S>i. A_ s_ cNhL$`p p \i.
Ap b^y uhgc `psp_p As:L$fZ_ r_rds b_phu_,
`psp_p khL$p_p rls dpV$ L$y R>. cL$sp s_p sp`e_ kdS> sp sAp
r_qQs`Zp_ `pd.
uhgc_p Ap iv$p pfp `$ \pe R> L$ `psp_p As:L$fZ_
Ap`g D`v$i_p dd cL$sp kdS>. AV$g L$ `psp_p As:L$fZ_ blp_
cL$spA Ap b^p_y sp`e kdS>hp_y R>. sAp A kdS>i sp sAp
r_[Qssp p L$fi. sd_u A Apop Ap dpZ R> :Crs uL$Zv$pke hgce rls hQ: &
rQ rs ev$pL$Z cL$sp r_[ssp hS>s &&
"L$Zv$pke hgc' AV$g (1) cL$sp kp\ gugpfk_p S>_
Aphi \egp R> Ahp uL$Z_p v$pk A\hp (2) S>dZ `yr$dpN}e
ag$` cy_y v$pkh p L$fgy R> Ahp cNhp_ uL$Z_p v$pk hgc
A\hp (3) S> cy_, A_ iy `yr$dpN}e v$pkh S>Z p L$ey R>
Ahp `yq$ cL$sp_, re (hgc) R> Ahp hgc 225

Ahp L$Zv$pk hgc_y Ap rls L$pfL$ hQ_ ApL$e (kpfu

fus) kpcmu_ b^p cL$sp r_[ssp_ p L$f R>.
re hZhp ! As:L$fZ bp^ N\_p rhje OZp k|d A_
N|Y$ R>. dpfp S>hp kpdpe dp_hu s_p dd _ kd iL$ sp `R>u s
kdhu sp L$d S> iL$ ? `fsy uNpLy$g_p\, ufOy_p\ A_
u`yfyjpd Apqv$ ^yf^f V$uL$pL$pfpA A N\_u S> V$uL$pAp L$fu R> s_p
Ap^pf, uhgc_p v$pk Ap N\_p cph_ kdep R>. d_ Mpu R>.
L$ D`eyL$s dlp_ycphp_p de bm, A kdhg rhje, cL$sp_
kpfu fus kdC S>i. s kd_, A_ udlpcy `pk\u bp^
`pdu_, udlpcy_p b^p khL$p, Aphp cNhv$ Apop cN S>hp
kN, iy L$fhy s kd_, A_ s dpZ hs}_ r_[ssp A_ychi.
udlpcy L$pC kp^pfZ h _\u. Ap`u sp
uNp`uS>_p_p S>hp iy `yq$ h R>. r_e gugp q\s, gugp
de`psu h R>; Ahp iy`yr$ h hsys: L$Z R>. Ap`u_p
Aprhcph \ep cy Apop_ L$pfZ A_ Ap`u_ rsfpcph (Apkyf
epdpl gugp) \ep R> s `Z cy Apop_ L$pfZ. Ap` sp hpdu_u
h$` R>. hsys: uhprd_u_p rhflpq_y d|s h$` AV$g
uhgc sd_ v$lcph L$ v$l e_u ddsp lpe S> _l]. Ap\u v$l
e_p dpl_ L$pfZ Ap`u v$l v$i `qfepN_u Apop_p A_pv$f L$v$u
_ L$f. A_ sdp `Z "v$lv$i `qfepN'_u A Apop sp r_e gugpdp
hi L$fhp dpV$_u lsu. s\u sApA s_p cN L$ep lpe sp s_y
Ae bly kbm L$pfZ lphy CA.
Ap`u_p r_e gugp_p h - r_e gugp_p Ap_v$ dpZu
Q|L$gp h R>p. L$hm cNhv$ Apop_p `pg_ A\ S> Ap`u c|sg `f
`^pep. s\u Aphu r_e gugp hi_u Apop \sp S> Ap`u s_
h^phu g. s_p A_pv$f _ L$f. sd R>sp Ap`uA Ahu b Apop_u
Ahop ip dpV$ L$fu ? s_y Ae L$pfZ lphy CA.
dpfu dv$ byq dpZ A Ap`u_u L$pC _hu_ gugpS> lpC iL$
226

- s\h se gugsu dhp - AV$g L$ s_ uhgc_u L$pC gugp

dp_hu.
uhgc_u Ap gugp_y L$pfZ, kpdpe dp_h byq\u kd
_ iL$pe. `ps cg cNhv$ Apop\u v$l ^pfZ L$ep lpe; `fsy AL$ hpf
dp_hv$l ^pfZ L$ep AV$g d_hprQs gpqL$L$ ehlpfp `Z (L$p`V$ejy)
L$fhp `X$. AV$gp dpV$ Ap`uA cy Apop_p DO_ dpV$ Aphy
d_pd\_ L$ey li; Ae\p _ sp Ap` cNhv$ Apop_y DO_ L$f _
Ap`u_ L$pC`Z L$pf_y d_pd\_ L$fhp_u S>$f `X$.
Ap N\dp dpfp Nyfyv$h uhgc, b-Z h$`pdL$ rh^p_p
L$ep R>, S> lfL$pC hgcu hZh kdS>hp S>hp R>. Ap`u cpf`|hL$,
Akqv$^ iv$pdp L$l R>, ""khL$p@ld _ Q Ae\p'' AV$g L$
uhgc L$Z_p khL$ R>. khL$ rkhpe buSy> L$iy _\u. s D`fps
Ap`u hpfhpf L$l R>, ""L$Zv$pke hgc'' - AV$g L$ hgc
L$Z_p v$pk R>. Ap`uA `psp_ ldip L$Zv$pk hgc _pd\u
ApmMpep R>. L$Z sd_p hpdu R>. ukybpr^_udp L$Z_p
pL$V$e_p Ahkf Ap`u `pNg_u S>d `pL$pfu EW$ R>, ""pvy$cysp dd
hpdu'' AV$g L$ dpfp hpdu L$Z_p pvy$cph \ep. Ap`u hpfhpf
L$Z `pk A S> dpN R> - ""v$hi ! `pX$h`s ! dd v$lu v$ped'' l
hpdu, d_ Ap`_y v$pkh Ap`p.
L$V$gp A_ L$hp Y$ R> L$Zv$pk hgc_p khL$ cph ! L$hu
Y$sp\u L$ep R> Ap`uA L$Z_p hpduh_p huL$pf ! ""L$Z
uNp`uS>_p A_ uhgc S>hp iy `yr$ hp_p hpdu R>. A_
sdpd `yr$ hp (iy rd b^p) L$Z_p khL$ R>, A r_rhhpv$
lL$uL$s R>.''
Ap R> As:L$fZ bp^ N\_p dd.
- S>e uL$Z
***
227

8. rhhL$^epe:
rhhL$^e kss fnZue s\pe: &
rhhL$sy lqf: kh r_S>R>ps: L$qfers && 1 &&
pr\s hp ss: qL$ eps hpercpekieps &
kh se kh rl khkpdedh Q && 2 &&
Arcdp_ kepe: hpe^u_hcph_ps &
rhijsv$pop epv$ As:L$fZNpQf: && 3 &&
sv$p rhijNepqv$ cpe rc sy v$rlL$ps &
Ap`epqv$L$pejy lW$epe kh\p && 4 &&
A_pNl kh ^dp^dpNv$i_d &
rhhL$p@e kdpepsp ^e sy rhr_$es && 5 &&
qvy $ :Mkl_ ^ e d pd s : kh s : kv$p &
s$hv l hpe S>X$hp ` cpe h s && 6 &&
suL$pfp eR>ps: rkpNlu chs &
cpepv$u_p s\pejpdksp$d kls && 7 &&
herd[eL$peprZ L$pehpX$d_kp eS>s &
Ai|fZpr` L$se hepkpdecph_ps && 8 &&
Aie lqff h pqs kh d pesp ch s &
Askl_dpsdpep@sp r_$es && 9 &&
ArlL$ `pfgpL$ Q kh\p ifZ lqf: &
vy$:Mlp_p s\p `p` ce L$pdp`|fZ && 10 &&
cspl cecph csprs$d L$s &
Aie hp kyie hp kh\p ifZ lqf: && 11 &&
AlL$pfL$s Qh `pe`pjZfnZ &
`peprs$dZ Qh s\pshpers$d && 12 &&
Agp q L$L$d_:rkp khp \ ifZ lqf: &
Ah rQ kv$p cpe hpQp Q `qfL$uses && 13 &&
228

Aee cS>_ s hsp Nd_dh Q &

p\_pL$pedp@r` ssp@e rhhS>es && 14 &&
Arhpkp _ L$se: kh\p bp^L$sy k: &
bpQpsL$p cpep p khs r_dd: && 15 &&
e\p L$\ r QL$pep r Z Ly $ ep v y $ QphQper` &
qL$ hp ps_ bly_p ifZ cpheqfd && 16 &&
AhdpeZ ps khjp khv$p rlsd &
L$gp cepqv$dpNp rl vy$:kpep Crs d drs: &&17 &&
Crs uhgcpQperhfrQsp rhhL$^epe: kdp: &&

rhhL$, ^e A_ Ape, A Z c[s_p ApheL$ ANp R>.

sd_p Acph c[sdp ri\ugsp Aph A_ c[s `pNmu b_u e.
s\u, c[s_ Y$ b_phhp dpV$, - rhhL$ ^e kss fnZue s\pe: AV$g L$ rhhL$, ^e A_ Ape_y kv$p fnZ L$fhy, Ahu udlpcy_u
Apop R>.
s_y rh khp pfp, cNhv$ cs, khpdp `v$p`Z L$f R>.
`fsy s_u c[s kss A_ Y$sp\u \C iL$ s dpV$ s_y As:L$fZ iy
A_ q\f lphy BA. As:L$fZ_ [\f b_phhp dpV$ _hf_d A_
As:L$fZ bp^, A b N\p_y fle kd ghy `X$. sd L$ep `R>u
`Z, `psp_u byq A_ rQ L$ S> As:L$fZdp be ANp R> sd_u iyq
A\, sZ rhhL$^epe N\_p fle_ kpfu fus rhQpfhy CA.
Ap N \ _p V$uL$pL$pf, QpQp uNp ` f dlpfpS>
(uNykpC_p kpsdp gpg uO_epdgpg_p qsue gpg S>d k.
1663_p cp`v$ hv$u `pQd), Apop L$f R> L$ ""c[sdpN_p huL$pf
L$f_pf_ ucNhp__y v$pk` rk \pe R>. cNhp__p v$pk b_sp, s
cNhv$ khpdp h \pe R>. `fsy cNhp__p A v$pk, cNhv$ khp
kyQpfy $` L$fu iL$ Ahp lsy\u, A_ s_u c[s_ Y$ b_phhp_p
De\u, udv$pQpeQfZ, Ap N\dp rhhL$, ^e A_ Ape_y
229

rhspf`|hL$ rhhQ_ L$f R>.

udlpcyA hfrQs "r_b^'dp hv$pL$s L$d, op_ A_
c[s dpN_y rhhQ_ bly kpfu fus L$ey R>. sd R>sp, Ap N\_p As
L$p dpZ, Ap L$rgL$pgdp A b^p dpNp vy$:kpe b_u Nep R>. lh
A b^p dpNp v$y:kpe b_u Nep lpe sp, A dpNp_ A_ykfhpdp
Ai[sdp_ b_gp csp_, ifZ dpN_p sd_ D`v$i Ap`hp DrQs
R>; Ahy rhQpfu_ Apep R>. sdp Ap`uA Apop L$fu R> L$ Adp S>
Ape R> s_p kp^_$` rhhL$ A_ ^e_y fnZ gpL$dp h L$fsp
flhp_y R> Ap fus Ap N\_p `lgp gpL$dp rhhL$ A_ ^e s\p
Ape_p fnZ_u ApheL$sp bsphu R>.
rhhL$ ^e kss fnZue s\p e: &
rhhL$sy lqf: kh r_S>R>ps: L$qfers &&
A\ps : rhhL$ A_ ^e_y kv$p fnZ L$fhy. sd_y fnZ A L$pf
L$fhy L$ S>\u uL$Z_p Ape rk \pe. rhhL$_y h$` Aphy R> : kh
vy$:M_y lfZ L$f_pf ulqf `psp_u CR>p\u b^y L$fi. (h A dpZ
lfOX$u rhQpfhy A_ hpZu\u bpghy s_y _pd rhhL$).
udv$pQpeQfZ Apop L$f R> L$ h rhhL$ A_ ^e_y kv$p fnZ
L$fhy. sd_p `pg_dp S> S> bp^pAp Aph s_ v|$f L$fsp flhy s_y _pd
fnZ. sd_y fnZ L$fhp_u ApheL$sp AV$gp dpV$ R> L$ sd_p (rhhL$
A_ ^e_p) hX$ S> Ape rk \i; Ahp Ape rk \ep `R>u `Z
rhhL$ A_ ^e_y fnZ L$fsp flhp_y R>.
Ape h L$rs\u kpe _\u. rhhL$ A_ ^e sp L$v$pQ h
`ps e_`|hL$ dmhu iL$. `fsy h_ Ape epf S> dm epf
L$`pmy L$Z L$`p L$fu_ s_ Ape_y v$p_ L$f. A fus Ape_u pq
\ep `R>u `Z s_y fnZ L$fhp_y R>.
rhhL$, ^e A_ Ape_p kpdpe A\ sp kp L$pC kd iL$
R>. `fsy Ap N\dp A Z iv$p_ rhri$ A\dp epS>hpdp Apep
R>.
230

Ape rk \hpdp, rhhL$ A_ ^e, h_ klpe$` b_ R>.

s\u `lgp s b_y h$` kdiy A_ `R>u Ape_y h$`
kdS>hp_p e_ L$fuiy. sp `lgp rhhL$; khpdp h h_ kp\u
`lgp rhhL$_u S>$f R>; A_ `R>u ^ufS>_u. rhhL$ A_ ^ufS> b_
aguc|s \hp dpV$ cNhp__p Ape fpMhp_u S>$f R>. A fus sp
A_y$d rhhL$, ^e A_ Ape A c[s dpN_p $d R>. s\u `lgp
rhhL$ :
rhhL$_p kpdpe A\ R> "kpfpkpf_y op_' kpfy iy A_ MpVy$ iy
A kd_ kpfy NlZ L$fhy A_ MpVy$ e v$hy s_y _pd rhhL$. kpdpe
byq sp `iyApdp `Z lpe R>. `fsy kpfp-MpV$p_p cv$ kd_ kpfy
NlZ L$fhy A_ MpVy$ e v$hy Ahu rhhL$ byq sp L$hm dp_hpZudp
S> lpe R>.
Ap N\_p `lgp gpL$_p qsue QfZdp rhhL$_y h$`
kdey R>. ""rhhL$sy lqf: kh r_S>R>ps: L$qfers'. A\ps
ulqf kh L$pC r_S>R>p\u L$fi Ad kdS>hy s_y _pd rhhL$.
A fus kdS>sp, Al] udv$pQpeQfZ rhhL$ iv$_ rhri$
A\ v$p_ L$ep R>. udlpcyA Ap`g rhhL$_u Ap epep D`f
rhhQ_ L$fsp AL$pv$ N\cfpC e. `fsy A_p kpv$p ku^p A\ Ahp R>
L$ ""lqf L$lsp'' kh_p vy$:Mp_ lf_pf cy, h_p b^p L$pep epNndpqv$ gpqL$L$ L$pep A_ cNhv$ khp kb^u AgpqL$L$ L$pep `psp_u CR>p\u S> rk L$fi. Ae\p _l].
hZhpA rhhL$_p cph A_ s_p h$`_ `$`Z kd
ghp_u S>$f R>. s kdS>hpdp klpec|s \hp_u [$\u, rhhL$_p Sy>v$p
Sy>v$p h$`p_p `qfQe, ly sd_, udv$pQpe_u ApopAp_p Ap^pf
L$fphui.
uhS>fpe dlpfpS> (uepdgpgpdS>) lqf `v$_p cph
kdhsp L$l R> L$ ""kh vy$:M_p lsp AV$g lqf, s (lqf) hL$ue
231

csp_y Ap gpL$ A_ `fgpL$ kb^u b^y, r_S>R>p\u, hs CR>p\u

gugR>p\u A\hp L$epfL$ r_S> cL$sp_u CR>p\u rk L$fi s\u lqf
kh L$pC r_S>R>p\u L$fi Ahu byq fpMhu A_ s_y A_yk^p_ hpfhpf
L$fhy, s_y _pd rhhL$. "lqfA NS>_ dpn Apep'' Ap hpL$edp s
NS> S>hp Aby^ pZu_y `Z vy$:M lf R>. Ahy L$lhp dpV$ Al] lqf
`v$ hp`ey R>.
Ahp A lqf r_S> CR>p\u S> b^y L$f R>. L$pfZ L$ S>Ns A
cy_y $uX$pcpX$ (gugp c|rd; fdZ L$fhp_y \m) R>. cyA r_S> $uX$p
dpV$ S>Ns L$V$ L$ey R>. Al] "r_S>' `v$ cy_y sv$ue` L$
cNhv$ue` v$iph R>. s\u cL$s kv$p d_dp Ahy rhQpfhy L$ "kd`Z
L$fu_ ly A_p bep Ry>. lh ly A_p v$pk Ry>. s\u cy r_S> v$pk_y
L$epZ S> L$fi.' A_y _pd rhhL$ (1)
h cy_p v$pk R>. s\u h_y b^y s_p hpdu L$fi. s AV$g
ky^u L$ hdp Ar^L$ sv$ueh a|f sp, AV$g L$, h d_, hQ_
A_ L$d cy_p v$pk b_u e sp, (S> fus ul_ydp_ fpd_p v$pk
bep lsp sd) cNhp_ cL$s_ Ap^u_ b_u e. Abfuj_u bpbsdp
sp cNhp_ `$ AL$fpf L$ep R> L$ "Ald cL$s `fpr^_p' - ly cL$s_
Ap^u_ Ry>. A_ Ap^u_ Ry> s\u cL$s_y L$epZ L$fhp kv$p s`f fly Ry>.
Aphy rhQpfhy s_y _pd rhhL$. (2)
cyA dpfp ANuL$pf L$ep R>. ly s_p khL$ bep Ry>. s_u khp
L$fhu A dpfy L$se R>. s\u ly s_u khp L$fui. dpf dpV$ S> L$pC
A`rns li s b^y dpfp hpdu rk L$fu Ap`i. dpf sp khpS>
L$fhp_u R>. bpL$u_y b^y cy h BR>p\u rk L$fi, Ahy Y$ p\u
dp_hy s_y _pd rhhL$. _hf_dp `Z Ahy S> L$y R> - tQsp L$pr` _
L$pep; spf L$epfe `Z tQsp L$fhp_u _\u. Ap cph_ kd_ s_y
`pg_ L$fhy s_y _pd rhhL$. (3)
_hf_ N\dp udlpcyA Apop L$fu R> :- ""khf
khpdp r_S>R>ps: L$qfers'' A\ps kh_p Cf A_ kh_p Apdp
232

Ahp ucy b^y `psp_u CR>p\u L$fi.

cy b^y r_S>R>p\u L$fi s_p A\ bu fus kdA.
cy b^y `psp_u CR>p\u L$fsp lpe sp h `psp_u CR>p\u L$
kL$`bm L$iy rk L$fu iL$sp _\u. `R>u cg s L$pe gpqL$L$ lpe L$
AgpqL$L$. s\u h S> L$pep L$f s_y L$sh s_y _\u. Ap\u L$pC`Z L$pe
L$fsp, h L$sp`Zp_y Arcdp_ R>pX$u, sV$\cph s L$pe L$fsp flhy
Ahu kdS> AV$g rhhL$. (4)
Ap S>Nsdp_ \sp b^p L$pep cNhv$ gugp$` R>. s_p\u
h_ kyM L$ vy$:M_p A_ych \pe sp s A_ych cNhv$ CR>p_ykpf
\ep R> Ad kdS>hy. A\ps, kh L$pep_p `qfZpd$` h_ S> L$C
kyM-vy$:M_u A_yc|rs \pe s cNhp__p L$sh_ Apcpfu R>. s\u
cNhv$ L$pepdp kyM-vy$:Mde `qfZpdp h sV$\cph cpNhhp.
Ap`Z s L$pep L$ep _\u. s\u Ap`Z s L$pep_p `qfZpdp_p cpL$sp
_\u. S> L$f s cpNh. Ap\u L$pe_p L$sp S> _\u Ahp h, s L$pe_p
`qfZpd_ r_`lsp\u S> AhgpL$.
Cf S> `psp_u CR>p hX$ b^y L$fsp lpe sp s b^p L$pep_p
`qfZpd dpV$ s `ps S> S>hpbv$pf R>. Ap\u L$pep_p `qfZpd $` dmsp
kyM L$ vy$:M_p A_ych Ap`Z_ _ \hp CA. h_p A_ S>Ns_p
b^p L$pep ulqf_p S> R> Ahy kd_ h kpnuc|s b_u_ h_
hhp_y R>. Ap fus, kyM-vy$:Mdp sV$\hq L$mhhu s_y _pd rhhL$.
(5)
Ap\u ApNm h^uA sp Ad L$lhy `X$ L$ h `ps L$pe L$fsp
S> _ lpe sp, s L$pe_y am AdyL$ L$pf_y S> dm Ahu Apip fpMhu
A\hp AdyL$ L$pf_y am `psp_ dm Ahu cy_ p\_p L$fhu s_y _pd
ArhhL$. ArhhL$ AV$g rhhL$_p Acph; A R> rhhL$_y _L$pfpdL$ `pky.
sp`e A L$ `psp_ AdyL$ S> hsy L$ am CA R> Ahu p\_p cy
`pk _ L$fpe. s\u udlpcy Apop L$f R>.
233

prss hp ss: qL$ eps hpercpe kieps &

kh se kh rl khkpdedh Q &&
A\ps : pr\s hsy Ap`hp_u cy_u CR>p R> L$ _l] A
bpbsdp cy_p Arcpe (h_p) Zhpdp _ lphp\u, p\_p
L$fhp\u iy hm ? L$iy S> _l]. A_ cy_ Ap`hp_u CR>p lpe sp,
ArMg bpX$dp Ap b^y cy_y S> R> A_ s b^y Ap`hp dpV$ cy kh
kpde eyL$s R>.(khiqL$sdp_ R>)
uhS>fpS> dlpfpS> r_S> r_hqdp Apop L$f R>. ""dp_u gp L$
h cy_u `pk p\_p L$fu. `fsy s p\_p L$f sp `Z s_ iy dm ?
L$pC `Z _ dm.
NS>_ cyA dpn Apep. s s_u p\_p_ L$pfZ _l].
cyA hR>pA s_ dpn Apep R>. cyA hS>csp_ `Z hR>pA
agv$p_ L$ey R>. sd_u p\_p\u agv$p_ L$fhp_y lps sp "d_ Mc
bkpX$u gC Ap' Ahu p\_p \sp, cy As^p_ ip dpV$ \ps? Ap
fus rhQpfsp cy_u CR>p S> kh L$pe_p L$pfZ$` R>, Ahy args \ey.
s\u p\_p sp r_rd dp R>. CfR>p brgeku.
p\_p L$fhp\u L$iy `Z _ dm. sd sp, hpercpe kieps
AV$g L$ hpdu_p Arcpe Zhpdp kie lphp\u, cy_ p\_p L$fp
R>p `fsy hpdu_p Arcpe\u rh{$ L$fhy A khL$_p ^d _\u.
cNhp_ Ap`Z_ L$iy Ap`hp BR>sp li sp s `psp_u BR>p
dpZ Ap`i S>. A_ _l] Ap`hp_u BR>p lpe sp, s _l] S> Ap`.
sp `R>u cy `pk ip dpV L$iy `Z dpNp R>p? Al] p\_p AV$g syrs
_l]; p\_p AV$g L$pB hsy dpNhu s. Apd, cy `pk L$iy dpNhp
dpV$, cy_u p\_p _ L$fhu A_y _pd rhhL$. (6)
ArMg bpX$dp S> R> s b^y cy_y S> R>. A_ s b^y dmhu
Ap`hp dpV$ cy kd\ R>. b^y cy_y S> lpe sp A_ s R> S> sp
`R>u h s_ `psp_y dp_u bkhp_u c|g L$f sp s ArhhL$ L$lhpe.
b^y cNhp__y R>. `fsy h dp_ R> L$ d e_ L$fu_ Ap hsy dmhu
234

hpshdp sd _\u. cyA A hsy r_S>R>p\u s_ Ap`u R>. hsy

pq dpV$_p sZ L$fgp `yfyjp\ r_rd dp R>. Ap lL$uL$s kd_,
sd L$pB `Z hsy dmhhp dpV$ ucy_u `pk p\_p _ L$fip.
Ap bpbs `fh uhS>fpe dlpfpS>_p Ahp Arcpe R> L$
cy kho R>; p\_p L$f_pf h A`o R>. s A`o lphp\u, cy
`pk iy dpNhy s_u s_ Mbf _\u. s\u dpNu dpNu_ s iy dpNu iL$ ?
s S> dpN s A` S> lpe. s\u h, cy `pk `psp_u BqR>s
A` hsy dpN sp cy s_ s A` hsyS> Ap`; A_ `ps Ap`hp
^pfgu "Ar^L$' hsy s_ _ Ap`. Ly$A L$Z `pk B[e S>r_s
rhje hpk_p_u sq_u dpNZu L$fu sp cyA s_ s Apey. s B
uiyL$v$h\u vy$:rMs v$e bpgu S>hpey, ""Af Ly$! s_ cy `pk
dpNsp _ AphX$ey'' kpQy R>. h cy `pk L$iy _ dpNhy. A_ kho
s\p khiqL$sdp_ cy s_ S> Ap` s s_ huL$pfu ghy. kyv$pdpA
pfL$p_p\`pk L$iy _ dpey. cyA sd_ `psp_p kdp_ b_phu v$u^p.
s\u cy `pk `psp_u BqR>s L$pB hsy _ dpNhu s_y _pd rhhL$. (7)
udlpcy_u Apop_ kdS> - ""cy `pk p\_p L$fhp\u iy
hm ? L$iy _ dm. sd R> sp "cy d_ AdyL$ hsy Ap`p' Ahu
p\_p cy_ L$v$u _ L$fhu. cy `pk dpNhy s_p A\ h_p khL$
cphdp e|_sp A\hp hpdu_p X$lp`Zdp h_p Arhpk.
cy S> L$f R> s Ap`Zp cgp dpV$ R> Ahy Ap`Z bpguA
R>uA Mfp. `fsy hsys: Ap`Z_ sdp rhpk _\u. Ap`Z_
cydp rhpk lpe sp s_u `pk L$iy dpNhp` flsy _\u. cy `pk
dpNhy s_p A\ Ahp \pe L$ cy r_S>R>p\u S> Ap`u fp R> s bfpbf
_\u. A_ sdp Ap` L$epZ _\u. Ap` L$epZ sp s Ap`Z_ S>
_\u Ap`sp A_ Ap`Z S> s_u `pk dpNuA R>uA, s dmhhpdp R>.
s\u s dmhhp dpV$ Ap`Z `p\_p L$fuA R>uA. Ap sp cy_p
X$lp`Zdp Arhpk; _ep hpdupl. Ap` L$epZ ipdp R> s cy
L$fsp iy Ap`Z h^y kpfu fus ZuA R>uA ?
235

Ofdp bpmL$_ V$pCapCX$ \ep R>. kNp`ps Ofdp gpXy$ b_pep

R>. dpv$p bpmL$ s C dpNi. `fsy s_p dp-bp` s_ s _l] S> Ap`.
sd_u `pk gpXy$ R>; sAp s Ap`u iL$ sd R>; R>sp sAp s_y L$epZ
rhQpfu_ s_ s _l] Ap`. sAp Z R> L$ s gpXy$ Mpi sp s_u
dpv$Nu rhL$s h$` `L$X$i A_ L$v$pQ s_y dey \i. s\u, sd_u s
Ap`u iL$hp_u iqL$s lphp R>sp; sAp s_ s Ap`sp _\u. Ap R>
rhhL$_y gpqL$L$ $ps.
AgpqL$L$_u hps L$fuA sp- cy kho R> A_ kh iqL$sdp_
R>. s b^y Z R>. b^y Ap`hp kd\ R>. s `psp_u BR>p dpZ L$f
R>. A_ s S> L$f R> s h_p cgp dpV$ L$f R>; A_ S> L$fi s `Z
h_p cgp dpV$ S> L$fi. Aphy kd cy `pk _ dpNhy s_y _pd
rhhL$. (7)
sd R>sp sd cy_ p\_p L$fp R>p sp s_ iy L$lhpe ?
kpcmp uhc_u Apop Arcdp_ kepe: hpe^u_h cph_ps &
A\ps : ly cy_ Ap^u_ Ry>: Ahy kd_ Arcdp_ kpfu fus
e v$hy.
cy hpdu R>; h s_p khL$ R>. hpdu `psp_p khL$_y
epNnd hl_ L$f R>. `psp_p khL$_y nd ipdp R> s cy Z R> A_
s_p (khL$_p) nd (L$epZ)_u kp\ s s_p epN (rdgp`) L$fphu Ap`
R>. AV$g L$ khL$_y L$epZ rk L$fphu Ap` R>. Ap bpbsdp Y$
rhpk AV$g hpducqL$s; A_ Ap bpbsdp kie AV$g hpdu-pl.
cy `pk dpNhp_p A\ R> s_u Ap`hp_u iqL$s A_ X$lp`Zdp
Arhpk. s_ L$lhpe hpe^u_h_u cph_p_p Acph. hpdu_p
Arcpedp kie _ L$fsp s S> L$pC Ap` R> Ahy rhpk`|hL$ kdS>hy
A_y _pd rhhL$. (8)
h hpdu_ Ap^u_ R>; h hpdu_p v$pk R>. h `psp_p
hpdu_ `psp_y khh_y kd`Z L$ey R>. s\u Ahp r_hv$us hdp
236

Ald A_ ddh (ly ` A_ dpfp`) b _ lphp OV$. ly S>sp

AlL$pf e A_ dpfy S>sp ddh e. `R>u fl L$hm cy_y v$pkh.
A v$pkh_ kv$p b_phu fpMhp dpV$, h "uL$Z: ifZ dd' A
dlpd_p ` L$fhp. khL$_p ^d R> L$sh_p Arcdp__p epN AV$g
rhhL$. (9)
Arcdp__p epN L$fu_ h Mpk L$fu_ iy L$fhy s bpbs
udlpcy Apop L$f R> rhijsev$pop epv$ As:L$fZ NpQf: &
sv$p rhij Nepqv$ cpe rcsy v$rlL$pd &&
A\ps : udv$pQpeQfZ_u Apop L$fsp, cNhp__u rhij
Apop \pe sp s Apop cy_p Arcpe_ A_yLy$m R> L$ _l] L$ `R>u s
L$hm `funp L$fhp dpV$ S> L$fhpdp Aphu R>, s kd_, s Apop
h_p gpqL$L$ kb^\u frls lpe sp s Apop_y `pg_ L$fhy.
bly Dd hps L$lu udv$pQpeQfZ, cy_u L$pB`Z rhij
Apop \pe sp s Apop As:L$fZ NpQf AV$g L$ cy_p Arcpe_
gNsu R> L$ _l] L$ `R>u s L$hm h_u `funp L$fhp dpV$ S> Mpk L$fu_
L$fpegu R>, s kd_, s Apop h_p gpqL$L$ AN_u _ lpe, `fsy
h_y AgpqL$L$ rk L$fphu Ap`_pfu lpe sp, s rhij Apop S>$f
`pmhu. AV$g L$ cy_u Ahu L$pC rhij Apop_y `pg_ L$fhp_u
bpbsdp, s Apop_p epS>__p rhQpf L$fhp. s Apop cykhp
rhjeL$ lpe, khp_p rsb^_ v|$f L$fhp kb^u lpe A\hp su\ v$ipsf
kb^u lpe sp s Apop S>$f `pmhu. A_ s v$rlL$ qhje_ gNsu
lpe sp s _ `pmhu. A_y L$pfZ A L$ cy sdpfp gpqL$L$ hqv$L$ rhjep_
p L$fphu Ap`sp _\u. s\u s sdpfp gpqL$L$ kyM dpV$ L$pC Apop Ap`
S> _l], A_ Ap` sp s sdpfu `funp L$fhp dpV$ S> Ap`. s sd_
Ahu Apop Ap` A_ sd s_y `pg_ L$fu_ gpqL$L$ cpNp cpNhp Ahy
cy L$v$u _ CR>. s\u cy Ahu L$pC rhij Apop L$f sp, s Apop
L$fhpdp cy_p ip Arcpe R> s kd_ s_y `pg_ L$fhy s_y _pd
237

rhhL$ (10)
rhhL$_y AL$ buSy> h$` `Z R>. A_ s R>, A_pNl.
udlpcy Apop L$f R> :
Ap`v$Nepqv$ L$pejy lW$epe kh\p &
A_pNl kh ^dp^dpN v$i_d &&
rhhL$pe kdpeps: &&
A\ps : Ap`r Aphu `X$ Ahp (Ap`s L$prg_) L$pepdp
ApNl, kh\p R>pX$hp. A_pepk rk \sp L$pep \hp v$hp. v$l kb^u
A_ Ae L$pepdp `Z s L$fhp_p ApNl _ fpMhp. A_, qhrls
(^deyL$s) sdS> r_rj (A^deyL$s) L$pep_p `qfZpd_p rhQpf L$fhp.
Ap fus d (uhc) ey[s`|hL$, rhhL$_y h$` L$y R>.
uhS>fpS> dlpfpS> L$l R> L$, ""ly hpdu_ (cy_) Ap^u_ Ry>.
Ahy kd_, S>dp Ap`q _ Aph Ahp A_ (gNcN) AiL$e lpe
shp L$pep L$fhp_p ApNl _ fpMhp. L$pfZ L$ cNhp__ `psp_p
cL$sp_p r_hpl Qgphhp_p R>. s_ rsb^p _X$ sp s_p r_hpl _
Qpg. s\u cL$s_p r_hpl s|V$u `X$. Ahu L$pC Apop \C lpe sp s
cNhp__ Arcs _\u. s dp r_S> cL$s_u `funp A\ S> L$fgu R>.
Ad dp_hy. cL$s_ Ap`q Aph Ahy cy _ CR>. he L$pg `Z
cL$s_ bp^p L$fhp kd\ _\u. cy L$l R>, ""S>dZ gpL$ A_ hv$_p
^dp, dpf dpV$, eep R>. sd_ ly ^pfZ L$fy Ry>.'' Ap fus cy cL$s_y
fnZ L$f R>. s\u Ap`q gph_pf Apop cs_u `funp dpV$ S> L$fgu
lpe Ad kdS>hy A_ s cy_ Arcs _ lphp\u, s Apop_y `pg_
L$fhp bpbs_u lW$ _ `L$X$hu. s_p `pg_dp lW$ L$fhpdp Aph sp
h_y Ar_$ \pe; s_u khpdp rsb^ Aph. Ap dpZ cNhv$
Apop_p lsy_p rhQpf L$fhp\u Ald v|$f \pe A_ rhhL$_y fnZ \pe.
`fsy Ahu Apop cNhp_ S> L$fu R> A_ s_p lsy Aphp R> Ahy
kde L$hu fus ? sp L$l R> L$ ucNhp__p `fd cs_p
238

As:L$fZdp cy_u L$pC `Z Apop h_ pfp \C iL$ R>; A\hp L$pC

bu dped pfp (ApL$pihpZu S>hp) `Z \C iL$ R>. A\hp r_S>
cs_p As:L$fZdp cy `ps L$V$ \C_ (As:a|fZp pfp) Ahu
Apop L$f R>. "cy kh_p Apdp R>' A_p A\ A R> L$ cL$s_p
As:L$fZdp [\f \egp s Apdp cL$s_ a|fZp L$f R>. Aphy L$pC
\pe epf cyA L$fgu A Apop A_ s_y h$` cs_ kdC e
R>.
s\u ApNm h^u_ Ap`uA Ap`v$ Nepqv$ L$pejy bpbsdp
L$hp rhhL$ fpMhp s `Z kdey R>. Ap`q_ kde, cNhp_ kb^u
S> L$pep L$fhp_p R>, s L$fhp dpV$ "L$fS> L$fu_ `Z ly s b^y L$fui' Ahu
lW$ _ `L$X$hu. S> dm s_p\u kspj fpMu_ khp rhjeL$ L$pep L$fhp. S>
L$pC hpcprhL$sp\u dmu Aphu s S> W$pLy$f_ kd`hy. kd`Z L$fhpdp
h_p cph ANe_p R>; hsy NpZ R>. s\u h, cph`|hL$ cy_ S>
L$pC kd`i, s _hu hsy li sp `Z cy s_p ANuL$pf L$fi.
A_, ucNhp__u khp rhjeL$ L$pep L$fhpdp `Z lW$
L$fhp_u _ lpe sp gpqL$L$ L$pep L$fhpdp sp lW$ L$fu S> L$d iL$pe ? V|$L$dp
L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ ucNhp_ kp\ kb^ _l] ^fph_pfp L$pC `Z L$pe
L$fhp dpV$_p ApNl _ fpMhp. A_ cNhp__u khp kb^u L$pe lpe sp
`Z s Ap`q gph shp lpe sp s L$fhp dpV$ lW$pNl _ L$fhp AV$g L$ ""_p ly sp L$pe L$fui S> `R>u cg_ sd L$fsp dpfy dey \pe Ahp lW$pNl _ fpMhp s_y _pd rhhL$. (11)
Ap bpbs bly kpfu fus kd ghp_u S>$f R>. rhhL$ fp R>
A_pNldp (ApNl_p Acphdp). Ap`q L$pm A_ cNhv$ rhjeL$
L$pepdp `Z L$epfe lW$pNl L$ vy$fpNl _ L$fhp s dpV$_y AL$ $ps :L$pC hZh AdyL$ fus S> khp L$fsp lpe, AdyL$ L$pf_u S>
kpdNu ^fphsp lpe, L$ AdyL$ Qp$k L$pf_p hpgL$pfp cy_ ^fphsp
lpe; `fsy L$pm L$fu_, ^_frls b_sp L$ Ae L$pfZ s sd L$fhpdp
AiL$s b_u e A\hp Ahu `qfq\rsdp (dpv$Nu S>hu) dyL$pC e L$
239

s S> L$pf khp L$fhp_y L$ shp S> L$pf_p hpgL$pf L$ kpdNu ^fphhp_y
L$pe, s_ dpV$, s_u iqL$s depv$p blpf_y \C e; sh kde `Z s
Ahu lW$ `L$X$ L$, Ahu `qfq\rsdp `Z, s `lgp_u dpaL$ S> khp
L$fi, kpdNu ^fphi A_ Ahp S> hpgL$pfp\u cy_ khi, sp
s_p A ApNl vy$fpNl L$lhpe; s lW$pNl L$lhpe. A\hp vy$fpNldp,
ApNl L$fsp Ald rhij lpe R>. "ly' sp s L$fui S>. L$pfZ L$ ly s ly
Ry>. d S> _$u L$ey R> s ly L$fui S>. Ap R> h_y Ald Ap L$pC
kv$pNl (kpfp ApNl) _\u. q`yfv$pkA `psp_p QfZpds
`^fphhp_p ApNl R>pX$u v$u^p lsp _ s Aphy rhQpfu_. s\u Al]
vy$fpNl_p epN AV$g rhhL$. (12)
L$V$guL$hpf, Ahy b_ L$ cs S> L$pC L$fsp lpe s `|Zs:
cNhv$ Apop A_ykpf_y L$pe lpe. `fsy s L$fhpdp L$pC `rsb^ Aphu
`X$ (cNhv$ L$s rsb^) sp s_p A\ Ahp \ep L$ cy_u BR>p lh
bv$gpC R>. s\u sp cyA sdp rsb^ \pep R>; A_ A R>
AgpqL$L$ rsb^. s gpqL$L$ rsb^ lpe sp s_ r_hpfhp_p e_
ly L$fs. `fsy Ap sp cNhv$ L$s rsb^ R> A_ s\u s d_ye e_\u
r_hpfu _ iL$pe shp rsb^ R>. Ah kde khL$ Ahp ApNl _ fpMhp
L$ ly S> L$pe L$fu fp Ry> s sp cNhv$uR>p A_ykpf_y L$pe R>. s\u Nd
shp rsb^p Aph sp `Z ly s L$pe L$fui S> : s\u EgVy$, shp kde,
h Ahy rhQpfhy L$ Aphg rsb^ L$hp L$pf_p R> ? s gpqL$L$ R>
sp s_ r_hpfhp_p e_ L$fhp. `fsy AgpqL$L$ R> Ahy gpN sp s_p
rsL$pf L$fhp dpV$ L$fg b^p epkp r_f\L$ R>, Aphy rhQpfhy (Aphu
kdS>) AV$g rhhL$ (13)
Ap R> c[sdpN}e rhhL$_y h$`. A_ lh Aph R> ^e :udlpcy Apop L$f R> :
qvy$:Mkl_ ^edpds: khs: kv$p &
s$hv$, v$lhv$ cpe, S>X$hv$ Np`cpehs &&
240

A\ps : lh ^e_y r_$`Z L$fpe R>. dfZ`es, kh hpA

Apr^cprsL$, ApepqdL$ A_ Apr^v$rhL$, Ap Z L$pf_p vy$:Mp_
kl_ L$fhp, s_y _pd ^e. A Z L$pf_p vy$:Mp_ kl_ L$fhpdp
A_y$d (1) s$, (R>pi)hpmu Np`cpep_p v$l_u, (2) S>X$cfs_p
rQ_u q\sosp_u A_ (3) AsNlNsp Np`cpepAp_p kdyl_p
rhflcph_u, cph_p L$fhu.
c[s_y buSy> AN R> ^e. udlpcy Apop L$f R>.
""qvy$:Mkl_ ^edpds: khs: kv$p AV$g L$ Apr^cprsL$, ApepqdL$
A_ Apr^v$rhL$ - A Z L$pf_p vy$:Mp_ dey `es kl_ L$fhp s_y
_pd ^ufS>.
b^p L$pf_p vy$:Mp_p rsL$pf L$fhp_p b dpN R> : (1) vy$:Mp
Ap`_pf kpd ku^p lydgp L$fu_ AV$g L$ \|g bm L$mhu_ A_ (2)
vy$:Mp_u Akf\u Arg flu_, AV$g L$ vy$:Mp_ cy_u L$rs kd_,
s_p e sV$\hr L$mhu_. S> `yq$ c[s lpe sZ sp bu fus
AV$g L$ vy$:Mp e Dv$pku_sp khu_, vy$:Mp_p rsL$pf L$fhp_p R>.
`lgu fusdp `yfyjp\ R> (depv$p_u A fus R>). A_ bu fusdp
cNhv$ CR>p_ A_yL|$m \hp_u hq R>. (v$pkcph_u A fus R>.)
vy$:Mp Z L$pf_p R>. e\p - (1) Apr^cprsL$ AV$g v$l_p
kb^\u p \sp vy$:Mp, (2) ApepqdL$ AV$g d_ s\p Cqep_p
kb^\u p \sp vy$:Mp. S>hp L$ L$pd, $p^ Apqv$, A_ (3) Apr^v$rhL$
AV$g r_S> csp_u `funp L$fhp dpV$ A\hp sd_ pf^_p cpN
L$fphhp dpV$, cNhp_ Ap`gp, Apdp kp\ kbr^s vy$:Mp. A Z
L$pf_p vy$:Mp_ iprs\u kl_ L$fhp s_y _pd ^ufS>.
A Zdp, `lgp L$pf_p Apr^cprsL$ vy$:Mp_ s$ AV$g
R>pi_u dpaL$ kl_ L$fhp. bu L$pf_p AV$g ApepqdL$ vy$:Mp_
S>X$cfs_u dpaL$ kl_ L$fhp A_ u L$pf_p Apr^v$rhL$ vy$:Mp_
AsNlNsp Np``_uAp (Np`cpepAp) _u dpaL$ kl_ L$fhp. Ap Z
L$pf_p vy$:Mp, cy khp kpfu fus \C iL$ s dpV$ kl_ L$fhp_p R>. A
241

Z L$pf_p vy$:Mp_ kl_ L$fhp_u h_u i[L$s_ ^ufS> L$l R>. A_

A ^ufS> `Z Apd: (dey \sp ky^u) AV$g L$ `psp_p Apeye_u
kdpq ky^u fpMhp_u R>. sp`e A L$ h_dp L$pC`Z `m, ^ufS>
MpC_, cNhp_ e_u khpr_$p_ MpC bkhp_u _\u. Z vy$:Mp_
ldip kl_ L$fhp. Aphy S> hs_ fpMhpdp Aph s_y _pd ^ufS>.
h_ v$lprcdp_ lpe R>; s\u v$l_p vy$:Mp_ kl_ L$fhp_y s_
dpV$ dyL$g b_u e R>. L$epfL$ v$l_ vy$:M \sp s NcfpC e R>, A_
cykhp kpfu fus L$fu iL$sp _\u. AV$g h v$lprcdp_ R>pX$u v$hy
OV$. h `psp_p A v$l_ sp cy_ kdr`s L$ep R>. `R>u A v$l s_p
R>. Ahy Arcdp_ fpMhy A hpdupl L$lhpe.
v$ldp Arcdp_ _ fpMhy Ahp cph kdhhp dpV$
ApQpeuA R>pi (s$)_y $ps Apey R>. R>pi r_:kpf- kpf frls lpe R>. dpMZ kpf-c|s lpe R>. r_:kpf hsy epN L$fhp epe R>.
sp `R>u, s hsy_p lphp bpbs, Arcdp_ _ fpMhy, s\u S> L$v$pQ
R>pi Y$pmpC e sp sd \sp, Ap`Z_ Mv$ _ \hp CA. Ahu S>
fus v$l A_ v$l kp\ kbr^s `v$p\p, r_:kpf lpC sd_pdp ddh _
fpMsp, s R>pX$u v$hp. v$lpqv$_p ddh_p epN L$fhp\u, v$lpqv$_ dmsp
dp_-A`dp_, kyM A_ vy$:M A b^p e sV$\sp L$mhu iL$pi.
vy$:Mp_ s$hv$ AV$g L$ R>pi_u dpaL$ kl_ L$fhp_u bpbs_
kdhhp dpV$, uhkh dlpfpS> AL$ kyv$f ApepreL$p L$lu R>.
A_ s_ Np`cpep_y $ps NZpey R>. A Np`cpep AV$g NpLy$gdp
hsu AsNlNsp Np`uS>_p_p kdyl _l]; `fsy Ap^yr_L$ kde_p L$pC
AL$ Nphpm_u `_u L$ S>_u R>pi Y$pmpC S>sp, s_ r_:kf, _hy vy$:M
kd_ s lku `X$u; s_y A $ps R>. A ApepreL$p Ap dpZ R> :AL$ bpZ, s_u `_u A_ s_p bpmL$ `y epp L$fhp
_uL$ep. fpu_p kde sAp h_dp, AL$ hn _uQ kysp lsp. s kde, s
v$i_p fp ep\u `kpf \sp lsp. $`$`_p Abpf S>hu bpZ u_
C_, s s_p D`f dplu `X$ep, A_ s_ DW$phu_ `psp_p dlgdp gC
242

Nep. bpZu `rshsp lsu. sZ fp_ L$y : ""dlpfpS>, ly sdpfu

`_u b_hp sepf Ry>. `fsy dpf R> dpk_y hs R>. R> dpk ky^u dpf fpS>
AepNs bpZp_ S>dpX$hp R>. fpA Myi \C_ s_ sd L$fhp kdrs
Ap`u. bpZuA hs i$ L$ey, v$ffpS> s_p dlgdp bpZp Av$p_
ghp dpV$ Aphhp gpep.
`gu sfa h_dp, bpZ KOdp\u EW$ep. sZ `_u_ _ C.
rhlhm b_u, `y_ ep R>pX$u, `_u_u ip^dp s ApSy>bpSy> cV$L$hp
gpep. s v$fep_ AL$ hZTpfp ep\u r_L$ep. sZ hn _uQ AL$
bpmL$_ AL$pL$u k|sgp ep. hZTpfp_ ksrs _ lsu. Ap\u cyA
s_ ksrs Ap`u Ahy kd_ s bpmL$_ s `psp_ Of gC Nep.
bpZ `_u A_ `y Nydpep. sd_u ip^dp s dpep dpep
afhp gpep. fp_ ep bpZp_ cpS>_ L$fphhpdp Aph R>. s Zu
s ep Nep. bpZuA s_ ep. AL$psdp bpgphu_ sZ s bpZ_
L$y, ""ApS> fp, rihpgedp sd dpfu fpl . fp_ dpfu_ ApS>
ly sd_ ep Aphu dmui.''
bpZ rihpgedp Nep. r_S>_ rihpgedp s ApX$ `X$M \ep.
ep AL$ qhj^f k` s_ v$i v$u^p. bpZ dey `pep.
Ap sfa `gu bpZuA fp_, fps_p kde, `psp_u `pk
bpgpep, s_ bly dqv$fp `pC_ blpi b_pep. `R>u s_ dpfu _pep,
`R>u
`R>u _` _pf Qgu A`_ `rsky - AV$g L$ fp_ dpfu_ s
`psp_p `rs `pk S>hp _uL$mu `X$u. s `gp rihpgedp `lpQu. ep sZ
k`v$i\u dey `pdg `psp_p `rs_ ep. s\u s rhgp` L$fhp gpNu.
L$pC`Z Ape \p_ hNf_u s fMX$su lsu. epf s `phepAp_p
lp\dp S>C `X$u. sdZ s hep_ ep hQu v$u^u. lh, s hep b_u.
Aes kyv$f lsu s\u s_p hep_p ^^p ^d^pL$pf Qpghp gpep.
\pX$pL$ hjp `R>u, AL$ qv$hk, s_p S> A `y L$ S> lh
hZTpfp_p `y bep lsp s, s_p ilfdp Apep. A hep_p $`_u
243

eprs kpcmu s s_p NplL$ b_u s_u `pk (L$pW$pdp) `lpep. A_

`y dpsp kp\ kdpNd L$ep. `fsy `y_p DOpX$p v$l `f_p L$V$gpL$
rQl_p C dpsp_ iL$p NC. `|R>`fR> L$fsp s_ Mpu \C L$ Ap sp
s_p `psp_p `y R>. Ap\u `psp_p\u \eg dlpceL$f `p`_y pe[s
L$fhp s rQspdp `X$u, bmu dfhp sepf \C. rQsp kmNu `fsy hfkpv$
syV$u `X$sp s lpghpC NC. _L$dp `yf Aphsp s _v$u_p `pZudp
sZpC NC.
_v$udp sZpsu s bpZu_ lSy> OZp vy$:Mp kl_ L$fhp_p li
s\u s_ sZpsu C_ AL$ Nphpm s_ bQphu. $`pmu C, sZ s_
`psp_u `_u sfuL$ Ofdp bkpX$u. AL$ qv$hk Npd_u L$V$guL$ NphpmZp
kp\ R>pi hQhp s ilfdp NC. ep b ApMgpAp bpMX$sp lsp. s
C kp _pkcpN L$fhp gpNu, sd L$fsp b^p_u v$pZu `X$u NC. R>pi
Y$pmpC NC. kp vy$:Mu \C, $v$_ L$fhp gpNu. `fsy `gu bpZ
Np`pcpep MX$MX$pV$ lku `X$u. s C Ape `pdu_ s b^uA s_ s_p
lkhp_y L$pfZ `|R>ey. sZ `psp_u rhsL$L$\p sd_ L$lu kcmphu. sZ
L$y - ""fp_ dpep A_ `rs_ k` v$igp ep. s\u cV$L$su ly bu
v$idp hep \C. ep dpfp S> `y d_ cpNhu. s_p pe[s $`, d
rQsp hi L$ep. cpf hfkpv$\u rQsp ApghpC. _v$udp sZpsu d_
Nphpm bQphu, `psp_p Ofdp bkpX$u. Aphp Ake vy$:Mp_u
`f`fpdp\u `kpf \egu ly Ap _hu R>pi dpV$ ip dpV$ ipL$ L$fy ?''
hpsp_p cphp\ A L$ v$l_p vy$:Mp sp v$l_ Aph S>. epf s
Aph epf ^ufS>\u s kl_ L$fhp. A_ sdp\u L$ip bp^ ghp. S>Ns_p
vy$:Mp h_ L$pC _ L$pC bp^ v$hp Aph R>. vy$:M A sp A_ych_u ipmp
R>. vy$:M Ap`Z_ cy sfa v$pf R>. Ly$sp apCA AV$gp dpV$ `psp_p
cu `pk "`psp_ vy$:Mp dm' Ahy hfv$p_ dpey lsy. vy$:M d_ye_
cyde h_ hhp_y iuMh R>. vy$:M_p A_ych\u dp_h v$l_u
qL$ds kde R>. s Ahu fus L$ v$l_p R>pi S>hp r_:kpf R>. sd R>sp
s dep R> epf s_p D`epN cy khpdp L$fu_ s_ kp\L$ b_phu ghp.
244

Apr^cprsL$ vy$:Mp Ap`Z_ Aphy op_ Ap` R>. s\u vy$:M\u _ lpfu
S>sp, s b^p ^ufS>\u kl_ L$fhp. A_ sd_p D`epN cy_p Ape
Y$ b_phhp_p kp^_ sfuL$ L$fhp. cy_p Ape Y$ b_sp, vy$:Mp_u
suZ v$pY$ by$u \C S>i.
Ap fus Apr^cprsL$ vy$:Mp iu fus kl_ L$fhp s kdhsy
D`eyL$s (Np`cpep_u s$ Y$pmpZu s) $ps Apep `R>u. d_ A_
Cqep_p kb^\u D` \sp L$pd$p^pqv$ vy$:Mp L$hu fus kl_ L$fhp s
kdhhp dpV$ S>X$cfs_y $ps Ap`hpdp Apey R>.
v$l, cNhv$ cph\u cfpe epf s L$pd$p^pqv$ cph dpV$ S>X$
b_u e R>. s\u L$pd$p^pqv$ cphp s v$ldp hiu iL$sp _\u. A
h_u b^u Cqep cNhv$cph hpmu b_u S>sp, Cqep_ \sp
vy$:Mp_y cp_, s_ \sy _\u. Ap bpbsdp S>X$cfs_y $ps ldip
_S>f kdn fpMhy. S>X$cfs_ dN_y ifuf p \ey. sepf sdZ dN
ifuf_ p \sp vy$:Mp kl_ L$ep. `R>u dp_h ifuf sp dey; `fsy s
v$l, sdZ S>X$hs hs_ L$fsp, sd_p kNp-_luAp sfa\u sd_
A`dp_ s\p rsfL$pf Apqv$ dep. s b^y sdZ sV$\cph, ^ufS>\u
kl_ L$ey, `R>u cugp sd_ cL$pmu_p cpN ^fphhp gC Nep. epf
`Z r_rg cph sdZ s b^y kl_ L$ey. As flyNZ_u `pgMu
D`pX$u_ s_p bp sdZ hl_ L$ep. Ap b^p vy$:Mp sdZ ^ufS>\u
kl_ L$ep. s vy$:Mp Ap`_pf D`f sdZ $p^ _ L$ep. sdZ sd_p vy$$
L$dp dpV$ L$iu k dm Ahu L$pC L$pd_p _ L$fu. vy$:M\u X$fu_ tQsp _
L$fu. Ap fus Ap`Z ApepqdL$ vy$:M kl_ L$fhpdp S>X$cfs_u cph_p
L$fhu.
S>X$cfsA Cqep_ gNsp vy$:Mp- dp_, A`dp_, L$pd,
$p^pqv$ cph Apqv$ b^p vy$:Mp, S>X$hs kl_ L$ep; vy$:Mp_ kl_ L$fu_
sAp kpnuhs h_ ep. dp_ L$ A`dp_ sd_ `isp S> _l];
L$pd-$p^ sd_ ksphsp S> _l]; fpNj sd_ lsp S> _l]; v$ldp
A_pd byq fpMhp_ L$pfZ, v$l_p L$pep A_ v$l_p kyMvy$:Mpqv$
245

A_ychp\u k`|Z`Z Arg flu_, sAp ep. s\u, ApepqdL$

vy$:Mp_ S>X$cfs_u dpaL$ kl_ L$fhp, Ahu udlpcy_u Apop R>.
A_ Apr^v$rhL$ vy$:Mp_ (cNhv$ rhfl\u \sp vy$:Mp)
AsNlNsp Np`cpepAp_u dpaL$ kl_ L$fhp. Np`cpepAp
Nl\pdu lsu. `psp_p `rs, bpmL$p A_ _luAp_p kN kkpfdp
fp R>sp, sdZ sd_u rQ-hqAp_p r_fp^ L$fu_, `psp_p d_ s\p
rQ_ cNhp_ e hpmu gu^p lsp, sd L$fsp sdZ S> vy$:Mp \ep s
pfp sd_p cNhv$ A_yfpN h^y Y$ \ep. sd_p d, ApkqL$sdp A_
ApkqL$s ek_dp `gV$pC NC. Ap R> Apr^v$rhL$ vy$:Mp_ kl_ L$fhp_u
fus; A_ Aphy R> Apr^v$rhL$ vy$:Mp_ ^ufS>\u kl_ L$fhp_y `qfZpd.
udlpcyA Apr^v$rhL$ vy$:Mp_ kl_ L$fhp bpbsdp
Np`cpephs A $ps Apey R>. NpLy$m_p Nphpmp_u `_uAp_p
kd|l_ Np`cpep L$lhpdp Aphu R>. AsNlNsp Np`uS>_p_p A kd|l
cNhp__p rhfl\u, Aes vy$:M `pdu_, As uNp`uS>_hc_y ep_
^f R>. A_ v$l epN L$f R>. A fus sAp cy_p kpre_ p L$f R>.
sAp r_NyZ v$l dmhu cy_p h$`p_v$_ `pd R>. A S> fus h `Z
pf^\u D` \egp vy$:Mp_ kl_ L$fu_, cypq_u v$uipdp `Ngp
dpX$hp_p R>. sd L$fhp dpV$, Apr^v$rhL$ vy$:Mp_ kl_ L$fhp_u bpbsdp
Np`cpepAp_y A_yk^p_ L$fhy ApheL$ R>.
udlpcyA Apop L$fu L$ qvy$:M kl_ L$fp-^ufS>\u,
dey`es. `fsy cy CR>p\u A vy$:Mp_ v|$f L$fhp_p D`pe dmu
Aph sp s D`pe L$fhp L$ _l] ? iy Ap`Z Ahp ApNl fpMhp_p R> L$
A vy$:Mp sp Ap`Z_ lqf CR>p\u dep R>. s dpV$ dpf s kl_ L$fhp
S> R>. dpf sd_ r_hpfhp _\u. _p, cpC _p. Ahy L$fhp_y _\u.
v$y:Mp_ vy$f L$fhp_p L$pB D`pe cy CR>p\u dmu Aphu sp vy$:Mp_ v|$f
L$fu_ cykhp L$fhp dpV$ s D`pe Ahe L$fhp. Al], vy$:Mp_ kl_
L$fhp_p ApNl fpMhpdp Aph sp shp ApNl vy$fpNl b_u e. A_
vy$fpNl AV$g ArhhL$ - A R>. rhhL$_y _L$pfpdL$ h$`. vy$:Mp kl_
246

L$fhp S> R> Ahp ApNl fpMhp\u AL$ sp vy$fpNl $`u ArhhL$ \pe A_
buSy> udlpcy_u Apop_p cN \pe. Ahy rhQpfu_ udlpcy_u
Ap bu Apop_p rhQpf L$fhp.
suL$pfp eR>ps: qkpNlu chs &
cpepv$u_p s\pejpd ksp$d kls &&
A\ps : `cy CR>p\u vy$:M r_hpfZ_p dpN dmu Aph sp
vy$fpNlu _ \hy. (AV$gy S> _l] `fsy) cfZ`pjZ L$fhp gpeL$ `psp_p
u `ypqv$L$_p, L$pC sV$\eqL$s_p, A_ vy$S>_p_p (`Z) Ap$dZ_
(rsfL$pf Apqv$_) kl_ L$fhp.
D`f Z L$pf_p vy$:Mp L$hu fus kl_ L$fhp s kdey. `fsy
s_p A\ Ahp _\u L$ s vy$:Mp_u r_hq A\ L$iy _ L$fhy. ev$R>ps
(Cf CR>p\u) s vy$:Mp_ v|$f L$fhp_p L$pC D`pe dmu Aph sp s S>$f
AS>dphhp. dpf sp vy$:Mp_ kl_ L$fu ghp S> R> Ahp ApNl L$v$u _
fpMhp. cNhv$uR>p_ Ap^u_ \hy. ^pfp L$ ifuf_ L$pC fpN \pe A_
cNhv$uR>p\u s fpN_ v|$f L$fhp_p L$pC D`pe dmu Aph sp s D`pe
S>$f AS>dphhp. A_ s AS>dphsu hMs, d_dp Ahu cph_p fpMhu
L$ Ap D`pe\u dpfp v$l r_fpNu \i. sd \sp dpfp\u cy khp kpfu
fus \C iL$i.
`fsy lh `R>u udlpcyA S> Apop L$fu R> s bly kph^p_
\C_ rhQpfhp S>hu R>. Ap`u Apop L$f R> L$ (1) cfZ`pjZ L$fhp
gpeL$ `psp_p u-`y Apqv$_p s\p (2) Ae sV$\e[sAp_p L$
(3) Aks e[sAp AV$g L$ vy$S>_p_p Ap$dZ_ `Z kl_ L$fhy.
Ap Apopdp `ypqv$_p Ahy L$lhp_ bv$g cpepv$u_p Ahy `v$
ApQpeuA bly qhQpf`|hL$ d|L$ey lpe Ahy gpN R>. uNpLy$gpkh
dlpfpS>, cpepv$u_p `v$ d|L$hp_y L$pfZ Ap fus kdh R> ""gpL$dp cpepqv$_p_ bv$g "`ypqv$_p' Ahy `v$ d|L$hy DrQs
lsy, Ahy L$v$pQ L$pC_ gpN. `fsy s_p cpepqv$_p `v$ dyL$ey R>. L$pfZ L$
`yp_ sp L$pC qv$hk rdL$s_p qhcpN L$fu Ap`u_ Sy>v$p L$fhp\u sAp
247

hs \pe. `fsy `_u sp L$hm `rs_ Ap^u_ lphp\u, s epf

`psp_p `rs_p rsfL$pf L$f epf s rsfL$pf s_p `rs\u Aes vy$:M
L$fu_ `Z kl_ \C iL$sp _\u. sd R>sp cy khpdp `_u_u q\rs
fpMhp dpV$, u_p Ahp vy$:fpl rsfL$pf `Z kl_ L$fhp A_ khp _
R>pX$hu Ahy Apdp k|Q_ R>.
Al] dp cpepqv$_p S> _l], buAp_p `Z Ap$dZ kl_
L$fhp Ahy L$lhpdp Apey R>. sp "bu' AV$g L$pZ ?
cpep AV$g cfZ`pjZ L$fhp gpeL$ u A_ bpmL$p `Z Mfp.
sAp Ap` Ars$dZ (rsfL$pf) L$f sp s kl_ L$fhy. A_ rhcL$s
fl_pfp A_ keyL$s fl_pfp b^yAp A_ sV$\fl_pf eqL$sAp_p
Ap$dZ `Z kl_ L$fhp s D`fps vy$S>__p `Z kl_ L$fhp. vy$S>__p
Ap$dZ vy$:kl lphp\u s Mpk AgN bspep R>.
Ap b^p gpL$pA L$fg rsfL$pf kl_ L$fhp. AV$gy S> _l],
sAp gps dpf sp s `Z kl_ L$fhu. r_b^dp `Z AphpS> D`pe
bspep R>. sdp L$y R> L$, ""khdp cy rbfpS> R> Ahu "khpd'
cph_p\u kh eqL$s_p L$Vy$ hQ_p kl_ L$fhp.''$ L$pfZ L$ cy `ps s_p
v$edp rbfp_ s_u `pk sd bpgphu_ Ap`Z_ D`v$i Ap` R>. Ap
fus kp_p rsfL$pf kl_ L$fhp. A_p A\ A R> L$ Ahp Ak vy$:Mp_
kN `Z ^ufS> _ R>pX$hu. Aphu kl_iugsp A ^e fnZ_y Dd
kp^_ R>. A_ ^e fnZ_y buSy> kp^_ R> :erdqe L$peprZ L$pehpPN d_kp eS>s &
Ai|fZpr` L$se hep kpde cph_ps &&
A\ps : Cqep_p b^p L$pep_, h, L$pep, hpZu A_ d_\u
eS>hp. S> h Cqep_ shp Akd\ lpe sZ `psp_p Akpde_u
cph_p rhQpfu_ AV$g L$ d_dp gpr_ gphu_, Cqe cpNp_p epN
L$fhp.
`lgp L$y L$, h, Cqep_p b^p L$pep_, L$pep hpZu A_
d_\u e v$hp AV$g L$ Cqe r_Nl L$fhp; A hps sp kde Ahu
248

R>. `fsy `R>u L$y L$ S> h Cqep_ shp dpV$ Akd\ lpe shp
dpZk `psp_p Akpde_u cph_p L$fu_ (gpr_ L$fu_) Cqe_p
cpNp_p Ahe epN L$fhp. sZ Ahp rhQpf L$fhp L$ "ly dv$cpe Ry>;
ly Akd\ Ry> L$ dpfp\u Cqep_ L$pbydp fpMu iL$psu _\u. dpfp\u
Cqep_p L$pep_p epN L$fhp_u Apop `Z DW$phu iL$psu _\u.'' Aphu
Akpde_u cph_p L$fu_ `R>u, Cqep_p cpNp R>pX$hp. d_ kdsy
_\u L$ Cqe r_Nl _ L$fu_ `R>u, Cqep_p cpNp R>pX$hp. d_
kdsy _\u L$ Cqe r_Nl _ L$fu iL$_pf, Cqe_p cpNp_ L$hm
Akpde_u cph_p L$fhp dp\u R>pX$u iL$ Mfp ?
dpfu A iL$p_y kdp^p_ "gp_u' `v$\u \C e R>. Cqe
r_Nl _ L$fu iL$_pf, Cqe_p cpNp `fpZ R>pX$hp `X$ R>. Cre_p
cpNp s_ hmNu fl sp s_p\u s_ gp_u \pe. S>_y Arsd `qfZpd
Cqe cpNdp\u R|>V$L$pfp `pdhp_y Aph. Cqe cpNp sfa s_ gpr_
\pe. AV$g L$ sd_p e rsfL$pf cfu cph_p D` \pe. sd \sp
Cqep rir\g \pe. `R>u s b^u `ps`psp_p rhjep sfa MQpsu
AV$L$. R>hV$ ^uf^uf Cqep_p L$pep Ap`pAp` R|>V$u e.
`psp_p Akpde_u cph_p L$fu_ cpNp eS>hp. Ahu cph_p
L$fhp\u, cph_p L$f_pf_ gpr_ \i. gpr_ \sp Cqep_u suhsp
ips \i. As Cqep rhjep sfa MQpsu b^ `X$i. A_ s_ ^e_u
rkq \i Aphy uhS>fpS> dlpfpS> `psp_u rhhqdp gM R>.
Ap se_ h^y Y$sp\u fS|> L$fhp dpV$ Ap`u bu Apop L$f
R>AiL$e lqffhpqs, khdpes chs &&
Askl_ dpL$sd &&
A\ps : Cqep Apqv$_p r_Nl L$fhp_y L$pe AiL$e \C `X$
sp, ulqf S> shp h_y ifZ R>. b^p L$pep ifZ\u S> rk \pe R>.
udv$pQpeQfZ Apop L$f R> L$ AiL$e `Z ulqf_p Ape\u
iL$e b_ R>. h epf Cqe r_Nl L$fhpdp Akd\ \pe epf sZ
249

v$epmy cy_y ifZ epQhy cy_p Ape\u b^y S> rk \C iL$ R>. "kh
^dp_ `qfee' A gpL$dp Ahy S> L$y R>. ""sy dpfp AL$gp_p S>
Ape L$f. spfp b^p `p`p S> Ae\p _$ _l] \pe s b^p_ ly _$
L$fu v$Ci. A_ s_ r_v$pj b_phu_ dyqL$s Ap`ui.'' Ap R> Aie_
ie b_phhp_p D`pe - cy_y ifZ (Ape) NlZ L$fhy s.
uNpLy$gpkh dlpfpS> Ahy L$l R> L$, ""h epf b^u fus
`psp_y Akd\` Zu_, L$hm cNhp_S> dpfy ifZ R> Ahy rhQpf,
epf `fd v$epmy cNhp_ `Z L$`p L$fu_ h_y b^y L$pe `ps S> rk
L$fu Ap` R>. s\u cNhp__p Ape\u S> h_p kh L$pe rk \pe R>
Ahy kdhhp dpV$ udv$pQpeQfZ "khdpesp chs' A hpL$e
gey R>. A_
As: Ape rhr_$es - lh Ape L$lhpe R>.
Ape :Ape cNhv$ c[s_y uSy> AN R>. op_dpN}Ap hpedp
dp_ R>. `fsy Ap`Z c[sdpN}ApA cNhv$-Apedp [\f flhy.
Ap`Zp cNhv$pe_p cph S>V$gp Y$ sV$gu Ap`Zu c[s_u Y$sp,
kdS>hu cNhv$pe_p cphdp Y$sp_u khpd L$np AV$g A_epe.
cs `psp_u i[sdp L$ Ae v$hv$huAp_u iqL$sdp L$v$u
rhpk _ fpMhp. `psp_p hpdu uL$Z_u i[sdp k`|Z rhpk
fpMu, lfAL$ `qfq\rsdp L$hm s_y S> ifZ huL$pfhy A_y _pd
Ape. `psp_p vy$:Mp_u r_hq A\ A\hp kyMp_u pr A\ sZ
Ae L$pB v$l^pfu L$ v$h D`f rhpk _ fpMsp L$hg uL$Z D`f S>
rhpk fpMhp s_y _pd A_epe. Ape_p iv$-v$l AV$g
A$pnf-uL$Z: ifZ dd. Ap d_p A\ Ap dpZ kdS>hp - dd
r_kp^_e ifZ, Ape, iep ie k`pv$L$: uL$Z: - AV$g L$
dpfp S>hp kp^_ frls h_y ifZ s_p Ape A_ s_ iL$e L$
AiL$e Ahu L$pC`Z hsy dmhu Ap`_pf uL$Z R>. Ap dlpd_p
250

fV$Z pfp Ape rk \pe R>.

Ape_y r_$`Z L$fsp udv$pQpeQfZ Apop L$f R> - ArlL$
`pfgpL$Q kh\p ifZ lqf: AV$g L$ Ap gpL$ A_ `fgpL$ kb^u b^p
L$pepdp, ulqf dpfy ifZ \pAp. Ap R> Ape_u epep. Ap gpL$
kb^u L$pepdp A_ AgpqL$L$ khp rhjeL$ `fgpL$ kb^u L$pepdp A\hp
sp lfL$pC `qfq\rsdp ulqf dpfy ifZ \ph. Al] `qfq\rs_p DM
L$fhpdp Apep. sp L$hu L$hu `qfq\rsdp h cy_p Ape NlZ
L$fhp s `Z udv$pQpeQfZ kdh R> vy$:Mlp_p s\p `p`, ce, L$pdp-`|fZ &&
cspl, cL$ecph, cL$sprs$d L$s &
AiL$e hp kyiL$e hp kh\p ifZ lqf: &&
AlL$pf L$s Qh `pe `pjZ fnZ &
`peprs$dZ Qh s\pshpers $d &&
AgpqL$L$ d_: rkp, khp\, ifZ lqf: &
A\ps : (1) Z L$pf_p vy$:Mp_p _pi L$fhp dpV$ (2) `p`_
r_h L$fhp dpV$ (3) ce gpN epf (4) kpkpqfL$ (L$pdpqv$) kyMp
p _ \sp lpe epf (5) cL$s_p pl \C e epf (6) cqL$s_p
Acph (7) cNhv$ cL$spA rsfL$pf (Ars$d) L$ep lpe epf (8)
A_ (9) AiL$e AV$g `psp_p\u _ L$fu iL$pe shp A_ iL$e AV$g L$
`psp_p\u kyM L$fu iL$pe shp L$pep L$fhp dpV$. (10) h\u hcph
hi AlL$pf \C e epf (11) `pjZ L$fhp epe u-`ypqv$L _y
`pjZ L$ fnZ L$fhp_p kN (12) `pjZ L$fhp epe u-`ypqv$L$
`psp_p L$fg A`dp_ (Ars$dZ)_p kN (13) AshpkuApA
(riepA) L$fgp rsfL$pf_p kN (14) AgpqL$L$ Ahp d_, byq,
rQ A_ AlL$pf (As:L$fZ)_ rk L$fhp dpV$ A_ (15) khp\ bpL$u flgp kh A\ rk L$fhp dpV$ Ap b^p kNp L$ `qfq\rsdp
ulqf S> dpfy ifZ \pAp A fus d_dp r_fsf cph_p L$fhu. A_
251

hpZu hX$ r_fsf L$us_ L$fhy. Ap`uA Aphu Ly$g `v$f `qfq\rs
NZphu R>. lh Ap`Z s b^u `qfq\rs_p A_y$d rhQpf L$fuA :
(1) vy$:M lp_p - Z L$pf_p vy$:Mp_p _pi L$fhp dpV$ : epf
h D`f qvy$:M Aphu `X$ epf s vy$:Mp_p r_hpfZ dpV$_p e_ _
L$fsp, cy_y ifZ huL$pfhy. sd L$fip sp vy$:Mp_u suhsp OV$i.
A\hp cNhv$ CR>p\u s vy$:Mp v|$f \i. s\u kh\p ifZ lqf:
(2) `p`: - `p`_ r_h L$fhp dpV$ :- S>Z cy_y ifZ
NlZ L$ey R> s_ `p`p_u buL$ _ lpe. r_hv$us h `p` _ L$f. s_
dpV$ `p` AV$g v$pj Ad kdS>hy. r_hv$_ L$fsp `lgp sZ L$fg `p`p,
r_hv$_ L$fhp\u r_h \pe R>. A_ r_hv$_ L$ep `R>u s `ps L$fg
r_hv$__y dfZ L$ep L$f sp bu _hp v$pjp \sp AV$L$ R>. sd R>sp s
h R>; e-Ae s_p\u L$pC v$pj \C e epf `psp_p\u
\egp A v$pjp_y pe[s L$fhp L$fsp, h k`|Z`Z cy_ ifZ S>hy.
r_hv$_ L$ep `R>u, `psp_p v$l s\p Cqep_ k`|Z`Z cy khpdp
gNpX$hp CA. sd R>sp, s dpZ _ L$fu iL$ A_ s_p v$l
Cqep\u cNhp__p L$pB v$pj \C e sp, shp kde `Z sZ
cNhp__p ifZ_u cph_p L$fhu.
Ap bpbs, ucNhp_, Nuspdp L$lu R>. ""b^p dpNp_ R>pX$u
dpf ifZ Aph. ly s_ A b^p ^dp (v$l ^dp) _ R>pX$hp\u \sp
`p`pdp\u R>pX$phui. sy ipL$ _ L$fui. (ASy>__ hS>_p_u lep_p
`p`_p X$f lsp.)
Aphy sp ulqfA udyM\u L$y R>. s\u epf v$l Cqep hX$,
L$pB v$pj e-Ae \C e sp s_ dpV$ pe[s L$fhp _
bkhy. pe[s L$fhp S>sp Ap`Zp ifZ ^d S>sp fl R>. v$pjp_ v|$f
L$fhp dpV$ cNhv$ ifZ_u cph_p L$fhu A S> kh$ D`pe R>. s\u
Ahp kN-kh\p ifZ lqf:
(3) ce - ce gpN shp kN :- ce\u cpN s cL$s _l].
S> h kh kd\ Ahp hpdu (L$Z) _p Apifp gu^p R>. s h
252

kh\p Ace R>, Ahy rhQpfu, ce gpNhp_u `qfq\rsdp `Z kh\p

ifZ lqf:
uhS>fpS> dlpfpS> "ce' `v$_y rhhfZ L$fsp Ap dpZ L$l
R>, ""ly `ps h lpC_ syR> Ry>. s\u b hNf v$hspAp_ `Z S>_p
QfZ_u fS> p \hu dyL$g R>. s_p QfZL$dm_u prs d_ L$hu fus
\pe. L$epf \pe AV$g L$ \i L$ _l] \pe Ahp ce d_dp Dv$ch;
A\hp bu L$pC `Z L$pf_p ce Aphu `X$ epf kh\p ifZ lqf:
(4) L$pdp`|fZ - h_p L$pdpqv$ (kpkpqfL$) kyMp p _
\sp lpe epf :- L$pd AV$g CR>p. h_u kpkpqfL$ CR>pAp `|fu
\su _ lpe sh kde h cy_y ifZ epQhy. gpqL$L$ A_ AgpqL$L$
b^p L$pf_u CR>pAp_u `|rs dpV$ h cy_y ifZ S> huL$pfhy. s\u
L$v$pQ cy, h_u gpqL$L$ CR>pAp `|fu _ L$f, epf ^ufS> ^fu_
cy_y ifZ huL$pfhy. `fsy `psp_u AgpqL$L$ CR>pAp_ sp sZ (h)
ulqf_u CR>pAp kp\ kpL$mu ghu. sp`e A L$ h `psp_u gpqL$L$
L$ AgpqL$L$ CR>pAp_u `|rs A\ - kh\p ifZ lqf:
(5) c[s-pl - h\u L$pC cL$s_p pl \C e epf :c|g\u A\hp bv$fL$pfu\u Ap`Zp\u L$pC cNhv$ue_p pl \C e
epf sdp dpfp `psp_p v$pj R> Ahy rhQpfu_, cy_ ifZ S>hy. A_
v$u_sp`|hL$ s cNhv$ue_u ndp dpNhu. dlpdyr_ vy$hpkpA cL$sfpS>
Abqfj_p pl L$ep lsp. s\u R>hV$ cy_ ifZ S>C_ sdZ
v$u_sp`|hL$ Abqfj_u ndp dpNu lsu. Ahp kN Ap`Z `Z sd
L$fhy.
udv$ cpNhsdp L$lhpdp Aphg Abqfj vy$hpkp_y Ap
Apep_ "cL$spl' `v$_p cph kdS>hp dpV$ `ep R>.
Abqfj fp cNhp__p `fd cL$s lsp. sdZ AL$pv$iu_y hs
L$ey lsy. hs_u `|Zplyrs bpfk_p `pfZp\u \pe. bpfk_ qv$hk, vy$hpkp
sd_ Of Arsr\$` Apep. Abqfj Ap`g cpS>__y r_dZ huL$pfu
sAp edy_p qL$_pf r_e L$d L$fhp Nep. rhgb \ep. pv$iu `|Z \hpdp
253

aL$s A^y dyl|s bpL$u fy; iy L$fhy ? rhp_ bpZpA fsp bspep S>g`p_ L$fu_ `pfZp L$fp. Abfuj sd L$ey.
dpX$\u vy$hpkp Apep. `psp_ d|L$u_ Abfuj `pfZp L$ep. s
Zu sd_ $p^ QY$ep. S>V$p Mpgu sdp\u L$ep D` L$fu. L$ep
Abfuj_ bpmhp v$pX$u. `fsy Abqfj lp\X$u Ecp fp. A_ d_pd_
cy_p ifZ_u cph_p L$fu. cy_y ifZ p L$fu QyL$g Abqfj_
L$ep\u bQphhp dpV$, cNhp_ sd_u fnp dpV$ d|L$gy cy_y kyv$i_
v$pX$u Ney. sZ L$ep_ S> bpmu v$u^u. `R>u s L$ep_p fL$ bpZ
vy$hpkp_ k L$fhp s sd_u `pR>m `X$ey. vy$hpkp cpNu_ C, bp,
iL$f Apqv$ v$hp_u `pk Nep. `fsy rh_p cL$s_p plu A bpZ_
L$pC v$h Ape _ Apep. AL$ hj qhsu Ney. \pL$u, lpfu_ sApA
rh_y ifZ epey. rhA L$y, ""bpZ, s dpfp pl L$ep lps
sp ly s_ ndp L$fs. `fsy s sp dpfp re cL$s_p pl L$ep R>. ly dpfp
cL$s_p \eg pl kl_ L$fu iL$sp _\u. kpcm l bpZ, ly cL$s_
Apr^_ Ry>. s_ bQphhp_u iqL$s dpfpdp _\u. s_ L$pC bQphu iL$
sp s R> Abqfj.''
vy$hpkp kd Nep : v$pX$u_ Abqfj `pk Nep. sd_p `N
`X$ep. pZfnp_u rcnp dpNu. kss AL$ hj ky^u Mp^p-`u^p hNf
lp\X$u Ecp flgp cL$sfpS> Abqfj, bpZ_ \eg vy$:M dpV$ `ps
v$pjcph A_ycep. sdZ kyv$i__ p\_p L$fu. kyv$i_ ips \ey. S>
cy_y hpey _ hey s cL$s_y hpey hey. Aphp R> cL$s_p sp`.
vy$hpkpA cL$s_p pl L$ep. sd_ sd_y am dey. "Arsd
ifZ sp ulqf' _y A epe sdZ ulqf_y ifZ gu^y. cy r_S>
cL$splu_ ndp Ap`sp _\u. R>sp vy$hpkpA sd_y ifZ Ny sp sdZ
r_S> cL$s pfp sd_ ndp A`phu. sAp v$p$Z vy$:Mdp\u bQu Nep.
s\u kdS>hp_y L$ cL$spl_p kde kh\p ifZ lqf:
(6) cL$ecph : cqL$s_p Acph :- h `psp_u iqL$s\u
cNhp__u cqL$s L$fu iL$sp _\u. cqL$ssp cy L$`p\u dm R>. s\u
254

epf h_ Ahy gpN L$ `ps khp (cqL$s) L$f sp R> `fsy s_p\u s
kpfu fus \C iL$su _\u. s kde sZ lqf ifZ_u cph_p L$fhu.
bkb^ L$ep `R>u, h khp_p Ar^L$pfu b_ R>. `fsy s_y
rQ khpdp QpV$sy _ lpe sp AV$g L$ s_p v$edp cqL$scph_p Dv$e
\sp _ lpe sp - kh\p ifZ lqf:
(7) cL$sprs$d L$s: L$pC cL$s, h_y A`pd_
(Ars$dZ) L$f epf :- Ap`Z `ps sp L$pC cL$s_y A`dp_
(Ars$d) _ L$fhy. `fsy L$epfL$ L$pC cL$s Ap`Zp rsfL$pf L$f sp
d_dp rhQpfhy L$ dpfp\u L$pB khp rhjeL$ v$pj \ep li. s\u A
cL$s r_:hp\ cph, d_ dpfp v$pj bsphhp dpV$, dpfp rsfL$pf L$ep
R>. Ahy rhQpfu, `psp_p\u \C Neg AeL$s v$pj_u r_hq A\
kh\p ifZ lqf: Aphp R> QpQp Np`f_p ds.
(8) A_ (9) AiL$e hp kyiL$e hp: `psp_p\u _ L$fu iL$pe
Ahp L$pep A_ `psp_p\u kyM\u L$fu iL$pe shp L$pep - A b^p L$pep_u
p[ dpV$ `Z h cy_p ifZ_u cph_p L$fhu. s A fus L$ epf
L$pC L$pe _ b_ epf Ad dp_hy L$ Ap L$pe rk _ \pe sdp S> dpfy
L$epZ R>. cyA dpfy L$epZ qhQpfu_ S> s L$pe L$fhp_y dpf dpV$
AiL$e b_phu v$u^y R>. s\u EgVy$ S>epf L$pC L$pe kyM\u L$fu iL$pe
shy lpe A_ s kfmsp\u rk \C e epf Ad kdS>hy L$ d Ap L$pe
cNhv$ L$`p\u qk L$ey R>. A_ _l] L$ dpfu iqL$s\u. AiL$e NZpsp
L$pep `Z cNhv$ CR>p\u iL$e b_ R>, Ahy dp_hy s\u kyiL$e A_
AiL$e s dpV$ `Z kh\p ifZ lqf.
Ap bpbsdp cy_u khiqL$sdp_p rhQpf L$fhp_p R>. L$pe
rk \pe sp, cy khiqL$sdp_ lphp\u Ap L$pe sdZ rk L$fphu
Apey Ad kdS>hy A_ L$pe rk _ \pe epf Ad kdS>hy L$ cy
khiqL$sdp_ lphp\u s Ap L$pe rk L$fphu Ap`hp kd\ sp R>; `fsy
Ap L$pe qk \pe sdp dpfy L$epZ _l] lpe s\u kho cyA s rk
L$fphu Apey _\u. A_ s dpf dpV$ L$epZv$ li sp, s
255

khiqL$sdp_ cy, kde Aph, dpfy s L$pe rk L$fphu Ap`i. Ap_y

_pd cy e_u ifZ cph_p.
(10) AlL$pf L$s : hcph_ hi \C_ h AlL$pf L$ep lpe
epf :- hcph\u, vy$:kN\u L$ Ae L$pC L$pfZ h\u AlL$pf \C
e epf A\hp AlL$pf hi b_u h\u A^d_p L$pep \C e epf
hpdu-khL$ cph rhQpfu Ald_p epN L$fu_ cy_y ifZ epQhy.
AlL$pf\u hdp Apkyfphi Aph R>. Apkyfphi Aphsp
s_p\u Apkyfu L$pd \C e R>. s kde AlL$pf_ v|$f L$fhp dpV$
hpdu-khL$ cph rhQpfhp. Ahy rhQpfhy L$ ly L$pZ ? ly L$pC Arcdp_
ghp S>hp h _\u. ly sp dp cy_p khL$ Ry>. A_ khL$_ hmu ip_y
Arcdp_ ! Aphp cph A_ychhp A_y _pd ifZcph_p.
(11) `pe `pjZ fnZ :- `pjZ L$fhp epe r_S> ubpmL$p_y `pjZ L$ fnZ L$fhp_p kN : h `psp_p `pe hN_y (ubpmL$p_y) `pjZ `ps kpfu fus L$fu iL$ s dpV$ cy_p ifZ_u cph_p
L$fhu. `fsy Ahp cph L$v$u _ gphhp L$ s b^p_y `pjZ ly L$fy Ry>.
lL$uL$sdp, h_ `psp_p u-bpmL$p_y `pjZ L$fhpdp ucNhp_ S>
klpec|s \pe R>.
cyA d_ Ly$Vy$b Apey R>, ly s Ly$Vy$b_p hX$ug Ry>. s\u Ly$Vy$b_p
kep_y `pjZ L$fhp_u S>hpbv$pfu dpfu R>. dpfu A S>hpbv$pfu ly kpfu
fus Av$p L$fu iLy$ sV$gp dpV$ dpf cy_u ifZcph_p L$fhu CA. sd
L$fsp dpfu A S>hpbv$pfu r_cphhpdp cy d_ klpec|s \i. L$pfZ L$
d sp s_y ifZ huL$pey R>. s\u s b^p_y `pjZ L$fhp_u S>hpbv$pfu
cy kcpmu gi. Ap fus_u ifZcph_p L$fhu.
(12) `peprs$dZ :- `pjZ L$fhp epe u-`ypqv$L$ L$
`psp_p L$fg A`dp_ (Ars$dZ) _p kN :- epf Ly$Vy$buS>_p_ Ahy
gpN L$ sd_y `pjZ L$fhpdp L$ sd_y fnZ L$fhpdp Ap`Z Ap`Zu
S>hpbv$pfu kpfu fus Av$p L$fsp _\u, epf sAp Ap` A`dp_ L$fu
bk R>. sh kde sdZ L$fg A`dp_\u er\s _ \sp, cy_y ifZ
256

huL$pfhy.
(13) Ashpers$d : Ashpku AV$g rhp\}L$ rie. s\u
AshpkuApA L$fg rsfL$pf_p kN :- L$pCL$ hpf Ap`Zp rie
A\hp khL$ Ap`Zp rsfL$pf L$f sp s_p D`f $p^ _ L$fhp. $p^ A
hdp hig Apkyfcph_y `qfZpd R>. Ap\u `psp_pdp Apkyfcph _
hi AV$gp dpV$ h kh\p ulqf_y ifZ ghy. Ap`Z Ahy rhQpfhy
L$ sZ L$fg A`fp^ (Ap` A`dp_) dpV$ cy_ S> epe gpNi s
cy L$fi.
(14) AgpqL$L$ d_: rkp : AgpqL$L$ Ahp d_, byq, rQ
A_ AlL$pf_ (As:L$fZ_)rk L$fhp dpV$ :d_, byq, rQ Apqv$ pL$rsL$ R>; sd_ Aepk hX$ (MpV$u
dpV$pC Ap`u_) ApL$rsL$ _ b_phu iL$pe. Aepk (cd) _ L$pfZ sp
s gpqL$L$ bep R>. s\u s b^pdp\u pL$s Ai L$pY$u _pMu_ sd_
AgpqL$L$ b_phhp lpe sp A_ sd_p pfp AgpqL$L$ cphp rk L$fhp
lpe sp, ulqf_p ifZ_u cph_p L$fhu.
Al] L$hm d_ iv$ hp`ep R>. `fsy s_p\u v$l, Apqv$_p bp^
`Z \pe R>. Ap`Z s kp_ AgpqL$L$ b_phhp CR>uA R>uA. `fsy v$l
A_ Cqep sp `ps`psp_p rhjepdp kv$p ApkL$s fl R>. A_
rhjepkL$s v$ldp ulqf_p Aphi flsp _\u. rhjepL$ps v$lp_p
_phi: kh\p lf: AV$gp dpV$ s_ A_ d_ _ AgpqL$L$ b_phhp dpV$
AV$g L$ sd_p pfp dp_ku khp ky^u `lpQhp dpV$ - kh\p ifZ lqf.
(15) khp\ : kh A\ rk L$fhp dpV$ :- D`f Ap`Z Qpv$
`qfq\rsAp NZphu. sdp\u eL$_ A\ h ulqf_u ifZ cph_p
L$fhu. `fsy A Qpv$ rkhpe bu L$pB bpbsp _\u iy ? sp L$l R> L$ :
OZu R>. s\u As L$y, ""khp\'' AV$g L$ Ap b^u A_ bpL$u flu lpe
s b^u `qfq\rsdp h ulqf_u ifZcph_p L$fhu.
V|$L$dp, h Ape L$v$u _ R>pX$hp. h__p As ky^u ulqf_p
Ape_ hmNu flhy. L$C `Z \pe. L$pC`Z `qfq\rs Ecu \pe, L$pC
257

`Z cph. gpqL$L$ L$ AgpqL$L$ cph_u pq L$fhu lpe sp s b^p kN

kh\p ifZ lqf:
Ahp A Ape_u khpd L$np AV$g A_epe. AL$ dp
ulqf_p Ape ghp s_y _pd A_epe. Ap hps h^y `$ L$fhp
dpV$ udlpcy Apop L$f R> L$ :Aee cS>_ s hsp Nd_dh Q &
p\_p L$pe dp@r` ssp@e rhhS>es &&
A\ps : bu v$h_y cS>_ _ L$fhy. A_ `psp_u dm A\hp
bu L$pC_u fZp\u, bu v$hp_u khp L$fhp dpV$ sd_p dqv$fdp `Z
_ S>hy. A_ _p_p L$ dpV$p L$pep_u rkq dpV$ `Z bu L$pC v$h_u
p\_p L$fhp_y e v$hy.
Ap S> bpbsdp epkpv$idp dqv$sf cS>_pnZ - dpfp
rkhpe bu_y cS>_ L$fhp_y _\u - A gpL$\u L$fhpdp Aphu R>.
pr\s hp ss: qL$ eps - cy_u p\_p L$fhp\u iy hm ? L$iy
_l]. s\u cy_u `pk L$iy `Z dmhhp dpV$ p\_p _ L$fhu; Ahu
udlpcy_u Apop R>. sp `R>u L$pC hMs Ap`Z_ L$pC hsy_u
S>$f v$MpC. s dmhhp dpV$ iy L$fhy ? cy_u `pk sp s _ dpNu
iL$pe; sp `R>u s dmhhp dpV$ bu L$pC v$h_u p\_p L$fhu L$ L$d ?
s_p S>hpbdp L$y L$ Aee cS>_ s hspNd_dhQ & Ap r_j^
Apop_p A\ A R> L$ bu v$h_y cS>_ _ L$fhy A_ kpd Qpgu_ sd_p
dqv$f `Z _ S>hy.
Ap`Z_ L$v$pQ Ad \pe L$ Ap r_j^ Apop pfp Ap`Z_ L$pC
bu v$h_y cS>_ _ L$fhp_y A_ sd_p dqv$fdp _ S>hp_y L$y R> `fsy
CrR>s hsy_u pr dpV$ sd_u, Of bW$p p\_p L$fhp_u d_pC, L$ep
L$fu R> ? s_p S>hpbdp bu AL$ r_j^ Apop L$fhpdp Aphu R>. A_
s A L$ p\_p: L$pedp@r` s\p@e rhhS>es & AV$g L$ bu
v$h_u L$pC`Z L$pf p\_p L$fhp_y R>pX$u v$hy. h cy uL$Z rkhpe
bu L$pC`Z v$h-v$hu L$ Ae_y (en, qL$f, c|ss Apqv$_y) cS>_
258

L$epfe _ L$fhy.
Apd udlpcy_u Apop dpZ Ap`Z Ae v$h_y cS>_
A_ sd_u p\_p_p kv$sf epN L$fhp_p R>. s_p A\ A _ kdS>hp
L$ Ap`Z cNhp_ L$Z rkhpe Ae v$hv$huAp_p rsfL$pf L$fhp.
sd_p rsfL$pf L$fhp_y _\u L$y. kpQp hZh hcphs: (hZhh rl
klS>) L$pC_p `Z rsfL$pf _ L$f. `R>u cg_ s bu L$pC vy$$ lpe.
Ae v$hp cNhp_ L$Z sp _\u S> : `fsy sAp cNhp_ L$Z_u
rhc|rs sp R> S>. s\u sd_y cS>_ _ L$fip; sd_u p\_p _ L$fip.
`fsy sd_p rsfL$pf `Z _ L$fip. Ahy kd L$ sd_p rsfL$pf L$fhp
dpV$ `Z Ap`Z sd_ ip dpV$ epv$ L$fhp ? Ap`Z dp\ sp Ap`Zp kh
kd\ cy rbfpS> R>, sd_ ldip epv$ L$fp. Ap`Z s cy uL$Z
rkhpe bu L$pC_y cS>_ _\u L$fhp_y. bu L$pC `pk p\_p`|hL$ L$iy
dpNhp_y _\u. Ap b^u bpbsdp Ap`Z sp AL$ dp ulqf_y ifZ
huL$pfhp_y R>. ulqf_y ifZ huL$pfhy AV$g ulqf_u iqL$sdp
rhpk eL$s L$fhp_p R>. `psp_p C$v$hdp rhpk eL$s L$fhp_p A\
Ae v$hv$huAp_u iqL$sdp Arhpk L$fhp Ahp \sp _\u. Ap`Z sp
Aphy rhQpfhp_y R> - ""dpf sp L$hm dpfp hpdu_y ifZ R>. dpfp
hpdu kh iqL$sdp_ R>. s dpfy kh L$pC L$fhp kd\ R>. sp `R>u bu
L$pC`Z v$h, v$hu L$ Ae_y cS>_ L$fhy L$ s_u p\_p L$fhu L$ sd_u
Apfp^_p L$fhp_u dpf iu S>$f R> ? ly A dpZ L$fy sp d_ dpfp
hpdu_u iqL$sdp Arhpk R> Ahy NZpe.'' Aphy rhQpfu_ Ae
v$hv$huAp_y cS>_-p\_p A_ sd_p dqv$f sfa Nd_ Apqv$ hsy_p
kh\p epN L$fhp.
Arhpk A_ rhpk_p h$`p _ kdhhp dpV$
udlpcyA bp A_ QpsL$_p $psp Apep R> Arhpkp _ L$se: kh\p bp^L$sy k: &
bp QpsL$p cpep, p khs r_dd: &&
A\ps : cqL$sdpN (ifZdpN) dp Arhpk L$v$u _ L$fhp;
259

L$pfZ L$ Arhpk b^p bp^L$pdp kly\u dpV$p bp^L$ R>; A_ sdp

rhpk S>$f L$fhp; s kh L$pe rk L$f_pfp (kp^L$) R>.
`fsy rhpk A_ Arhpk_p kp^L$`Zpdp A_ bp^L$`Zpdp
bp A_ QpsL$_y A_yk^p_ fpMhy.
cqL$sdpNdp Aphgp h, ulqfdp A_ r_S> Nyfyv$hdp L$v$pr`
Arhpk _ L$fhp. Arhpk A cqL$sdpNdp kp\u dpV$u bp^p$` R>. s
ifZpNrs_p cph_ $^ R>; s_ Ahfp^ R>. s\u Arhpk _ L$fhp.
s\u EgVy$ qhpk kh L$pe rk L$f_pfp lphp\u, s S>$f L$fhp.
Arhpk A_ rhpk L$hp lphp CA s kdS>hp dpV$, he
udlpcyA Ap`gp, bp A_ QpsL$_p $psp kd ghp_u
S>$f R>.
b`pi (bp)_u iqL$sdp Arhpk gphu_ fphZ
bp\u b^pegp l_ydp__ gpY$p_u dS>b|s kpL$mp hX$ bpep.
Ap\u ufpd v|$s l_ydp_, bp_u depv$p gp`u. A_ gpMX$u kpL$mp
A_ bp hNf b^p b^_p spX$u _pMu_, `psp_ b^_ dyL$s L$fu
v$u^p. fphZ bpdp fpMgp Arhpk_y A `qfZpd.
hprs _ndp S> dOtbvy$Ap `X$i, s S> S>m_y ly `p_ L$fui.
buSy> L$pC `Z S>m ly _l] `uJ. dpf dpV$ hprs _ndp S>$f dOhjp
\i Ahp Y$ rhpk fpM_pf QpsL$ `nu dpV$ hprs _ndp hjp \pe
S> R> A R> s_p Y$ rhpk_y `qfZpd.
lh dp AL$ iL$p_y kdp^p_ L$fhp_y bpL$u fl R>. A_ s A L$
"" kh bpbsdp ifZ ulqf_y lpe sp, iy h gpqL$L$ hqv$L$ L$pep
L$fhp_y R>pX$u v$hy ? s_p S>hpbdp Ap`u Apop L$f R> e\pL$\rQs L$peprZ Ly$ep vy$ephQper` &
qL$ Q pL$s_ bly^p ifZ cphered &&
A\ps : Ap dpN (ifZ-Ape) dp gpL$p_ Apdpe_u iL$p
_ Aph AV$gp dpV$ h ApheL$ gpqL$L$ A_ hqv$L$ L$pep L$fsp flhy.
cqL$sdpN dpZcys lphp bpbs_u L$pC_ iL$p _ Aph AV$gp dpV$
260

h gpqL$L$ hqv$L$ L$pep L$fhp. `fsy Ahp L$pep dpf h^d $` L$fhp_p R>
Ahy L$v$u _ dp_hy.
Aphu Apop sp "`yq hpl depv$p' N\dp `Z, bu iv$pdp,
L$fhpdp Aphu R>. sdp L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ ""gpqL$L$h hqv$L$h
L$p`V$epjy _pe\p'' - AV$g L$ cNhv$uepA gpqL$L$ hqv$L$ L$pep
gpL$pkNlp\ L$fhp; h^d kd_ L$fhp_p _\u. Agb Ahp L$dp
Ap`Z gpL$kNl dpV$ `Z _ L$fuA sp sd L$fhp\u Ap`Z_ v$pj
gpNsp _\u. R>sp dpN `fh L$pC ApNmu _ Q]^ A\hp Ap`Zp dpN
hv$ Ap^pqfs (dpZcys) lphp_u iL$p _ L$f, AV$gp dpV$ Ap`Z
(L$p`V$epjy) Ahp L$pep L$fhp ApV$gy L$lu_ Ap`u L$l R> - qL$ Q
pL$s_ bly_p AV$g L$ O L$lhp hX$ L$fu_ iy (rk L$fhp_y ) R> ?
dsgb L$ bly h^pf L$lhp\u L$ip gpc _\u. dp ApV$gy S> kd L$
h kh\p ifZ lqf:
Ap b^u bpbsp, kOmp ^dp (kh ^dp_) _y r_$`Z L$fsu
hMs, epkpv$idp bsphhpdp Aphu R>.
Ap \m uhS>fpS> dlpfpS>_p ds \pX$pL$ Sy>v$p R>. Ap`u
"DQphQpr_' _p A\ gpqL$L$ hqv$L$ Ahp _\u L$fsp. Ap`u_p ds
dpZ DQ AV$g khp rhjeL$ AgpqL$L$ L$pep A_ AhQ AV$g v$l
Cqep pfp \sp b^p gpqL$L$ L$pep. Ahy kdhu_ Ap`u L$l R> L$
""h khp rhjeL$ AgpqL$L$ A_ kpkpqfL$ gpqL$L$ L$pep L$fsp flhp_y
R>. `fsy L$fS> L$fu_ A\hp kcd\u A b^p L$pep L$fhp _\u. lh h^y
L$iy L$lhp_y _\u, s\u R>p gpL$dp D`klpf L$fhpdp Apep R> AhdpeZ pL$s khjp khv$p rlsd &
L$gp cL$epqv$ dpNp rl vy$:kpep Crs d drs: &&
A\ps : Ap fus d Ape_y h$` - AN krls (khpi)
`$ fus L$y; Ape_y A h$` b^p hZ AV$g bpZ, nqe, he
A_ iy sdS> b^p Apd AV$g bQe, Nl\, hp_\A_
kepk_p hp_ dpV$ b^u fus rlsL$pfL$ R>. s kdS>hp\u sd_p
261

c[L$scph Y$ \i; _rlsf Ap sp L$rgL$pg R>. L$rgeyNdp c[s Apqv$

b^p dpNp bly L$$\u rk \pe shp R>. Ap\u c[s dpN_ `pjZ
Ap`sp Ap Z shp (ANp) - rhhL$, ^e A_ Ape - kdS>hp
S>$fu R> Ahu Adpfu byq R>.
-S>e uL$Z
***

262

9. uL$Zpe
kh d pN j y _$ j y L$gp Q Mg^rd r Z &
`pjX$Qyf gpL$ L$Z Ah Nrsdd && 1 &&
g R>p$ps j y v$ i j y `p` L $r_ge j y Q &
k`uX$peNgpL$jy L$Z Ah Nrsdd && 2 &&
NNpqv$su\hejy vy$$fhphs[hl &
rsfprlspr^v$hjy L$Z Ah Nrsdd && 3 &&
AlL$pfrhd|Y$jy kky `p`p_yhrsjy &
gpc`|\e_jy L$Z Ah Nrsdd && 4 &&
A`rfop__$jy dhhseprNjy &
rsfprlsp\v$hjy L$Z Ah Nrsdd && 5 &&
_p_phpv$rh_$jy khL$dhspqv$jy &
`pjX$L$e_jy L$Z Ah Nrsdd && 6 &&
Ardgpqv$v$p j pZp _piL$p _ y c h q\s: &
opr`sprMgdplpe: L$Z Ah Nrsdd && 7 &&
pL$sp: kL$gp v$hp NrZsp_v$L$ bls &
`|Zp_v$p lqfsdps L$Z Ah Nrsdd && 8 &&
rhhL$^ecepqv$frlse rhijs: &
`p`pkse v$u_e L$Z Ah Nrsdd && 9 &&
kh k pde k rls: kh h prMgp\ L $ s &
ifZ\kdypf L$Z rhop`epeld && 10 &&
L$Zperdv$ sp e: `W$s L$Zkq^p &
sepep chs L$Z Crs uhgcpbhus &&11&&
&& Crs udgcpQperhfrQs L$Zpesp k`|Zd &&

263

"L$Zpe' _p cph kdhsp `y. ulqfL$Z ipu L$l R>

L$ "L$Z' AV$g kv$p_v$ A_ Ape AV$g Ap^pf. s\u, kv$p_v$ h$`
uL$Z S> h dp_p Ap^pf R>, Ahy Y$sp\u dp_u_, kh_p
Ap^pf$` uL$Z_u S> pq L$fhp dpV$, Ap sp_p `pW$ L$fhp, Ahy
kdh_pfy sp s L$Zpe.
Ap L$rgL$pgdp kp^L$, kp^_ A_ kpe A Z_p rhQpf L$fsp
AL$ S> lL$uL$s args \pe R> A_ s A L$ ""Ap L$rgL$pgdp h dpV$
AL$ dp L$Z_p Ape S> rlsphl R>. Ap lL$uL$s_p D`v$i Ap`hp
dpV$ v$hppf e_pdp Ahy S>d_y _pd R>. Ahp udlpcyA Ap
N\L$V$ L$ep R>. sd_p A D`v$i_ Ap fus kd iL$pe :(1) kp^L$_ D`v$i Ap`sp Ap`u L$l R>, ""l h ! sy `fb
uL$Z_p Ai R>. s\u spfp AL$dp Ape (Ap^pf) $`
uL$Z_u pq dpV$ sy s_y S> ifZ huL$pf.''
(2) kp^_ AN_p D`v$i Ap`sp Ap`u L$l R>, ""L$ddpN,
op_dpN, epN Apqv$ b^p dpNp_ e\prQs kp^hp_y, Ap
L$rgL$pgdp, `|Zs: Aie \C `X$ey R>. A b^p dpNp
L$Zpq dpV$_p kp^_$` b_u iL$ sd _\u A sy r_Qe`|hL$
kd g.''
(3) kpe AN_p D`v$i Ap`sp Ap`u L$l R>, ""h, dv$drs,
dv$cpe, A`pey A_ kp^_lu_ lphp\u, s `psp_p e_p\u
iy ip^hp_p R> ? s\u l h ! kpe_u pq L$fphu Ap`hp_y
kh L$pe sy L$Z-L$`p D`f S> R>pX$u v$.''
l h ! spfy kpe iy R> ? yrs L$\ R> - fk lhhpe
g^hp_v$u chrs - AV$g L$ fkh$` cy_p gpc (p) L$fu_ S>
Ap_v$u \hpe R>. sy r_Qe`|hL$ Ahy kd g L$ fkp h k: AV$g L$ s
cyS> (L$jZ S>) fk$` R>. s\u s fkpdL$ h$` uL$Z_u pq A
S> spfy kpe R>. Ahp A fk$` cy_u pq ip\u \pe ? Ap __y
kdp^p_ Ap N\L$fph R>; A_ L$l R> L$ "s_u pq L$Z_p Ape
264

NlZ L$fhp\u S> \pe; Ae L$pB fus _l].'' ""`|Zp_v$p lqfsdps

L$Z Ah Nrsdd '' hps kpQu R> cpC, s_ kpQu R>. h_
L$Z_p Ape dm sp s_ dpV$ iy Age R> ?
`fsy A Ape dm L$hu fus ? ""L$Zpe'' A iy kp^_ kpe
AV$g L$ kp^_ pfp kp^u iL$pe shu hsy R> ? _p, L$Zpe kp^_kpe _\u. `fsy cy `ps k \C_, h_, `psp_p Ape_y v$p_ L$f
epf S> s ge R>. Ap sp `yq$dpN_p AL$ AV$g rkps R>. AV$gp
dpV$ "L$Zpe' spdp udlpcyA L$Z_p Ape_ rk L$fhp
dpV$_p kp^_p_p D`v$i _\u Apep. `fsy h_ s Ape dmu fl
sV$gp dpV$, h_p rhj `ps L$Z_ p\_p S> L$fu R>.
"L$Zpe' dp L$Z iv$ R>. A iv$p_p cph kdhsp
L$lhpdp Apey R> L$L$rjc|hpQL$: iv$pZQ r_hq hpQL$: &
sepfe `f b L$Z Cerc^ues &&
A\ps : L$Z A c|hpQL$ (c| AV$g ks = kp) iv$ R>.
A_ Z A Ap_v$hpQL$ iv$ R>. ks A_ Ap_v$ A b iv$p X$hp\u
kv$p_v$ b_ R>. A kv$p_v$ `fb_p hpQL$ R>. s Ahu fus L$ ""L$Z
iv$_p `|h cpN L$j A ks _p hpQL$ R>. A_ A_p Df cpN Z A
Ap_v$_p hpQL$ R>. A_ eplpf epe "rQs' AV$g Qse_p hpQL$
cpN s_p de`prs R>. s\u L$Z_p A\ ks + rQs + Ap_v$ AV$g
L$ kqQv$p_v$ \pe.
Ahp S> kqQv$p_v$ h$`, kv$p_v$ uL$Z_p S> Ape L$fhp,
A_ AL$ dp sd_ S> sdpfp gpqL$L$ A_ `pfgpqL$L$_p r_hplL$ (r_hpl
L$f_pf) dp_hp A_y _pd L$Zpe.
L$Z_p Ape fpep rkhpe Ap L$rgL$pgdp h, `psp_p
Dpf Ae fus L$fu iL$ sd _\u. _ A R> L$ L$Z_p S> Ape ip
dpV$? bu OZp v$hp R>, rih, rhfQu, B Apqv$ v$hp_p Ape
fpMhp\u iy h_p Dpf _ \pe ? s_p eyf Ap`sp udv$
265

hgcpQpe L$l R>, ""pL$sp: kL$gp v$hp:'' A\ps A b^p v$hp

pL$s (L$rs_ Ap^u_) R>. sAp L$rs AV$g dpep_ Ap^u_ lpe
sp, sAp sd_p Ape L$f_pf_ dpepdp\u L$hu fus dys L$fphu iL$ ?
AV$gp dpV$ sp cNhp_ L$Z, `ps Npeg Av$c|s Nus (Nusp) dp
d^yf NyS>_ L$fsp Npey R> L$ ""dpdh d `s, dpep d sp sfqs s''
A\ps dpf S> ifZ Aph_pf h dpfu (vy$fe) dpep_ sfu_
(klgpB\u) `pf Esfu iL$ R>. A_ bu AhuS> d^yf Apop L$fu R>,
""dpdL$ ifZ hS>'' A\ps d_ AL$gp_ S> ifZ Aph. L$Z_u A
ApopAp_y `pg_ L$fp A_ s_ S> `pdp...
Ap fus L$Z_p Apedp A_esp A S> dlh_u hsy R>.
`yq$dpNdp L$Z L$`p rkhpe kOmp h\p R>. edhj Apqv$ yrsAp `Z
Ap`Z_ Ahp S> D`v$i Ap` R>. s\u L$Z_p Ape NlZ L$fhp.
Ape sp L$Z_p S>, bu L$pC_p _l]. Nrs sp O_epd_u S>, bu
L$pB_u _l]. L$Zpe N\_p Aphp N|Y$ cph R>.
udv$pQpeQfZ, rhhL$^epe N\dp, Ape_y AgN r_$`Z
L$fu_ uL$Z_p S> Ape NlZ L$fhp_u Apop L$fu R>. ""ArlL$
`pfgpL$ Q kh\p ifZ lqf:'' AV$g L$ Ap gpL$ L$ `fgpL$ kb^u
L$pB`Z bpbsdp, ldip, ulqf S> dpfp Ape, dpfp Ap^pf A_ dpfy
ifZ R> Ahu Y$ cph_p fpMhu s_y _pd L$Zpe.
A_ A L$Zpe_y d|s h$` AV$g A$pnf - uL$Z: ifZ
dd. A_ A$pnf_p A\ Aphp \pe R> - dd r_:kp^_e ifZ
Ape: iepie k`pv$L$: uL$Z. AV$g L$ r_:kp^_ Ahp dpfp
S>hp h_y AL$dp ifZ, AL$ dp Ap^pf uL$Z R>. s S> dpfy
ie, Aie b^u bpbsp_y k`pv$_ L$fphu Ap` R>. Ap cph, Aphp
rhhpk, sdpfp Aphp Y$ r_^pf es L$fhp dpV$ ""kv$p fV$p uL$Z:
ifZ dd - hgchf_u Apop A L$lhpe .''
uhgc gplpfdp hksp bygprd `qX$s _pd_p `psp_p
khL$_ dpV$ "L$Zpe'_u fQ_p L$fu R> Ahy dp_hpdp Aph R>.
266

bygprd udlpcy_ ifZ Apep. ApQpeuA sd_ _pd

kcmphu, r_hv$_ L$fpey. uW$pLy$f_u kdyM `pW$ L$fpep. s `pW$
L$fhp\u, `qX$s_ uW$pLy$f_u b^u gugpAp_p kp_ych \hp gpep;
AV$gy S> _l], L$Zpe_p r_e `pW$ L$fhp_p ag$` sd_ dp_ku khp
rk \C. Aphy R> L$Z_p kpq^p AV$g L$ L$Z_p kpqedp
L$Zpe_p `pW$ L$fhp_y ag.
`yq$dpN_y `fd ke AL$ S> R>. A_ s R> L$Z Ah Nrsdd &
h hpR> R> L$Z_u Nrs. A S> A_y ee R>, e R> A_ e `Z A
S> R>. AS> A_y kp^_ R> A_ kpe `Z A S> R>. Adp S> A_u Nrs
R> A_ A_u drs `Z Adp S> lphu OV$. udlpcyA v$hu hp
D`f L$`p L$fu_ Ap N\_u fQ_p L$fu R>. sd_p kde (rh$d_u kpmdu
kv$udp) L$rgL$pg_p cph\u, kp^_ jV$L$ - v$i, L$pm, e, L$s, L$d
A_ d Ap R> kp^_p_p kdyl - Aiy b_u Nep lsp. sd_pdp cy
pq dpV$_y Akp^L$` Aphu Ney lsy. shp kde r_:kp^_ b_u_
dyTpegp h iy L$fhy s Ap`uA L$Zpedp bspey R>.
Ap`Zp tlvy$ ^d k_ps_ ^d R>. cpfsdp A_L$ F$rj-dyr_Ap,
dlpdpAp, s`huAp A_ dpN hsL$p D` \ep R>. sdZ cNhv$
pq dpV$_p rhQpf L$ep A_ `psp_ S> dpN kfm A_ kQpV$ gpep. s
dpN, sdZ L$`p L$fu_ `psp_p A_yepeuAp_ bspep. kho A_
Apj$p Ahp A F$rjdyr_ApA lfp hj ky^u s` L$fu_ AdpO dp
dmep A_ dydynpAp_ s dp Apep, S>\u sAp s dp_ `rh
hpsphfZdp DQpf L$fu_, he `fdpdp_ `pdu iL$. A b^p dpdp
AdpO i[s lsu. sdZ bsphg dpN kQpV$ lsp. L$pV$p_ L$pV$u hp
sdZ bsphg dpN Qpgu_ sdZ Ap`g dp_y fV$Z L$fu_, `fd`v$_
`pep R>.
`fsy s b^y bey, keeyN, sp A_ p`f eyNdp. p`f_p
As cNhp_ uL$Z_p h^pd Nd_ `R>u. L$rgeyN_p pfc \ep.
fp `furns L$rgeyN_ rinp sp L$fu `fsy Dv$pfQqfs A fp,
267

L$rgeyN_p cph_ agpsp AV$L$phu _ iL$ep. L$rgeyN_p cph

Akp^pfZ R>. s\u he sAp L$rgeyN_u Akf _uQ Aphu Nep. irdL$
F$rj_p Nmpdp dfgp kp` `lfphu_ sdZ F$rj`y_p ip`_ `psp_p
Nmpdp `lfu gu^p. `fsy lSy> ky^u L$rgeyN_p cph AV$gp b^p
ep`L$ bep _ lsp. s\u hL$spApdp Dd Ahp bop_u iyL$v$h
dlpfpS>, kps qv$hk ky^u, udv$ cpNhs_u L$\p L$lu kcmphu_,
sd_ `fd `v$_u pq L$fphu Ap`u. A_ `furns L$Z_u Nrs_
`pep.
`fsy kde S>sp, L$rgL$pg_p cph h^y suh b_hp gpep.
udv$pQpeQfZ_p c|sghpk v$fep_, s_p cph depL$pi `lpQu
Q|L$ep lsp. v$i, L$pm, e, L$s, L$d A_ d Apqv$ b^p D`f s_p
cph kps agpB Nep lsp. AV$gp dpV$ sp, L$Zpe_p \d
gpL$dp udlpcy, L$rgL$pg_p cujZ cph_y hZ_ L$f R>.
uL$Zpe N\ArslprkL$ N\R>. rh$d_u kpmdu kv$udp
AV$g L$ udlpcy_p kdedp cpfs_u v$iL$pg_u `qfq\rs_p spe
rQspf, A N\_p hpQ_\u dmu fl R>. v$i rh^d}Ap\u Ap$ps b_u
Q|L$ep lsp. `qfZpd, Ap_ykrNL$ fus, h__p b^p npdp c$pQpf
ep`u Q|L$ep lsp.
s kde, kpfpe cpfsdp rh^d}Ap_y f ep`u Ney lsy.
rhv$iu ipkL$p pfp, su\p c$ \C Nep lsp. dqv$fpdp flsp v$hspAp
rsfprls \C Nep lsp. rh^d}Ap pfp dqv$fp A_ d|rsAp_p hi \sp
lsp. dqv$fp_ \p_ dqS>v$p b_su lsu. Npep_u L$sg \su lsu. s\p
bpZp_u r_dd lep \su lsu.
bu bpSy>, L$rgeyN_p cph\u A_ rhv$iu ipkL$p_p Sy>d\u,
cpfs_p gpL$p_u ApepqdL$ vy$v$ip \C lsu. ip_p ZL$pf gpL$p
AlL$pfu b_u Nep lsp. v$idp rc rc dpN hssp lsp. ipp_p
dpfu dQX$u_ L$fgp A\p pfp ApQpfcv$ A_ dscv$ ksp lsp.
QpfbpSy> `pMX$ agpC Ney lsy. ^dpQpep ^d_p _pd `pMX$_ `pjsp
268

lsp. s\u gpL$p_p rhhpk, ^d, dpN, d A_ su\p D`f\u DX$u Nep
lsp.
Ah kde L$e dpN Qpgu_, cy `pk `lpQhy A _ Dcp
\ep lsp. cy_u `pk `lpQhp dpV$ L$ep kp^_p_p D`epN L$fhp - L$d,
op_ L$ c[s A\hp S>`, s` L$ L$us_ ?
ApQpeu Apop L$f R> L$ L$rgeyN_p bm hpl kpd epf
Ap b^p kp^_p A_ h_p b^p `yfyjp\p r_:kh b_u Nep lsp epf
r_bm Ahp h, kp^_lu_ Ahp h iy L$f ? s_u `pk L$pC kp^_
sp R> _l] A_ s_pdp L$pC `yfyjp\ L$fhp_u iqL$s flu _\u s D`fps
rh^d}Ap s_ `uX$p L$fu fp R>, Aph kde sZ iy L$fhy ?
udlpcy h_ fsp bsph R>. sL$prg_ `qfq\rs,
kp^__y Akp^L$` A_ `yfyjp\_u r_amsp_ ep_dp gsp, h dpV$
AL$ dp fsp R>. L$Z Ah Nrsdd & AV$g L$ kp^_ lu_ Ahp ly,
uL$Z S> dpfu Nrs \ph. L$hm Ap AL$S> fsp R>.
`fsy iu fus ? L$C i[s L$ kp^__p bm h L$Z_u Nrs
dpN R>? udlpcy Apop L$f R>, ""h kp^_ lu_sp_ bm
L$Z_u Nrs dpN R>. s `psp_u v$u_sp_p bm uL$Z_u Nrs dpN R>.
h r_bm R>, s v$u_ R>; lu_ R>; v$pj`|Z R>; kp^_lu_ R>. `fsy s
S>_u Nrs p\ R> s L$Z sp kd\ R>; r_v$pj R>; `qf`|Z R>. Apd,
h `psp_p bm D`f _l], `fsy uL$Z_p bm D`f Ahu Nrs dpN
R>, s Ahu Dd Nrs dpN R> S> Nrs epNuAp, s`huAp A_
op_uAp_ dmhu `Z vy$gc R>.
L$Zpe N\dp Ly$g 11 gpL$p R>. sdp `lgp v$i gpL$_ S>
hpsrhL$ fus L$Zpe L$lu iL$pe. N\_p R>p gpL$ sp, A
N\(L$Zpe)_p `pW$ L$Z_p kpqedp L$fsp L$hy am dm s L$lu
bsph R>. s\u s L$Zpe N\_p Apdp $` R>.
L$Zpedp v$i gpL$p R> Ad kdS>hy. _ A R> L$ A N\dp
v$i S> gpL$p ip dpV$ R> ? sdp v$i gpL$p fpMhp_p Qpf lsyAp lphp_y
269

L$y R>:(1) Aepf L$rgL$pmdp, v$i, L$pg, e, L$sp, L$d A_ d Ap

kp^_ jV$L$ (R> kp^_p_p kdyl)\u ^dpqv$ Qpf AgpqL$L$ `yfyjp\p kp^u
iL$psp _\u. L$rg_p cph\u, A R> e kp^_p_p cph _$ \C Nep
R>. A L$pfZ csp_p, v$iL$pg Apqv$ A R> e R> kp^_ $`, cyA `ps
S> b_hy `X$ R>. A_ h_p Qpfe `yfyjp\ $` `Z L$Z S> b_hy `X$
R>. Apd h_p v$iL$pg Apqv$ R> e kp^_$` A_ ^d A\ Apqv$ Qpfe
AgpqL$L$ `yfyjp\ $` cy S> R>, Ahy Ap N\dp L$y R>.
`qfq\rs Ap dpZ lphp\u, cNhv$uepA v$ipqv$ R> kp^_p
rk L$fhp_u A_ ^dpqv$ Qpfe `yfyjp\p_u pq L$fhp_u d_phq _
fpMhu. Ahy kdhhp dpV$ R> A_ Qpf dmu v$i gpL$pdp s b^p_u
rb_ AkfL$pfL$sp bsphu R>. A_ s v$iv$i rb_ AkfL$pfL$ lphp\u,
L$Z Ah Nrsdd iv$p pfp, A v$i_p kdphi, L$Zr_ Nrs
`pdhpdp \pe R> Ahu Apop L$fhp dpV$ L$Zpedp v$i gpL$p R>.
(2) cNhv$uepA L$hm L$Z_p S> Ape `pdhp_p R>. s
L$Z_y h$` L$hy R> ? sp L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ L$Z v$i rh^
gugpAp_p L$sp R>. A v$iS> gugpAp L$C R> ? sp L$ s R> - kN,
rhkN, \p_, `pjZ, Ers, dhsf, Cip_yL$\p, r_fp^, dy[s A_
Ape. h v$i gugp rhri$$ L$Z_p Ape `pdhp_p R>. Ahu
Apop L$fhp dpV$. L$Zpedp v$i gpL$p R>.
(3) hp (cNhv$uAp) `Z v$irh^ R>. L$rs_p Z NyZp_p
`f`f kp\_p rdZ\u, _h L$pf \pe. e\p :- kpqhL$-kpqhL$,
kpqhL$-fpS>k, kpqhL$-spdk; fpS>k-fpS>k, fpS>k-spdk, fpS>kkpqhL$; spdk-spdk, spdk-fpS>k A_ spdk-kpqhL$. Ap fus
_h L$pf (rd L$pf) A_ v$idp r_NyZ Ad Ly$g v$i L$pf_p
cNhv$uep lpe R>. A v$i L$pf_p hp_p (cNhv$uep_p) ke
AL$dp uL$Z S> R> Ahu Apop L$fhp dpV$, L$Zpedp v$i gpL$p
R>.
270

(4) pZp `Z v$irh^ R>. e\p-pZ, A`p_, ep_, Dv$p_,

kdp_, _pN, L|$d, Ly$Ly$g, v$hv$ A_ ^_S>e. Ap v$irh^ pZp (pZ
AV$g hpey) hX$ hhy b^y kp^u iL$pe R>. A fus L$Z S> sdpfy b^y ArlL$ A_ `pfgpqL$L$ b^y-kp^u Ap`i Ahu Apop L$fhp dpV$,
L$Zpedp v$i gpL$p R>.
L$Zpe `pdhp dpV$_p dye R> kp^_p_ Ap`Z kp^_ jV$L$
_pd\u ApmMphuiy. sdp kp\u `lgp kp^_ "L$pm' R>. Apd sp A R>
e R> kp^_p `yfyjp\ pq_p kp^L$ d_pe R>; `fsy L$rgL$pgdp s b^p
Akp^L$ b_u Nep R>. A R> dp dye L$pg lphp\u, kp\u `lgp gpL$dp
L$pg_y Akp^L$` r_$`us L$fhpdp Apey R>. ApQpeu L$Zpe_p
\d gpL$dp Apop L$f R>kh dpNjy _$jy L$gpQ Mg^rdZu &
`pjX$ Qyf gpL$ L$Z Ah Nrsdd &&
A\ps : (1) kh dpNp_p _pi \ep lphp\u A_ (2) Mg
^dhpmp L$rgL$pg hsdp_ lphp\u A_ (3) b^p gpL$p `pMX$u b_u
Nep lphp\u L$Z Ah Nrsdd - L$Z S> dpfp Ape R>.
udlpcy c|sg D`f_u sL$prg_ `qfq\rs_y hZ_ L$f R>.
(1) L$rgL$pg Mg^d}AV$g L$ Mgsp (vy$$sp) S>_p ^d R>. Ahp b_u
Nep R>. (2) c|sg D`f_p b^p hp `pMX$u b_u Nep R> (L$gu_p
cph\u) A_ (3) cy_ p L$fhp_p, L$d, op_, S>`, s`, hfpe
Apqv$ b^p dpNp gNcN ds: pe b_u Nep R> - Ahp Ap kde
(L$rgeyN) sfa q$ S>sp, h Ahy qhhpk`|hL$ huL$pfu ghy `X$i L$
"AL$ dp uL$ZS> Ape L$fhp epe R>.'
Sy>Ap sp Mfp L$rgeyN_u L$hu brglpfu R> !(1) L$ddpN :- A_pks cph L$fgp L$dp_p dpN_y h$`
bv$gpC Ney R>. Ap `lgp A_pkL$s cph L$dp L$fu_ cy pq L$fu
iL$psu lsu. `fsy lh A dpN, kkpf S> S>_y am R>. Ahp hpl dpN_y
271

kp^_ b_u Nep R>. lh sp ^d L$fp A_ cy_ _l], kpkpqfL$

hpk_pAp_ p L$fp. ApS> sp L$d dpN, L$pQ_, L$urs, L$prd_u A_
L$preL$ kyMp_ `pdhp_p kp^_ sfuL$_p dpN b_u Nep R>.
(2) op_ dpN :- `Z cy pq \C iL$su lsu. `fsy lh
dpephpv$_p Apifp gC_ op__ L$gyrjs b_phu v$hpdp Apey R>. kh
Mqhv$ b _ bv$g "S>Ns rdep' Ahy op_ Ap`hpdp Aph R>; A_
A fus, Ap S>Ns b_y $uepcpX$ (gugpc|rd) lphp_u hps cygphu
v$hpdp Aph R>. A_ S>Ns_ rdep L$fphu_ s pfp csp_p Ap^pf
R>u_hu ghpdp Aph R>. cNhp__ dpV$ c|sg D`f "kchprd' -L$V$
\hp_u rsop `pmhp_y dyL$g b_phu v$hpdp Apey R>. (rdep R> S>
Ahp S>Nsdp ke R> S> Ahp cy_p kch-pL$V$e L$hu fus \pe !)
Ap fus op_dpN dpephpv$_p `epe b_u Nep R>.
(3) epNdpN pfp sdp ed, r_ed Apqv$ ApW$e ANp qk
L$fu_ s_p hX$ rQhq_ q\f b_phu, s_p pfp cy_p h$`_
ep_dp gphu_ cy pq L$fu iL$psu lsu. `fsy lh r_qfhfhpv$_y
Qg_ L$fu_, epNdpN_y dlh _$ L$fhpdp Apey R>.
(4) D`pk_p dpN (hv$ps c[sdpN) dp cy_u D`pk_p
L$fu_ cy_u pq L$fu iL$psu lsu. `fsy lh sdp cy_ \p_ cy_u
rhc|rsAp_u D`pk_p L$fhpdp Aph R>. `qfZpd s_p pfp rhc|rsAp_u
A_ _l] L$ cy_u pq L$fu iL$pe R>. A_ s `Z D`pk_p k`|Z
ipps `rs\u L$fhpdp Aph sp S>. Ap fus agpq_u q$A
D`pk_p dpN `Z _L$pdp b_u Nep R>.
Ap fus L$rgL$pg_p cph\u, cypq_p Ap b^p dye dpNp
rhL$s A_ rb_AkfL$pfL$ b_u Nep lphp\u h L$Z_u Nrs dpNhu.
A\ps L$Zc[s_p dpN A`_phhp Ahy Ap` L$lp R>p; sp iy A dpN
D`f L$rgL$pg_p dpN A`_phhp Ahy Ap` L$lp R>p; sp iy A dpN D`f
L$rgL$pg_p cph _\u `X$ep ? Aphp _ L$f_pf Ad `Z L$l R> L$
c[sdpN}e hp_ `Z L$rgL$pg bp^ L$ep S> R>. Sy>Ap_ shp hp
272

`Z Nlpqv$dp Apks lpe R>. A_ gpqL$L$u $uepAp L$f R>. s\u sAp_
`Z v$pj gpN S> R>. sp `R>u Ae dpNp_u A`npA c[sdpNdp
DpfL$` A_ agkp^L$` fy R>. Ahy L$hu fus L$lhpe ? A_
A dpN `Z lh gNcN L$ddpN S>hp S> b_u Nep lpe sp c[s_p
Ape $` L$Z_u Nrs_ p L$fu_ cy pq \B iL$i Ahy iu fus
L$lhpe ?
Ap __p kdp^p_ A\ L$l R> L$, sd L$lp R>p Ahp vy$jZp
Ad_ c[sdpNdp v$Mpsp _\u. cNhv$uep Nlpqv$L$_p L$pep L$f R>. sd
R>sp sd_u Nlpqv$L$dp v$Mpsu Apk[s sd_ dpV$ b^_L$pfL$ b_su
_\u. cNhv$uAp_u gpqL$L$ q$epAp v$Mphdp gpqL$L$u lpe R>. `fsy
hpshdp sp s b^u AgpqL$L$ lpe R>. L$pfZ L$ sdZ L$fgp b^p L$pep
L$Z re\ L$fhpdp Aph R>. csp NlL$pep L$fsp lpe R>. `fsy s
AV$gp dpV$ L$ s_p\u gpL$kNl \pe. A_ sAp Ahp L$pep _ L$f sp
sAp kpdpe S>_kdyv$pe_u V$uL$p_p cpN b_, s\u sd_p d_dp DN
\pe. `qfZpd rQ `fphu_ sAp cy_u khp `Z _ L$fu iL$. Ap\u
cykhp_u rkq A_ gpL$kNl_u cph_p_ A\ sAp Ahp L$pepL
L$p`V$ejy L$f R>. AV$g L$ v$MpX$hp dpV$ L$f R>. s\u s b^p L$pep
AgpqL$L$ R>. cy re\ L$fgp L$pep, v$Mph gpqL$L$ $`_p lphp R>sp,
h$` sp AgpqL$L$ S> R>. s\u c[sdpN_p kp^L$`Zpdp A_
agv$peL$`Zpdp L$pC e|_sp Aphsu _\u.
buSy> A epv$ fpMhp_y L$ L$rgL$pg bu b^p dpNp_p hp dpV$
cg bp^L$ lpe, c[sdpN_p hp dpV$ sp s kp^L$ R>. kpcmp uiyL$
iy L$l R>, ""l fpS>_ ! L$rgL$pg v$pj_p r_r^ R>. s\pr` s_pdp AL$
dlp_ NyZ kdpegp R>. A_ s A L$ L$rgL$pgdp L$hm L$Z-L$us_\u S>
d_ye L$d_p b^_dp\u R|>V$ R>. A_ dpnpq L$f R>.''
uiyL$v$h_y buSy> L$\_ kpcmp, ""l fpS>_ ! keeyNdp
r_fsf rh_y ep_ ^fhp\u, spdp eop hX$ rh_y eS>_ L$fhp\u
A_ p`fdp rh_u D`pk_p L$fhp\u S> Nrs p \pe R> s Nrs
273

L$rgL$pgdp L$hm lqf-_pd-kL$us_\u p \pe R>.

L$rgL$pg, c[sdpN L$ S> `q (ifZ) _p dpN R>. s_p
D`f, Akf D`hu iL$sp _\u. s D`eyL$s hpep D`f\u kdi. s
AV$g ky^u L$ L$rgL$pgdp.
(1) cNhv$uAp_ Nlpqv$L$ L$pep b^__p L$pfZ$` b_sp _\u.
(2) cNhv$uAp L$Z khp L$f A_ khp L$fsp s_p\u,
kdekf hqv$L$u q$epAp _ \pe A\hp hqv$L$u q$epAp \pe S> _l], sp
`Z sd_ s bpbsdp L$pC ehpe gpNsp _\u.
(3) `q dpNdp r_$phpmp hp\u L$v$pQ ApQpfpqv$L$ _
`mpe sp `Z sd_ agrkq \pe R>. udv$cpNhs 11-2-35 dp
L$y R> L$ ""l fpS>_ ! cNhv$ ^dpdp Ap\p fpM_pfp cNhv$ue L$epfe
`Z dpqv$ b_sp _\u. AV$gy S> _l] s ApMp d]Qu_ v$pX$ sp `Z s
L$epe W$pL$f Mpsp _\u; sd `X$sp `Z _\u. (s sp agrkq `pdu_ S>
fl R>.)
(4) c[s `ps S> kds rkqAp_ p L$fphu Ap` R>.
cNhp_ L$y R>, ""ke A_ v$ep\u eys ^d, s\p s`\u dmhg rhp
`Z, S> gpL$p dpfu c[s\u rhlu_ R> Ahp d_yep_ kpfu fus `rh
L$fu iL$sp _\u.'' Apd Aeys (L$Z)_u c[s hNf_y op_ `Z
ipcsy _ lpe sp uL$Z_ A`Z _ L$fpegy AV$g L$ L$Zp`Z _ L$fgy
lpe shy L$d sp ep\u S> ipc ? V|$L$dp c[s rh_p_p L$d, op_, epN,
S>`, s` hNf b^p - L$iy `Z kp^u iL$sp _\u. sd_ c[s_p
kp\-klL$pf dm sp s agrkq L$fphu iL$. s\u S> L$y R> L$ c[s S>
kL$g rkqAp_y h_ R>.
(5) c[s L$hg `Z kh kpr^L$p R>; AV$g L$ AL$gu L$Z
c[s `Z h_y b^y kpe L$fphu Ap`_pf R>. cpNhs 11-2032/33 dp cNhp_ Dh_ L$y R>, ""l Dh ! L$dL$pX$ s`, op_,
hfpe, epN, v$p_ A_ Ahp bu `Z L$epZ_p kp^_p pfp S> S>
rk L$fu iL$pe R> s b^y dpfp cs A_pepk S> (L$hm c[s pfp)
274

p L$f R>.
(6) c[s kh kpr^L$p R>. A_ s he ag$`p `Z R>.
cpNhs 2-1-9 dp uiyL$ L$l R>, ""r_NyZ_p Apfp^L$ Ahp d `Z
cy_u kNyZ gugp\u ApL$jpC_ cpNhs cey.'' A_ cpNhs 1-710dp uiyL$ L$l R>. ""ulqf_p NyZp Ahp d_dplL$ R> L$ Apdpdp
fdZ L$f_pfp h_ dysp_ `Z cydp r_L$pd c[s L$fhp_u CR>p
\pe R>.
A kpQy R> L$ L$rgL$pg_p cph\u (1) cy_ p L$fhp_p,
L$d, op_, hfpe, epN, s` Apqv$ b^p dpNp L$gyrjs \C Nep R> A_
(2) gpL$p D`f L$rgL$pg_p cph `pX$hp\u gpL$p `Z `pMX$u b_u Nep
R> - sd R>sp, L$rg_p cph, cs, c[s A_ cNhs D`f rsLy$g
cph _ `X$sp, kp_yLy$m cph `X$ R>. s\u Aphu rhjd `qfq\rsdp `Z
L$Z Ah Nrsdd &
Ap fus L$Zpe N\_p `lgp gpL$dp ApQpeuA L$pm_p
cph hZep R>. L$pm AV$g L$rgL$pm. A_y h$` L$hy R> ? sp L$l R>
L$ Mg^d} R>. s\u blpf\u s kpfp v$Mpe R>. `fsy Av$f\u s `pMX$u
A\hp vy$$ R>. Ahp A L$rgL$pm_p cph\u cy pq_p b^p dpNpdp
`pMX$ epr` S>sp, ^ddpNp sfuL$_u sd_u AkfL$pfL$sp _$ \C NC
R>. b^p dpNp_p ^dpQpep A_ sd_p A_yepreApdp `Z `pMX$ hq
Of L$fu NC R>. keeyN, sp L$ p`f lps sp, L$pm iyq_ L$pfZ `Z,
cypq_p L$pC_ L$pC dpN dmu fls. `fsy L$rgL$pmdp sd b_hy
AiL$e b_u Ney R>. Ap\u r_:kp^_, r_:klpe A_ r_fp^pf b_gp
hp_ dpV$ L$Z_u Nrs epQhp rkhpe bu L$pC dpN bpL$u fp _\u.
rhhL$^epedp udlpcyA Ap S> hps L$lu R> - ""L$gp cepqv$
dpNv$p rl vy$:kpep Crs d drs:''
kp^_ jV$L$_y buSy> kp^_ R> v$i. L$pC L$li L$ `rh v$ipdp
q\rs L$fhp\u `Z ^dpqv$ `yfyjp\p_u rkq \C iL$. sp `R>u sd Ahy
ip dpV$ L$lp R>p L$ Aepf `rh NZpsp v$ip `Z `yfyjp\-kp^L$ fp
275

_\u. Aphu iL$p_p kdp^p_ A\ udlpcy Apop L$f R> gR>p$psjy v$ijy `p`L$r_gejy Q &
k`uX$p eN gpL$jy L$Z Ah Nrsdd &&
A\ps : cpfs_p AN, bN, tk^ Apqv$ b^p v$ip gR>p\u
Dcfpegp lphp\u s\p s b^p `p`pQpf_p \p_ b_u Nep lphp\u A_
s AN_u `uX$p\u ep_p k`yfyjp eN b_u Nep lphp\u, L$Z A
S>dpfu Nrs (Ape) lp.
udlpcy_p c|sg r_hpk v$fep_, ApMy cpfs gR>p_u
AX$u _uQ L$QX$pC fy lsy. cpfs_p b^p v$ip D`f dykgdp_p_y
Apr^`e du Ney lsy. s b^p rhv$iuAp d|rsdp_ `p` lsp. A_
cpfs_p b^p v$ip `p`u gR>p_p r_ge (r_hpk\p_) bep lsp.
lh L$v$pQ L$pC Ahy `|R> L$ s kde, A b^p v$ipdp hrZL$
hZhp S>hp ep`pfu hN_p kpfp gpL$p `Z flsp sp li _ ! sp `R>u
s v$idp hksp Ae `p`u gpL$p kp\ Ap`Z ip kb^ ? ep Apop L$f
R> L$ shp hrZL$ Apqv$ gpL$p `Z, ^dpQfZ L$f_pf gpL$p D`f `X$sy vy$:M
C_ qL$L$sed|Y$ b_u Nep lsp. A_ `ps `Z ^dpQfZ L$fhy L$ _
L$fhy s_p r_Ze L$fu iL$sp _ lsp.
bu gpL$dp, ApQpeuA v$i_p rhQpf L$ep R>. L$pm AV$g
L$rgL$pm A_ v$i AV$g cpfs v$i. s kde cpfs v$i L$hp lsp ? s
gR>p$ps lsp. rh^d}Ap ApMp v$idp agpC Q|L$ep lsp. kp^yAp
gR> ipkL$p_p lp\ `uX$psp lsp; gR> ipkL$p sd_p S>`, s`,
ep_, epN L$ D`pk_pdp rh_ _pMu fp lsp. Aphp kde r_fp^pf,
r_:kp^_ hp_ L$Z_u Nrs epQhp rkhpe bu L$pC D`pe _ lsp.
kp^_ jV$L$_y uSy> kp^_ R> su\p. NNp Apqv$ kOmp su\p sp
`yfyjp\ rk L$f_pfp d_pep R>. sp `R>u h L$hg Ape_u p\_p ip
dpV$ L$fhu ? Ap iL$p_p kdp^p_ dpV$, u gpL$dp, su\np, `Z
`yfyjp\ pq dpV$_y kp^L$` Nydphu bW$p R> Ahy r_$r`s L$fhpdp
Apey R>. kp^_ jV$L$dp su\p dpV$ e iv$p_p epN L$fhpdp Apep
276

R>. A_y L$pfZ kd ghy OV$. NNp, edy_p Apqv$ su\ npdp Aphg
AdyL$ Qp$k cpN_ S> (v$p.s. d\yfpdp rhpd OpV$_; NpLy$gdp
W$Ly$fpZu OpV$_ NNp D`f lfpf n_) su\` Ap`hpdp Apey R>.
ApMu edy_p L$ NNp_ _l]. s\u, dp sV$gp cpN_ S>
ApepqdL$ v$hsp (dplpe h$`) $` su\ dp_hpdp Aph R>. s\u s
e (`v$p\) L$lhpe.
su\p_y Akp^L$` bsphsp Ap`u L$l R> :NNpqv$ su\ hejy vy$$fhphs[hl &
rsfprlspr^ v$hjy L$Z Ah Nrsdd &&
A\ps : Ap L$rgL$pgdp NNp hNf $ su\p vy$$p hX$ Ofpegp
R>. s\u sd_pdp flgy sd_y Apr^v$rhL$ h$` rsfprls \C Ney R>.
AV$gp dpV$ L$Z S> dpfu Nrs \pAp - L$Z Ah Nrsdd &
Al] L$lhpdp Apey L$ NNp Apqv$, kh su\pdp $ Ahp su\p
`Z vy$$p hX$ Ofpegp R>. sp iy ep bpZ S>hp `rh hp q\rs
_l] L$fsp lpe ? Ap iL$p_y kdp^p_ L$fsp L$y R> L$
(1) bpZp sp ep fl S> R>. `fsy sd_u, ep_u q\rs
L$ped_u lphp\u Ars `qfQesp_ L$pfZ s su\pdp sd_u Apv$f byq
flgu _\u.
(2) bpZp_y ep_ v$p_-v$rnZp dmhhp sfa S> fl R>. sAp
ep AV$gp dpV$ S> flsp lphp\u sAp_y vy$$` `Z kdS>hy. sd_pdp
flgu cNhv$ brldyMsp A_ _pqsL$sp_y r_hpfZ, su\p `Z L$fu
iL$sp _\u. ipdp L$y R> L$ S>d NNp Apqv$ _v$uAp dqv$fp_p OX$p_
`rh L$fu iL$su _\u, sd cNhv$ rhdyM h_ L$pC`Z pe[s
`rh L$fu iL$sy _\u. Ap\u kdS>hy L$ cNhp_\u brldyM \egp Ahp
A gpL$p_ `qh L$fhp_u i[s su\pdp `Z lpsu _\u.
Ad R> sp AL$ iL$p Ecu \pe R>. A_ s A L$ su\pdp v$pj
r_hpfZ_u i[s hpcpqhL$`Z lpe R>. A_ S>dp S> i[s lpe s
i[s s_y L$pe L$ep rkhpe flsu _\u. S>d L$ Aqdp bpmhp_u i[s
277

R>. s S>_p k`L$dp Aph s_ bpm R>. sp `R>u su\p S>_p k`L$dp Aph
s b^p_ `qh L$ep hNf s L$hu fus fl ?
Ap iL$p_p r_hpfZ A\ L$y R> L$ su\ AV$g s_y Apr^v$rhL$
h$`. L$rgL$pg_p cph, A_ gR>p\u Ap$ps \hy - Apqv$
L$pfZp\u su\pdp\u sd_y Apr^v$qhL$ (v$hu $`) h$` Asrls \C Ney
R>. A_ lh L$hm sd_y Apr^cprsL$ h$` S> fy R>. Ap fus epf
sd_y su\` S> _$ \ey lpe epf s su\p gpL$p_ `rh L$fhp_u
i[s L$ep\u ^fph ?
Agb, cNhv$cph keyL$s L$pB cs h su\dp S>C_
sdp _p_ L$f sp, L$`p L$fu_ cy, r_S> cs_p L$epZ_ A\, s
su\_y Apr^cprsL$ h$`, s_pdp L$V$ L$fphu Ap` R>.
Ap fus e $` su\pdp `Z, hs fus (`psp_u kp\u)
`yfyjp\ rk L$fhp_y kpde fy _ lphp\u, h_ dpV$ L$Z_u Nrs
epQhp rkhpe bu L$pC dpN fp _\u - L$Z Ah Nrsdd &
Ap fus u gpL$dp su\p rhj L$lhpdp Apey R>. NNpqv$
su\p_p Z h$`pdp\u, L$hm Apr^cprsL$ h$` S> fy R>. bpL$u_p
b h$`p ApepqdL$ (su\_y dplpe h$`) A_ Apr^v$rhL$
(en v$h-v$hu h$`) h$`p - rsfp^p_ \C Nep R>. A_y L$pfZ A
L$ s b^p gR>p\u Ap$ps R> A_ `pMX$uAp\u Ecfpegp R>. Ap\u
S>_y L$hm Apr^cprsL$ h$` bpL$u fy R> shp su\p cy pq L$hu fus
L$fphu iL$ ? sh kde v$u_sp`|hL$ L$Z_u Nrs epQhp rkhpe bu
L$pC D`pe bpL$u flsp _\u. L$Z Ah Nrsdd &
kp^_ jV$L$_y Qp\y kp^_ R> L$sp. L$sp kpfp lpe AV$g L$
L$d iy lpe sp s kh `yfyjp\_u rkq L$fphu iL$ R>. sp `R>u s_p
r_j^ L$fu_, Ape dpV$_u p\_p S> ip dpV$ L$fhu ?
Ap iL$p_p kdp^p_ dpV$, L$d-L$spAp_y h$` `Z cy pq
dpV$_y kp^L$` Nydphu bWy$ R> Ahy L$lhpdp Apey R>. e\p 278

AlL$pf rhd|Y$jy kky `p`p_yhrsjy &

gpc`|\ e_jy L$Z Ah Nrsdd &&
A\ps : ks `yfyjp AV$g kpfp L$dp L$f_pf `qX$sp `Z
AlL$pf\u rhij d|Y$ bep R>. sAp_ `psp_p ip op__y Arcdp_
R>. D`fps sAp `p`uAp_y A_ykfZ L$f_pf bep R>. sAp hgpc
A_ dp_pq dpV$ e_ L$f_pfp bep R>. Ah kde L$Z S> dpfu
Nrs \pAp.
`qX$sp_ Arcdp_ \ey R> L$ AdS> ip_p opsp R>uA. Ahp
Ald_ ^pfZ L$fu_ sAp bu L$pC_ NZL$pfsp _\u. Ap fus sd_y
op_ vy$rjs \ey R>. `qfZpd sd_p L$dp `Z vy$rjs \ep R>. sAp e
gpc A_ dp_-pr dpV$ S> b^p L$dp L$f R>. sAp AV$gp dpV$
eoepNpqv$ L$dp L$f R> L$ sd L$fsp sd_ e gpc \pe A_ gpL$pdp
sd_u rs$p h^. hmu sAp `p`u `yfyjp_y A_ykfZ L$f R>. `p`uAp_y
A_ykfZ L$fhp\u sd_pdp - (1) kNS>e vy$$sp A_ (2) AS>e
vy$$sp Aph R>. sd_u Aphu q\rs lphp\u sAp cy pq L$fu L$
L$fphu iL$ shp fp _\u. sAp_ cNhv$pe _\u. L$urs A_ L$pQ_ A
S> sd_p Ape R>. Ap fus cNhv$pe hNf_p b_gp s `qX$sp L$iy
kp^u _ iL$. s\u L$Z Ah Nrsdd &
Qp\p gpL$dp L$sp_u c$sp qhj L$lhpdp Apey R>. kpQp
^dpQpep, kp^y-ksp A_ rhp_p vy$gc b_u Nep R>. s kde Y$pNu,
`pMX$u A_ hp\}d_yep kp^y-ksp A_ ^dpQpep_p hpN k_ bW$p
lsp. sd_ sd_p ip op__y Arcdp_ lsy. sAp gpc A_ dp__p
CRy>L$ b_u_ bW$p lsp, Cf A_ ^d_p _pd `pMX$_ `pjsp lsp.
sAp `p`uAp_ A_ykfsp lsp. sh kde sd_u `pk cy pq L$fphu
Ap`hp_u Apip L$hu fus fpMu iL$pe ? A_ _ fpMu iL$pe sp L$Z
Ah Nrsdd &
kp^_ jV$L$_y `pQdy kp^_ R> d. ipp L$l R> L$ dp pfp
agrkq \C iL$ R>. sp `R>u L$Zpe_u epQ_p L$fhp_u iu S>$f R> ?
279

Ap iL$p_p kdp^p_ dpV$ Ahy L$lhpdp Aph Apey R> L$ dp_u

i[s `Z, L$rg_p cph\u _pi `pdu R>. A_ s (dp) `psp_y kh
kp^L$` Nydphu bW$p R>. s\u L$Z Ah Nrsdd &
A`qfop_ _$jy dhhs eprNjy &
rsfprlsp\ v$hjy L$Z Ah Nrsdd &&
A\ps : `qf`|Z op__p Acph dp _$ \C Nep R>. hmu s,
hs`pg_ _ L$f_pf gpL$p pfp DQpfpsp lphp\u s b^p dp_p A\
A_ v$h rsfprls \ep R>. s\u L$Z S> dpfu Nrs \ph.
hv$pdp s\p _pfv$ `Qfp Apqv$ ApNdpdp S> dp L$lgp R> s
b^p, S> s d_p sp`e, ag A_ v$hsp_p h$`_p op__p Acph,
rb_ AkfL$pfL$ b_u Nep R>. Ap kde, hv$_p dp r_ed`|hL$
cZphpsp _\u. s\u sd_y kpde _pi `pey R>. s cZphhp_p
L$V$gpL$ p\rdL$ r_edp Ap dpZ R> : NyfyLy$mdp hpk L$fhp; bQe_y
`pg_ L$fhy; iy s_-d_\u dp_y fV$Z L$fhy; A_ep__p qv$hkpdp
cZhy Apqv$. `fsy Aepf Ap b^p r_edp `pmu_ dp cZphpsp _\u.
s\u s dpdp `yfyjp\ rk L$fhp_y kpde fy _\u. AV$gp dpV$ L$Z
Ah Nrsdd &
`pQdp gpL$dp dp_u Aiyq A_ Akp^L$sp rhi L$lhpdp
Apey R>. F$rj-dyr_ApA Ap`gp dp sp AdpO A_ dlpiqL$sipmu
lsp. s OZp AkfL$pfL$ lsp. `fsy epf s dp `rh bQpfu
riep_, `rh hpsphfZdp, `rh Ny{$ pfp A`psp lsp. lh epf
dp_p cZ_pfpAp A_ cZph_pfpAp `Z A`rh b_u bW$p R> A_
r_ed`|hL$ hZpd ^d_y `pg_ L$fu_ L$pC A dp_ NlZ L$fsy _\u
epf s dpdp\u dp_p v$hsp rsfprls \C Nep R>. `qfZpd dp_y
dplpe A_ AkfL$pfL$sp _pi `pdu Nep R>. dp am Ap`sp b^
\ep R>. Ah kde uL$Z_u Nrs epQhp rkhpe bu L$pC D`pe
_\u; L$Z Ah Nrsdd &
kp^_ jV$L$_y R>y$ kp^_ R> L$d A_ hs AoepNpqv$ L$dp A_
280

hsp hX$ ag rkq \C iL$ R>. sp `R>u L$Zpe L$Z_u Nrs-epQhp_u

iu S>$f R> ?
Ap iL$p_p kdp^p_ dpV$ L$lhpey R> L$ L$dp (hsp `Z L$dp S>
R>) `Z ag kp^L$ fp _\u. eoepNpqv$ L$dp A_ hspqv$ L$pep `Z
ipps fus \sp _\u. AV$gp dpV$ L$Z Ah Nrsdd &
_p_phpv$ rh_$jy kh L$d hspqv$jy &
`pjX$L$ e_jy L$Z Ah Nrsdd &&
A\ps : b^p L$dp A_ hsp Sy>v$p Sy>v$p hpv$p hX$ rhL$s b_u Nep
R>. Ahp hpv$ L$f_pfpAp_u dye hq `pMX$ dpV$_u R>. s\u L$Z S>
dpfu Nrs \pAp.
Al] L$dp AV$g "kpdepN' S>hp eoepN Apqv$ L$dp. A_ hsp
AV$g AL$pv$iu S>hp hsp. A b^p L$dp A_ hsp hpv$rhhpv$_p hdmdp
akpC Nep R>. L$pC L$l R> L$ Ap fus L$fp A_ L$pC L$l R> L$ bu fus
L$fp. `qfZpd L$dp_u iysp S>mhpsu _\u. s\u sAp rb_ AkfL$pfL$
\C Nep R>. cpfsdp OZp hpv$p agpC Q|ep lsp. S>hp L$ (1) uiL$fpQpe_p hpv$ Ahp R> L$ b^p `Q (S>Ns)
rdep R>; A_ hv$p_p `Z `Qdp kdphi \sp lpC, hv$p A_ hv$ps
L$dp `Z rdep R>. sd R>sp `Q_ ehlpf `yfsy dp_hpdp Aph R>.
s\u hv$ A_ hv$ rhrls (hv$ pfp dpe) L$dp_ `Z ehlpf `yfsy
dprZs dp_hp. hpshdp, Ahp L$dp pfp L$iy L$fhp_y L$ L$iy dmhhp_y
R> S> _tl.
(2) `|h dudpkpL$pf dlrj S>rd_u_p ds Ahp R> L$ h `ps
L$ddp h \pe R>. s_y L$pfZ h_u `|h hpk_p R>. s\u h L$dp
L$fhp S> CA. L$dp pfp s_ agrkq \pe R>. sd_p ds dpZ L$d
qkhpe buSy> L$iy (op_, c[s L$ D`pk_p) ag v$psp _\u. s\u L$pC
`Z v$hsp_u L$`p k`pv$_ L$fhp A\hp sd_u L$Z dmhu ag p L$fhp
dpV$ `Z L$d rkhpe buSy> L$iy L$fhp_y _\u. AV$g L$ L$d S> D`pe R>;
A_ L$d S> agv$psp R>.
281

(3) epepQpe Npsd_u dpesp R> L$ ip hX$ dpZ A_

de hNf kpm `v$p\p_y e\p\ op_ p L$fu_, s op__y hZ, d__
A_ r_qv$epk_ L$ep L$fhp\u, Apdp_p kpnpL$pf \pe R> A_ vy$:Mp_u
ApersL$u (Arsd) r_hr \pe R> A_ AS> AL$ dp ag R>, S>_u
L$pd_p h L$fhu CA. s\u Chf_u D`pk_p L$fhp_u A\hp Chf_
ag$` dp_hp_u L$iu ApheL$sp _\u.
(4) r_fuhfhpv$u kpep_y L$\_ R> L$ "L$rs A_ s_p
rhL$pfp_u D`pr^_p rhge L$fu v$C_, `yfyj `psp_p h$`dp q\rs
L$fhu, A S> Arsd ag R>. A_ cNhp_ S>hy L$iy S> R> S> _l].
Ap A_ Aphp bu hpv$pA ipps L$dp_p _pi L$ep R>. s
v$fL$ hpv$uApA `ps`psp_u fus AgN AgN L$d k|Qep R>. s\u L$ey
L$d L$fhy s_u DgTZdp h `X$u e R>. s\u s L$pC L$d epe fus
L$fu iL$sp _\u. AV$gp dpV$ L$dp `Z agp`pv$L$ fp _\u.
lL$uL$sdp hv$pdp A_ ippdp A_L$ Ahp hpL$ep (hQ_p) R> L$
S> Ap b^p hpv$p_ r_f\L$ b_phu v$ R>. `fsy s dpV$ hv$p_p pdpe_
huL$pfhy `X$. Ahp L$V$gpL$ hpL$ep Ap dpZ R> :
(1) Ap b^y `yfyj S> R>.
(2) s cNhp_ kh_ hidp fpM_pf R>. A_ s S> b^p D`f
ipk_ L$f_pf R>,
(3) `Q (S>Ns) b^y b $` R>. A_ s\u s ke R>; A_
`Qdp L$fgp L$dp `Z ke R>.
(4) l ASy>_ ! ly S> kdN S>Ns_u D`q_y L$pfZ R>y.
(5) cNhp_ S> b^p_p agv$psp R>; L$pfZ L$ S> kh_p r_epdL$
lpe s S> kh_p agv$psp lpC iL$.
(6) b_p ApL$pf Ap_v$ R>. b Ap_v$L$pf lpC s ag$` R>.
Apqv$.
Ap b^p hv$ Nusp s\p ipp_p hpL$ep R>. A_ s b^p hpep
ps (yrs_p) rkps_ A_yLy$m R>. `fsy ipL$f, S>rd_u, kpe A_
282

_epreL$p_p dsp_ A_yLy$m _\u.

Ap fus A_L$ rh^ hpv$p hX$, L$dp_p rh_pi D`v$ihpdp Apep
R>. A_ s_p\u hsp_p rh_pi iu fus \egp R> s `Z D`v$ihpdp
Apey R>. S>d L$ L$V$gpL$ hpv$uAp AL$pv$iu Apqv$ hs_ `Z v$idu
hNf_p h^\u eys NZph R>. `fsy sd L$fhp_p ipdp r_j^ R>. Ap
fus hsp `Z rhr_$ \ep R>. A_ L$dp `Z agkp^L$ fp _\u. s\u
L$Z Ah Nrsdd &
R>$p gpL$dp rhrh^ hpv$p rhj rhQpfhpdp Apey R>. Qpdpkpdp
S>d A_L$ rbgpX$u_p V$p` a|V$u _uL$m R> sd yrs_p hpv$_u qhfy,
uiL$f_p dpephpv$, S>rd_u_p `|h rddpkphpv$ AV$g L$ eopqv$ L$dp_u
ag kp^L$sp_p dpN, _epreL$p_p kpm `v$p\p_p op_ pfp \sp
Apdp_p kpnpL$pf_p hpv$, r_fuhfhpv$u kpep_p r_fuhfhpv$ Apqv$
A_L$ hpv$p ayV$u _uL$mhp\u sd_p pfp qfs : L$dp, hsp A_ r_edp,
AL$ bu\u Ahp A_ AV$gp rh{$ bsphhpdp Apep R> L$ L$p'_p D`f
L$V$gp qhhpk fpMhp s r_qQs L$fhp_y L$pe h dpV$ dyThZcey b_u
Ney R>. Ah kde uL$Z_u Nrs CR>hp rkhpe, h `pk, bu L$pC
D`pe L$ kp^_ fy _\u.
Ap fus kp^_ jV$L$ (R> kp^_p) rb_ AkfL$pfL$ s\p rb_
agp`pv$L$ R> Ahy r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey. Aphu hsdp_ `qfq\rsdp
kp^_ frls b_gp h iy L$fhy ? sp L$y L$ sZ L$Z_ S> `psp_u
Nrs AV$g L$ `psp_p Ape b_phu ghp. Ap_y _pd L$Zpe.
Ap fus epf udlpcyA sL$prg_ `qfq\rs_ Aphu
rhjd A_ h_u ApepqdL$ Drs_p dpNdp bp^p$` C, epf,
Ap`uA, dyTpC Negp R>sp cy `pq_p CRy>L$ Ahp hp_ AL$
Ahp dpN bspep L$ S> bp kp^_p D`f r_cf _ lpe; sd R>sp
`|f`yfp AkfL$pfL$ lpe, A dpN s `yq$dpN; A R> L$Z L$`p_p dpN.
sdp R> L$hm L$Z_p A_yNl_u S>$f; _l] kp^__u S>$f; _l] S>`,
s`, ep_, L$us_, cS>_ Apqv$ L$pC D`L$fZ_u S>$f. hpdu uL$Z
283

L$`p L$f A_ h cy `v$_u pq L$f, Ahp dpN. A_ s dpV$ h L$iy

L$fhp_y _l]; sZ sp dp k`|Z v$u_sp\u, cy_u ifZpNrs epQhu.
sZ L$lhy, ""cy ! Aphp rhjd kde d_ Ap`_ ifZ fpMp; d_
Ap`_u Nrs Ap`p. Ap`S> dpfp AL$ dp Ap^pf R>p.'' L$V$gp kpv$p
A_ kfm R>sp kQpV$ dpN !
h L$Z_y ifZ Ny; s_p Apifp gu^p; s_ `psp_p hpdu
dpep. `R>u s_u iu dg L$ s sdpfp lp\R>pX$ ! _ S> R>pX$. `funp
dpV$ k|fv$pk_p lp\R>pX$ep sp Mfp; `fsy, `R>u s sfs S> `pR>p `L$X$u
ghp `X$ep. h sp L$hm AV$gy bpghp_y ""uL$Z: ifZ dd'' h
L$hm AV$gu TM_p L$fhp_u - ""L$Z Ah Nrsdd &'' A_ `R>u buSy>
iy L$fhp_y ? buSy> L$iy _l] L$fhp_y.
Agb A_ S> bpghp_y R>, S> TMhp_y R> s sZ kpQp
qv$g\u, `|fu p A_ rhhpk\u bpghp_y R>. sZ kpQp qv$g\u `cy_y
ifZ huL$pfhp_y R>; L$Qhps d_ _l]. ifZ sp uL$Z_y; Nrs sp
uQfZpdp. AV$g p A_ `|Z rhhpk\u s_y ifZ huL$pfp AV$g
s sdpfp b_u S>i. r_:kp^_, r_fp^pf, A_ kv$pj Ahp sd_ s
`psp_p Ap^pf Ap`i. s_y _pd S> sdpf dpV$ kp^_$` b_i. s_p
_pd hX$ S> s_u pq iL$e b_u S>i. sdpfp v$pjp_u r_hq \i; sd_
s_u Nrs dmi.
ApV$gy L$ep `R>u, h L$ddpN}e `yfyjp\p_ R>pX$u_, `yq$dpN}e
`yfyjp\p_ rk L$fhp_p R>. `yq$dpN}e `yfyjp\p `Z Qpf R> - ^d,
A\, L$pd A_ dpn. udv$pQpeQfZ kps\u v$i gpL$dp A Qpf
`yfyjp\p_p r_v$i L$ep R>. A_ Apop L$fu R> L$ A Qpf AgpqL$L$ `yfyjp\p
L$Zpe (L$Z_p Ape) dp kdpC e R>. L$Z_p Ape dm
AV$g sdpfp ^d, A\, L$pd A_ dpn A Qpf AgpqL$L$ `yfyjp\p_u pq
sd_ Ap`pAp` \C S>i.
dpfp Nyfyv$h Apop L$f R> L$ cNhv$uAp_p ^dpqv$ Qsyrh^
`yfyjp\p $` cNhp_ `ps R>. s\u h cNhv$pe p L$fhp rkhpe
284

bu L$pC `yfyjp\ (e_) _ L$fhp. cNhv$pe_u pq \sp

cNhv$ue_p Qpf AgpqL$L$ `yfyjp\p_u pq \C S> iL$.
cNhv$uep_p A Qsyrh^ `yfyjp\pdp\u, cNhp_ sd_p ^d
`yfyjp\ $` L$hu fus b_ R> s bsphhp dpV$ ApQpeuA kpsdp
gpL$dp c[sdpN}e ^d `yfyjp\_p r_v$i L$ep R>.
Ardgpqv$ v$pjpZp _piL$p@_ych [\s: &
opr`sprMg dplpe: L$Z Ah Nrsdd &&
A\ps : (1) Ardg Apqv$_p v$pjp_p _piL$sp, (2)
csp_p A_ychdp Aphgp A_ (3) kdN dplpe_p op`L$ (bu_
S>Zph_pf) Ahp L$Z S> dpfu Nrs \pAp.
sd S>_u Nrs hpR>p R>p s L$Z L$hp R> ? Ardg, NS>,
Alep Apqv$ hpA sd_ `psp_p v$pj_piL$ $` A_ycep R>.
cNhp_ sd_p D`f L$`p L$fu_ sd_p v$pjp_p _pi L$ep, A_ sd_p
Dpf L$ep. Ardg_p Dpf L$fu_ cyA `psp_p "_pd dplpe' _
L$V$ L$ey R>. Ap fus ^d `yfyjp\_u rkq (`p` v|$f L$fu cy pq L$fphu
Ap`hu s) cy `ps S> L$fphu Ap` R>. s\u, epf `Z v$pj D`
\pe A\hp `psp_p v$pj h_ a|f epf cNhv$uepA s v$pj_p
r_hpfZ A\ ifZ cph_pS> L$fhu. pe[s Apqv$ _ L$fhp. Ap R>
h_p ^d. Ap fus cy `ps S> h ^d `yfyjp\ $` b_ R>.
L$Zpe_p kpsdp gpL$dp udv$pQpeQfZ c[sdpN}e
^d_p r_v$i L$f R>. h_p ^d AL$ R>. A_ s R> h_u r_:kp^_sp
A_ v$u_sp_p L$V$ AL$fpf; S> As cNhv$ ifZpNrsdp `qfZd R>.
gpL$p L$l R> L$ Ardg dlp`p`u lsp. (d_ Mbf R> ep ky^u
s_p h__p `lgp Apif huk hj ky^u AV$g L$ s_y Mg_ (`s_)
\ey ep ky^u_p huk hj A_ ed_p v|$sp cpNu Nep `R>u_p Apif bpf
hj ky^u s ArZiy `|eipmu bpZ sfuL$ ep R>. A_ sd cg
dlp`p`u L$lp, ly _l] L$ly) s_y Mg_ \ey. s `p`_u KX$u Nsp
(MuZ)dp ^L$gpC Nep. sZ Nep NZpe _rl AV$gp `p` L$ep A hps
285

`Z kpQu R>. A_ `R>u ed_p L$fpm L$pm kdp edv|$sp_ C, sd_p\u

NcfpC_, sZ `psp_p _pfpeZ _pd_p `y_ `pL$pf L$ep. s_p _pfpeZ
_pd_p `y s_p bQph L$fhp Akd\ lsp. s_p `y sp rs_L$phs
(sZMgy) lsp. `fsy s_ S>_y _pd Ap`hpdp Apey lsy s cNhp_
_pfpeZ sp kh kd\, v$hp_p `Z v$h, L$pm_p `Z L$pm A_ h_p
AL$ dp Apfpe hpdu lsp.
Ardg_p `y _pfpeZ sp Ardg_ edv|$sp_p `pi\u _
R>pX$pep. `fsy csp_p hpdu `yfyjpd _pfpeZ_p `pjv$p Ardg_u
hlpf ^pep. Ardg sp "S>d X|$bsp dpZk sZMgp_ `L$X$' sd
AsL$pm A_ s `Z _pfpeZ _pd-kpe_ L$pfZ A_ L$v$pQ - _p, _p,
L$v$pQ _l], Qp$k - s_u r_:kp^_sp A_ r_fp^fsp C_ s_p
lp\`L$X$u gu^p. edv|$sp Qpep Nep. Ardg hu Nep. sZ edv|$sp
A_ rh_p `pjv$p hQ_p khpv$ kpcep lsp. s kpcmu, cy
L$`p\u, s_ kdrs dmsp, kdpN Qpgu_ As s L$Z_u Nrs_
`pep. Aphp R> r_:kp^_ h_p ^d ifZpNrs. "L$Z Ah Nrsdd'
Ap iv$p Ardg_u bpbsdp kp\L$ bep. r_:kp^_ Ahp Ardg,
`psp_u r_:kp^_sp A_ L$Z_p A_yNl_ Ap^pf L$Z_u Nrs `pep.
Aphp R> `yq$dpN}e ^d. A_ s L$Zdp kdpegp R>.
`R>u ApW$dp gpL$dp, cNhp_, r_S> csp_p A\ `yyfyjp\ $`
L$hu fus b_ R> s_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>.
pL$sp: kL$gp v$hp NrZsp_v$L$ bls &
`|Zp_v$p lqfsdps L$Z Ah Nrsdd &&
A\ps : b^p v$hp pL$s R>. AV$g L$ sAp b^p qNyZpdL$p
L$rs_ Ap^u_ R>. A_ Anf b NrZsp_v$ R> AV$g L$ S>_p Ap_v$
NZu iL$pe shp R>. epf kh vy$:Mp_p lsp, ulqf (L$Z) sp
`|Zp_v$ R>. s\us lqfS> dpfu Nrs \pAp.
b^p v$hp_u D`q kh AlL$pf\u \egu lphp\u s b^p
`psp_u L$rs (qNyZpqdL$p dpep) _ Ap^u_ R>. v$hp\u OZp KQp
286

\p_ Anf b R>. `fsy s NrZsp_v$ R>. NrZsp_v$ L$hu fus ?

_ufpNu, hv$ ip_p opsp, iks A_ bmhp_ Ahp
_heyhL$_ Q$hs}fpe p \sp s_ S> Ap_v$ \pe s Ap_v$_
d_ye_p Ap_v$ NZu_, s_ Ap_v$_u NZu dpV$_y AL$ AL$e NZhpdp
Apey R>. Ahp AL$ `fp^ (AL$X$p D`f AY$pf d]X$p) dp_hp Ap_v$_
`rs bp_p AL$ Ap_v$ NZhpdp Apep R>. A_ bp_p AL$ kp
Ap_v$_ Anf b_p AL$ Ap_v$ dp_hpdp Aph R>. Ad Anf b_p
Ap_v$ AL$kp `fp^ d_ye-Ap_v$ S>V$gp R>. Aphu fus_u Ap_v$_u
NZu sfue D`r_jv$_u "bp_v$ hu' dp L$fhpdp Aphu R>.
`fsy s\u `Z D`f `fb `fdhf uL$Z R>. s_p Ap_v$
NZu iL$psp _\u. s\u s_ ANrZsp_v$ L$lhpdp Apep R>. `|Zp_v$
R>. s sp `fdp_v$ R>. h_ v$hp_p Ap_v$ dm sp iy ? Af ! sd_,
Anf b_p Ap_v$ s\u `Z iy ? sd_, `|Zp_v$ dm sp S> sd_p
A\ `yfyjp\_u pu \C NZpe. `fsy h_ `|Zp_v$ epf S> dm epf
s L$Z_u Nrs `pd. s\u rk \pe R> L$ cNhp_ L$Z r_S> csp_p
A\ `yfyjp\ $` R>.
Ap gpL$dp NrZsp_v$L$ iv$ R>. ep NrZsp_v$ kp\ "L$'
ee gNpX$g R>. "L$' `ee e|_sphpQL$ R>. S>dL$ \pX$p A_ \pX$pL$.
\pX$pL$ A \pX$p L$fsp \pX$p ApR>p R>. Al] "L$' ee gNpX$hp_y sp`e
Ahy kdS>hp_y L$ Anf b_p Ap_v$ `yfyjpd_p Ap_v$_u A`npA
e|_ R>. s\u rk \pe R> L$ uL$Z `|Zp_v$ lphp\u, s_p Ape_u
`pq \sp cNhv$ue_p A\ `yfyjp\ rk \pe R>.
ApW$dp gpL$dp c[sdpN}e A\_p r_v$i R>. r_:kp^_ h_
L$ep A\ kp^hp_p lpe ? s_ ip_u pq_u CR>p lphu OV$ ? s_
L$C p L$fhp_y S> lpe sp sZ ip dpV$ $ hsy `p _ L$fhu ? s
Ae v$hp_u D`pk_p L$f sp sAp s_ s_u CrR>s hsy_u pq L$fphu
iL$ R>. `fsy gM`rs h^ydp h^y gpM $r`ep_u A_ L$fpX$`rs L$fpX$
$r`ep_u pq L$fphu iL$. `psp_u `pk lpe s\u h^y L$pC L$V$gy Ap`u
287

iL$ ? A b^p v$hspAp pL$s R>. bpX$_p rhge kp\ sd_p `Z

rhge \hp_p R>. s kp\ sdZ Ap`gu hsy_p `Z rhge \hp_p R>.
sAp `Z `psp_p D`pkL$p_ Ap_v$ Ap`u iL$ sd R>. `fsy sd_p
Ap_v$ OZp ApR>p R>. s d_ye_p Ap_v$ L$fsp Ahe OZp h^pf R>.
`fsy sd_p Ap_v$ NZu iL$pe shp R>. C, bp Apqv$ v$hp_p Ap_v$
NZu_u depv$pdp Aph AV$gp S> R>. s\u sAp `ps S>V$gp Ap_v$
A_ychu iL$ sV$gp S> r_S> D`pkL$p_ Ap`u iL$ sd R>. s\u h^y _l].
v$hp\u `Z OZp h^y Ap_v$ R> S>_p Ahp Anf b_p Ap_v$ `Z
NrZsp_v$ R>.
epf uL$Z_p Ap_v$ `|Z Ap_v$ R>; s ANrZsp_v$ R>.
uL$Z_p Ap_v$ A_s R>. sd_p Ap_v$ `|Z R>. A_ ApepqdL$
NrZs dpZ `|Zdp\u `Z `|Z e sp `Z `|Z fl R>. Ahp `|Zp_v$
h$` uL$Z r_S>csp_ `|Zp_v$_u pq L$fphu Ap` R>sp `Z sAp
`|Zp_v$ h$` fl R>. sp `R>u A\ (`v$p\, k`q Apqv$)_u pq_p
CRy>L$ h pL$rsL$ v$hp_u D`pk_p L$fu_ depqv$s Ap_v$ p L$fhp
L$fsp, L$Z_u Nrs p L$fu_, Adepqv$s Ap_v$ ip dpV$ p _
L$fhp? Aphy rhQpfu_ S> h TM R> - L$Z Ah Nrsdd. Aphp R>
`yq$dpN}e A\.
_hdp gpL$dp cNhp_, r_S> csp_p L$pd `yfyjp\ $` L$hu
fus b_ R> s_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>.
rhhL$ ^e cepqv$ frlse rhijs: &
`p`pkL$se v$u_e L$Z Ah Nrsdd &&
A\ps : rhhL$, ^e, c[s Apqv$\u frls A_ A Z_p
kp^_p\u `Z frls, A_ `p`dp Apks s\p v$qfu Ahp dpfu Nrs
uL$ZS> \pAp.
ApW$dp gpL$dp cy_p h$` (cy `|Zp_v$ R> A s_y h$`)
_p rhQpf L$fu_, Ape_p D`v$i L$ep. lh Ap _hdp gpL$dp, h_p
h$` (h R> rhhL$ ^e c[s\u frls, `p`pks A_ v$qf. A R>
288

s_y h$`) _p rhQpf L$fu_ Ape_p D`v$i Ap`hpdp Aph R>.

pr\s hp ss: qL$ eps ? cy: kh r_S>R>ps: L$qfers Ap dpZ kdS>hy s_y _pd rhhL$. qvy$:M kl_ ^edpds A_y _pd
^ufS>. c[s kp^_ $`p Ahd ag$`p R> Ahy kdS>hy s_y _pd c[s.
hdp Ap Z_p Acph R>; s D`fps s `p`dp Apks b_u_ bW$p
R>. hmu s v$qfu `Z R>. v$qfu s R> S>_u `pk L$pC `Z L$pf_u kp^_
k`r _ lpe. Aphp A r_:kp^_ h_p bgu L$pZ ? Ahp h_
A_p L$pd `yfyjp\ L$pZ rk L$fphu Ap`i ? sp L$y R> L$ Ahp
r_:kp^_, `p`pks A_ rhhL$ ^epqv$ frls h_p L$pd `Z cy_p
Apedp kdpegp R>. s\u s_u b^u L$pd_pAp_u `|rs "L$Z Ah
Nrsdd' dp kdpC e R>.
_hdp gpL$dp `yq$dpN}e L$pd_p r_v$j R>. L$pd AV$g hpk_p
sq A\hp CR>pAp_u `|rs. `yq$dpN}e hp_u L$pd_p iu lphu
CA A_ s iu fus p \C iL$ ?
hpdZp lpe A_ ApL$pi `lpQhp_u CR>p L$f sp gpL$p s_p
D5f lk. `fsy A sp gpqL$L$dp; `yq$dp _l]. `yq$ h cg_ rhhL$,
^e A_ c[s\u frls lpe, `p`dp X|$bgp lpe, v$u_ A_ lu_ lpe.
R>sp `Z s_u L$pd_p ApL$pi_ Apbhp L$fsp `Z OZu KQu (uL$Z_
`lpQhp_u) lpC iL$ R>. L$hu L$pd_p ? Aphu L$pd_p; S>hu dpfu L$pd_p
R> shu L$pd_p kpcmp. ""Sy>Ap ly dpNZu N D`fhV$_u gC_ Apep
Ry>. sdp sh QfZ_u fS> \hp_u gC_ Apep Ry>.'' A_ cNhv$
CR>p\u s, A L$pd_p rk L$fu iL$ R>. s_u A L$pd_pdp-s_p L$pd
`yfyjp\ kdpegp R>.
v$idp gpL$dp, cNhp_, r_S> csp_p dpn `yfyjp\ $` L$hu
fus b_ R>, s_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>.
kh kpde krls: khhprMgp\ L$s &
ifZ\kdypf L$Z rhop`epeld &&
A\ps : l L$Z ! Ap`sp kh kpde\u eys, kh \m, kh
289

d_pf\p_p `|fL$ (`yf_pfp) R>p. s\u ly (h A\hp uhgc `ps),

ifZ Aph_pf_p keL$ Dpf L$f_pf Ahp Ap`_ rhv$u L$fy Ry>.
cNhp_ sp kh kpde eyL$s R>. s h_ CqR>s am
Ap`hp_y kpde, kh L$pm, kh \m ^fph R>. Aphy kpde lphp R>sp
s `psp_p Aprs_u fnp _ L$f sp iy ? Ahu iL$p_y r_fpL$fZ L$fhp
dpV$ L$y R> L$ s r_rMg A\ L$s `Z R>. AV$g L$ h_p b^p A\ `|fp
L$f_pf R>. s\u s `psp_p Aprs_u fnp S>$f L$f. `fsy, Ap\u `Z h^y
r_Zesp bsphhp dpV$ uhgc Apop L$f R> L$ - s\u ly "ifZ
Aphgp_p Dpf L$f_pf A_ A fus s_p dpn `yfyjp\ rk L$fu
Ap`_pf' Ahp L$Z_ rh_su L$fy Ry>.
uhgc rh_su ip dpV$ L$f R> ? s L$l R> L$ rh_su A h_u
v$u_sp_y kyQL$ R>. `yq$dpN_p A r_N|Y$ rkps R> L$ ""h_u v$u_sp
cy_u L$$Zp_ MQu gphhp_y khpd kp^_ R>. s\u h ldip
cydp v$u_sp_p cph fpMhp. v$u_sp hX$ h_ cy_p Ape_u rkq
\pe R> A_ \i. A_ S> h_p dpn `yfyjp\_u rkq L$lhpe.
v$idp gpL$dp `yq$dpN}e dpn_p r_v$i R>. `yq$ cs kp$e
L$ kpeye dpNsp _\u. s CR> R> h$`p_v$_y v$p_. s `psp_p kd\
hpdu_p h$`_ `pdu iL$ sdp A_p dpn kdpegp R>. s\u
ApQpeuA Al], ""kh kd\, kh L$pd_pAp_u `|rs L$f_pf A_ ifZ
Aphgp hp_p Dpf L$f_pf Ahp `fb `fdpdp uL$Z_ p\_p
L$fu R> L$ ""l _p\! d_ sdpf ifZ fpMp.'' A_ hpdu h_ `psp_
ifZ g A_y _pd S> "`yq$dpN}e dpn.'
yrs L$l R>, ""h dp_ v$i pZ lpe R>. A_ Apdp
ANuepfdp lpe R>. h_p v$i pZ h_y b^y kp^_pfp lpe R>.'' A
S> fus L$Zpe_p Ap v$i gpL$ cNhv$uep_y b^y rk L$fu Ap`_pfp
R>, Ahy uNyfyv$h b^p cNhv$ue hp_ kdey R>. A_ `R>u, S>d
ANuepfdp Apdp, Ane R> sd Ap sp_p `pW$\u dmsy am Ane R>
Ahy bsphhp dpV$, L$Zpe_p Apdp$`, Ap ANuepfdp gpL$dp,
290

Ap`u, Ap sp_p `pW$_y am L$lu bsph R>.

L$Zperdv$ sp e: `W$L$Z kq^p &
sepep chs L$Z Crs uhgcp@brhs &&
A\ps : S> L$pC Ap L$Zpe sp_p `pW$, L$Z_u kdu`dp
L$fi, s `pW$ L$f_pf_p Ape, L$Z \i Ahy uhgc L$l R>.
L$Z_p kpqedp A\hp L$Z_y tQs_ L$fu_, A_ L$Z_p
Ape p L$fhp_p r_rd, S> L$pC h Ap sp_p `pW$ L$fi s_p
Ape L$Z \i. `fsy Ap sp_p `pW$_y am iy ?
""L$Zpe_u pr'' A Ap sp_p `pW$ L$fhp\u Ar_hpe
$` dmsy am R>. L$rgL$pg_p cph\u S> kp^_ jV$L$ rb_ AkfL$pfL$
A_ Akp^L$ b_u Ney R>, s jV$L$_p b^p R> e R> kp^_ L$Z_p Ape
dmsp, AkfL$pfL$ b_i A_ s Qpf `yfyjp\p_p kp^L$ b_u S>i, Adp
L$pC iL$p _\u. hsys: A Qpf `yfyjp\p `Z L$Z_p Apedp kdpegp
R>.
dpfp Nyfyv$h, h_p Qpfe AgpqL$L$ `yfyjp\p_u pq L$Zdp S>
kdpegu R>. Ahy hpkyf Qsy:gpL$u_p cphp\ $` L$y R> c[sdpN lfv$pe ^dp@\p lqffh Q &
L$pdp lqf qv$np Q, dpn: L$Ze kh_d &&
AV$g L$ c[sdpNdp, cNhp__y v$pkh A S> ^d R>. A_
AS> A\ `yfyjp\ `Z R>. cy_p v$i__u CR>p \hu A h_p L$pd R>.
A_ uL$Z_y kh_ (khp L$fhu) A dpn R>. A\ps Qpf `yfyjp\p $`
L$Z `ps S> R>.
uhgc L$Zpe sp_p `pW$, L$Z_u kdyM bku_
L$fhp_u Apop L$fu R>. A_ A fus A `pW$ L$f_pf_p Qpf `yq$dpN}e
`yfyjp\p rk \i Ahy L$y R>. L$pfZ L$ A Qpfe `yfyjp\p L$Z_p
Apedp kdpegp R>. Ap`uA Ahy `Z cpf`|hL$ L$y R> L$
L$Zpe_p `pW$ L$f_pf_, uL$Z_p Ape Ahe dmu fli. Ap
bpbs_u bpe^fu udlpcy `ps Ap` R>.
291

L$Zpe_p `pW$ L$f_pf_p Ape L$Z `ps \i Ahy uhgc

hv$ R>. A_ uhgc S> L$l R> sd S> \pe R>. L$pfZ L$ uhgc,
L$Z_p Apephspf (rhcy hv$_p_gphspf) R>. sAp uL$Z_p
udyM_y pL$V$e R>. s\u sd_u hpZu L$Z_p udyM_u hpZu R>. s\u
s Aaf R>.
s\u uhgc_p hQ_pdp k`|Z p fpMu_, sdpfu r_e
khp_p AL$ cpN $`, L$Zpe_p `pW$ sdpfp ke W$pLy$f_u kdyM
bku_ Ahe L$fhp sd_ (`yq$dpN}e hZh cpC-bl_p_) Ap
L$Zv$pku iprs_u b lp\X$u_ Aes v$u_ cph L$fgu rh_su R>.
sd sdpfp ke h$` kdn L$Zpe_p `pW$ r_e L$fip sp sdpfp
hpdu L$Z_p Ape sd_ ldi_ dpV$ dmu fli Ahy dpfp Nyfyv$h
uhgc L$l R>.
uL$Zp`Zdsy.
- S>e uL$Z

***

292

10. Qsy:gpL$u
khv$p khcph_ cS>_uep hr^`: &
hepedh ^dp rl _pe: hpr` L$v$pQ_ && 1 &&
Ah kv$p d L$se hedh L$qfers &
cy: khkd\p rl ssp r_[ssp hS>s && 2 &&
eqv$ uNpLy$gp^uip ^s: khpd_p qv$ &
ss: qL$d`f b|rl gpqL$L$hqv$L$fr`
&& 3 &&
As: khpd_p ipLy$gf`pv$ep: &
dfZ cS>_ Qpr` _ eperdrs d drs: && 4 &&
&& Crs udgcpQperhfqQsp Qsy:gpL$u k`|Zp &&

jpX$i N\pdp, Qsy:gpL$u N\ kp\u _p_p N\ R>. R>sp s_y

dlh bu L$pB N\ L$fsp ApRy> _\u. EgVy$, bly _p_p N\ lphp_
L$pfZ OZu ApR>u epv$i[s ^fphsp hZhp_ dpV$, "Qsy:gpL$u' N\_
L$W$\ L$fhp_y L$pe kygc b_u e R>.
udlpcy frQs, bpgbp^ N\dp, depv$pdpN}e Qpf
`y{$jp\p rhj L$lhpdp Apey R>. A Qpfdp\u ^d, A\ A_ L$pd A
Z `y{$jp\p_y r_$`Z A_y$d d_ydrs, Nk| A_ L$pdk|dp
L$fhpdp Aphg lpB, udlpcyA bpgbp^dp AL$dp Qp\p "dpn'
`y{$jp\_y S> r_$`Z L$ey R>.
epf`R>u "L$Zpe' N\dp, kp^_ jV$L$ (v$i, L$pm, e,
L$sp, L$d A_ d) s\p Qsyrh^ `y{$jp\p (^d, A\, L$pd A_ dpn),
cNhp_ L$Zdp S> Ape gB_ flgp R>, Ahy L$lhpdp Apey. sdp
kL$s $` Ahy kdhhpdp Apey R> L$ cs_p Ap Qpfe `y{$jp\p
kv$p_v$ uL$Zdp flgp R>.
uhgc_u Qsy:gpL$u S>hu S> uepk_u AL$ Qsy:gpL$u
293

R>; s_y _pd hpkyf Qsy:gpL$u. sdp dlrj epkA cs_p A

Qpfe AgpqL$L$ `y{$jp\p_y kyv$f r_$`Z AL$ Akyf (h) L$fgu p\_p
pfp L$ey R>. udlpcyA hpkyf_u A p\_p_p kpf $`, Apop L$fu
R> `yr$dpN lfv$pe ^dp\p lqffh rl &
L$pdp lf qv$v$nh, dpn: L$Ze Qv$ ^yhd &&
c[sdpN (`yr$dpN) dp cs_p A Qpfe `y{$jp\p_y h$`
gpqL$L$ _ flsp, AgpqL$L$ b_u e R>. `yr$dpN_u fus rhQpfsp A
Qpfe_p kb^ `yr$ `y{$jpd kv$p_v$ uL$Z kp\ X$pB e R>. S>
L$pB gpqL$L$ hsy_p kb^ `fdpdp kp\ X$pe, s hsy AgpqL$L$ b_u
e R>; L$pfZL$ `fdpdp AgpqL$L$ R>. udv$pQpeQfZ Ap hps bly
`$`Z L$lu R>. Ap`u Apop L$f R> :_ gpqL$L$ cy: L$Zp, d_ys _hgpqL$L$d &
uhgc frQs "Qsy:gpL$u' N\_u fQ_p_p AL$ kyv$f Brslpk
R>. Np^fpdp fpZp epk _pd AL$ kpQpfp bpZ flsp lsp. s rhp_
lsp; sd_ `psp_u rhsp_y O Arcdp_ lsy. `psp_u rhsp v$qis
L$fhp_u AL$ `Z sL$ sAp S>su _ L$fsp. L$pB `qX$s Np^fpdp Aph
sp, s_u kpd sAp hpv$dp (ipp\dp) Dsfsp.
AL$ hMs sAp rhp_p_u _Nfu L$piudp Nep. ep S>B, sdZ
ep_p rhp_p_ ipp\ dpV$ ggL$pep. A_ ipp\ \ep `Z Mfp.
`fsy S> S> `qX$s kp\ sdZ rhhpv$ L$ep sdp sAp lpfu Nep. Ap\u
sd_y Ald Ohpey. s\u sdZ NNpdp X|$bu_ Ap`Ops L$fhp_p
r_Qe L$ep.
Ap`Ops L$fhp dpV$ sAp NNp qL$_pf l_ydp_OpV$ D`f Apep.
gpL$p_u AhfS>hf b^ \pe s_u fpl sp OpV$ D`f bW$p. s kde
ApQpeu `psp_p riep kp\ s OpV$ D`f `^pep. Ap`u_p
riepdp\u L$pB AL$ rie Ap`u_ `|R>ey, ""L$`pmy, NNpdp X|$bu
df_pf h_ iy am dm ?'' Ap`uA Apop L$fu, "" L$pB dpZk,
294

AlL$pf`|hL$ L$pB kp\ ey L$f A\hp rhhpv$ (ipp\) L$f A_ sdp

lpfu S>sp, r_fpi \eg s h NNpdp X|$bu df sp r_qQs`Z s
k`epr__ `pd. s_ Apdlep_y `p` gpN. s dlpvy$$ \pe, A_
A_L$ fpNp\u `uX$pe. `fsy L$pB dpZk, v$u_sp`|hL$ kepk gB_,
uW$pLy$fdp d_ `fphu_, uW$pLy$f_u Nrs BR>sp, NNpdp X|$bu
df sp s_ kpfy am dm.''
fpZp epk udlpcy_p Ap iv$p kpcep. kpcmsp S> s
kph^p_ \ep. rhp_ sp lsp S>. udlpcy_p iv$p_p dd `pdu
Nep. EW$ep A_ udlpcy_p QfZpdp gV$u `X$ep. `R>u sdZ
ApQpeu_ L$y, ""dlpfpS>, ly NNpdp X|$bhp dpV$ S>, A r_Qe
L$fu_ bW$p Ry>. Ap`u_p hQ_ kpcmu_ dpfp Ald A_ Aop_ v|$f
\ep R>. Ap` d_ ifZ gp.''
udv$pQpeQfZ fpZp epk_ ifZ gu^p. sd_ _pd
kcmphu_ bkb^ L$fpep. epf `R>u Qsy:gpL$u N\_u fQ_p L$fu_,
A N\ sd_ riMep. s iuMu_ rQ [\f \sp, sdZ `ps L$piudp
L$fg ipp\p A_ s b^pdp `ps hlpfu gu^g `fpS>ep_u hps
ApQpeu_ L$lu kcmphu. s kpcmu_ L$`pr_r^ udlpcyA sd_
Apop L$fu L$ lh sd A S> b^p `qX$sp `pk h. A_ sd_u kp\
rhhpv$ L$fp. fpZp epk sd L$ey. A_ udlpcy_p debm_p
sp`, khrhhpv$pdp sd_p rhS>e \ep.
Ap fus udlpcyA `psp_p khL$ Np^fp_p fpZpepk_
bp^ Ap`hp dpV$ Qsy:gpL$u_u fQ_p L$fu R>. Ap`uA Qsy:gpL$u_p
Qpf gpL$pdp `yr$h_p Qpfe AgpqL$L$ `y{$jp\p - ^d, A\, L$pd A_
dpn_p cph Ap fus kdep R> :(1) `yr$dpN}e ^d : hp_y pL$V$e cNhp_dp\u \ey R>.
S>d cX$cX$pV$ bmsp Aqdp\u a|tgNp (sZMp) Dv$ch R>, s fus,
b^p hp cydp\u Dv$cep R>. s\u h cNhp__p Ai R>; A_
cNhp_ h_p Aiu R>. Ai_p AL$dp ^d R> Aiu_u khp L$fhp_p.
295

A R> `yr$dpN}e ^d `y{$jp\.

(2) `yr$dpN}e A\ : h `psp_p khp ^d `pm AV$g L$
b^y gpqL$L$ R>pX$u_ cNhp__u khpdp es fl sp, s_p `yr$ cy
`psp_p cL$s_p A\$` b_u e R>. `R>u Ahp cL$s, e D`pS>_
L$fhp_u L$ gpqL$L$ A\ p L$fhp_u L$pB tQsp flsu _\u. cs
rifpdZu, Ly$c_v$pk_y h_ Ap bpbsdp Dd $p$s$` R>.
(3) `yr$dpN}e L$pd : h_ L$pd ksph R>; s_p d_dp A_L$
L$pd_pAp EW$ R>; `psp_u A L$pd_pAp_ rk L$fhp dpV$, h `y{$jp\
L$f R>. `fsy A sp gpqL$L$ hp_u hps \B. cNhs cLs sp kv$pe cy
khpdp es fl R>. s_u L$pd_p AL$S> lpe R>. A_ s cNhv$h$`_p
v$i_ `pdhp_u. s_u A L$pd_p s_p hpdu uL$Z `yfu L$f R>.
Np`uS>_p_u b^u Nrsrhr^ Ap lL$uL$s_p $ps$` R>.
(4) `yr$dpN}e dpn : S>d-dfZ_p afpdp\u dmsu dy[s
AV$g depv$pdpN}e dpn. `yr$ cL$s_ Ahu dy[s (dpn) _ M`. s_p
dpn epf \pe epf cy `ps s_p v$edp `^pfu_ s_ h$`p_v$_y
v$p_ L$f; A_ s_ `psp_u r_egugpdp klcpNu b_ph. Ap R>
`yr$dpN}e dpn.
sp`e A L$ `yr$dpN}e hZhp dpV$ ^d, A\, L$pd A_ dpn
Ap Qpfe `y{$jp\p $` cy `ps S> R>.
Qsy:gpL$u N\_p Qpf gpL$pdp A_y$d `yr$dpN}e ^d, A\,
L$pd A_ dpn `yfyjp\_ kdhhpdp Apep R>. dp Qpf S> gpL$_p
Ap hpd_-L$v$-N\dp, rhfpV$ Ahp Qpfe `yr$dpN}e `yfyjp\p_
kdhhp_y cNuf\ L$pe udlpcyA L$ey R>. sdp Ap`uA L$y R>
L$ L$Z-khp A cNhv$ cL$s_ ^d `yfyjp\ sp R> S>; `fsy kp\pkp\ s
bpL$u_p Z `yfyjp\p_p kp^L$ `Z R>. AV$gp dpV$, Ae, ApQpeu
Apop L$f R> - ""L$Zkhp kv$p L$pep'' - L$Zkhp kv$p L$fp. sd
L$fhp\u sdpfp Qpfe AgpqL$L$ `yfyjp\p rk \i.
L$Zc[sde h_ h_pf cL$s S>, kpQy hZhu h_
296

h R>. Ap`Z `Z Ap gOy N\_y fle kd_, A dpZ h_

huA sp Ap`Z_ cS>_p_v$ AV$g L$ h$`p_v$_u pr Ahe \pe.
udv$ cpNhs_p ANuepfdp L$^dp_p Qpv$dp Aepedp
cNhp_ uL$Z Dh_ L$l R>, ""sy dpfpdp d_ fpM. dpfpdp S>_y
d_ R> s_ Bpk_ AV$g L$ hN_y kpdpe (S> B_ Ap`hpdp
Apey R> s) A\hp sp fkpsg_y Ahe (S> brg_ Ap`hpdp Apey lsy
s) Ap`hpdp Aph sp `Z s s_ _ huL$pf. s_ bpk_ (S> bp_
Ap`hpdp Apey R> A_ S> op_u `yfyjp_y dpn^pd NZpe R> s) A\hp
sp kL$g rkqAp Ap`hpdp Aph sp `Z s s_ _ huL$pf.
A_p A\ A L$ cNhv$ c[s A S> h_p `fd `y{$jp\$` R>.
`ye ulqfL$Z ipu `yfyjp\_y kpQy h$` kdhsp L$l R>,
""`yfyjp\ A_y _pd L$ S> kh\u r_f`n lpe; S>_p\u kh L$pB, ke,
idv$dpqv$, gpqL$L$, hqv$L$ A_ dpnps kyM Ap_yjrNL$ (fus) p
\pe; S>_u D`gq^ `R>u, h L$B `Z huL$pfhp_ _ BR>. r_fhr^
Ap_v$ lpe Ahp sp, `fd `yfyjp\ cNhp_ S> R>; Ae _\u. cNhp_
c[s_y v$p_ L$f R>; s c[s_ S> hi R>. c[s re R>. s\u
khpdcph`|hL$ cNhv$ c[s (L$fhu) AS> ^d. d_ pZ_p\
(cy)_p NyZp_ kcpf; hpZu_ NyZp_ NlZ L$f; L$pep_ `fd
`yfyjp\_u khp L$f AS> ^d.
Ahp A cL$s_ A\p cNhp_h, cNhp_ (`ps) A\$` \B
e. Ahepqv$ jX$NyZk` cNhp_ `ps s_p A\ $` \ep `R>u s
Ae A\_ (`pdhp) L$d BR> ?
Ahp A cL$sp_p d_pf\, cy_p v$i__u suh gpgkpdp S>
lpe R>. hNf `pM_p `nu (bQp) dpsp_ dmhp sgk, ny^p\ hpR>fXy$
dp_ ^phhp sg`, rhflu rep (`psp_p) re_ dmhp sg`, Ad S>
Ap c[s cy rh_p sgk A S> Ad L$pd R>.
cy_y dfZ cS>_ L$f_pf cNhv$ue_p Nl\pd_ Ap cL$s
dpn\u Ar^L$ dp_ R>. s sdp\u (Nl\pd_p `pg_dp\u) dpn\u
297

Ar^L$ kyM dmh R>. bp_v$ s_u ApNm syR> R>. dpV$
udv$pQpeQfZ Apop L$fu R> :`yr$dpN lfv$pe ^dp\p lqffh rl &
L$pdp lfqv$nh dpn: L$Ze Qv$ ^yhd &&
ucNhp_ S> Ap`Zp ^d, A\, L$pd A_ dpn - A Qpf
`yfyjp\$` R>. Ap rkps_ Ap`Z e\p\ fus kd iL$uA AV$gp
dpV$, ApQpeuA, L$`p L$fu_ Qpf gpL$p fep. sdp \d gpL$\u ^d
`yfyjp\_y h$` kdey R>.
khv$p khcph cS>_uep h^u`: &
hepedh ^dprl _pe: hpr` L$v$pQ_ &&1&&
A\ps : khpdcph\u ldip hS>_p Ar^`rs uL$ZQ_
khhp. cs_p Ap S> r_[Qs ^d R>. L$pB`Z \mdp, L$pB`Z L$pgdp
khp rh_p Ae ^d _\u.
Ap gpL$dp Aphgp Qpf iv$p_ e\p\ fus kd ghp_u S>$f
R>. (1) khv$p (2) khcph_ (3) hr^` A_ (4) h^d.
(1) khv$p : khv$p AV$g ldip. ldip AV$g v$ffpS>. A_p
A\ "L$pB AL$ q_qQs kde' Ahp _\u \sp. s\u cNhv$ khpdp
L$pg_p r_ed _\u. ^dippdp ^d L$pe L$fhp_p Qp$k kde _$u
L$fhpdp Aph R>. s dpV$ dylys hy `X$. A_ Ad|L$ Qp$k \m S> s
^dL$pe L$fhy `X$ R>. A_y L$pfZ A R> L$ s ^dL$pe L$fsp dmsy am,
L$pg_ Ap^u_ R>. A_ s\u s _pieyL$s `Z R>.
`fsy cNhp__y v$pkh huL$pfhy A_ cy_p v$pk b_u_ cy_u
khp L$fhu A Ahp L$pgp^u_ ^d _\u. s\u cNhv$ khp_y am `Z
L$pgp^u_ _\u. s Ane R>. Ahy L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ nZhpf `Z
cNhkhp e_ bu L$pB gpqL$L$ L$pedp rQ `fphuA sp Ap`Zu
A_esp_p (AL$pNsp_p) cN \pe. ksu u\u `psp_p `rs_u khp
R>pX$u_ \pX$p kde dpV$ `Z `pfL$p_u khp L$hu fus \pe ? `rshsp
u_y d_ \pX$p kde dpV$ `Z Aedp gpN sp, s_p `rshsp ^d_p
298

cN \pe. s\u cNhp_ L$ S> Ap`Zp hpdu R>. s_u khp khv$p L$fp;
AdyL$ Qp$k kde _l]. cy khp khv$p L$fhu A khL$_p ^d R>.
"khv$p' iv$_p Aphp A\ R>.
(2) kh cph_ : kh cph\u cy khp L$fp. udlpcy
Apop L$f R> L$ cNhv$ khp khpdcph\u L$fhu. sp A khpdcph
AV$g iy ? A_p A\ Ahp L$fhp_p R> L$ kh_ `psp_p S> Apdp
kd_ s_p cph\u khp L$fhu, S>dL$ (L$) `rs-`ypqv$ cph\u cNhp__u khp L$fhu. `rs cph\u
L$Z_ cep A_e`|hp Ly$dpqfL$pApA A_ `ycph khp L$fu dpsp
S>ipv$pA.
sd dp b_p. L$_ep_ sdpfp `y b_phu gp. `|Z hpke\u
s_u khp L$fp. s_ _hfphp, ^phfphp, hpgL$pf\u khp, S>dpX$p,
kyhX$php A_ S>$f `X$ sp - L$ sdpfp AV$gp b^p Ar^L$pf _\u R>sp
lpe sp - L$_ep_ _l_u v$pfu hX$ bp^p.
(M) khcph : Apdp "kh' Ahy `v$ R>. s_p A\ cy \pe.
cy S> kh R>. kh Mqhv$ b. s\u kh AV$g cy. cy kh R>.
A_ s_p Apdp$` uhprd_u R>. s\u hprd_u_p v$pku`Zp\u
`Z cy_u khp L$fu iL$pe.
(N) Np` bpmL$p_p kecph : kecph kp L$pB_ dpV$
kygc _\u. cNhp_ S>_ `psp_p rd (kMp) sfuL$ huL$pf s_pdp A
cph Aph. h `ps, `psp_u dm L$Z kMp _ b_u iL$. sd R>sp A
AL$ cph sp R> S>. L$pBL$ cpeipmu sp A cph L$Zkhp L$fu iL$.
Ly$c_v$pk, Npthv$hpdu, N$_ ^ph_ hNf kMpcph\u S> L$Z_ kep
R>, A hps kp L$pB Z R>.
(O) v$pecph : Ap cph kh kygc R>. sd sdpfu BR>p\u Agb uNyfyv$h_u de\u\u cNhp__p v$pk S>$f b_u iL$p. hmu,
D`f bsphg hpke, d^yf, ke Apqv$ cphp_p `pepdp sp v$pkcph
S> flgp R>. Ap`Z r_hv$_ L$fsu hMs, ""v$pkp@ld'' bpgu_ L$Z_y
299

v$pkh Ap`dm huL$pfu gu^y R>. s\u A v$pkcph _krNL$ fus

Ap`Zpdp R> S>. A cph sd hr^`_ c.
(3) hr^` :- hr^` AV$g hS>_p Ar^`rs. hS> AV$g
ep. kh ep Ahp r_rMg bpX$_p A_ hS>dX$mdp Aphg NpLy$g
v$i_p A Ar^`rs R> S>. s\u hr^` `v$ `|Z `yfyjpd_y bp^L$ `v$
R>. hS>dp flg kp_p s _p\ lphp\u (Np, Np`, Npe, Np`u, _v$S>ipv$p, `iy, `nu b^p_p) sZ kp_u kp\ fdZ L$ey R>. Ahy cpNhs
hv$ R>.
dlpfpkgugp hX$ sZ uNp`uS>_p kp\ fdZ L$ey. h_gugp
pfp sZ Np`bpgL$p, h__p `iy, `nu-lfZ Apqv$ sdpd kp\ fdZ
L$ey; bp pfp hk (hpR>fX$p) A_ Np`p_p \eg lfZ kN, `ps
sd_p $` ^pfZ L$ep A_ Np`p_p dp-bp`, hX$ugp Apqv$ s\p
hpR>fX$p_u dpsp-Npep kp\ sdZ fdZ L$ey. s fus Ap`Z `Z
khpdcph L$Z_ ciy sp hS>S>_p_u dpaL$ s Ap`Zu kp\ `Z
fdZ L$fi. S>$f L$fi. hS>_p A Ar^`rsA NpLy$ghpkuAp_ fkv$p_
L$fhp dpV$ S>. r_S> hps L$fhp rNqfhf_ ^pfZ L$ep lsp. A_ Aes
Dkpldp Aphu_ s bpgu EW$ep lsp L$ "hS>_p _p\ ly Ry>, hS> dpf
ifZ R>.' e\p sdpdR>f Np$ dp\ d`qfNld &
Np`pe hpd epN_ kpe d hs Aprls: &&
(cp.10-25-38)
sp Qpgp Ap`Z `Z uNpLy$g`rs_ Ap`Zp _p\ sfuL$
huL$pfu_ s_u khp L$fuA.
(4) h^d : h cNhp__p Ai R>. ""S> S>_p Ai lpe s
s_ cS>'' s\u `fb L$Z_u khp L$fhu A s_p Ai $` b^p hp_p
^d R>. Z L$pmdp, h_p A rkhpe (cy khp rkhpe) bu L$pB
^d _\u. Ap_y _pd S> h^d. Ae ^d h_ dpV$ bp^L$ R>. s\u S>
Ap gpL$dp udlpcyA _pe: hpr` L$v$pQ_ - Ahp iv$p pfp
300

`$ Apop L$fu R> L$ cy khp rkhpe, L$pB`Z L$pmdp, L$pB`Z \m,

h_p bu L$pB ^d _\u. Aphu Apop L$fu_ Ap`uA h_
`$`Z kdey R> L$ ippdp S> b^p ^dp bspep R> s b^p
h^dp _\u. s sp `f^dp R>. A_ - h^d r_^_p e: `f^dp
cephl:.
Ap fus Ap`uA A iv$p pfp Ae ^dp_p kv$sf r_j^
L$ep R>.
^dp b L$pf_p R> (1) Apdp_p AL$dp ^d A_ (2) v$l_p
A_L$rh^ ^dp. v$l_p ^dp v$l R> ep ky^u `pmhp_p R> - `pmhp
lpe sp. S>dL$ ke, Atlkp, v$ep Apqv$ ^dp . v$l _ lpe epf sdp\u
L$pB ^d `pmhp_p lpsp _\u. `fsy Apdp sp Adf R>. A_ Apdp_p
S> AL$dp (cykhp) R> s `Z iphs R>. Apdp `fdpdp_p Ai
lpB_, Aiu_u khp (L$Zkhp), \m L$pm_p bp^ hNf, kss r_fsf
L$fsp flhp_u R>. A R> h^d. ^dipdp bsphgp ^dp v$l_
A_ygnu_ L$lhpdp Apep R>. epf cy khp $`u ^d, Apdp_
A_ygnu_ L$lhpdp Apep R>. s\u s h^d R>. Apdp A S> "h' R>;
v$l A "h' _\u.
dlpfpS> eyr^r$f, cudv$pv$p_ `|R>ey, ""kh^ddp sd_ L$ep
^d $ gpN R> ?'' epf v$pv$pA sS> nZ L$y, ""cy_u kl _pd\u
s|rs L$fhu (rh kl_pd ps_y fV$Z) A_ c[scph`|hL$ cy
khp L$fhu A $d ^d R>.''
cNhv$khp AS> Ap`Zp AL$ dp ^d R>. Ahy bu fus `Z
kprbs L$fu iL$pe. ApQpeu_u Apop R>, ""`yr$ L$pe_ r_Qe'' AV$g
L$ `yr$kr$ cy_u L$pepdp\u Dv$chu R>. A_ bu Apop R>,
""cNhv$ $` khp\ skr$_pe\pchs'' AV$g L$ `yr$ kr$_p hp
cNhv$ h$`_u khp A\ S> L$V$ep R>. A fus kdS>sp `Z,
cNhp__p cL$sp_p ^d cNhv$khp R>.
h kv$p hr^`_u khp L$fhu. h_p ^d cy_u khp
301

L$fhp_p R>. s\u sZ khp L$fhu; khp kv$h L$fhu. Nd epf A_ Nd

ep L$fhu. khp ApX$ v$iL$pg_ bp^p$` _ b_hp v$hp. khp L$fhpdp L$pB
rhr^ rh^p__ `Z hQdp _ gphhy. ""khp ^ddp L$pB rhr^ _\u'' Ahy
udv$ hS>fpS> dlpfpS> L$l R>. Ap`u L$l R> L$ ""khpdp rhr^ \ep
L$ e|_prsqfL$s v$pj gpN'' khpcS>_ sp cphpdL$ R>. cS>_ A S> ag
R>. ag AS> h^d R>. AV$gp dpV$ cNhp_ L$Z `ps L$l R> L$ S> S>
L$pf d_ cS> R> s s L$pf ly cSy> Ry>.
cL$sp_ sp cNhp_ S> B$ R>. A_ cNhp__u pr
cNhkhp rh_p bu L$pB fus \pe _l]. s\u cNhp__p
rhflsp``|hL$ S> cNhkhp L$fhpdp Aph s S> `fd ^d $` khp
L$lhpe.
Qsy:gpL$u_p Ap `lgp gpL$dp S> L$pB L$lhpdp Apey R> s_p
cph L$BL$ Aphp R>. hZhu h_ AV$g r_fsf L$Zkhp L$fhpdp
rhsphgy h_. `fsy A khp khpdcph L$fgu lphu BA. Al]
khpdcph\u L$fgu khp_p A\ ""`_u, `y, ^_ Apqv$ b^y cNhp__y
R> Ahp cph krls L$fgu cykhp'' hZhp dpV$ cy_y cS>_ L$fhp
rkhpe L$pB bu ^d _\u. cS>__p Ap_v$ dpn_p Ap_v$ L$fsp OZu
KQu L$np_p R>. cS>_p_v$ pfp fpkgugp_p kp_ycph `Z \B iL$ R>.
fpkgugp L$fsu hMs, Np`uS>_pA dyL$s L$W$ Npegp Nus_ cS>_
L$lhpe. A_ s Npsp sd_ S> Ap_v$ \ep s_ cS>_p_v$ L$lhpe. Aphy
kd_ kv$p khv$p hr^`_y cS>_ L$fp.
Ap_p A\ Ahp _\u \sp L$ h gpqL$L$ L$pep_p kv$sf epN
L$fhp_p R>. c|sg D`f ep ky^u cs_u [\rs R>. ep ky^u sZ
gpqL$L$ L$pep `Z L$fhp_p R>. `fsy Ahp gpqL$L$ L$pep, S> gpqL$L$ hp
lpe s Apk[s fpMu_ L$f R>. epf kpQp hZh Apk[s frls
b_u_ shp L$pep L$f R>. s_u Apk[s sp L$hg cy cS>_dpS> lpe R>.
`psp_y gpqL$L$ A[sh V$L$phu fpMhp `yfsy s gpqL$L$ L$pep L$f R>. h
`psp_y gpqL$L$ A[sh V$L$phu fpMhp_y R>. L$pfZ L$ h v$l kp\
302

kL$mpegp fl, epf s `psp_p v$rlL$ ANp pfp cS>_ A_ L$Zkhp

kpfu fus L$fu iL$. s\u ifuf V$L$phu fpMhy. S>$fu R>. ifuf pfp S>
cNhv$khp L$fu iL$pe R>. c pfp cS>_-L$us_ \B iL$ R>; ifuf_u
b^u Bqep pfp cykhp \B iL$ R>. v$l A_ v$l_u Bqep _ lpe
sp "Apdp AL$gp' cy khp _ L$fu iL$. s\u v$l_ V$L$phu fpMhp dpV$
Mphy, `uhy, kyhy, bkhy s\p Ae kpkpqfL$, ephkpreL$ A_ ehlpqfL$
L$pep L$fhp `X$ R>. `fsy S> h h^d Zsp lpe s Ahp gpqL$L$ L$pep
L$fi sp Mfp `fsy sdp ApkL$s _l] b_; s sdp X|$bu _l] e.
Apk[s frls b_u_, sV$\ hq\u s Ahp L$pep L$fi. s Ahp L$pep
cy re\ L$fi. s r_Qe`|hL$ Ahy rhQpfi L$ dpfp ^d sp cy khp
L$fhp_p S> R>. ""khpdp Apk[s A_ Ae L$pepdp (gpqL$L$dp)
A_pk[s'' - Aphy R> cNhv$cL$sp_y h_.
`fsy L$pe L$f sp am_u Apip fl Mfu. `yr$ cL$s gpqL$L$
L$pedp am_u Apip _ fpM. sZ L$fgp gpqL$L$ L$pep s_p v$l V$L$phu
fpMhp A_ s_y ehlpqfL$ h_ V$L$phu fpMhp dpV$ L$fgp lpe R>. s\u
Ahp L$pep pfp s_p v$l V$L$u fl A_ s_y ehlpqfL$ h_ Qpgsy fl
A S> A_y am. bu L$ip gpqL$L$ am (k`q, L$urs Apqv$)_u Apip s_
_ lpe. s_y sp dp AL$ S> L$pe R> A_ s cykhp. A_ cykhp_y am
R> h$`p_v$_u pr. s khp A h$`_u khp R>. khp L$fsp h$`p_v$
_ufep_p Ap_v$ dmu fl R>. cS>_ L$fsp cS>_p_v$_u pr \B_ S>
fl R>.
Ap fus Ap`Z cNhp__ S> (cNhv$khp_) ^d kdep. lh
bu gpL$dp, udv$pQpeQfZ A\ `yfyjp\_y h$` kdh R> :Ah kv$p d L$se edh L$qfers &
cy: kh kd\p rl ssp r_qQssp hS>s &&
A\ps :- ApNm L$lgu fus, r_fsf (h pfp cS>_$`u
`psp_p ^d_y ApQfZ L$fpe epf) hpdu_ `psp_ L$fhp_y
(epNndpqv$) L$pe s `ps S> L$fi. L$pfZL$ cNhp_ kh_ r_eddp
303

fpM_pf R>. A_ s\u L$pgpqv$L$\u S> hsy rk _ \B iL$ s b^y `Z

rk L$fhp_ dpV$ s kd\ R>. Ahy kd_ cNhv$ cL$spA r_rs
\B_ flhy.
cNhv$uep_ dpV$ cNhp_S> A\$` R>. `fsy Al] AgpqL$L$
A\_u hps L$fhpdp Aphu R>. AgpqL$L$ A\ Ars vy$gc R>. A_ s
Ae A\ `yfyjp\ pfp kp^u _ iL$pe. dp cNhp_S> hueS>_pdp
Ahp AgpqL$L$ A\_y k`pv$_ L$f R>. s\u cNhp_S> Ap`Zp A\ $` R>
Ad kdS>hy. cNhp_ S> dpfy b^y L$fi Ahy Zu_ h sp L$hm
khpdcph\u cS>_ L$fhy.
cy kh kd\ R>. s gpqL$L$ A_ AgpqL$L$ b^y L$fhp kd\ R>.
Al] L$v$pQ Ahu iL$p \pe L$ cy kd\ R> A hps kpQu. `fsy AgpqL$L$
A\_u rkq \hp dpV$ h epesp L$mhhu BA. AgpqL$L$ A\_y
k`pv$_ sp hS>_u Ly$dpqfL$pApdp S> kch. L$pfZL$ sAp S> s_ dpV$
epe R>. Ae epe _\u.
Aphu iL$p \pe sp s_p r_fpk dpV$ Ahy L$lhpdp Apey R> L$
h_ s_ dpV$ epe _\u A hps kpQu R>; `fsy s khpdcph cy
cS>_ L$f sp kd\ cNhp_ s_p D`f A_yNl L$fu_ s_p AgpqL$L$
A\_ rk L$fphu Ap`. udlpcyA L$y R> L$ -""AgpqL$L$ A\_u
rkq \hu A vy$gc lphp R>sp, s Ap`Z_ S>$f p \i Ahu
Apip\u cNhv$cS>_ L$fsp flhy.''
hS> kyv$fuAp, hpk_p krls kh rhjep_p epN L$fu_
uL$Z_p QfZL$dmdp Aphu sp cNhp_ sd_p d_pf\p `|Z L$ep.
cNhp_ L$y R> L$, ""S>ApA dpf dpV$ gpL$^dp_p epN L$ep R> sd_ ly
^pfZ L$fu fpMy Ry>. sd_y cfZ ly L$fy Ry>.''
S> fus A\ (k`q) lpe sp S> Arcgpj (d_pf\) _u `|rs
\pe R>. A_ _ lpe sp d_pf\p `|Z \sp _\u s fus cykhp $`u
A\_u pr \sp h_p AgpqL$L$ d_pf\p_u `Z `|rs \B_ S> fli,
Ahy kd_ cL$spA r_rs \B_ flhy. s\u cL$sp dpV$ sp A\$`
304

cNhp_S> khhp epe R>.

S>d A\ (k`q) rh_p, gpqL$L$ fdZ sdS> gpqL$L$ cpN
kchsp _\u. sd A Apr^v$rhL$ gdu_p hi rh_p cNhv$khp
A_ cpN kchsp _\u. A Apr^v$rhL$ gdu$`u k`q_u pr,
c[s_u khp\u ksy$ \eg cNhp_ `ps `psp_pdp\u L$fphi. cNhv$
A_yNl\u cNhv$ fdZ A_ cpN kch R>. s\u cNhp_ S> A\$`
R>, Ahy udv$pQpeQfZ ag L$fZdp r_$`Z L$fgy R>.
cy iy L$fhp kd\ _\u ? s sp khkd\ R>. sd R>sp, cNhv$
cs epf Ae L$pepdp Apk[s frls b_u_, agpk[s R>pX$u_
L$hm cycS>_dp fs flsp lpe sp `R>u s_p A\ `yfyjp\ AV$g L$
epNnd_y iy s_p r_hpl L$hu fus Qpgi ? Ap __p kQpV$ S>hpb
ApQpeu_u Apopdp flgp R>. Ap`u L$l R> L$ Ahp h_p hpdu
uL$Z R>. `psp_p khL$_p, `psp_p v$pk_p epNnd hl_ L$fhp_u
s_pdp i[s R>. A_ sZ rsop L$fu R> L$ A_e rQ\u S> L$f S>Ap dpfu D`pk_p
s r_eeyL$s csp_p epNnd Qgphy ly. (Nusp)
cNhv$ cs sp `psp_y khh cy_ kdr`_ s_y v$pkh
huL$pfu gu^y R>. cy_u khp_ `psp_p AL$dp ^d kd_ s khpd
cph cy khp S> L$f R>. sp `R>u, `psp_p epNnd_u tQsp s_ lpe
Mfu? Ap fus v$pkh_u cph_p fpMu_, `psp_p gpqL$L$ hqv$L$ L$pep_
cNhv$ khp_u kp\ L$f_pf cL$s_p h_ r_hpl_u tQsp s_p kd\
hpdu S> L$fi.
khL$e sy ^dpe, hpdu he L$qfers &
khL$ `psp_p ^d bh sp hpdu `psp_p ^d bhhpdp
`pR>u`p_u _l] L$f. Ap fus cyS> `psp_p cL$s_p A\ `yfyjp\$` b_
R>. Ap fus A\_y h$` L$lu_, u gpL$dp L$pd_y h$` L$l R>.
eqv$ uNpLy$gpr^ip ^s: khpd_p qv$ &
ss: qL$d`fbyrl gpqL$L$hqv$L$fr` &&3&&
305

A\ps :- s u NpLy$g_p Ar^`rs uL$ZQ_ spfp

v$edp ^pfZ L$ep lpe sp `R>u gprL$L$ kyM A_ hqv$L$ hNpqv$L$ kyMdp
`Z iu Ar^L$sp flgu R> ? (S>\u s p L$fhp_u CR>p cNhv$
cs_ \pe !) A\ps gpqL$L$-hqv$L$ kyM_u pr \hp\u s_y L$ey
epS>_ rk \hp_y R>, s sy L$l.
Al] udv$pQpeQfZ Z L$ `psp_p d__ _ _ L$fsp lpe
sd s_ L$l R> L$ S>Z cNhp__ v$edp ^pfZ L$fu gu^p R> s_ lh
buSy> L$iy p L$fhp_u BR>p lpsu _\u. uNpLy$gi_ v$edp ^pfZ
L$fhp_y kvcpe A_ kpde sp L$pB rhfg Aq Ly$dprfL$pAp S>hp
cNhv$uAp S> dmhu iL$. cy NpLy$g`rs R> AV$g L$ sAp Np L$lsp
Np`uS>_p, Np`p A_ Npep_p `rs R>. cNhp_ Np`uS>_p_p `rs ip
dpV$ bep ? cNhp_ sd_p r_:hp\ d B_ S> sd_p `rs bep;
A_ sd_p ANuL$pf L$ep. s\u Ap`Z `Z uNpLy$gpr^i_ d`|hL$
v$edp ^pfZ L$fuA sp sAp Ap`Zp ANuL$pf L$fi. A_ Ap`Zp `rs
b_i. A_ Ap`Zu kh L$pd_pAp rk L$fi.
uhS>fpS> dlpfpS> L$l R>, ""Np`uS>_pA sp L$pdcph\u cy_
v$edp ^pfZ L$ep lsp. Np`uAp L$pdcph\u cy_ dep.
udv$pQpeQfZ L$qV$s `yr$dpNdp `Z shp h$`_u pr L$lu R>.
Ap lsy\u, ApQpeuA "kepk r_Ze' N\dp Np`uS>_p_ `yr$dpN_p
Nyfy L$p R>. A_ sd_p cph_p S> (L$pdcph_p) D`v$i L$ep R>. s\u
Ap`Z `Z uNp`uS>_p_p A cph\u S> cy_u khp L$fhu. `fsy Ap
cph N|Y$ R>. s\u gpL$dp s_p `$ r_v$i L$ep _\u. dp khcph\u
uNp`uS>_p_p L$pdcph_y k|Q_ L$fu_, Ap`Z_ `Z L$pdcph\u L$Z_
cS>hp_u Apop L$fu R>.
Np`uS>_p_p L$pd A N|Y$ cph R> Ad L$y A_ Np`uS>_pA
L$pdcph\u S> cy_ `rs sfuL$ dmep R> Ahy `Z L$lhpdp Apey R>.
sp `R>u sd_p L$pdcph N|Y$ lpe sp `Z s _W$pfp cph sp _\u S>. s
sp cy_ `rs sfuL$ dmhu Ap`_pf Ddcph R>. Ap`Z ZuA R>uA
306

L$ gpqL$L$ L$pd_u kh t_v$p L$fhpdp Aph R>. `fsy Al] sp Np`uS>_p_p

L$pdcph\u ApV$gu b^u ikp L$fhpdp Aphu R>. Np`uS>_p_p L$pd_
cy pr_p kp^_ sfuL$ ip dpV$ NZhpdp Apep R> ? S> cypr_y
kp^_ lpe s _W$pfy _ lpB iL$. s\u rk \pe R> L$ Np`uS>_p_p
L$pdcph bly Dd agpr L$fphu Ap`_pf cph R>.
Ap hps kdhsp Ahy L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ gpqL$L$ L$pdcph
A_ cNhv$rhjeL$ L$pdcph A b hQ S>du_ Apkdp__y Asf R>.
Ap` d_ cNhp_dp [\f \pe s_y _pd S> cNhv$rhjeL$ L$pd_u
`|rs. uhS>Ly$dpqfL$pAp_p L$pd_u `|rs L$f_pf uL$Z L$l R> L$ dpfpdp
S>_u byq R> s_p L$pd gpqL$L$ L$pd_u dpaL$ bp^L$ b_sp _\u. cy
rhjeL$ L$pd bp^L$ _ lpe; s kp^L$ S> lpe.
s\u cydp d__ Ahu fus [\s L$fp L$ S>\u gpqL$L$dp
Apk[s _ \pe. sdpf sp sdpfp v$edp uNpLy$gpr^i_ ^pfZ
L$fhp_p R>. sd L$ep `R>u, sd_ bu L$pB L$pd_p bpL$u _l] fl.
uNpLy$gp^ui AV$gL$ eipv$pkN gprgs bpgL$Z_ v$edp ^pfZ
L$f_pf cs_, bu L$pB L$pd_p bpL$u fl Mfu ? As:L$fZdp agpdL$
cy_u [\rs \pe epf `R>u bu L$pB am_u L$ bu L$pB hsy p
L$fhp_u L$pd_p sd_pdp fl Mfu ?
cNhv$ cs_p (Np`uS>_p_p) L$pd A N|Y$cph R>. `fsy s_y
N|Y$` v|$f L$fu_ s_ kpv$u cpjpdp ApmMphhpdp Aph sp s cph_
h$`p_v$_u pr Ahy _pd Ap`u iL$pe. S> L$pB cs r_ers
cykhp L$f, r_L$pd cph `psp_p gpqL$L$ L$pep `Z L$f. s_p v$edp
he cy Aphu_ rbfpS>. sd \sp cNhv$ cL$s_p L$pd_u `|rs \B
e. hS>_u Np`uAp_p cph (L$pdcph) Ap fus `|Z \ep lsp. sd_p
L$pd gpqL$L$ _ lsp; sd_u L$pdhpk_p_u `|rs sd_ dmg h$`p_v$dp
flg R>. Np`uApA uNpLy$gpr^i_ `psp_p v$edp `^fpep sS> nZ
sd_u AgpqL$L$ L$pdhpk_p rk \B.
cNhv$ cs_ u-bpmL$p e d sp lpe R>. `fsy s b^p
307

s_u khp_p L$pedp dv$v$ L$fsp lpe sp S> A_ sV$g Ai S>. `fsy s_p
`|Z A_ r_epS> dsp L$hm L$Z e S> lpe R>. s_y v$e
uNpLy$gpr^i_p d\u cfpegy lpe R>. cyd\u R>gpR>g cfpegp
s_p v$edp, gpqL$L$ (u-`ypqv$L$_p) d L$hu fus kdpB iL$ ?
s_u AL$ dp BR>p fkf cNhp_ uL$Z_u kp\ fdZ L$fhp_u lpe
sp r_S> `_u kp\ fdZ L$fhp_u L$pd_p s_pdp L$hu fus kchu iL$ ?
r_S> `_u kp\_p s_p kb^p_y r_eZ A_ r_v$i_ cy BR>p
dpZ S> \pe R>.
Ap fus `yr$h_p L$pd `yfyjp\ AV$g uNpLy$gp^ui_ v$edp
^pfZ L$fu fpMhp s. u gpL$dp AgpqL$L$ L$pd `yfyjp\_y h$`
hZey. lh Qp\p gpL$dp AgpqL$L$ dpn `yfyjp\_y h$` hZhhpdp
Apey R>.
ss: khpd_p ihv$ NpLy$ghf `pv$ep: &
dfZ cS>_ Qpr` _ eped Brs d drs: &&4&&
A\ps :- AV$gp dpV$, khpd cph\u, r_fsf, NpLy$g_p
hpdu uL$Z_p QfZL$dg_y dfZ cS>_ (kh_) s_p A_e
cspA L$v$u _ R>pX$hy, Ahu dpfu (uhc_u) drs R>.
L$pdcph\u L$fg c[sdp h_ h$`p_v$_y v$p_ L$fhpdp Aph
R>. khhf A_ khpdp Ahp cNhp__ sd sdpfp _p_L$X$p v$edp
^pfZ L$fu gp R>p A R> sdpfy `fd kpcpe. `fsy kpcpe `pdu_
kpcpe dv$ _ \pe Ahp rhfgp bly ApR>p lpe R>. ""hpNs hp
dlpcpNp'' - Ahp iv$p hX$ S>d_y hpNs he cNhp_ L$ey A_
`R>u S>d_u kp\ gOyfpk `Z L$ep Ahp `fd cpeipmu Np`uS>_p_
`Z `psp_p kpcpe_p dv$ \ep. s\u sd_p kepN rhepNdp `gV$pB
Nep. s\u Ap`Z_ Ahp kpcpe dv$ _ \pe s dpV$ iy L$fhy ? s_p
D`pe Ap gpL$dp k|Qep R>. A dpV$ h iy L$fhy ? sp L$y R> L$ dfZ cS>_ _ eped AV$g L$ cy_y dfZ A_ cS>_ L$v$u _
R>pX$hy. L$ep ky^u _ R>pX$hy ? sp L$y R> L$ iv$ AV$g L$ ldi dpV$.
308

sd \pX$pL$ kde dpV$ `Z s R>pX$ip sp sdpfpdp Apkyfphi \i. s\u

uhprd_u krls rbfpS>sp uNpLy$gpr^i cy_y dfZ cS>_,
r_fsf (ldi dpV$) L$fsp flp. iv$ (r_fsf) `v$_p cph kd. s_p
cph A R> L$ - cNhp_ Ap`Zu v$fL$pf L$f L$ _ L$f, `fsy Ap`Z sp
s_y cS>_ L$fsp flhy. Aphu uApQpe_u Apop R>.
Ap fus cy_y r_fsf cS>_ A_ dfZ L$fsp h_ S> `v$
dm s Qsyrh^ dpn L$fsp Dd `v$ R>. Ap`Zp sp c[sdpN R>;
c[s A S> `fd `yfyjp\ R>. ""c[s dpn L$fsp Ar^L$ R>'' Ahy
cpNhsdp e s kh L$lhpdp L$ r_v$i L$fhpdp Apey R>. cNhp_
`Z A S> L$y R> ""dpfp csp_ kpgpL$e, kpdue, kp$e A_
kpeye (kpr$) Ap Qpf L$pf_p dpn Ap`hp dpX$ep `fsy sdZ s _
gu^p. A_ sdZ sp dp dpfy v$pkh S> dpey - dd v$lu v$ped &
Np`uS>_p L$l R> ""l _p\ ! pZp^pf, Ap`_p dyMpfthv$_y
v$i_ L$fhp dp\u S> Adpfu bu b^u L$pd_pAp v|$f \B e R>.
Ap`_y AgL$phs (O|Ofuepmp hpm\u R>hpegy) dyM B_ kp$e_u;
Ap`_p Ly$X$g_u ipcphpmp dyM_ B_ kprde_u; A^f ky^p fk_y
`p_ L$fph_pf Ap`_p dyMpfthv$_ B_ kpgyL$e_u A_ lpe`|hL$
r_funZ L$fsp Ap`_p dyMpfthv$_ B_ kpeye_u Adpfu L$pd_pAp
v|$f \B e R>. Ap`_p v$pkh_u prdp, Ap Qpf L$pf_p dpn_y am
A_ p \B e R>. Ap`_p dyMpfthv$_p v$i_ \sp dpn pr Ad_
e\ gpN R>.
Ap b^p rhhQ__y sp`e A R> L$ h$`p_v$_p v$psp sp
uNpLy$gi R>. `fsy A v$p_ dmhhp_p Ar^L$pf kp L$pB_p _\u.
h$`p_v$_u pr A `yr$dpN}e hZhp_p dpn R>. s_p Ar^L$pfu sp
uNp`uS>_p S>hp L$pBL$ S> lpe R>. `fsy Ap gOyN\dp bspep dpZ
S> hp `psp_p Qpfe `yfyjp\p_p uL$ZQfZfrsdp S> S|>A R> A_ s
dpZ uL$Z_p QfZdp frs fpMu_ `psp_y h_ h R>; AV$g L$
ldip L$pB`Z \m, L$pB`Z kde, L$pB`Z `qfq\rsdp sAp
309

uNpLy$gpr^i_y dfZ cS>_ R>pX$sp _\u shp cL$sp_ dpV$, Ap Qpf

c[sdpN}e `yfyjp\p hs: rk R>. Ap\u S> udlpcy Y$sp`|hL$
L$l R>, ""Brs d drs'' - A_ dpfu AV$g L$ uhgce khL$
L$Zv$pku iprs_u drs A R> L$ udlpcy S> dp_ R> s S> AL$ dp
ke R>.
Ap\u `yr$cs_ r_e r_ed sfuL$, Ap gOyN\_p `pW$ L$fu_,
sdp flgp cph rhQpfhp. A_ kv$p khv$p, q_fsf, khpdcph
uNpLy$gp^ui_ `psp_p v$edp ^pfZ L$fhp_p AL$dp `yfyjp\ L$fhp. s
`yfyjp\_u rkq \sp, s h_p Qpf AgpqL$L$ `yfyjp\p - ^d, A\, L$pd
A_ dpn Ap`pAp` rk \B S>i. s dpV$ sZ NpLy$gp^ui_y dfZ
A_ cS>_ L$ep L$fhy. epv$ fpMp, dpfp Nyfyv$h_u Ap drs R> A_ epv$
fpMp dpfp Nyfyv$h_u `gu Apop `Z sdps khpd_p r_e uL$Z: ifZ dd &
hv$v$rcfh kss \ed Beh d drs: &&

***

310

11. c[shr^_u
e\p c[s: hp epss\p`pep r_$es &
buS>cph Y$ sy epsepNpR>hZL$us_ps &&1&&
buS>v$pY$eL$pfsy Nl q\hp h^ds: &
Aephp cS>L$Z `|S>ep hZpqv$rc: &&2&&
ephpr` lfp rQ hZpv$pekkv$p &
ss: d s\pk[sek_ Q ev$p chs &&3&&
buS> svy$es ip Y$ epr` _ers &
_lppNrh_pi: epv$pkep eplp{$rQ: &&4&&
Nl\p_p bp^L$hd_pdh Q cpks &
ev$p epv$ ek_ L$Z L$sp\: epssv$h rl &&5&&
spiepr` kss Nl\p_ rh_piL$d &
epN L$hp essy sv$\p\L$dp_k:
&&6&&
gcs kyY$p c[s khsper^L$p `fpd &
epN bp^L$c|eh vy$:kkNp\ps:
&&7&&
As:\e lqf\p_ sv$ue: kl s`f: &
Av|$f qhL$j hp e\p rQ _ vy$ers
&&8&&
khpep hp L$\pep hp eepk[sY$p chs &
ephh se _pip _ hp`urs drsdd &&9&&
bp^kcph_pep sy _L$ps hpk Ces &
lqfsy khsp fnp L$qfers _ kie: &&10&&
Ceh cNhR>p N|Y$sh r_$r`sd &
e Askd^ueus sepr` epv$Y$p frs: &&11&&
&& Crs udgcpQpeL$qV$sp c[shr^_u kdpp &&

311

Np.hp. `|e ipu R>N_gpg Adf L$l R> L$ ""Ap S>Nsdp

vy$:M_u r_hq A_ kyM_u pr pfp `psp_u [\rs kh L$pgdp fl
Ahu BR>p pZu dp_ lpe R>. `fsy, Ahu [\rs, L$ep D`pe\u A_
L$hu fus p L$fu iL$pe s_p r_Ze, h `psp_p Aop__ L$pfZ L$fu
iL$sp _\u. L$ s kyM_u hq dpV$ e_ sp L$fR>, `fsy e\p\ kyM
p _ \sp, kyM_ bv$g s_ vy$:M p \pe R>.
Ap rhje D`f rhQpf L$fsp, hv$pqv$ ippdp "e' A_ "e'
Ahp b `v$p\p_p r_v$i L$fhpdp Apep R>. sdp, e A R> S> pfcdp
kyM$` A_ re gpN `fsy s_y `qfZpd vy$:Mde Aph. A_ e A R>
L$ S>_ p L$fsp pfcdp bly d L$fhp `X$ (v$y:M cpNhhy `X$) `fsy
s p \ep `R>u h_ Ahy kyM dm S> L$v$u vy$:Mdp _ `qfZd. e
pfp dmsy kyM, khL$pmdp r_e kyM S> fl R>.
uL$Z cNhp__, udv$ cpNhs A_ udv$ cNhv$Nuspdp,
AV$gp dpV$ sp e_u _l] L$ e_u pr dpV$ e_ L$fhp_y L$y R>.
Ap`u Nuspdp L$l R> L$ d_yep_y e ipdp R> s_p rhQpf L$fu_ d
sd_ s p L$fhp dpV$ op_, L$d A_ c[s_p Z dpNp bspep R>.
cNhp_ Z dpNp ip dpV$ bspep ? AL$ S> dpN bspep
lps sp s dpN D`f Qpgu_ iy gpL$p `psp_y e _ ip^u iL$s ? S>$f
kp^u iL$s. `fsy d_ye_u L$q, hq, $rQ Apqv$ A_ykpf sd_ Ap
Z dpNp b_phhp `X$ep R>. A Z dpNp D`f Qpghp_p Ar^L$pf kp
L$pB_p AL$ kfMp _\u. S> `yfyj Y$ hfpehpmp lpe s `yfyj op__p
Ar^L$pfu R>. S> `yfyj_p rQdp hfpe _\u A_ S>_y rQ rhrh^
L$pd_pAp\u cfgy R> s `yfyj L$d_p Ar^L$pfu R>. A_ S> `yfyj_ Y$
hfpe `Z _\u sdS> L$pd_pApdp Apk[s `Z _\u. shp `yfyj_ Y$
hfpe `Z _\u sdS> L$pd_pApdp Apk[s `Z _\u. shp `yfyjp
c[s_p Ar^L$pfu R>. s kOmp `ps`psp_p Ar^L$pf dpZ op_, L$d L$
c[s_p dpN Qpgu_ `psp_y e p L$fu iL$ R>. `fsy Ap L$rgL$pgdp,
op_dpN_p Ar^L$pfu hp blyS> \pX$p, ApNmu_p hY$ NZu iL$pe
312

sV$gp S> R>. L$d dpN D`f Qpghp dpV$ `Z iprhrl_ L$dp L$f_pf
OZp \pX$p dpZkp lpe R>. `fsy c[s_p dpN Qpghp dpV$ _ sp
hfpe_u S>$f `X$ R> _ ippL$s r_e L$ L$pe L$dp L$fhp_u ApheL$sp
fl R>. c[s_p dpN D`f lf L$pB h Qpgu iL$ R>. `R>u s `yfyj lpe
L$ u, h lpe L$ bpmL$, uds lpe L$ Nfub, kyMu lpe L$ vy$:Mu,
op_u lpe L$ Aop_u, fpNu lpe L$ rhfpNu.
A_y L$pfZ A R> L$ c[s _h^p (_h fus L$fpsu) c[s lpe
R>. sdp\u hZ, L$us_, dfZ, `pv$ kh_, AQ_ Apqv$ c[s L$fhp
dpV$, hdp L$pB Mpk NyZ L$ rhijsp lphp_u S>$f _\u. v$pe, ke
L$ Apdr_hv$_ L$pf_u c[s dpV$ h_p Ar^L$pf L$ gpeL$ps_p rhQpf
L$fhp `X$. sd R>sp Ad L$lu iL$pe L$ c[s_p dpN D`f Qpghp_p
Ar^L$pf gNcN b^p hp_p R>.
s\u, h `psp_p L$epZ (e) dpV$ c[s L$fhu. `fsy c[s
AV$g iy ? cN AV$g Ahe, hue, ei, u, op_ A_ hfpe - A
jX$NyZp_p kdyl - S>_pdp A cN lpe s cNhp_ L$lhpe. (S>d ^_
lpe s ^_hp_ L$lhpe) Ahp A cNhp_ kp\ epN kp^hp AV$g L$
kb^ bp^hp s_y _pd c[s. c[s L$f s cs L$lhpe. h `psp_p
kb^ cNhp_ kp\ X$u_ A_ kkpf kp\_p kb^ spX$u_, cNhp__u
c[s L$fhp_u R>.
A c[s_y buS>, cs_p v$edp s_p Nyfyv$h fp` R>. `fsy
h_ Nyfyv$h dmu fl s cy L$`p\u S> iL$e b_ R>. h_p v$edp
buS> $` cL$sp_p hi \pe, A buS> cph Y$ \pe A_ `R>u s_u
hq L$hu fus \pe, A\ps h_p buS>cph_u hq L$fhp_p D`pep,
ApQpeuA c[shr^_u N\dp bspep R>.
c[shr^_u N\_u fQ_p AL$ rhri$ lsy\u L$fhpdp Aphu R>.
NyS>fpsdp `yfyjpdv$pk iu _pd AL$ kpQpfp bpZ flsp lsp. AL$
qv$hk sAp `psp_p Npd_ `pv$f Aphg AL$ smph qL$_pf bku_
kephv$_ L$fsp lsp. s kde udv$pQpeQfZ ep `^pep. Ap`u `Z
313

qL$pm kep L$fsp lsp. s\u sAp `Z ep kephv$_ L$fhp bW$p.

sd_y sS>hu cphipmu h$` B_, iuA sd_ `|R>ey,
""dlpfpS> L$d dpN kpfp L$ op_ dpN ?'' uhgc L$y, ""dpNpdp
kpfy iy A_ _fiy iy ? dpNp sp b^pS> kfMp S> lpe. `fsy Nuspdp
bsphg Z dpNpdp kp\u h^y kfm A_ kp\u ku^p dpN R>
c[sdpN. s\u s dpN, kpdpe h_ A_ykfhp epe dpN R>.
Ap kpcmu `yfyjpdv$pk Ap`u_ rh_su L$fu, ""dlpfpS>,
L$`p L$fu_ Ap` d_ c[sdpN_y h$` kdhp'' epf Ap`uA
c[shr^_u N\_u fQ_p L$fu_, s N\ iu_ kdep. A N\dp
c[s_y h$` kdey R>. sdp c[s_p Z kp`p_p d, Apk[s
A_ ek__y r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>. cs_p v$edp c[s_y buS>
L$hu fus hhpe, s buS>dp\u R>pX$ A_ sdp\u rhipm hn L$hu fus
ENu _uL$m s kdey R>. V|$L$dp, cL$s v$edp c[s cph L$V$ A_
s_u hq \pe s_p D`pep_y r_$`Z c[shr^_u N\dp L$fhpdp Apey
R>.
N\_p `lgp gpL$dp Ap`u c[s buS>_u hq_p D`pep
bsphhp_u rsop L$f R>. A_ s D`pep, epN, hZ A_ L$us_ R>
Ahu Apop L$f R>.
e\p c[s hepss\p`pep r_$es &
buS>cph Y$ sy epsepNps hZL$us_ps &&
A\ps :- S> fus c[s Aes hq `pd s fus_p D`pe_y
r_$`Z L$fhpdp Aph R>. c[scph Y$ \sp, epN, hZ A_ L$us_
pfp c[s_u hq \pe R>.
udv$pQpeQfZ pfp \pr`s `yr$ c[s dpNdp bkb^
pfp Apdr_hv$_ (khh_y kd`Z) L$fphhpdp Aph R>. bkb^
AV$g `fb `fdpdp uL$Z kp\ kb^ X$hp s. h lfp hj\u
cy\u rhMyV$p `X$ep R>. Ap S>Nsdp Aphu_, Arhp_p cph\u s
`Qrh^ v$pjp\u Ns b_u Nep R>. Ahp A kv$pj h_ k`|Z`Z
314

r_v$pj Ahp b_y op_ _\u. AV$g L$ s `ps b_p Ai lphp_u s_

Mbf _\u. s\u Ap`Zp Nyfyv$h Ap`Z_ Ap`Zp Akg h$`_u kdS>
Ap`u. A_ `R>u `ps uNpLy$gQdp `pk\u dmhg Nd_y v$p_
h_ Ap`u_ s_u `pk Apdr_hv$_ L$fpey; s\u s `psp_p d|m
h$`_ ApmMu iL$ep. s_ Mbf `X$u L$ b Aiu R> A_ `ps s_p
Ai R>; b hpdu R> A_ `ps s_p v$pk R>. s_p A v$pkcph AS>
c[s_p buS>cph.
Ap fus `ps_p hpdu_ ApmMsp, h_p v$edp, `psp_p
hpdu e_u c[s_y buS> fp`pey. h epf Apdr_hv$_ L$f R>
epf s_p v$edp c[s_y buS> fp`pe R>. s\u s_p kv$cdp h
rhQpf R> sbs epd ifZ lp `pep
S>bs cV$ cB uhc, r_`rs _pd ky_pep.
Ap fus h_p v$edp c[s buS> fp`pey. `fsy L$pB`Z
L$pf_p buS>_u hq dpV$ Z hsy lphu ApheL$ R> - (1) D`D
c|rd, (2) A_yL|$m hpsphfZ (Apbplhp) A_ (3) hfkpv$. Ap Z
hsy dmu fl sp buS>dp\u AL|$f a|V$ A_ s AL|$f_p R>pX$ b_. `R>u s
R>pX$ AL$ dpV$p hn$` `qfhrss \B e. `R>u s hn Y$sp\u `hu_
hmNu fl. epf`R>u A hn_ V$L$u flhp dpV$ bu L$ip_u S>$f _ fl.
`psp_p d|m S>du_dp KX$p Dspfu_ s AX$uMd b_u_ Ecy fl.
Ahy S> c[s_p buS>_y kdS>hy. `yr$h_y p\u cfgy v$e
A D`D c|rd kdp_ R>. bkb^ pfp sdp c[s_y buS> hhpe R>.
cL$s_y v$e pmy _ lpe sp sdp hphgy buS> ALy$qfs \sy _\u. A
kv$cdp Ap L$Zv$pku iprs dyL$s L$W$ Npe R>\i v$i_ d_ spfp, h$`p_v$ `pdui ly
s_ `pdui ly _$u;
p kcf v$e gB_ Apep Ry>.
p kcf v$edp c[s_y buS> fp`pey `R>u csp_p kNdp
315

flu_ (kkN L$fu_) h v$ffpS> Apdr_hv$__y dfZ L$fsp fl

sp, s_p v$edp fp`peg Y$ c[s buS>_ ALy$qfs \hp dpV$ S>$fu
hpsphfZ dmu fl R>. kkN A c[s buS>_u hq dpV$_y ApheL$
hpsphfZ R>. s dmu flsp, s_p c[s buS>dp\u aZNp a|V$ R>. `fsy
AV$gp\u bk _\u. sdp\u R>pX$ ENhp BA. hn \hy BA; s_
a|g gpNhp BA A_ s args \hy BA. AV$gp dpV$ s_ A_yLy$m
hfkpv$_u ApheL$sp fl R>. `yr$ hpdu uL$Z_y A_yNl hjp kdp_
R>. c|rd A_ Apbplhp Dd A_ A_yL|$m lpe, `fsy hjp_p
Acph lpe sp, hphg buS> kyL$pB e. A_ L$pm L$fu_ s _pi `pd.
s\u c[s buS>_p `pjZ A_ DR>f (args \hp ky^u_u hq) dpV$
cNhv$ A_yNl $`u hjp (Adu R>pV$Zp) _u S>$f fl R>.
cNhv$ A_yNl$`u hfkpv$ dmhhpdp, epN, hZ A_ L$us_
A Z bpbsp klpec|s b_u iL$ R>. Ap fus c[s buS>_u hq \pe
R>.
udv$pQpeQfZ c[s_u bly kyv$f epep Ap`u R>.
""dplpe op_`|hsy kyY$: khspr^L$ _lp c[sqfrs ps:''
AV$g L$ cy_y dplpe kd_, s_p e kyY$ A_ kh\u Ar^L$
_l L$fhp s_ c[s L$lhpdp Aph R>. cy_u c[s _l`|hL$
L$fhp_u R>. `fsy A _l L$hp ? kyY$ A_ khspr^L$ `yr$dpNdp cy_y
ifZ huL$pfu_, `psp_p khh_y cy_ kd`Z L$fu_, s_u _l
krls khp L$fhp_u lpe R>. `yr$c[sdp Z "k'_u S>$f R>. ifZ,
kd`Z A_ khp. A_ A Z "k' _l keyL$s lphp S>$fu R>.
udlpcyA "khp'_u epep Ap fus Ap`u R>. "Qsss
hZ khp' AV$g L$ `psp_p ke h$`dp rQ_ `fphu v$hy s_y _pd
khp. rQ_ `fphu v$hp_p A\ R> AL$pNsp. khp ldip AL$pNsp\u S>
\pe. cykhp L$fsu hMs L$pB cNhv$ue_p rQdp Ae kpkpqfL$
ehlpfuL$ - rhQpfp Aph sp sZ kpQu khp L$fu Ahy _ L$lhpe. s sp
khp_p Apcpk S> L$lhpe. lp\dp dpmp afsu lpe. c uL$Z:
316

ifZ dd A\hp L$Z shp[d S>hp A$pnf L$ `Qpnf dlpd_y fV$Z

L$fsu lpe sp s kde rQ bu L$pB gpqL$L$ hsydp `fphpegy lpe sp
sZ khp L$fu Ahy _ L$lhpe. epv$ fpMp L$ khp A c[s_p `epehpQu
(kdp_p\}) iv$ R>.
AL$pNsp\u khp L$fhu AV$g iy s kdhsy AL$ $ps
Ap`hpdp Aph R>. AL$ hMs AL$ hZh `psp_p Ofdp bku_, `psp_p
ke h$`_u khp L$fsp lsp. khp L$fsp sd_p d_dp rhQpf Apep L$
ApS> sp dpQu_ Of S>B_ dpf X$p gB Aphhp_p R>. khp `|fu L$fu_
ly ku^p dpQu_ Of S>Bi.
sAp A dpZ rhQpfu fp lsp. s kde, L$pB dpZk sd_p
Of_p bpfZ Aphu_ `|R>ey, ""agpZp cpB Ofdp R> ?'' s hZh_u
`yh^y sv$ue hZh lsu. sZ S>hpb Apep, ""dpfp kkfp Aepf
Ofdp _\u. sAp dpQu_ Of X$p ghp Nep R>.''
khp L$fsp hZh ddo A_ NyZNplu lsp. `yh^y_p L$\__p
dd kd Nep. sAp kd Nep L$ `psp_u khp kpQu khp _\u.
d_ye `psp_p ifuf\u S> \m lpe s \m s _\u; `fsy s_y rQ S>
\m cV$L$sy lpe ep s R>.
sAp EW$ep. `yh^y_p Apcpf dpep. cy_u ndp epQu. `y_:
khp i$ L$fu. rQ_ cydp `fphu_ (AL$pNsp\u) khp cph_p r_hpl
L$ep. cL$s_p rQ_u Ahu AL$pNsp L$hu fus rk \pe s kdhsp
Ap`uA bu gpL$dp Apop L$fu R> :buS> pY$e L$pfsy Nl [\hp h^ds: &
Aephp cS>sL$Z `|S>ep hZpqv$rc: &&
Ap gpL$_p eL$ iv$_ kpfu fus kdS>hp_p R>. sdp L$y R>
L$ buS>_u Y$sp (AL$pNsp\u L$fg c[s) _p L$pf Ahp R> L$ - (1)
Ofdp flu_ AV$g L$ Nl\pd_y `pg_ L$fu_ A_ (2) h^d AV$g
L$ `psp_p hZpd ^d_y `pg_ L$fu_ (3) Aeph b_u_ AV$g L$
ephq (^^p, fpS>Npf L$ bu hqAp) R>pX$u_, (4) `| A_
317

hZ, dfZ A_ L$us_ Apqv$ hX$ (5) L$Z_ cS>hp.

Nl [\hp, Ofdp flu_, d__u AL$pNsp\u cy khp kpfu
fus \B iL$. s dpV$ h `psp_p hZ A_ Apd_p ^dp `pmu_ A_
Aeph \B_ AV$g L$ khp rkhpe_u Ae `hq R>pX$u_, cy
uL$Z_u khp L$fhu. ephq R>pX$hu AV$g L$ sZ gpqL$L$ cphhpmp
Ae hp_p kN R>pX$u v$hp. A fus khp L$fhpdp Aph sp kpQu khp
\pe.
h Of bW$p khp L$fhp_u R>. khp\u `lpQu_ A_pkf_p
kde, cS>_ L$us_ hZ Apqv$ L$fsp flhp_y R>. A fus d__ kv$p
kss cydp `fphpegy fpMhp_y R>. A fus_u khp L$fsp s_p buS>cph
Y$ \i.
ApQpeuA Aeph \B_ khp L$fhp_y L$y R>. sd R>sp
ehphq (^^p, fpS>Npf) L$fhu S> `X$ sp iy L$fhy ? A bpbsdp
Ap`u Apop L$f R> L$ :
ephpr` lfp rQ hZpv$p esskv$p &
ss: d s\pk[s ek_ Q ev$p chs &&
buS> svy$es ip Y$ epr` _ers &
A\ps :- ephq L$fsp lphp R>sp s cs `psp_p rQ_
ulqfdp fpMu_ hZ, dfZ A_ L$us_ L$fhp_p epk fu fpM sp
s_ ulqfdp, Dfpsf d (_l), Apk[s A_ ek_ \pe. s_ S>
cpNhs Apqv$ ippdp Y$ c[s buS> L$lhpdp Apey R>. Ahy A buS>
L$pB`Z fus, gpqL$L$ vy$:kN\u L$ Ae fus, _pi `pdsy _\u.
Al] hZpv$p `v$ R>. s_p kb^dp `yfyjpd dlpfpS> Apop
L$f R> L$ d|mdp hZpqv$ L$lgy R>. s udv$ cpNhs_p v$id L$^dp S>
fus L$lgy R> s fus L$fhp_y R>. AV$g L$ S> _pd gugp (qrh^
_pdphgu) _u kdprdp L$p dpZ L$fhp_y R>. L$pfZ L$ sdp AS> d,
Apk[s A_ ek__p `$ DM R>. s Ap dpZ :318

bpggugp_pd `pW$ps uL$Z d es &

Apk[s: pY$gugpep _pd `pW$ps crhers &&
ek_ L$ZQfZ fpS>gugprc^p_s: &
sdppd e e c[s prkyrc: kv$p &&
A\ps : cy_u bpmgugp_p _pdp (108)_p `pW$ L$fhp\u
uL$Zdp d D` \pe R>. pY$ gugp_p _pdp (128) _p `pW$
L$fhp\u uL$Zdp Apk[s \pe R> A_ fpS>gugp kb^u _pdp (118)
_p `pW$ L$fhp\u uL$ZQfZ_y ek_ gpNu S>i. s\u c[s_u pr
L$fhp_u BR>p fpM_pf h ldip _pde AV$g L$ qrh^ _pdphgu_p
S>` Ahe L$fhp.
rrh^ gugp _pdhgudp L$Z_p 108, 128 A_ 118 dmu_
Ly$g 354 _pdp R>. A eL$ _pd AL$ dlpd R>. Ahu
udlpcy_u Apop R>.
kpcmp :AL$ ip v$hL$u`y Nusd AL$p v$hp v$hL$u`y Ah &
dpeL$ se _pdpr_epr_ L$dpeL$ se v$he khp &&
v$hL$u `y `fb `fdpdp L$Z_p S>Vgp _pdp R> (qrh^
gugp _pdphgu_p 354 A_ u`yfyjpd kl_pd sp_p 1075
_pdp krls) s b^p _pdp dpdL$ R>. s\u s Ahe ` L$fhp gpeL$
R>, Ahu Ap`u_u Apop R>.
Ap b^u lL$uL$s Ap`Z bu fus kdiy. c[s buS> `pjZ
`pd AV$g sdp\u AL|$f ayV$ A_ s_p R>pX$ b_ A R>pX$_y hn b_. s
hn D`f dpf gpN (AV$g L$ s lpf) s\u s_p .`f ayg gpN, A
a|gdp\u am D` \pe.
A S> fus, Apdr_hv$_ pfp d c[s_y buS> hhpe. epN,
hZ A_ L$us_ pfp s buS> `pjZ `pd. s\u cy d h^y Y$ \pe.
`R>u sdp\u cy e_u Apk[s Dv$ch. AV$g L$ c[sbuS> ALy$qfs
\B_ sdp\u ENg hn lpf. Apk[s h^sp cy`d_u `fpL$p$p Aph
319

AV$gL$ cy e ek_ gpNu e. cy e_y ek_ A S> `yr$

c[s_y Qfd ge R>. A_y _pd S> buS>dp\u L$V$g am. Ap fus
ek_ v$ipA `lpQsp cusbuS> am$` `qfZd R>. A_ `R>u s L$v$u
_pi `pdsy _\u. L$pfZ L$ L$pfZ L$ amdp buS> flgy R>. buS>dp\u am \pe A_ amdp\u
buS>. AV$gp dpV$ sp ek_ v$ipA `lpQg csp_, spiu hZhp
L$lhpdp Aph R>. Ahp cs lsp fp ApiL$fZ. Ahp AL$pv$ cs
`Z Ap`Z_ dmu e sp Ap`Zp bX$p `pf \B e. Ahp spiu
hZh_p kN Apdr_hv$__y dfZ L$fhp\u Ap`Zp v$edp flgy
c[sbuS> ALy$qfs \pe. Ap fus spiu hZh$`u AL$ amdp\u A_L$
cL$sv$edp dc[scph_p buS> a|qV$s \pe R>.
s|S> kN hZh \pe sp sy hZh kpQp
spfp kN_p fN _ gpN ep gNu sy L$pQp.
Ap `[sAp_p Ahp S> A\ R>. buS>dp\u am L$V$ey s\u l
spiu hZh ! sy kpQp hZh ! sy kpQp hZh bep. lh A
amdp\u AV$g L$ spfpdp\u A_L$ buS> L$V$hp BA. spfp kN\u
bu A_L$ hp_p v$epdp c[scph L$V$ A_ s hZh b_ sp sy
kpQp hZh. Ae\p sy lSy> `Z buS>$` flg R> Ad kdS>hy. sp
Mfp `gp kyfv$pk_p kN S>rs`yfp_p `gp byY$p v$cu hZh kpQp
hZh b_u Nep. A bsph R> L$ kyfv$pk_u c[s ag$`p lsu.
am$` b_g hZh_y v$e L$Zfk rhrn lpe R>. s
L$Zfk\u c]egy lpe R>. s\u Ap Appv$}L$fZ_p r_ed dpZ
cu_y h S>d L$pfp h_ `psp_u kp\_p k`L$pdp Aphsp cu_y L$f sd
L$Zd fk\u c]eg ag$` spiu hZh, L$Zd fkdp c]ep
hNf_p AV$g L$ s_ L$pfp flu Neg hZhp_ Ahe c]hu v$. s
sd_ c]S>hu v$ sdpS> s_p L$Zfk rhrn`Zp_u kp\L$sp R>.
buS>, a|g A_ am AV$g S> d, Apk[s A_ ek_. cy
rh_p bu L$ipdp urs _ fpMhu s_y _pd d. cy rh_p bu b^pdp
320

- b^p gpqL$L$ L$pep, `v$p\p, Of, u, bpmL$p Apqv$ b^pdp - A$rQ

D` \pe A_ dp cydp S> $rQ fl s_y _pd Apk[s. A_ cy
rh_p h_ _ S> Qpg Ahu eNsp A_ Ah\sp epf rQ A_ych
epf s_y _pd ek_ L$lhpe.
h_ cy rkhpe Ae L$pB hsy e $rQ cg _ lpe `fsy
s bu L$pB_p kpqe\u, bu L$pB L$pe\u, bu L$pB cph\u
A\hp bu L$pB_p kN\u \pX$pL$ kde dpV$ `Z s `psp_y h_ V$L$phu
fpMu iL$i Ahy h_ gpN epf A_ ep ky^u, s Apk[s_u v$ipdp
R> ek_ v$ipdp _l].
`fsy epf cy rh_p bu L$ip\u L$pB`Z L$pe\u, cph\u L$
Ae_p kN\u s_y h_ _ S> Qpg, A_ cy rh_p s_p pZ sfaX$hp
gpN A_ cL$sfpS> N$_ ^ph__u dpaL$, ""cy, cy, dpfp cy, Ap`
L$ep R>p ?'' Ahu fY$ s_p rQ_ gpNu e epf s_ cy_y ek_
hmNu Ney Ad L$lhpe.
Ly$c_v$pk_ `fv$i S>hp_u Apop \B. lh dpfp\u cy
(u_p\) _p rhfl L$hu fus klhpi ? A rhQpf\u eNrQs b_g
Ly$c_v$pk cp_ c|gu_ Npe R> :qL$s qv$_ bus Ne bu_y v$M
Af Ap Ly$c_v$pk ! lSy> AL$ L$gpL$ `lgp sp sd fpS>cpNdp
A_p (u_p\_p) v$i_ L$ep R>. A_ Ap iy bpgp R>p? s_ ep
hNf L$V$gp b^p qv$hk rhsu Nep Ahy bpghp_y lpe? cgp dpZk,
lpidp Aphp. `fsy iy \pe ? ek_u_ `psp_p ek__u hsy _ dm
sp s lpidp _ Aph.
uds cyQfZ sd_p rQ_u Ah\sp A_ sd_p d__u
eNsp B. A_ sd_ `fv$i S>hp_u Apopdp\u dyL$s L$ep.
Ly$c_v$pk_ S> Bsy lsy s dmu Ney. sd_y Ahpe A_ rhL$gsp
nZcfdp rhgu_ \B Nep. sd_pdp X$lp`Z Aphu Ney. v$pX$u_ sAp
rNqffpS> D`f `lpQu Nep - u_p\_p QfZp `pk bku Nep. sd_
321

sd_p ek__u hsy (u_p\bphp) dmu NB. Ap_y _pd ek_.

ek__y h$` kdhsp, uNpLy$g_p\ L$l R> L$ ek_
AV$g s cy rh_p AL$ OX$u `Z flu iL$pe _l] s. udv$ cpNhs_p
v$id L$^dp L$y R> L$ :Np`u_p `fdp_v$ Apkuv$ Npthv$ v$i_ &
nZ eyNisrdh epkp e_ rh_p chs &&
uNp`uS>_p_ cy rh_p AL$nZ dp S>V$gp kde `Z kp eyN
S>V$gp gpbp gpNsp lsp. shp s Np`uS>_p_ `psp_p ek__u `v$p\
$` uNpthv$_p v$i_ \sp A`qfrds Ap_v$ \sp lsp. s_y _pd ek_.
d, Apk[s A_ ek_ - A Z c[sbuS>_u Dfpf Y$
\egu Ah\pAp R>. sdp Apk[sA c[s cph_u dedp v$ip R>.
A v$ipA `lpQg h L$v$u `Z dpN c$ _ \pe Ahu udlpcy_u
Apop R>.
`fsy ApkL$s v$ipA `lpQg h NlepN L$fu_ AL$pshpk _
L$fhp Ahu `Z Ap`u_u Apop R>. Apk[s v$ipA `lpQg cs,
Ofdp flu_ (Nl [\hp) epN, hZ A_ L$us_ Apqv$ c[scph_
h^y Y$ b_ph shp L$pep L$fhp. AV$gp dpV$, h epN hZ A_
L$us__y h$` kdS>hy S>$fu R>.
ApQpeu Apop L$f R> - h h^d Ahp Nl\pd ^d_y
`pg_ L$fu_ AV$g L$ Of_p epN L$fu_ _l] `fsy Ofdp S> flu_
L$fhp_u R>. sZ Ofdp flu_ S> hZ-L$us_ Apqv$ L$fu_ uL$Z_
cS>hp_p R>.
c[sbuS>_p `pjZ dpV$ sZ epN sp L$fhp_p S> R>. `fsy
ip_p epN ? Ofbpf, `_u, `y, rh Apqv$_p epN _l]; `fsy sZ
sp Nl\pd ^d_y `pg_ L$fhp_y lphp\u Ofbpf, `_u, `y Apqv$_
R>pX$hp_p _\u sp `R>u epN ip_p L$fhp_p ? cNhv$ue sd_p epN
_\u L$fhp_p; `fsy s b^p e_p ddh_p, s b^p e_u Apk[s_p
epN L$fhp_p R>. udlpcy A epN_u epep Ap fus Ap`u R> 322

kp_yfpN NlZpcph: epN AV$g L$ Nl, `_u, `y, rh Apqv$_

A_yfpN (ddh) `|hL$ `L$X$u_ _ fpMhp s_y _pd epN. A_ yrs
hpe R> L$ - s_ eL$s_ cy\p: - AV$g L$ A b^p_p epN L$fu_ sy
sd_ cpNh. Ap b Apop_ AL$kp\ kdS>sp Ahp A\ r_L$m R> L$
cNhv$ue A b^u gpqL$L$ hsyAp e_y ddh R>pX$hy. sd_p e_y
ddh Ry>V$i AV$gL$ sd_p e_u Apk[s (MQpZ) v|$f \i AV$g
uL$Z e_u Apk[s `pdu iL$ip. L$p S>N L$p S>Nv$ui (S>Nv$p^pf);
A bdp\u AL$ e Apk[s fpMu iL$ip. gpqL$L$ hsyAp, cphp, L$dp
A_ L$pd_pAp Apqv$_p epN L$ep `R>u (ddh R>pX$ep `R>u) L$hm
uL$Z e_u Apk[s S> bpL$u fli.
Ap dpV$ udlpcy_u Apop R> L$ cs Aeph \B_
AV$g L$ ^^p-fpS>Npf R>pX$u_ cNhv$cS>_, khp, hZ A_ L$us_
L$fhp. Ap bpbs rhNs kd ghp_u S>$f R>.
cyc[s_ h^pfhu, s_ Y$ L$fhu AS> S>_p h__y ee lpe
shp cL$s_ dpV$ S> Ap Apop R>. shp cL$s cfZ-`pjZ dpV$
L$dphhp_u S>$f _ lpe sp AV$gL$ kpvy$ c[sde h_ hhp dpV$
s_u `pk S>$fu rh lpe sp s_ k`|Z`Z Aephq huL$pfhu. v$fL$
dpZk `psp_u AprhL$p dpV$_u eh\p rhQpfu_ iL$e lpe ep ky^u
Aeph b_u_ cNhv$ cS>_ L$fhy.
`fsy s dpZ eh\p _ lpe sp, `psp_p A_ Ly$Vy$b_p
cfZ`pjZ dpV$ S>$fu Dd-_pL$fu, ^^p L$ fpS>Npf L$fu_ bpL$u_p
kde khp, hZ A_ L$us_dp Npmhp. `psp_u AprhL$p dpV$ S>$fu
rh lpe sp sdp h^pfp L$fhp_u gpgQ _ fpMhu. sd L$fhp\u sp
gpqL$L$ eNsp S> h^i. A_ khp-hZ-L$us_ Apqv$ ApR>p \i.
S> dpZk_u Apr\L$ [\rs kpfu lpe A_ s_p Ly$Vy$br_hpl_u
`yfu eh\p lpe shp dpZk_ rh D`pS>_dp h^pf fk `X$sp lpe
sp Ad kdS>hy L$ s_ gpqL$L$dp h^pf Apk[s R>. A_ gpqL$L$dp S>_u
Apk[s h^pf lpe s_p\u epNhq_p r_hpl \B _ iL$. epN hNf
323

hZ, L$us_dp rQ _ QpV$. hZ-L$us_ dpV$ kde_u S>$f fl R>.

shp kde dmhhp s_y _pd S> Aephq. Aeph \hy A_p A\ R>,
khp, hZ A_ L$us_ dpV$_p kde dmhu ghp.
`fsy Ahy `Z b_ L$ L$V$gpL$ cNhv$uep_ Dv$f `pjZ dpV$
Dd L$fhp S> `X$. s sd _ L$f sp s_u AprhL$p _ Qpg.
AprhL$p _ Qpg s\u s_y d_ Dq fl. Ahu [\rsdp hZL$us_dp `Z rQ _ QpV$. sp sZ iy L$fhy ?
shp cL$s dpV$ Aephq_p A\ A R> L$ sZ khp, hZ A_
L$us_ dpV$ S>$fu kde sp apmhhp S>. bpL$u_p kdedp sZ Dd
L$fhp. A_ sV$gp apS>g kdedp Dd L$fu_, S> L$pB dm s_p hX$
`psp_p r_hpl Qgphhp. hZhp_u hpspAp hpQip sp Ap hps kdB
S>i.
Agb Ap L$`fp L$rgL$pgdp Ap` h_ cpf kOjde b_u
Ney R>. `psp_u AprhL$p Qgphhp ^_ BA. ^_ dmhhp dpV$ S>
Dd L$fhp `X$ s Dd L$fsp S> qv$hk_p b^p kde h`fpe e R>. sp
iy khp, hZ, L$us_ _ L$fhp ?
s_p S>hpb `lgp A`pB Nep R>. khp, hZ-L$us_ dpV$ sp
kde apmhhp S>. bpL$u kdedp Dd L$fu_ rh D`pS>_ L$fhy. sd
L$fsp O ApRy> rh dm sp sV$gp\u Qgphu ghy. L$pBL$ hZh L$pX$uAp
hQu_ sdp\u dmsp `kp hX$ sp Ly$c_v$pk S>hp hZh `psp_p Msfdp
ENgp L$fX$p_p hn D`f\u dmsp L$fX$p hX$ `psp_p A_ Ly$Vy$b_p r_hpl
L$fu Nep_p $psp Ap`Zu kdn dpS|>v$ R>.
V|$L$dp ApR>y e dm sp ApR>p\u Qgphu ghy. S>$qfepsp
h^pfhu _l]. Bqep_ hi b_u_ h `psp_u S>$qfepsp h^pf sV$gu
h^ R>; OV$pX$ sV$gu OV$ R>. dpV$ h__u S>$qfepsp AL$v$d OV$pX$u
v$B_, dp M` `|fu S>$qfepsp `yfu L$fhp dpV$ ApheL$ ^_ L$dphp dpV$,
S> Dd L$fhp `X$ s L$fhp dpV$, khp, hZ-L$us_ Apqv$ dpV$
D`epNdp ghpe `R>u apS>g `X$sp kde `|fsp \B `X$i.
324

Apd ephq L$fhu `X$ sp S>$f L$fhu `fsy s khp, hZL$us__p cpN L$v$u _l].
S> cNhv$ue_ Ap kgpl _ $Q s_ sp cNhp_ `ps S> kgpl
Ap`u R>. ""A_e rQ\u dpfu khp L$f_pf_p epNnd_y hl_ ly L$fy
Ry>'' cy_u A rsop D`f rhpk fpMu_ cy_p Y$pe NlZ L$fp. s
sdpfp epNnd_y hl_ L$fi. `fsy Ap kgpl sp dp spiu hZhp
dpV$ R>. A_ spiu hZhp ApS> L$V$gp R>? L$v$pQ b-`pQ lpe sp
lpe.
W$uL$ sp sd epN_y h$` kd Nep lip. epN_p `pjL$
shp b R> : hZ A_ L$us_. A b_ L$v$u _ R>pX$pe. epN L$fphsy_p _l] `fsy hsy e_u Apk[s_p; `fsy hZ-L$us__p epN
L$v$u _ L$fip. epN_p cph Ahp R> L$ h gpqL$L$ e_u fyrQ_ R>pX$u
v$hu. gpqL$L$ `e_u fyrQ_ R>pX$hu A_ hZ-L$us__ hmNu flhy. sd
\sp, udlpcyA hZep dpZ_u Z v$ip h_ p \i. ss:
d s\pk[s ek_ Q ev$p chsy? - h_p d Apk[sdp A_
Apk[s ek_dp `gV$pB S>i. A_ A fus c[s_p buS>dp\u
c[s_y dpVy$ hn Ecy \B S>i. A_ s am Ap`i.
A ApMu q$ep_ udlpcyA Ap fus kdhu R>.
_lppN rh_pi: epv$ ApkL$ep epv$ Nlp$rQ: &
Nl\p_p bp^L$hd_pdh Q cpks &
ev$p dpv$ ek_ L$Z L$sp\: ep v$hrl &&5&&
A\ps :- _l \pe epf cy_p hZpqv$L$ rkhpe bu
b^pdp\u fpN (urs)_p _pi \pe. A_ Apk[s \pe epf Of e
A$rQ \pe. s\u Ofdp flg b^p Qs_ A_ AQs_ (S>X$) `v$p\pdp
c[scph e_y bp^L$` v$Mpe. A_ s b^pdp A_pd` v$Mpe.
A fus_u epf d__u [\rs \pe epf h_ L$hm cydp (Apdpdp)
fpN, _l, Apk[s b^y \B S>sp, s_ cy_y ek_ hmN. A_
ek_ \pe epf s h r_Qe L$fu_ L$sp\ \ep R> Ad dp_hy.
325

Aphu R> "d\u ek_' ky^u `lpQpX$su rQ_u q$ep. S>_

ek_ \ey s L$sp\ \ep. `R>u s_ bu A\ `pdhp_p flsp _\u.
L$Zdp ek_ \pe AV$g h L$sp\ \pe R>. s_ s_u c[s_y
am dmu e R>; s_p kpe_u s_ pr \pe R>. ek_u_p v$edp
cy_y h$` \peu r_hpk L$f R>. L$pfZL$ h$` v$i_ rkhpe s AL$
nZcf `Z flu iL$sp _\u. Ap\u s h$` nZcf `Z s_p
v$edp\u Mk sp s_y dey r_rs. Ap fus v$edp h$`_y [\f \hy
A_y _pd S> kpe-pr \hu.
ApNm L$y sd NlepN A epN _\u. Nl e_u
Apk[s_p epN A epN R>. Ap\u `yr$dpN}e hZh, epN_y h$`
kd ghy S>$fu R>. epN_p kpQp h$`_ kdep hNf s Ahp
ApNl fpM L$ ly Nlpqv$L$_p epN L$fu_ S> dpfu c[s_ Y$ L$fui;
L$pfZ L$ Nldp flhp\u dpfu c[s_ `pjZ dmsy _\u. Ap fus
rhQpfhy A A_p Aop__y psL$ R>. L$pfZ L$ Nl epN L$ep `R>u `Z
s_ h_ sp hhp_y R>. s lSy> ek_ v$ipA `lpep _ lphp\u,
h_ hhp_u cph_p sp b_u fl R>. s dpV$ sZ gpL$ k`L$ fpMhp
`X$ R>; AS>m ghp `X$ R>. s\u Ahy b_hp kch R> L$ Of R>pX$hp\u,
Of_u blpf s_ vy$$ gpL$p_p kN \pe A_ Akdr`s, A`rh s\p
rhL$pfp_ `pjsy A s_ ghy `X$.
Ap\u sZ Of R>pX$hp_u S>$f _\u. epv$ fpMp L$ `yr$dpNdp
NlepN_ epN dp_hpdp Apep _\u. gpqL$L$ Alsp-ddsp_p rhjep
e_p Apk[s_p epN, A S> `yr$dpN}e epN R>. A_ Ahp epN
cy_u L$`p\u S> p \B iL$ R>. `fsy cL$s epf c[s_u Arsd
v$ipA (ek_ v$ipA) `lpQ epf sZ NlepN Ahe L$fhp. A
Ah\pA `lpQg cs_ vy$:kN L$ Akdr`s_u L$pB Akf \i _l].
Agb Ahu DQ v$ipA `lpQg cs `Z Nl epN L$fu_,
b_ sp lqf \p_pdp, AV$g L$ uNpLy$g-hv$ph_ Apqv$ \mpA flhy.
A\hp cNhv$ csp_u kdu` flhy. A\hp s b^p\u v|$f `Z flu
326

iL$pe. `fsy s Ahu fus L$ s ep fl ep flhp\u s_y rQ v|$rjs _

\pe. Aphu Apop udlpcy Ap N\_p 6-7-8 gpL$dp L$f R> :spiepr` kss Nl\p_ rh_piL$d &
epN L$hp essy sv$\p\L$ dp_k &&6&&
gcs kyY$p c[s khsp@er^L$p `fpd &
epN bp^L$ c|eh vy$:kNp\ps: &&7&&
As: \e lqf\p_ sv$ue: kl s`f: &
Av|$f rhL$j hp e\p rQ _ vy$ers &&8&&
A\ps :- ek_ L$npA `lpQg cNhv$ csp_ dpV$ r_fsf
Nldp flhy A s_p cNhv$ cph_p _pi L$f_pfy R>. s\u kepk r_Ze
N\dp, rhfl_p A_ych_ dpV$ c[s_u Apfc v$ipdp, S>hu fus_p
epN L$fhp_y L$lhpdp Apey R> s fus sZ Nlpqv$L$_p epN L$fhp.
AV$g L$ rhfl_p A_ych L$fhp dpV$ NlepN L$fhp.
A fus Nlpqv$L$_p epN L$ep `R>u, S> cs `psp_u cNhv$
cph_p_ A_y$`, ucNhp__ dpV$ A\hp `psp_u c[s_u hq dpV$,
`psp_p Ar^L$pf A_ykpf hZ-L$us_ L$f s `yfyj, L$ip\u _pi _ `pd
shu, Aes Y$, A_ Qpf L$pf_u dy[s\u Ar^L$ Dd, Ahu
`fpc[s_ `pd R>. Ahu c[s pfp s ANrZsp_v$ Ahp `|Z
`yfyjpd_ am $` `pd R>.
NlepN L$fhpdp b rsb^ (bp^L$p)_p kpd_p L$fhp `X$ R>.
(1) vy$kkN A\ps vy$$ gpL$p_p kkN A_ (2) A AV$g L$
Akdr`s A NlZ. Ap b rsb^p _ _X$ AV$gp dpV$, S> gpL$p
cNhv$ h$`_u khpdp s`f lpe Ahp cNhv$uep_u kp\, ulqf_p
\mpA flhy. A\hp cNhp__p dqv$fdp L$ cNhv$uep_u _L$dp L$
S>$f `X$ sd_p\u v|$f A fus flhy L$ S>\u fl_pf_y As:L$fZ v$pjhpmy
_ \pe.
c[s Ofdp flu_ L$fhp_u R>. `fsy c[s epf ek_ v$ipA
`lpQ epf s Ofdp flu_ c[s L$fu iL$sp _\u. ek_u_ kh \m,
327

Ofdp L$ Of_u blpf, kh cNhp_ v$Mpe R>. s\u s kh cV$L$ R>.

fp ApiL$fZ Ahp ek_ p cs lsp. ek_ npA `lpQg
hZh_ L$pB`Z L$pf_p khp rhjeL$ b^_p lpsp _\u. sZ kdr`s
S> ghy Ahp L$pB r_ed _\u. vy$:kN_u Akf s_p D`f \su _\u.
L$pfZ L$ s sp cy_p ek_u b_u Nep R>. Ae hsy Nd sV$gu Dd
lpe, s s_p ek__u hsy_u syg_pdp s_ _L$pdu R>. s Qpf sfa
afsp fl R>; kh \m `psp_p ke h$`_ r_fMsp fl R>. s_u c
_l] `fsy s_y rQ cS>_ L$us_ L$fsy fl R>. s_u c[sdp L$v$u cfsu
L$ ApV$ Aphsu _\u. L$pfZ L$ ek_\u Esfsu L$npA s `pR>p S>hp_p
_\u A_ ek_\u DQ L$np bu R> _l]. ek_ pfp s `psp_p
ek__p Ap^pf$` `|Z `yfyjpd_ `pdu Q|L$ep lpe R>.
Ap\u cNhv$ue NlepN epf S> L$fhp epf s_ ek_ v$ip
p \pe. ek_ v$ip A buS>_u args v$ip_p cph R>. s ag$` R>.
Ahp cL$s bu_ dpV$ kkN$` b_ R>. s_ vy$:kN _ gpN. s_p
dpNdp L$pB hsy bp^p$` _ b_ s AV$g ky^u L$ shp cL$s_ cNhp_
`Z bp^p L$fu iL$sp _\u. AV$g L$ cNhv$ L$s rsb^ `Z s_p
dpNdp Asfpe L$fu iL$sp _\u. sp `R>u vy$:kN L$ Akr`s $`u
bp^pAp, s_u Aes Y$ b_gu c[s cph_p_ L$hu fus Qmphu iL$ ?
s_p As:L$fZdp kpnps cy rbfpS> R>. s S> L$pB L$l, Mpe, `uA,
bpg, _pQ, L|$v$ L$ Npe, s b^y cy_ kdr`s \B e R>. vy$:kN A_
kdr`s s_u kpd bp`X$p rbQpfp \B e R>.
c[s_u Apfc v$ipdp `Z Of_u blpf flu_ c[s L$fhu
lpe sp s ip L$pfZ L$fu iL$pe s L$lhpdp Apey R>. Of_p epN L$fu_
c[s L$fhu lpe sp s L$hm cNhv$ rhfl_p A_ych L$fhp dpV$ S> \B
iL$. uds cy QfZ uNykpBA R> dpk dpV$, NlepN L$fu_
(AX$g R>pX$u_) Q kfphf D`f dyL$pd L$ep lsp. s AV$gp dpV$ L$
Ap`u `psp_p pZepfp u_p\_p rhepN_p A_ych L$fhp dpNsp
lsp. L$Zv$pk Ar^L$pfuA sd_u khp R>pX$phu lsu Ad L$lhy r_f\L$
328

R>. sd_u khp R>pX$phhp_u i[s L$pBdp _ lsu. `fsy L$pB rhri$
gugp L$fhp dpV$ Ap`uA NlepN L$ep, Ad L$lhy h^y DrQs \i.
`fsy kpQy L$pfZ sp Ap R> rhflp_ycphp\ AV$g L$ rhfl_p A_ych
L$fhp dpV$ Ap`uA Of R>pX$ey lsy. Ap`uA A kde v$fep_
ubphp_ _h rhorAp L$fu R> s hpQsp A bpbs_u Mpu \i. A
qhor _\u; A sp AL$ rhfl L$psf h_p qhflcph_y d|rsds h$`
R>.
Ap fus c[s_u hq_p D`pe L$lu_ `R>u ApNm L$lgp epN
(epNps) _p h$`_ ep rkhpe L$pB cs Nl epN L$f sp s
A_r^L$pf Q$p L$lhpe Ahy Ap`uA (udlpcyA) L$y R>.
L$pB c[sdpN}e h, epN_y h$` _ Zsp lpB, Aopshi Ahy
L$l L$ ly Nlpqv$L$_p epN L$fu_, Ae \m flu_ dpfu c[s_ `y$
L$fu, `R>u s Nl epN L$f sp s_p Ahp epNdp vy$:kN A_
Akdr`s $`u rsb^p Aphu `X$ R>.
s\u epf `Z NlepN L$fhp, epf S> \g c[sdpN}e
khp_p L$pf Qpgsp lpe shp uNpLy$g, hv$ph_ Apqv$ \mpdp,
cNhv$ h$`_u khp, hZ A_ L$us_dp s`f Ahp cNhv$uep_u
kp\ flhy. A\hp sp S> fus `psp_ cNhv$ khp L$fhp_y Arcdp_
(Ae cNhv$uep L$fsp ly kpfu khp L$fy Ry> Ahy Aqcdp_) _ \pe
A\hp cNhv$uepdp `psp_u lgL$p`Zp_u byq (Ae cNhv$uep dpfp
L$fsp h^y kpfu khp L$f R>. s\u dpfu khp sp sd_p L$fsp lgL$u R>
Ahu byq) _ D`S> s fus, Ahp A b v$pjp\u `psp_y As:L$fZ
vy$rjs _ \pe Ahu fus, lqf \p_pdp A\hp cNhv$ csp_u _L$dp
L$ v|$f flhy. Ap fus cNhv$ cs, `psp_y v$e L$pB fus v$pjhpmy _
\pe s fus flhy.
A_ ep flu_ iy L$fhy ? khp L$fQhu A_ L$\p kpcmhu.
udlpcy Apop L$f R> :329

khpep hp L$\pep hp eepk[sY$p chs &

ephh se _pip _ L$hpr`rs drsdd &&
A\ps :- S> `yfyj_ h$` khpdp A\hp cNgugp_u L$\p
kpcmhpdp, h_ `es_u Y$ Apk[s \pe s `yfyj_p c[s cph_p,
L$pB v$idp L$ L$pB L$pmdp A_ Ap gpL$ L$ `fgpL$dp `Z _pi \sp _\u
Ahu dpfu (uhgc_u) drs R>.
udv$pQpeQfZ Apop L$f R> L$ S> h_u `yr$khpdp A\hp
cNhv$ L$\p kpcmhpdp, h_ `es, Y$ Apk[s lpe s `yfyj_p
A\hp s_p cNhv$cph_p Ap gpL$ L$ `fgpL$dp L$epfe `Z _pi \sp
_\u. Qpfpku hZhp_u hpspApdp v$u_L$fiW$_u hpsp R>. v$u_L$f iW$_
cpNhs_u L$\p kpcmhpdp Y$ Apk[s lsu. ep ep L$\p \su lpe
ep s hNf bpgph S>B bku e. A_ L$\p kpcm. he
udlpcyA `Z sd_u cNhv$ L$\p e_u Apk[s B_ sd_
`psp_u L$\p_p dye psp b_pep. ep ky^u v$u_L$fiW$ L$\p kpcmhp
_ Aph ep ky^u Ap`u L$\p kcmhphp_u i$Aps _ L$fsp.
v$u_L$fiW$_u L$\p e_u Aphu A_ ApV$gu Y$ Apk[s lsu. s\u
sd_p cNhv$ cph_p _pi \hp_u L$pB kcph_p _ lsu.
bu sfa iW$ `yfyjpdv$pk_u v$uL$fu $L$dZu_u Apk[s,
h$` khpdp lsu. s\u s NNp_p_ dpV$ L$ cNhv$ L$\p hpsp
kpcmhp dpV$ `Z kde dmhu iL$su _ lsu. ApMp qv$hk s cNhv$
khpdp d flsu. s_p A cNhv$ khp cph, s_u cNhv$khp e_u
Apk[s_ L$pfZ ldi dpV$ Ahp S> bm fp.
s\u h L$p sp cNhp__u h$` khpdp A\hp cNhp__u
gugp L$\p kpcmhpdp Apk[s fpMhu. hpshdp khp A_ L$\p,
h$`Ns fus AL$ S> R>. bdp cNhv$ h$` kp\ kb^ X$hpdp
Aph R>. h_p cph s_u c[s_ kyY$ L$f R>. s_p A cph L$v$u _$
\sp _\u.
Ap gpL$_p cph bu fus rhQpfue. cNhv$khp A h_p
330

^d R>. s\u cNhv$khp L$v$u _ R>pX$hu. udlpcyA L$V$ L$fgu fus

r_ers khp L$fhu. `R>u khpdp A_pkf_p kde L$\phpsp kpcmhu;
cNhp__u NyZp_yhpv$ L$fhp L$ kpcmhp. Ap fus khp A_ L$\p b
L$f_pf h_p c[scph kyY$ \pe R>. s_p v$edp fp`pegy c[s
buS> hndp `qfZd R>. `R>u Y$sp\u c|rd_ hmNu flgy s hn
klgpB\u _pi `pdsy _\u. AhyS> c[s buS>_y R>. hq `pdu_ d
Apk[s_p kp`p_p hV$phu Q|L$gy A c[s buS> Y$sp\u cy_
hmNu fl sp s_p _pi L$v$u `Z _ \pe. L$pfZ L$ c[scph AgpqL$L$
R> s\u s Adf R>.
s\u h `psp_u c[scph_u fnp kv$h L$fhu. h
c[scph_u fnp, Ofdp flu_ (Nl [\hp) L$fhp_u R>. `fsy
h_ Ad gpN L$ Ofdp flu_ c[s L$fhpdp Ad|L$ bp^pAp D`[\s
\hp_u kcph_p R> sp iy sZ Of R>pX$u_ AL$pshpk _ L$fhp ? Ap
__p Df $` L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ :bp^ kcph_pep sy _L$ps hpk Bes &
lqfsy khsp fnp L$qfers _ kie: &&
A\ps :- Ofdp flu_ cNhv$ c[s L$fhpdp L$pB bp^pAp
D`[\s \i Ahu iL$p\u AL$pshpk AV$g L$ Of R>pX$u_ cNhv$
\p_pqv$L$ \mpA flhy A BR>r_e _\u. L$pfZ L$ ulqf, `psp_
ifZ Aphgp_u kh bp^pAp_ v|$f L$fhp kd\ R>. A_ s sdpfu sdpd
kcrhs bp^pAp_u kpd `Z sdpfp c[scph_u fnp L$fi sdp iL$p
_\u.
Ofdp flu_ khp L$fp A_ L$v$pQ u-`ypqv$L$ L$ _lukb^uAp sdpfu khpdp rsb^$` b_i Ahu iL$p sd_ \pe sp `Z
sdpf Of R>pX$u Ae \m (AL$pshpkdp) flhp_u S>$f _\u. L$pfZ L$
cs_u kh bp^pAp_y lfZ L$f_pf ulqf R>. sdpfp c[s cph ApX$
A_L$ rsb^p (bp^pAp) D`[\s \i sp e_L$_ L$pfZ,
hBR>p\u cy `ps s v|$f L$fi Adp klS> `Z iL$p _ fpMhu.
331

Ap fus udlpcyA c[s_p buS> cph_ Y$ L$fu_ s_u

hq \sp c[s_ ag$` b_phhp_p D`pep Ap N\dp bspep R>. `R>u
N\_p As Ap`u kspj`|hL$ Apop L$f R> :Beh cNhR>p N|Y$sh r_$r`sd &
e Askd^ues sepr` epv$ Y$p frs: &&11&&
A\ps :- Ap N\_u kdprdp udlpcy Apop L$f R> L$
S>_y sh bly N|Y$ A\hp flede R> Ahy rinZ L$ S> Ap `lgp
Nusp A_ cpNhs Apqv$dp L$lhpdp Apey R> s rinZ_y r_$`Z d
Ap N\dp L$ey R>. s\u, L$pB dpZk A rinZ_ kpfu fus epv$ L$fi
s `yfyj_ `Z ulqfdp r_Qg urs \i.
c[shr^_u N\dp S> D`v$i (rinZ) Ap`hpdp Apey R> L$
udv$ cpNhs A_ udv$ cNhv$Nuspdp Ap `|h Ap`hpdp Aphgy R>.
A S> rinZ A\hp D`v$i_y r_$`Z udlpcyA Ap N\dp L$ey
R>. sd L$fsp udlpcy r_S> khL$p_ Apop L$f R> L$ sd A D`v$i
NlZ L$fp. A L$pB kpdpe D`v$i _\u. Nusp A L$pB kpdpe ip
_\u s AL$d ipd R>. cpNhs A sp ipS> _\u; s sp kh
ipp_p rhje $` `fd sh `fdpdp_y h$` R>. s bdp Ap`g
D`v$i, sd kpfu fus NlZ L$fip sp sd_ `Z r_:kie dpfp
hpdu uL$Zdp urs p \i. Asy.
- S>e uL$Z

***

332

12. S>gcv$:
_dL$e lqf he syZp_p rhcv$L$p_ &
cphp_ thirs^p rcp_ khkv$lhpfL$p_ &&1&&
NyZcv$psy sphsp ephsp rl S>g dsp: &
NpeL$p: L|$`kL$pip N^hp Crs rhysp: &&2&&
L|$`cv$psy ephssphssr` kdsp: &
Ly$ep: `pfprZL$p: psp: `pf`eeysp cyrh &&3&&
nrh$s Qpr` kkpfp`qlsh: &
hepqv$krlsp dp NpeL$p Nskrosp: &&4&&
S>gp\dh Nspsy _uQp Np_p`rh_: &
v$psy `rX$sp: psp cNhR>ps`fp: &&5&&
kv$ l hpfL$ps k| v $p N c ufdp_kp: &
kf:L$dgk`|Zp: deysps\p by^p: &&6&&
A`ysp: deysp hisp: `qfL$urssp: &
L$diyp: `hgpr_ s\p`yscse: &&7&&
epNep_pqv$keysp NyZp hep: L$urssp: &
s`pop_pqv$cph_ hv$sy L$urssp: &&8&&
AgpqL$L$_ op__ e sy psp lfNyZp: &
L$pv$prQL$p: iv$Nep: `sR>v$p: L$urssp: &&9&&
v$hpy`pk_p|sp: `hp c|rdqfhpsp: &
kp^_pqv$L$pfZ _h^p c[sdpNs: &&10&&
d`|ep ayfdp: `v$dp_p: L$urssp: &
epipspip: psp byqnerhhrS>sp: &&11&&
\phfps kdpepsp depv$L$rsr$sp: &
A_L$S>dkrkp S>dcrs khv$p &&12&&
kNpqv$NyZv$pjpep hqneeysp cyrh &
r_fsfpv|$deysp _s `qfL$urssp: &&13&&
333

Aspip: hsps rk^h: `qfL$urssp: &

`|Zp cNhv$uep e ijepkpqdp{$sp: &&14&&
S>X$_pfv$dpps kdyp: L$urssp: &
gp L $h v $Ny Z r d cph _ L $ lf N y Z p_ &&15&&
hZeqs kdyps npfpp: jV$ L$urssp: &
NyZpsussep iyp_ kqQv$p_v$$r`Z: &&16&&
khp_h NyZpqhZphZeqs rhQnZp: &
s@dspv$p: kdpepspsp`p_ kyvy$gcd &&17&&
sip_p hrQpe v|$sp_prdh hrZsd &
ArdgpL$Z_hqvy$`p_ L$urssd &&18&&
fpNpop_pqv$cphp_p kh\p _pi_ ev$p &
sv$p gl_rdeys hp_v$pdL$pfZd &&19&&
Dspv$L$hkh
`rsspv$L$hQ\p &
Dsprsqfshpepq_ ag Qpr` s\p ss: &&20&&
Crs hqeNsp _p_pcph Nsp cyrh &
{$`s: agsh NyZp rhZpr_$r`sp: &&21&&
&& Crs udgcpQpeL$qV$sp S>gcv$: kdp: &&

d_ye_ `psp_p h_L$pm v$fep_ rc rc L$q_p A_

rc rc NyZv$pj hpmp d_yep_p kN \pe R>. S>_u kp\ s_p kN
\pe s_u `pk\u kpf NlZ L$fhp A_ Akpf_p epN L$fhp A_y _pd
rhhL$. kpfy b^\u NlZ L$fhy. Nyfy v$pe sp Nyfy_pd Nyfy lsp. R>sp
sdZ hS>syAp A_ n| pZuAp `pk\u `Z kpf NlZ L$ep lsp.
sd_ Ahp 24> rinpNyfy lsp.
Ap hps kpQu R>. `fsy kpQu lphp D`fps A kpQu `Z epf
S> b_ epf Ap`Zpdp _ufnuf rhhL$_u i[s lpe. `pZu_ v|$^\u Sy>vy$
`pX$u v|$^_y `p_ L$fhy AV$g kpf_ NlZ L$fhp; Ahu kpf_ Akpf\u
334

Sy>v$p `pX$hp_u i[s A_ kyT b^p hpdp lpsu _\u. Ahu rhhL$i[s
^fph_pf hp OZp ApR>p lpe R>.
dlp`yfyjp L$l R> L$ kkN L$fp A_ vy$:kN_p epN L$fp.
kkN_p drldp kp L$pB Npe R>. vy$:kN\u v|$f flhp_u riMpdZ kp
L$pB Ap` R>. `fsy kkN A_ vy$:kN hQ_p cv$ kdh_pf OZp
ApR>p dlp`yfyjp lpe R>. S>gcv$dp Ahp cv$ kdhhpdp Apep R>.
S>_p kN L$fp s_p fN ApR>p L$ h^sp dpZdp gpep rh_p
_l] fl. L$l R> L$ S> cNhv$ue_ cy_y ek_ gpNu Ney R> s_
vy$:kN_u Akf \su _\u. c[shr^_u N\dp Ahy L$lhpdp Apey R>.
sd R>sp L$pB vy$$ dpZk gNpspf Ahp cy-ek_u cs_u kp\
fl sp L$v$pQ s_p vy$:kN_u Akf Ahp cL$s D`f `Z `X$ Mfu. sd
lpe sp Ap`Zp S>hp kp^pfZ hpA sp vy$:kN_p dpW$p `qfZpdp
cpNhhp dpV$ sepf flhy S> BA.
AV$gp dpV$ Ap`Zp Nyfyv$h uhgc Ap`Z dpV$ S>gcv$
_pd_p gOyN\_u fQ_p L$fu R>. Ae hpsp S>hp v$BA sp cNhv$ hpsp
`Z L$p_u kp\ L$fhu A_ L$p_u `pk\u cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$ hZ L$fhp
A_ L$p_u `pk\u hZ _ L$fhp s Ap`uA S>gcv$ N\dp bspey R>.
b^p hgcu hZhp_ udv$pQpeQfZ_u Apop R> L$ r_hv$_ sy dse kh\p spiS>_: & AV$g L$ spiuS>_p kp\ dmu_
r_hv$_ d_y dfZ L$fhy A_ s_p cph rhQpfhp - ldip, v$ffpS>,
A_p A\ A R> L$ Ap`Z kN L$fhp sp L$hm cNhv$uep_p, sv$ue
hZhp_p S> kN L$fhp. sd_u kp\ bku_ cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$ L$fhp L$
sd_p dyM\u s kpcmhp. A_ L$pB cNhv$ue _ dmu Aph sp hdpN_p Dd N\p_y hpQ_ A_ d__ L$fhy. `fsy vy$$p kp\ bku_
Akv$pgp` sp L$v$u_ L$fhp.
sd R>sp Ap`Z ehlpfdp sp flhp_y R>. A_L$ dpZkp
k`L$dp fpS>-bfpS> Aphhp_y R>. shp gpL$pdp\u L$p_p kN L$fhp A_
L$p_p kN R>pX$hp s Zu ghp_u S>$f R>. s Zu ghp dpV$ Ap`Z
335

S>_p kNdp AphuA s_p cphp_ Zu ghp_u S>$f R>. S>_p S>hp cph
shu s_u Akf, Ap`Zp D`f S>$f `X$i. kN_u iyc L$ Aiyc,
apev$pL$pfL$ L$ _yL$ip_L$pfL$ Akf `X$ep hNf flsu _\u.
s\u S>_p k`L$dp Aphp s_p cph Zhp e_ L$fp. S>Nsdp
b^p hp_p cph AL$ kfMp lpsp _\u. kp L$pB_p cph Sy>v$p Sy>v$p lpe
R>. udlpcyA S>gcv$dp huk L$pf_p cphhpmp d_yep NZu
bspep R>. cphp sp OZp R>. `fsy s b^p cphp_ Ap`uA huk
L$pf_p cphpdp kdphu gu^p R>. A_ S> s cphp_u NyZhp A_ykpf
s cph ^fph_pf d_ye_p kN L$fhp L$ R>pX$hp s L$y R>.
c[shr^_udp c[s_p buS>cph L$hu fus Y$ \pe A_
c[s_u hq L$hu fus \pe s Ap`uA bspey R>. `fsy c[s_u hq
\B_ ep ky^u cL$s ek_ v$ipA _ `lpQ ep ky^u, vy$:kN_u
Akf\u cs_ s_u c[sdp\u Qrgs \hp_p ce bep fl R>. s
ce_p r_hpfZ dpV$ sZ vy$:kN R>pX$hp A_ kkN kp^hp. vy$:kN A
kp^L$_p vy$d_ R>. vy$:kN kp^L$_p kp^_p dpNdp bp^p$` b_ R>. Ahy
rhQpfu, r_e L$fu_ vy$:kN R>pX$hp.
bu_p fnZ dpV$ S> fus MX|$sp Msf_ afsu hpX$ bp^ R> shu
fus cs_p buS>cph_u fnp dpV$ cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$_p L$\_ (L$us_)
A_ hZ$`u hpX$ bp^hu S>$fu R>. Ahu hpX$ bp^hp dpV$ ApQpeuA
epN, hZ A_ L$us_ - A Z bpbsp_ S>$fu NZphu R>. A
Zdp\u, hZ \B iL$ Aep `pk\u A_ s Ae_u hpZu_y AV$g L$
hsp bpg A_ cNhv$ue s kpcm A_y _pd hZ c[s. uiyL$
bpg A_ fp `furns s kpcm s_y _pd hZ. L$l R> _ L$ hZ L$ey
fp `furns `fsy S>_u `pk\u hZ L$fhp_y R> s (hL$sp) e[s L$pZ
A_ L$hu lphu BA A bpbs udv$pQpeQfZ S>gcv$ _pd N\dp
bsphu R>. bu fus L$luA sp Ap`uA (uhgc) S>gcv$dp huk
L$pf_p cphhpmp hspAp A_ s_u `pk\u cNhv$ NyZp_y hZ
L$f_pf pspAp D`f sd_p hL$se_u `X$_pf iyc L$ Aiyc Akf rhj
336

L$y R>.
A L$lhp dpV$ Ap`uA S>g (`pZu)_y $ps Apey R>. s dpV$
sfue krlspdp S>g_p S>V$gp cv$ dp_gp R> sV$gp cv$ cNhv$
NyZpdp `Z dp_hpdp Apep R>. sfue krlspdp S>g_p huk cv$
L$lgp R>. s\u S>gcv$dp cNhv$ NyZp_p `Z huk cv$ L$lhpdp Apep
R>. S>g sp AL$ kfMy S> lpe R>sp s_p ApV$gp b^p cv$ L$hu fus
lpe? S>g_p cv$ `X$ R> S>g S>_p Ap^pf fl R> s `p_p Ap^pf.
kdy, _v$u, kfphf, Ly$hp, MpX$p A_ MpbprQey Apqv$ S>g_p Ap^pf $`
R>. s b^pdp flsp S>gdp r_qQs`Z cv$ flgp R>. shu S> fus
cNhv$ NyZp sp AL$kfMp S> lpe. `fsy s_y L$\_ L$f_pf hL$spAp_p
Ap^pf sdp cv$ `X$ R>. s L$hu fus s Ap`Z S>gcv$dp L$fg rhhQ_
pfp kdB S>i. A rhhQ_ N\_p Apqv$\u As ky^u, S>g_p $ps
pfp S> kdey R>. s Ap fus S>m_p hpcprhL$ NyZ Ap dpZ R>. s iusmsp Ap`_pfy,
r_dm, d^yf fkhpmy, kp_ iy L$f_pfy, s_p kb^dp Aph_pf kp_
`pjZ Ap`_pfy, kp_ s L$f_pf A_ R>sp S>X$ R>.
S>gdp ApV$gp b^p kyv$f A_ hpcprhL$ NyZp R>. sd R>sp s
S>g S>_p Ap^pf fl R> s_p S>hp hcphhpmy s b_u e R>. AV$g L$
s_pdp `psp_p Ap^pf_p NyZv$pjp Aphu e R>. S>dL$ _p_p
MpbpQuepdp flgy S>m Nvy$ A_ vy$Nv$eyL$s b_u e R>. sgphX$p_p
S>gdp d^yfsp ApR>u \pe R>. Msfdp higy S>m S> s Msf_ dpV$ S>
apev$pL$pfL$ R>; Ae Msfp dpV$ s apev$pL$pfL$ _\u. Ap fus S>hp
S>m_p Ap^pf shp s_p NyZv$pjp.
A S> fus cNhp__p NyZp Ap_v$v$peL$ A_ fkv$peL$ lpe R>.
L$pfZ L$ cNhp_ fkp h k: R>. A_ cNhp_ Ap_v$ dp L$f`pv$
dyMpv$fprv$ R>. `fsy hsp epf cNhp__p NyZp_y Np_ L$f R> epf s
`ps`psp_p cph A_ykpf cNhv$ NyZp_y Np_ L$f R>. s\u cNhp__p
NyZpdp `Z rhrh^sp Aphu e R>.
337

sv$_ykpf, S> fus sfue krlspdp S>m_p huk cv$p bspep

R>. s fus udlpcyA S>gcv$dp, cNhv$ NyZp_y L$\_ L$f_pfp
hL$spAp_p `Z huk cv$ hZep R>.
Al] hL$sp AV$g Nd s bpg_pf hL$sp _\. fpS>L$ue, Apr\L$,
kpdprS>L$, ehlpqfL$ hpsp L$f_pf hL$spAp rhj Al] L$iy L$lhpdp
Apey _\u. Al] sp L$hm cNhv$ NyZp_y L$\_ L$f_pf hL$spAp_u hps
R>. csp_ cNhv$ NyZp rhj kpcmhpdp fk lpe R>; Ae hpsp
kpcmhpdp _l]. s\u udlpcyA S>gcv$ N\dp Ahp huk
L$pf_p hspAp_p gnZp bsphu_ sd_p cNhv$ cphp_ huk L$pf_p
S>m kp\ kfMpep R>. A_ A fus Ap`uA S>m_p $ps pfp
hsp_p cphp_y r_$`Z L$ey R>. Apdp h_p `yfyjpd e_p dye
cph L$hu fus huk L$pf_p cphpdp kdpB e R> s bspey R>. sd
\sp s cph Dd, ded L$ L$r_$ b_u e R>. s `Z kdey R>.
ApQpeu dlpcyA S> fus A huk L$pf_p cNhv$ cphp_
S>g_p $ps\u kdep R>, s fus s_ kdS>hp_p e_ Ap`Z lh
L$luiy.
(1) r_f`n cph Npe_ L$f_pf N^hp_p cph L|$hp_p S>m S>hp
R>. L|$hp_p S>mdp S>V$gp A_ S>hp cv$ R> shp A_ sV$gp cv$ N^hp_p
Np_dp R>.
L|$hp_y S>m iusL$pmdp DZ lpe R>. shu fus N^hp cNhv$
NyZp_p Np_ pfp S>X$ pspAp_u S>X$sp_ `Z v|$f L$fu iL$ R>.
L|$hp_y S>m DZL$pmdp iusm lpe R>. shu fus N^hp_y Np_
kkpf_p sp`\u s \eg hp_y sp`_ lf_pfy R>.
L|$hp_y S>m S>d hp`fp sd iy fl R>. A_ h^sy fl R>. shu
fus N^hp_p Np_\u pspAp_p cph iy \pe R>. A_ sdp hq \pe
R>.
`fsy L|$hp_p S>m Mpfp, duW$p, auL$p L$ L$Xy$Qp `Z lpe R>. s fus
N^hpdp\u L$V$gpL$_ `yfyjpd e cph lpe R> sp L$V$gpL$_ rhc|rsAp
338

L$ Ae v$hv$huAp e A_yfpN lpe R>. hmu L$V$gpL$_ cNhp__p

NyZphspf e cph lpe R>. sAp `ps`psp_p cph dpZ S> s
h$`_p NyZ Npsp lpe R>. L|$hp_y S>m duWy$ lpe sp kyMv$peu A_ L$Xy$Qy
L$ Mpfy lpe sp vy$:Mv$peu lpe R>. shu fus N^hp_p Np_ dpn Ap`_pf,
A\hp hN L$ Ap gpL$_p kyMp gphu Ap`_pfp lpe R>.
Ap fus N^hp pfp Nhpeg cNhp__p NyZp S> s NpeL$_p
cph A_ykpf b_ R>. A_ s cphp_ A_yLy$m `m Ap` R>.
_pfv$ `psp_p `yhS>ddp v$pku`y lsp. s\u `Z ApNm_p
S>ddp sAp D`bl_ _pd N^h lsp. N^h lsp s\u cNhv$
NyZp_yhpv$ sp L$fsp lsp `fsy u g`V$ lpB sAp ip` `pdu v$pku`y
bep. lh u g`V$ Ahp D`bl_ N^h Npeg cNhv$ NyZp_u Akf
s_p pspAp D`f L$hu `X$ s kd iL$pe shu hps R>.
(2) `f`fp\u eyL$s Ahp S> `yfpZuAp R>. sd_p cphp_ L|$ep
AV$g L$ _lf_p `pZu kp\ kfMpep R>. L$pB AL$ dpV$u _v$u A\hp
S>mpiedp\u Ae \m S>m gB S>hp dpV$, S> b_phV$u _p_u _v$u
b_phhpdp Aph R>. s_ _lf L$l R>. A L|$ep AV$g L$ _lf_y S>m s_p
d|m S>mpie_p kb^hpmy R> Ahu S> fus `yfpZ hpQ_pfpAp `Z
`psp_u `f`fp ^fph R>. S>d _lf hlsu lpe sp sdp _p_, `p_ L$
ApQd_ \B iL$ R>, sd `yfpZuAp_u L$\p-hpsp `Z kp dpV$ D`L$pfL$
R>.
`fsy s _lf dpV$ L$pB _v$u L$ Ae S>mpie kp\ kL$mpegu
lpe s S>$fu R>. s fus `yfpZ_p Mfp A\ kdS>hp dpV$ `yfpZuApA
`psp_p kv$Nyfy `pk\u `yfpZp_p kpQp A\ iuMu gu^p lpe s S>$fu
R>. sAp cpNhs L$ Ae `yfpZp_p dp cpjpsf hpQu_ kdpr^
cpjp, `fds cpjp L$ gpqL$L$ cpjp_p cv$ kdep _ lpe A_ cy_u
gugpcph_p `psp_p kv$Nyfy `pk\u kdep _ lpe sp shp `yfpZuAp
pspAp_y L$iy rls L$fu iL$sp _\u.
hmu _lf_y `pZu kv$p hlsy flsy lpe sp S> s iy fl R>.
339

s fus `yfpZuAp `Z `psp_p rQ_u iyq dpV$ cpNhspqv$_p `pW$

r_fsf L$fsp flhp BA.
`yfpZuAp `Z AL$ L$pf_p NpeL$p S> R>. `fsy `f`fp Ns
ipp iuMgp lpB sAp kdpS>_ h^y D`epNu b_u iL$ R>.
(3) D`f r_v$i L$fg N^hp A_ `yfpZuAp, L$pB rhij
ndp `X$gp lpe AV$gL$ `psp_p u, bpmL$p A\hp Ly$Vy$b_p cfZ`pjZ A\ AV$g L$ `psp_u AprhL$p Qgphhp dpV$ S> L$\p L$lsp lpe
sp sAp ^pqfep_p S>m S>hp R>.
n_p Z A\ R> : (1) L$pB Mpk v$i A\hp Msf. (2)
u A_ (3) dp_hv$l. s\u ndp `X$gp AV$g (1) `psp_p A_
`psp_p ubpmL$p_p h_ r_hpl dpV$ S> L$\p L$lsp lpe shp. A_
(2) _lfdp\u Msf (n) dp gB S>hpsp ^pqfep S>hp. _lfdp\u
^pqfep hpV$, _lf_y S>m Msfdp (ndp) hpmhpdp Aph R>. s S>m
pfp Msfdp Msu \pe R>. A_ Msf_p dprgL$_ sdp\u A pr
(AprhL$p) \pe R>. A fus `yfpZpqv$_u L$\p pfp `psp_p Ly$Vy$b_p
r_hpl L$f_pf `yfpZuAp rhL$ep AV$gL$ ^pqfep_p S>m S>hp cph fpMsp
lpe R>.
S>d _lf_y S>m ^pqfep hpV$ Msfdp hi L$fu_ _hy ^pe
D` L$fhp_p L$pfZ$` b_ R>, shu fus `yfpZuAp, u-`ypqv$L$
`psp_p Ly$Vy$b_p `pjZ dpV$ S> cNhv$ hpsp L$lsp lphp\u, sd_p cphp
iy$ b_u e R>. `qfZpd sd_p cphp Alsp-ddspde kkpf_u
D`q_p L$pfZ $` b_u e R>. hmu Msfdp `higy S>m _p_, `p_
s\p ApQd_ Apqv$ dpV$ D`epNu _\u lpsy, shu fus `yfpZuAp_u shp
cphhpmy cNhv$ L$\p hpQ_ psp A_ hL$sp b_ kkpf rs v$pfu
S>_pfy b_u e R>.
(4) hepAp AL$ L$pf_u NpreL$pAp R>. sd_u kp\ k`L$
fpM_pf NpeL$p `Z L$r_$ L$pV$u_p NpeL$p NZpe R>. sd_p cph
MpX$p_p S>m S>hp R>. MpX$p_y S>m A`e A_ epe R>. he MpX$p
340

`Z epe R>. shu fus hepqv$ NpreL$pAp `ps A_ sd_u kp\ kb^
^fph_pfpAp NpeL$p `Z epe R>. sd_y Np_ `Z epe R>.
A`rh R>.
dlpdyr_ L$r`g L$l R> L$ hep ANf shu bu lu_ L$pf_u
uAp_p kN\u dpl A_ b^_ \pe R>. hep L$ s_p kNu NpeL$p,
L$v$pQ cy cS>_ `Z L$f sp sdp kpQp c[s cph lpsp _\u. shp
NpeL$p cNhp__p NyZp_y Np_ cNhp__y dplpe kd_ _\u L$fsp.
`fsy `psp_p Dd L$W$ A_ Npe_L$gp_y v$i_ L$fhp dpV$ L$f R>. AV$gp
dpV$ sd_p cph_ MpX$p_p (Ns_p) `pZu_p S>hp v$pjhpmp NZhpdp
Apep R>.
(5) D`f hZhgp hepqv$ kp\ k`L$ fpM_pf NpeL$pdp\u `Z
S> NpeL$p _eNp_ pfp AprhL$p Qgph_pf lpe R>. sd_p cph AWy$
`pZu cfhp_p MpX$p AV$g L$ MpmLy$X$u_p `pZu S>hp lpe R>. MpmLy$X$u_y
`pZu `i L$f_pf_ Aiy L$f R>, shu fus shp NpeL$p_p cph psp_
Aiy b_ph R>.
(6) udv$ cNhv$ Nusp, udv$ cpNhs, _pfv$ `Qfp, hfpl
`yfpZ Apqv$ cNhv$ ippdp s`f Ahp S> `qX$s gpL$p R> sAp lv$$`
AV$gL$ ^fp S>hp R>. lv$ AV$g ANp^ S>mhpmp ^fp. dpV$ cpN sp s
_v$u_p hlZdp lpe R>. S>dL$ uedy_p_p hlZdp lsp AL$
L$prge_pN_p ^fp. lv$_y S>m O Dd d_pe R>. hmu s ANp^ lpe
R>. shu fus cNhv$ ippdp s`f Ahp `qX$sp_p cph OZp Dd A_
ANp^ lpe R>.
^fp_y S>m S>d kv$p rism A_ L$v$u drg_ _ \pe shy lpe R>.
sd Ahp `qX$sp_p cph `Z kkpf_p sp`\u s \sp _\u. sd_p
d_dp Ly$sL$p Aphsp _ lphp\u sAp L$v$u kiepdp AV$gL$ drg_
d_hpmp b_sp _\u. s\u sd_u kp\_p k`L$ Dd am Ap`_pfp b_u
fl R>.
Aphp `qX$sp_ cNhv$ ip s`fp: - L$lhpdp Apey R>.
341

(7) D`f bsphgp cNhv$ ipdp s`f Ahp S> `qX$sp R>.
sApdp `Z S> `qX$sp, Aop_u pspAp_p cNhv$ rhjeL$ kv$lp_y
r_hpfZ L$f R> shp `qX$sp_p cphp_ hph_p S>m kp\ kfMpep R>.
hph_y S>m Ncuf A_ ANp^ lpe R>. A fus Ahp `qX$sp pspAp_p
v$ep_ kd_ sd_p Ar^L$pf dpZ sd_ dpV$ rlsL$pfu lpe shp
bp^ sd_ Ap` R>. `fsy, S>d_p Ar^L$pf _\u shp pspAp_ sAp
ip_p bp^ L$fsp _\u. AV$gp dpV$ S> sd_p cph_ hph_p S>m kp\
kfMpep R>. Aphp `qX$sp_p cph h$`\u A_ am Ap`hp_u i[s\u
Dd R>.
Aphp `qX$sp_ kv$lhpfL$p: L$lhpdp Apep R>.
(8) D`f bspep dpZ_p `qX$sp S>Ap cNhv$ ippdp
s`f lphp D`fps Aop_u pspAp_p kv$lp_y r_hpfZ `Z L$f R>.
shp `qX$sp, cNhv$ d\u cfgp v$ehpmp lpe sp A_ sAp
_l\u pspAp_p kv$l_ v|$f L$fsp lpe sp shp `qX$sp_p cph
L$dmp\u cfgp smph_p S>m S>hp lpe R>.
smph_y S>m hR> lpe R>. A_ sdp L$dmp lphp\u s
kyN^uv$pf `Z lpe R>. A_ L$dmp D`f Nyfh L$fsp cdfp_ L$pfZ s
b^u Bqep_ Ap_v$ Ap`_pfy b_u e R>; shu fus cNhv$d\u
cfgp v$ehpmp A `qX$sp pspAp_p kv$lp_y r_hpfZ L$fhp D`fps,
pspAp_p d_dp op_ A_ c[s D` L$fu_ sd_u sdpd Bqep_
cNhv$prcdyM b_ph R>.
Aphp `qX$sp_ deyL$sp: L$lhpdp Apep R>.
smph, hph A_ L$dm\u cfgy smph Ap b^p AL$ L$p$f_p
v$ R>. R>sp Ae hsyAp kp\_p sd_p kb^_ L$pfZ sAp Sy>v$p Sy>v$p
L$pf_u Akfp D`h R>.
(9) lh Aphp `qX$sp ApRy> cZgp lpe A\hp sp cNhv$
ipp_y ApRy> op_ lpe A\hp sd_p cNhv$ d OZp ApR>p lpe sp
AV$g L$ cNhv$ d L$fsp Ae rhjepdp sd_p d h^y lpe sp shp
342

`qX$sp "ldip X$lpmpegp flsp `pZuhpmp _p_p smphX$p S>hp lpe R>.
S> fus _p_p smph_p S>m_, d_yep A_ `iyAp sdp hiu_ X$lpmu
_pM R>. A_ s S>m_ Nvy$ b_phu v$ R> s fus Aphp `qX$sp_p ipp_p
Aepk ApR>p lphp\u sd_p cph X$lpmpegp A_ Nv$p b_u fl R>.
`qfZpd sd_u kp\ k`L$ fpMhp\u s kkN$` _ b_sp, vy$:kN$`
b_u e R>.
Aphp `qX$sp_ A`sp: L$lhpdp Aph R>.
(10) _hdp cphhpmp `qX$sp_p S>hp S> `fsy L$peiy `qX$sp_p
cph `h AV$g L$ _p_p smph S>hp lpe R>. A_y `pZu `lgp sp iy
lpe R>. `fsy `R>u\u d_ye, `iy Apqv$_p kkN\u s X$lpmpB e R>.
Aphp `qX$sp_ A`ysp A_ A`c[shpmp L$lhpdp Apep
R>. sAp L$diy lpe R>, L$pfZL$ sAp `psp_p L$pep cy_ A`Z L$f
R>. `fsy op_ A_ c[s_p Acph sAp `psp_p L$dp `|Z cph A`Z
L$fu iL$sp _\u. sAp A`ys AV$g L$ S>dZ ip_y hZ ApRy> L$ey
R> shp A_ A`c[s AV$g L$ S>_pdp cNhv$ c[s ApR>u R> Ahp
lpe R>. `qfZpd sd_u L$diyq gpqL$L$ cph_p hpmu b_u fl R>. hmu
sd_pdp eoepNpqv$ kp^_p_p bm_y Arcdp_ fl R>. `qfZpd sd_p
cphp Arcdp_\u X$lpmpB Neg lpe R>.
Ahp `qX$sp_ A`ys cL$e: L$lhpdp Apep R>.
Ap fus `ps L$diy lphp R>sp sd_p cphp X$lpmpegp
lphp\u, sd_u kp\_p kkN vy$:kN b_u e R>. Ap\u sd_p kN
rb_ D`epNu R>.
(11) epN A_ ep_\u keL$s hL$spAp_p cph hfkpv$_p S>g
S>hp R>. epN AV$g ed, r_ed, Apk_, pZpepd, eplpf, ep_,
^pfZp A_ kdpr^ - Ap ApW$ L$pf_p ANhpmp A$pN epN. s pfp
S>Z `psp_u rQhqAp_ r_ed_dp fpMu R> Ahp epNu. A_ ep_
AV$g dl_s`|hL$ rQ_u sdpd hqAp_ keddp fpMhu s. ep_ hX$
`fdpdp_p AdyL$ AL$ Qp$k h$`_p v$edp [\f L$fu iL$pe R>. Ahy
343

L$f_pf_ ep_u L$lhpdp Aph R>.

epN A_ ep_ hjp_p S>m S>hp Dd R>. hr$_y S>m sp`_y
id_ L$f R>. s `hu D`f kh \m agpB e R>. `fsy s S> \m `X$
s \m S> s A Apqv$ D` L$f R>. ep hjp _ \B lpe ep A L$
Opk Apqv$ D` \sp _\u. s\u L$V$gL$ \m kyL$pm sp L$V$gL$ \m
vy$L$pm hp dm R>.
Ahu S> fus epN A_ ep_ `Z \p_ rhij kp\ kb^ ^fph
R>. epN A_ ep_ cNhv$ cphp R>. `fsy s epNuAp A_ ep_uAp
kp\ k`L$ fpM_pf D`f S> Akf D`h R>. S>Ap sd_p k`L$dp
Aphsp _\u sd_p D`f sd_p epN L$ ep__u Akf \su _\u. Ap\u
hjp_p S>m_u dpaL$ kh kygc lphp R>sp S>Ap hjp S>m\u frls lpe
sd_ dpV$ s apev$pL$pfL$ _\u.
epNuAp k`p_ epNpepk L$fph; ep_uAp BRy>L$p_ ep_
sfa hpmu iL$. sAp `ps S>V$gy Zsp lpe sV$gy sd_u kp\ k`L$
fpM_pf_ iuMhu iL$ R>. Ae gpL$p_ sd_p\u L$ip gpc dmsp _\u.
s\u S> sd_p cph_ hjp_p S>m kp\ kfMpep R>. hjp_y S>m S>
Msfdp `X$ s Msfdp A_pS> `pL$, Ae Msfdp _ `pL$.
(12) s` op_pqv$\u cfgp hspAp_p cph `fkhp_p S>m
S>hp lpe R>.
ifuf A_ Bqep_ s`ph_pfy L$pe AV$g s` A_ op_ AV$g
Bhf R> Ahy kpe ds pfp rs`pqv$s \eg ke. `fsy A R> iyL$
op_; A R> iuMgy op_; A A_ychgy op_ _\u. Ahp s` A_
op_\u dyL$s hL$spAp_p cph_ `ku_p_p S>m kp\ kfMpep R>.
dl_s L$fhp\u \pL$_ L$pfZ ifuf s \pe epf ifuf `fkhp hm R>.
`fkhp_ hv$S> S>m L$l R>. s hr$_p S>m S>hy _\u. `fsy tbvy$$`
L$V$sy lphp\u s_ hr$_p S>m S>hy NZhpdp Aph R>. `fsy s kpfp
ehlpf dpV$ AV$g L$ _lphp, ^php L$ `uhp_p D`epN dpV$ epe _\u.
`fkhp_y S>m, S> dpZk_ `fkhp \pe s_p ifuf_ W$Xy$ `pX$ R>.
344

buAp dpV$ s vy$N^eyL$s R>. shu S> fus s`huAp A_ iyL$

op_uAp_p cphp sd_p `psp_ dpV$ D`epNu lpe sp cg `fsy bu_
dpV$ s klS> `Z D`epNu _\u. s\u sd_p kN _L$pdp R>.
Al] v$lv$d_ L$f_pf s`huAp A_ bop_\u frls iyL$
op_uAp s\p hZpd_p op__ S> kpQy op_ dp__pf L$d dpN}Ap_p
cphp_ S> `fkhp_p S>m kp\ kfMphpep R>.
op_ sp dpn v$psp R>. op_ sp cy pr_y kp^_ R>. `fsy s
bop_. dpephpv$_y L$ L$pfy L$d dpN}e op_ _L$pdy R>. S> op_ c[s_y
kp^L$ R> s op_ sp iyps op_. S> op_u "Ald bp[d' _ dp_ R>
`fsy Ald A_ b hQ S> kb^ R>. (Ai A_ Aiu_) s Zsp
_\u AV$g L$ S> dp L$lhp Mpsf S> `psp_ b kdS> R>. `fsy shdp
_l]; shp op_u Aldhpv$u (Arcdp_hpmp) lpe R>. shp op_uAp
gpL$ A_ hv$_u depv$p_y DO_ L$f R>. `ps b lpB, gpL$ A_ hv$_u
depv$pAp s_ `isu _\u Ahy s dp_ R>. Ahp op_uAp_p cph s_
`psp_ dpV$ D`epNu lpe sp cg, Ae_p kkpf sp`_ v|$f L$f_pf s
_\u S>. `qfZpd s `fkhp_p S>m S>hp R>.
shu S> fus s` A_ `Qpq pfp v$l v$d_ L$f_pf `ps
iusmsp_p A_ych L$fsp lpe Ahy s_ gpN R>. `fsy hpsrhL$ fus
sp s dp `psp_p v$l_ L$$ S> Ap`u fp R>. `fkhp hmhp\u \pX$uL$
hpf dpV$ ifuf_ iusmsp dmsu lphp R>sp. s hpsrhL$ iusmsp _\u.
AV$gp dpV$ sp s`huAp A_ iyL$ op_uAp, s` A_ op_ pfp `psp_p
vy$:M_u r_hq \B Ahy dp_sp lphp R>sp hpsrhL$ fus sd_p vy$:M_u
r_hq \su _\u.
hmu S> dpZk hZ A_ Apd ^ddp flgu q$epAp S> L$fsp
lpe `fsy s_y fle _ kdS>sp lpe, A_ S>Z hZpd kp\ op_ A_
c[s_ X$ep lpe, s dpZk_p cph dc[s frls lphp\u s
`fkhp_p S>m S>hp L$r_$ R>.
(13) L$V$gpL$ hspAp hv$_y AgpqL$L$ op_ ^fphsp lpe R>.
345

sAp hv$_p iy A\ A_ Arcpe_ Z_pfp lpe R>. s D`fps

sd_pdp c[scph `Z lphp\u sAp ulqf_p NyZp_y hZ_ L$fsp lpe
R>. Ahp hspAp `psp_p iy op_ A_ c[scph hX$ L$us_ L$fu_
cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$ L$f R>. sd_p cph `hs D`f\u `X$sp Tfp_p
(S>m^p^) S>m_p S>hp r_dm, iusm A_ d^yf lpe R>. Aphp hsp
vy$gc lpe R>. L$pfZ L$ sd_p L$us_p A_ sd_p pfp \sp cNhv$
NyZp_yhpv$ pspAp_ kkpf_p b^_pdp\u dyL$s L$f R>. A_ sd_p
cNhv$ cph Y$ L$f R>.
bpfdp cphdp iyL$ op_u_p L$r_$ cph bsphhpdp Apep R>.
A_ sfdp cphdp, hv$ rs`p op_u_p Dd cph_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp
Apey R>. `hsdp\u `X$su S>m_u ^pfp r_dm, iusm, d^yf A_ _p_,
ApQd_ A_ `p_ dpV$ epe lpe R>. s\p s_pdp _p_ L$f_pf_p sp`
v|$f L$f_pfu lpe R>. shu fus hv$rhrls AgpqL$L$ op_hpmp cs
`psp_p cphp_y L$us_ L$f sp s cphpdp _p_ L$f_pf kh sp`-ksp`
_pi `pd R>.
(14) v$hp hNf_u D`pk_p A_ sd_u `| Apqv$ L$f_pfp_p
cphp_ S>du_ D`f A\hp hnp D`f bpTgp TpL$m_p tbvy$Ap kp\
kfMphhpdp Apep R>. TpL$m_y `pZu L$pB`Z fus D`epNu _\u.
k|e_p sp`\u \pX$pL$ kdedp S> s EX$u S>hp_y R>. Ahu S> fus
hspAp_p cphp pfp `|Z `y{$jpd_u pr L$v$u \su _\u.
hv$dp A_ `yfpZpdp A_L$ L$pf_p S> v$hspAp R> sd_u
D`pk_p L$f_pfpApdp, s_p D`pe v$hsp_y op_ A_ i[s hNf
s_pdp Aph R>. `fsy s TpL$m_p S>m S>hp nrZL$ R>. nrZL$ lphp
D`fps s Apcpku `Z R>. s cd D` L$f_pf R>. L$pfZ L$ `|Z
`y{$jpd rkhep L$pB kho, kh i[sdp_ L$ kh ep`L$ _\u. v$hspdp
S> NyZp L$ i[s v$Mpe R> s hsys: `|Z `y{$jpddp\u S> \pX$p h^sp
dpZdp Dv$chgp R>. v$hpdp `psp_u i[s L$ NyZp R> S> _l]. sd_u
D`pk_p L$f_pf sd_u `pk\u NyZp L$ i[sAp dmh R>. `fsy s L$V$gp
346

kde V$L$ A_ L$hp cph D` L$f s kdS>hp S>hy R>. sd_u b^u
i[sAp L$ NyZp he Apcpku L$ nrZL$ R>. kpQu i[s sp `|Z
`y{$jpd_u R>. dpV$ h D`pk_p sp s_u (`fdpdp_u) L$fhu BA.
\X$_ hmNu fl_pf_ X$pmp, `pv$X$p, ag A_ am b^y dmi.
Ae v$hp_u D`pk_p L$f_pf_p cph_ TpL$m_p S>m kp\
kfMphu_ Ad bspey R> L$ sd_p cph s_ lu_ L$pf_p R>. Aphp
hspAp_p kN L$v$u _ L$fhp. TpL$m_y S>m A sp S>m_p Apcpk dp
R>. s_p\u sjp rR>`phu iL$psu _\u. Ahu fus Ae v$hp_u D`pk_p
L$f_pf_p cphp hX$, kpcm_pf_p kpkpqfL$ sp` v|$f \sp _\u. \pX$pL$
kde d_ ips \sy lpe shy gpN R>. `fsy \pX$u hpfdp S> kkpf_p
sp`-L$gip DN $` `y_: L$V$ \B e R>.
(15) kp^_p pfp d_:iyq L$fu_, _h^p c[s_y ApQfZ
L$fu_, A_ s pfp cydp `qf`|Z d p L$fu_ S> cNhv$ h$`_
kdep R> Ahp hL$sp_p cph, `hs D`f\u r_L$msp TfZp_p S>m
kdp_ R>. s_p cph r_dm A_ `rh R>.
`lgp kp^_ A_ `R>u r_:kp^_sp hX$ dmhg cph `qh
cph R>. hZpd ^d_p `pg_ $`u kp^_p S>dp dye R>. Ahp
depv$pdpN}e r_L$pdcph ApQfg ^d, _h^p c[s-hZ L$us_
rh_y dfZ, QfZkh_, AQ_, hv$_, v$pe, ke A_
Apdr_hv$_ - pfp rk \B iL$ R>. A_ d_u `qf`|Zsp_ L$pfZ s
cph h^y AkfL$pfL$ b_ R>. S> cNhv$ csp Ahp cph ^fph R> sd_p
cph TfZp_p S>m S>hp R>.
TfZp_y S>m, _p_, `p_ A_ ApQd_ dpV$ Dd R>. A S>
fus Ahp depv$pdpN}e csp_p cphp `Z Dd R>. Ahp cL$s
hspAp `psp_p pspApdp `Z `psp_p S>hp S> cph L$V$phu iL$ R>.
s\u sd_p kN Ahe L$fhp.
Ap L$pf_p hspAp c[sdpN_p kp^L$p R>. sAp
c[sdpN_p p\rdL$ Ar^L$pfuAp R>. uNykpB "c[slk' _pd
347

N\dp Apop L$f R> L$ Aphp p\rdL$ csp AV$g L$ c[sdpNdp

S>d_u i$Aps \B R> Ahp csp, c[s$`u kp^_dp h lphp\u,
sd_p ANuL$pf depv$pdp \ep R>. cydp sd_p _l h^ A_ Y$ \pe
ep ky^u sAp depv$p_u fus `cy_u khp L$f A_ _l_u DL$V$sp h^sp
sAp cykhpdp AL$pN rQ gpNu e. sd \sp ^uf ^uf sd_u
depv$pAp Ry>V$u S>sp sAp dgnZp c[s_ `pd R>.
Ahp csp_p kN Dd R>. sd_p cph hq-gehpmp R>.
TfZpdp S>d L$epfL$ hq sp L$epfL$ S>m_u L$du \pe R> sd Aphp
depv$pdpN}e cL$sdp L$epfL$ cyd_u hq sp L$epfL$ L$du `Z \pe
R>. `fsy s_y d_ iy lphp\u A_ sZ _h^p c[s_y ApQfZ L$fgy
lphp\u shp cNhv$ csp_p d ldip b_u fl R>. shp cNhv$
ddp h^OV$ \pe R> `fsy s khpi kyL$pB e Ahy L$v$u b_sy _\u.
s\u EgVy$, h^sp h^sp s cy`d_u DL$V$sp A_ych R>.
(16) D`f L$p L$pf_p kp^_r_$ depv$p cL$sp_p cph
[\f \B Nep lpe A_ s_p A cphdp hq-ne _ \sp lpe sp
s_p cph S>mpie (kfphf)_p S>m S>hp R>. Ap cph, `v$fdp cph\u
h^y Dd R>. hfkpv$_ L$pfZ kfphfdp S>m h^sy _\u (smphdp h^)
A_ sp` `X$hp\u s_y S>m OVsy _\u. s_p d_p `|Z`du Ahp
depv$pcL$s_p cph R>. A_p Ahp cph kkpf_p sp`-L$gi L$ sL$rhsL$ hX$ ApR>p \sp _\u.
Aphp cL$sp_p cph pspAp_p d__u iyq L$fu iL$ R>.
(17) S> dpZkp A_L$ S>dp\u cy pr$`u rkq dmhhp
e_iug fp R> A_ S>d S>d Ly$kN A_ kkN `pdu_, S>d_p
NyZv$pj s_ A_y$` OX$pep R> A_ S>_ `qfZpd L$epfL$ sd_p cyd
h^sp-ApR>p \pe R>. A_ S> dpZkp_p S>d-dfZ_p afp lSy> V$ep
_\u, shp dpZkp_p cph hplhpmu _v$u_p S>m S>hp R>, _v$u_p
hpl r_fsf Qpep L$f R>. `fsy s_p S>mdp h^OV$ \ep L$f R>. v$ipqv$
(v$i,L$pm, L$d, hcph Apqv$) _ L$pfZ s iy A_ Aiy `Z b_ shy
348

Ap L$pf_p hL$spAp_p cph_y kdS>hy. sd_p kN Dd am Ap`_pf

b_sp _\u. s am sp Ap` R>. `fsy S> kde S>hp sd_p cph shy am
pspAp_ sd_p pfp dm R>.
(18) D`f L$lgp cphhpmp hL$sp kNv$pj\u dyL$s lpe sp
sd_p cph kdydp S>B_ sdp dmu S>_pf dpV$u _v$u_p S>m S>hp R>.
Ahp hspAp v$i, L$pm, L$d hcph Apqv$_p NyZv$pj\u _ gp`pe
sp sd_p cphdp cg_ \pX$p h^pfp L$ OV$pX$p \pe sp `Z sd_p cph
ldip D`epNu rk \pe R>. S>d dpV$u _v$u kdy_ dmu e R> s fus
Aphp hspAp_p cph_y hZ L$fhp\u psp `Z cy ArcdyM b_u
iL$ R>.
Ahp hspAp hs cphhpmp lphp\u, kkN L$ vy$:kN hX$
sd_p cphdp h^OV$ L$ iyq-Aiyq Aphsu _\u. sd_p cph sp As
cyprdp S> `qfZd R>. s bpbsdp Asfpe $` \sp gpqL$L$ kyM
vy$:Mp_u s D`np L$f R>. A_ As sp sAp cy_p QfZpfthv$_ `pd R>.
Aphp hspAp_p cph Dd lpB sd_p kN OZp D`epNu rk \pe
R>.
(19) lh S>d_p kN Dd am$` R>. shp `|Z cNhv$ue
hL$spAp_y r_$`Z ApQpeu AY$u gpL$dp L$f R>.
udlpcyA ij (kL$jZ), epk, Aq (`ps), hpey
(l_ydp_), S>X$cfs, _pfv$ A_ de Apqv$ cNhv$uep_, `|Z
cNhv$uep sfuL$ hZhpe R>. Ap`u_u Apop R> L$ Ap b^p cNhv$uep
c[scph\u `qf`|Z R>. sAp sp `psp_p Apdp_p Ap_v$ dpV$ S>
cNhp__u khp L$f R>. udv$pQpeQfZ sd_p cphp_ kdy_p S>m
kp\ kfMpep R>. Q_p v$i_\u S>d kdydp cfsu Aph R> shu fus
cy v$i_\u sd_p v$epdp c[scph_p `|f EdV$ R>. S>d kdy_y S>m
A\pN A_ Ncuf lpe R> sd sd_p cph A\pN A_ Ncuf lpe R>.
S>d kdy Ad|e f_p_u MpZ R> sd sd_p cph f_p S>hp Ad|e
A_ AgpqL$L$ lpe R>. `fsy sd_p kN blyS> vy$gc R>. s\u cy
349

L$`p\u s kygc b_ sp s bly S> Dd am Ap`_pfp (cy_p h$`

v$i_ L$fphu Ap`_pfp) b_u fl R>. Ahp `|Z cNhv$uep L$hm cy
khp L$fhp dpV$ S> v$l ^pfZ L$f R>.
ijA k_Ly$dpfp_ D`v$i Apep. sAp `psp_u lfp c
hX$, kv$h cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$ L$fsp fl R>. sAp kv$pL$pm cNhv$ khpdp
s`f fl R>. s AV$g ky^u L$ `psp_p v$l_ sAp cNhp__u iep
b_ph R>. sd_ `psp_p kyM_u L$pd_p _\u. sAp L$hm cNhv$ kyM_u
L$pd_p L$f R> A_ sdp S> fs fl R>.
epk `fb_p op_phspf R>. kL$g `yfpZp_p L$sp R>.
`yfpZp_u fQ_p pfp ^d_y hs_ L$f_pfp R>. h_p L$epZ dpV$ sdZ
cNhv$ Nlp_y r_$`Z L$ey R>; sdZ c[s N\ cpNhs_u fQ_p L$fu
R>. `yfpZp fQhp\u sd_ kspj _ \ep s\u _pfv$ `pk\u D`v$i
`pdu sdZ udv$ cpNhs_u fQ_p L$fu_ h kds_p Apdp_y
L$epZ kpey R>.
Aq - sAp Aq `yfpZ_p hL$sp R>. udlpcy
cNhp__p dyMpfthv$ $` R>. sAp hhp_f sfuL$ ApmMpe R>. S>gcv$
N\_p L$V$gpL$ kd\ V$uL$pL$pfp udlpcy_p AgpqL$L$ Apr^v$rhL$ Aq
h$`_ kdS> R>. Ap`uA `yr$dpN_u \p`_p L$fu A_ s_p D`v$i
pfp A_L$ hp_p Dpf L$ep R>. s\u Aq iv$ pfp sAp
udlpcy_ kdS> R>.
bu L$V$gpL$ V$uL$pL$pfp_p ds dpZ dpephpv$_p D`v$iL$
udlp`cy `ps Aq h$` R>. kr$_ dpl `dpX$hp dpV$ Ap`
"rhfy cNhv$ ^d' D`v$ep R>. A_ s `Z cNhv$ Apop\u S>. sdZ
A dpZ L$ey R>. cNhv$ Apop \sp dlpv$h_p Ahspf h$` udv$
iL$fpQpeA bhpv$\u rh{$ dpephpv$_p D`v$i L$ep R>.
dpfys AV$g hpey`yfpZ_p L$sp uhpeyv$h. `fsy dpV$p cpN_p
V$uL$pL$pfp, dpfys iv$ pfp ufpdcs l_ydp__ S> ApmMph R>.
uL$epZfpe, ubpgL$Z Apqv$ V$uL$pL$pfp ul_ydp__ S> `fd
350

cNhv$ue dp_ R>. ul_ydp_ cNhp_ ufpdQ_p NyZp_yhpv$dp

kv$p s`f fl R>. ulqffpe dlpcy sp ep ky^u L$l R> L$
"depv$p `y{$jpd ufpd_u `yr$dpN_p L$pf c[s L$f_pf, ufpd_p
AsfN cs l_ydp_, `|Z cNhv$ue R>. AV$gp dpV$ sp `|Z
`y{$jpd cNhp_ ufpdQA kusp_u ip^dp _uL$mg
hp_fpdp\u L$hm l_ydp__ `psp_u dyqL$p Ap`u lsu. Apd
ul_ydp_ `|Z `yr$ cs R>.
S>X$cfs - S>X$ v$Mpsp R>sp, Qs_p A_ Ap_v$_p kss
A_ych L$f_pf, A_ v$edp cy_p `|Z c[s cph_ ^pfZ L$f_pf
s\p flyNZ fp_ D`v$i Ap`_pf sAp `|Z cNhv$ue NZpep R>.
_pfv$ - sAp depv$pdpN}e cs R>. kp^_ pfp c[s
L$f_pf R>; k_Ly$dpfp_p rie, pQu_ brlfp_p Nyfy A_ he
epk_ cpNhs ip fQhp_u fZp Ap`_pf _pfv$ `|Z cNhv$ue
R>.
de - rhvy$f_ D`v$i Ap`_pf, `fpif F$rj_p rie sAp
cNhv$ ^dp_p cNhv$ue hL$sp R>.
Ap kps `|Z cNhv$uep_p _pd sp he udlpcyA Apep
R>. A_ `R>u "Apqv$' iv$ gep R>. s_p A\ A L$ sd_p S>hp L$pL$
bu L$V$gpL$ `|Z cNhv$uep lpB iL$. Np.uL$epZfpe _p ds
Apqv$ iv$ pfp Dh A_ Np.ubpgL$Z_p ds Apqv$ iv$ pfp
lgpv$_ `fd cNhv$ue NZpep R>.
A NZphg v$iL$ `|Z cNhv$uep D`fps `Z bu `|Z
cNhv$uep li sp Mfp. blyf_p hky^fp. AV$gp dpV$ sp
udv$pQpeQfZ Aphp `|Z cNhv$uep_p kps `V$p L$pfp "S>gcv$'dp
NZu bspep R>. Ap `lgp L$y L$ `|Z cNhv$uep_p cph_ kdy_p
S>m kp\ kfMphhpdp Apep R>. `fsy kdy_p kps L$pf bspep R>.
s\u A b^p `|Z cNhv$uep_p cphp_ kps L$pf_p kdyp kp\
kfMpep R>. e\p
351

(1) S> cNhv$uep ufpd A_ uL$Z_ dp Dd d_ye

(dlp`yfyj) kd_ sd_p NyZNp_ Npe R>, sd_p cph_ Mpfp S>m_p
kdy_p S>m kp\ kfMpep R>. kdy_p Mpfp S>m\u S> fus sfk
rR>`su _\u, sd sd_p cphp_ kpcm_pf pspAp_u cy_p kpQp
h$`_ kdS>hp_u sfk `Z rR>`su _\u. sd_u sjp\u sr _ \hp_y
L$pfZ dp AV$gy L$ sd_p cph Dd A_ Ncuf lphp R>sp ufpd L$
uL$Z_p h$`_ sAp kd iL$ep _\u. s\u sd_p cph Ncuf,
Ad|e, iy A_ r_dm lphp R>sp, sd_u `pk cNhv$ h$`_y op_ _
lphp_ L$pfZ sAp pspAp_u cNhv$ h$` kdS>hp_u sjp rR>`phu
iL$sp _\u.
(2) S> gpL$p cNhp_ ufpd A_ uL$Z_ Ae L$gphspfp S>
Aiphspfp_u dpaL$ S>Ns_p DpfL$ kd_ sd_p NyZNp_ Npe R>.
sd_p cphp v$l]_p kdy_p S>m_p S>hp R>. v$l]dp dpMZ $`u kpfsh
sp R> S>. `fsy sAp_ s sh v$Mpsy _\u. sd R>sp sd_p cph iy,
r_L$gL$ A_ AgpqL$L$ S> R>.
(3) cNhp_ S>Ns_p L$sp _\u; `fsy S>Ns sp dpep hX$
r_rds \egy R> Ahy dp__pf dpephpv$uAp_p cph OZp DQ lphp R>sp
sd_p cph_ dv$ufp_p kdy_p S>m S>hp NZpep R>. dv$ufp `p_
L$fhp\u cd L$ Apcpk D` \pe R>. shu S> fus sd_p cph S>hp S>
cph pspAp_p d_dp \pe R>.
(4) cy kh kd\ R> Ahy kd_, cy_p Ahe NyZ\u
fpB_, cy_u c[s L$f_pf `|Z cNhv$uep_p cph v|$^_p kdy_p
S>m S>hp R>. v|$^ ifuf_ `pjZ Ap` R> A fus sd_p cph pspAp_p
c[s cph_ `pjZ Ap`_pf b_u fl R>.
(5) cNhp_ `fp$du R> Ahy kd_ cy_p hue NyZ\u
fpB_, cy_u c[s L$f_pf `|Z cNhv$uAp_p cph Ou_p kdy_p
S>m_p S>hp R>. Ou hueh^_ A_ i[s Ap`_pf R>. s fus shp
cNhv$uAp_p cph psp_p c[scph_ `yV$ b_ph R>.
352

(6) cNhp_ gdu`rs R> Ahy kd_ cy_p uNyZ\u

fpB_ cy_u c[s L$f_pf `|Z cNhv$uAp_p cph ifX$u_p fk_p
kdy_p S>m S>hp R>. ifX$u_p fkdp duW$pi lphp D`fps, s_pdp
fkp_ych L$fphhp_u i[s `Z R>. Ahp cNhv$uep_p cph psp_p
cph_ duW$pi Ap`u_ s_ fkde b_ph R>.
(7) Ap b^p `|Z cNhv$ue hL$spApdp `Z `|Z A_ kh\u
Dd Ahp cNhv$ue hL$sp sfuL$ udlpcyA S>_u NZp_p L$fu R>
shp cNhv$ue cL$s_p gnZp Ap`u bu Z gpL$p pfp NZph R>
- Ahp A `|Z cNhv$ue (1) cy_ r_NyZ kdS> R>. AV$g L$ L$q_p
kh, fS>k A_ sdk - A Z NyZp\u `f kdS> R>. (2) cy_
Anf b\u`f, `|Z `y{$jpd kdS> R>. (3) cy_p `rssppfL$,
khppfL$, kh cL$s kdypfL$ kdS> R>. AV$g L$ h_u `p` L$fhp_u
i[s L$fsp, shp `p`u_ Dpfhp_u `fdpdp_u i[s A_s$ OZu
h^pf R>. Ahy AAp dp_ R>.
cy_p Aphp h$`_ kd_ sd_p NyZp_yhpv$ L$f_pf
khpL$$ `fd cNhv$ue_p cph Ads_p kdy_p S>m S>hp R> `fsy iy
L$fhy ? Ahp cNhv$ue_u hpZu $`u Ads_y `p_ Aes vy$gc R>.
L$epfL$ L$pBL$ cpeipmu_p L$p_dp sd_u hpZu$`u Ads_y AL$pv$ tbvy$
`X$u e sp s_y Alpcpe.
Ap bpbs kdhsp, udv$pQpeQfZ AL$ $ps Ap` R>.
Ardg_ ghp edv|$sp Apep. `p`uApdp rifdpf Ahp Ardg,
_pfpeZ _pd_p DQpf L$ep. rh_p v|$sp `^pep. sdZ edv|$sp_u
`pk cNhv$ ^dp_p kpde_y NyZNp_ L$ey. epf sd_p s hQ_p
dlp`p`u NZpsp Ahp Ardg_p L$p_dp `X$u_ Adstbvy$ kdp_ b_u
Nep. A_ s_p `p`_p dfy S>hX$p `lpX$, A Adstbvy$_p hZ dp\u
`uNmu Nep. Ardg dpn_p Ar^L$pfu bep.
Al] uL$Z_p v|$spA S> L$pB L$y s hR>pA, Ae_p cgp
dpV$ L$y lsy. s\u s cNhv$ hpL$ep NZpep, cNhp_ `ps `psp_p
353

khL$p L$ cNhv$uep pfp Ae_ Aphp D`v$i L$f R>. sdp cy_p
A_yNl, cy_u L$`p kdpegu R>. Ahp cNhv$uep cy_p ep S>
Ap`_ Aphu dm R>. Ae\p sAp OZp vy$gc lpe R>. sd_p kN dm
s_y _pd S> cNhv$ A_yNl AV$gL$ `yr$.
Ap fus (1) npf kdy, (2) v$r^dX$ kdy (3) kyfpv$L$ kdy,
(4) nufpv$L$ kdy, (5) ^spv$L$ kdy (6) Bny fkpv$L$ kdy A_ (7)
Adspv$L$ A\hp iypv$L$ kdy_p S>m_p S>hp cphhpmp `fd
cNhv$uep_p cph_ udlpcyA kdep `R>u, Ap`u Apop L$f
R> :epf h_u `psp_p Of e_u Apk[s, Arhp L$ dpl
hNf_p _pi \pe R> epf L$hm cNhv$p_v$_u D`q_p L$pfZ$`
cy_p _pd-L$us_ $` duW$p QpV$Z_p hpv$_u pr \pe R>. Ahp hpv$
Ads_p kdy$` khpd `|Z cNhv$uep_u hpZu_p hZ\u dm R>.
kpsdp L$pf_p A cNhv$uep (S>d_p _pdp udlpcyA NZpep R>
- ij, epk, Aq, dp$s Apqv$) sAp `psp_u dm r_fsf cNhv$
NyZNp_dp gu_ fl R>.
udv$pQpeQfZ Ap gpL$dp "Adstbvy$_y gl_' A iv$p
hp`ep R>. "tbvy$`p_' A_ "gl_' iv$p pfp udlpcy Apop L$f R>
L$ Ahp cNhv$uep_p hQ_p Ads rbvy$ kdp_ R>. rbvy$`p_\u sr _
\pe. ^fpB_ `uhp dm s S>m; ^fpB_ `uhp _ dm s tbvy$- S>d L$
Ads tbvy$-Adstbvy$ ApX$L$pf Aph ep ky^u ^fpB_ `uhp_y lpsy _\u.
tbvy$`p_ L$ep `R>u, s_y h^y `p_ L$fhp_u hq fl. tbvy$_ sp QpV$u
S>hp_y lpe. gl_ AV$g QpV$hy. s\u sp tbvy$ dpV$ gl_ iv$ hp`ep
R>. gl_ AV$g L$iy `Z ij _ fl s fus c hX$ QpV$u S>hy. Aphp
`|Z cNhv$uep_p cphp_y gl_, c pfp _\u \sy. s L$p_ pfp \pe
R>. A_ s_y gl_ L$fhp\u As:L$fZdp, s_u Akf \pe R>. sd \sp
psp_p fpN, Aop_, Arhp hNf_p _pi \B_ s h-Ap_v$-Dv$Nd
(hp_v$pv$Nd) AV$g L$ `psp_p Ap_v$_y D`q \p_ b_ R>. sd \sp
354

rhij Ap_v$ dmhhp_u opkp \pe R>. `R>u A opkp `Z suh b_

R>; sd \sp, gl_ L$f_pf sdp sde b_ R> A_ L$sL$e b_u e
R>.
khpL$$ hsp s R> S>_p cph Ads kdy_p S>m S>hp R>.
Aphp csp_u hpZu_p drldp udv$pQpeQfZ S>gcv$_p AY$pfdp
gpL$dp bspep R>. Aphp cNhv$uep_p hQ_p r_epS>_ (L$B`Z
L$pfZ hNf) AV$g L$ aL$s cy_u L$`p \hp_u lpe epf S> kpcmhp
dm R>. s\u s hQ_p Adstbvy$ kdp_ R>. s\u sp s_ QpV$u ghp
BA.
(20) D`f hZhgp b^p chp L$fsp Sy>v$p cphp_ Dv$^spv$L$
AV$g L$ (1) KQ aL$pegp `pZu (hfpm) S>hp (2) S>mpiedp\u
`pdp L$pY$u gu^g S>m S>hp A_ (3) S>du_ D`f Y$pmpB Neg S>m
bspep R>. S>hy S>m AV$g L$ S>hp cphp shy am s Ap` R>.
hfpm L$ S> lhpdp KQ flgu R>. s_p L$pB D`epN _\u. s
_p_, `p_ L$ ApQd_ - L$ip `Z D`epNdp Aphsu _\u. Aphp cph
hpmp hL$spAp X$pmOpgy L$lhpdp Aph R>. sd_p hQ_p s_ _L$pdp
lpe R>.
`pdp L$pY$u gu^g S>mdp `p_p NyZv$pj Aph R>. S>dL$ L$pB
L$us_L$pf A\hp cL$s_p hQ_p_ Tug_pf dpZk s hQ_p bu_ L$l
sp s Akg cph_ `psp_p cph hX$ fNu_ S> L$li. bpg_pf_p cph
A_ Akg cph b_y rdZ \B_, kpcm_pf_ s rd cph
kpcmhp dmi. `qfZpd psp D`f s_u Akf rd li.
S>du_ D`f Y$pmpeg S>mdp, S>hu S>du_ D`f s Y$pmpegy lpe
s S>du__p NyZv$pj h^pf dpZdp A_ Akg S>m_p NyZv$pj ApR>p
dpZdp v$Mpi. V|$L$dp hL$sp_p cph S>hp li shu Akf psp_p d_
D`f s h^y D`hi. A_ S>m_p AV$g L$ Akg cph_p NyZv$pj
gNcN _rlhs fli.
S>gcv$ N\_p As udlpcy Apop L$f R> L$ Ap dpZ
355

h$`\u A_ am\u, Ap `hu D`f Sy>v$p Sy>v$p cph ^fphsp hp_p

NyZp A_ kp_p v$edp A_ kp_u Bqep qhi flgp `fb `fdpdp
urh_p NyZp_y Ad r_$`Z L$ey R>.
D`eyL$s kdN QQp_p kpfpi _uQ dpZ R>.
$d hsp A_ s_p cph :
1.
r_f`n cph\u NyZNp_ L$ L$\p L$fsp lpe shp NpeL$p (N^hp)
psp D`f Akf : psp_p cph_y `pjZ L$f R>.
2.
r_f`n cph\u NyZNp_ L$ L$\p L$fsp lpe shp `yfpZuAp.
psp D`f Akf : psp_p cph_y `pjZ L$f R>.
3.
u-`ypqv$ L$ Ly$Vy$b_y `pjZ L$fhp dpV$ S> L$\p L$fsp `yfpZuAp.
psp D`f Akf : c[sdpN}e pspAp dpV$ r_$`epNu A_
_yL$ip_L$pfL$.
4.
hepqv$ krls s\p skb^u d NpeL$p A\hp _uQ NpeL$p.
psp D`f Akf : c[sdpN}e pspAp dpV$ r_$`epNu A_
_yL$ip_L$pfL$.
5.
D`eyL$s NpeL$p A\hp `yfpZuAp sAp Dv$f r_hpl L$fhp
dpV$ A\hp A`np krls L$\p hpsp L$ Npe_ Apqv$ L$fsp lpe
sp.
psp D`f Akf : c[sdpN}e pspAp dpV$ r_$`epNu A_
_yL$ip_L$pfL$.
6.
cNhipdp s`f `qX$sp.
psp D`f Akf : cph_y `pjZ L$f R>.
7.
Asfr_$phpmp, kv$l r_hpfZ `qX$sp.
psp D`f Akf : kp^pfZ fus sp sAp cph_y `pjZ L$f R>.
8.
deyL$s kv$l r_hpfL$ cL$s `qX$sp.
psp D`f Akf : cph_u krhij hq L$f R>.
9.
A`c[s A_ A`ys Ahp `qX$sp.
psp D`f Akf : kpcm_pf_p d__ kie D` L$fph A_
356

10.
11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.
17.

18.
19.

sd_y d_ Y$Qy`Qy b_ph. s\u _yL$ip_L$pfL$.

D`f_p S>hp `fsy L$diy `qX$sp.
psp D`f Akf : D`f bspep dpZ _yL$ip_L$pfL$.
epN A_ ep_eyL$s cphhpmp epNuAp A_ ep_uAp.
psp D`f Akf : `psp_p S>hu cph_phpmpAp_ NyZ L$f.
`fsy buAp dpV$ bu_D`epNu.
s` (v$l v$d_) L$f_pfpAp A_ hZpd ^d_p cphhpmp iyL$
op_uAp.
psp D`f Akf : c[sdpN}e cL$sp dpV$ r_$`epNu A_
_yL$ip_L$pfL$.
AgpqL$L$ op_eyL$s A_ iy op_ hX$ lqfNyZ s\p lqf
NyZp_yhpv$ L$f_pfp op_uAp.
psp D`f Akf : cph_u rhij hq L$f.
v$hpqv$_u D`pk_p L$f_pf sd_p D`pkL$p.
psp D`f Akf : c[sdpN}e pspAp dpV$ bu_ D`epNu
A_ _yL$ip_L$pfL$.
kp^_ hX$, _h^p c[s\u `qf`|Z b_g hspAp L$ S>d_
cNhv$ ^d_u a|rs \B R> shp csp.
psp D`f Akf : cph_u hq L$f R>.
D`f hZep dpZ_p `fsy [\f cphhpmp hL$spAp.
psp D`f Akf : cph_u rhij hq L$f R>.
A_L$ S>dp\u rkq dmhhp e_iug, hplu h_ hsp
hL$spAp.
psp D`f Akf : `psp_p S>hu cph_phpmpAp_ NyZ L$f,
bu_ r_$`epNu.
D`f_p S>hp `fsy kNv$pj\u dyL$s.
psp D`f Akf : kp^pfZ fus cph_u hq L$f.
(L$) `fd cNhv$ue hL$spAp S>hp L$ ij, epk, Aq,
357

20.

l_ydp_, S>X$cfs, _pfv$, de, Dh, lgpv$, rih Apqv$.

psp D`f Akf : kdpNd Ars vy$gc. hQ_pds Dd,
AkfL$pfL$ A_ k`|Z`Z amv$peu.
(M) (1) npf kdykd cphhpmp.
psp D`f Akf : sjp _ dV$pX$, sr _ `dpX$. c[sdpN}Ap
dpV$ r_$`epNu.
(2) v$r^ kdykd cphhpmp.
psp D`f Akf : `psp_p S>hp cphhpmp_ NyZL$pfL$. bu_
bu_D`epNu.
(3) dv$ufp kdykd cphhpmp dpephpv$uAp.
psp D`f Akf : kh cph_p _pi L$f_pfp. s_
_yL$ip_L$pfL$.
(4) nufpv$L$ kdykd cphhpmp.
psp D`f Akf : kp^pfZ fus cph_u hq S> L$f.
(5) ^spv$L$ kdykd cphhpmp.
psp D`f Akf : kp^pfZ fus cph_u hq S> L$f.
(6) Biy fkpv$L$kdykd cphhpmp.
psp D`f Akf : kp^pfZ fus cph_u hq S> L$f.
(7) Adspv$L$ kdykd cphhpmp.
psp D`f Akf : sd_u hpZu_y `p_ Ars vy$gc. sAp cy_p
v|$s kdp_ lpB, Ads tbvy$_y `p_ L$fph_pf kh$ hL$spAp.
19 (L$) dp NZphg hL$spAp.
(1) KQ aL$peg S>m (hfpm) S>hp.
psp D`f Akf : s_ _L$pdp, r_$`epNu.
(2) `pdp gu^g S>m S>hp.
(A) kpfp `pdp S>m ghpegy lpe sp.
psp D`f Akf : cph_y `pjZ L$f.
(Ap) Mfpb `pdp S>m ghpegy lpe sp.
358

psp D`f Akf : cph drg_ L$f.

(3) `hu D`f `X$g S>g S>hp.
(A) kpfu S>du_ D`f `X$gp S>m_p cphhpmp
psp D`f Akf : cph_y `pjZ L$f.
(Ap) Mfpb S>du_ D`f `X$gp S>m_p cphhpmp
psp D`f Akf : cph drg_ L$f.
S>gcv$ N\_p As ApQpeu dlpcy Apop L$f R> :Brs hpqeNsp _p_pcph Nsp cyrh &
$`s: Dgsh NyZp rhZpr_$r`sp: &&21&&
A\ps : D`f q_$`Z L$fgu fus, h A_ Bqepdp flgp
A_ $`\u A_ am\u `hudp Sy>v$u Sy>v$u fus_ p \egp, ucNhp_
rh_p NyZp AV$g NyZ^dp_y Ad r_$`Z L$ey R>.
S>gcv$dp huk L$pf_p hL$spAp_p cNhv$ cphp_y r_$`Z
L$fhpdp Apey R>. S>hp S>_p cph shu s_u pspAp D`f_u Akf.
hL$spAp_ kpcmsp `lgp s_p cph_ Zu ghp\u s_u iyc, Aiyc
L$ rd Akf_u Mbf `X$u e. A_ s\u s hL$sp kN_ gpeL$ R> L$
_l] s_p r_Ze L$fhpdp kfm fl. kkN A_ vy$:kN pr dpV$_u Ap
gugu L$ gpg bu R>.
-S>euL$Z
***

359

13. `Q`pr_
uL $ Zfkrhrndp_kp frshrS > sp: &
Ar_hp gpL$hv$ dyeps hZpkyL$p: &&1&&
rh[gd_kp e sy cNhdrsrhgp: &
A\L$r_$ps Qpr` dedp: hZpkyL$p: &&2&&
r_:kqv$^ L$Zsh khcph_ e rhvy$: &
s hphipy rhL$gp r_fp^pp _ Qpe\p &&3&&
`|Zcph_ `|Zp\p L$v$prQs sy khv$p &
Aepkspsy e L$rQv$^dp: `qfL$urssp: &&4&&
A_ed_kp dep Ddp: hZpqv$jy &
v$ i L$pgeL$s d
L$d L$pfs: &&5&&
&& Crs udgcpQperhfrQspr_ `Q`pr_ k`|Zpr_ &&

udv$pQpeQfZ `psp_p gOy N\S>gcv$dp, huk L$pf_p

hspAp_p (cphp_p) gnZp bsphu, khpd hspAp AV$g L$ `fd
cNhv$ue hspApdp `Z cy_u Ahp kps\u h^y cNhv$uep_p _pdp
NZu bspep R>. Ap`uA Ahu Apop `Z L$fu R> L$ kN L$fhp sp
Ahp `|Z cNhv$uep_p S> L$fhp. Ap`uA _hf_ddp `$ Apop L$fu
R> L$ "r_hv$_ sy dse kh\p spiS>_:'' AV$g L$ ldip
spiuS>_p_u kp\ (`|Z cNhv$uep_u kp\) flu_, Apdr_hv$__y
dfZ Ahe L$fhy.
Ap`Z L$v$pQ Ahp spiuS>_p_ _ ApmMu iL$uA AV$gp dpV$
S>gcv$_p Qpv$dp gpL$dp Ahp `|Z cNhv$uep_p _pd `Z Ap`uA
NZpep R> - e\p ij, ppk, l_ydp_, S>X$cfs, _pfv$, de
Apqv$. A_ `R>u_p gpL$dp sd_p gnZp_y hZ_ `Z L$ey R>. s kde
Ap`uA Ahu Apop `Z L$fu R> L$ Ahp `|Z cNhv$uep_u hpZu
360

"Ads tbvy$' kdp_ R>. cNhp_ epf r_S> cL$sp_p Dpf L$fhp CR>
R> epf `psp_p cNhv$ue csp_u hpZu pfp, sAp, r_S> csp_p
L$p_dp, cNhv$ue cL$sp_u hpZu $`u Adstbvy$ fX$ R>. Ahp
Adstbvy$Ap_y L$p_ pfp `p_ L$fhp\u AV$g L$ sd_y Aphpv$_ L$fhp\u,
cNhv kb^u h$`pdL$ A\hp gugpdL$ Ap_v$ D` \pe R>. A_
shp csp_p `yq$dpN}e dpn \pe R>.
Ap bpbs kdep `R>u Ap`uA L$`p L$fu_, S>gcv$_p `|fL$
N\sfuL$ u`Q`: _pd gOy N\Ap`Z_ Apep R>.
`Q`pq_dp dp `pQ gpL$ S> R>, S> s_p _pd D`f\u `$
\pe R>. A_ Qsy:gpL$udp dp Qpf gpL$ R>; Ap b N\Ae Qpv$
N\p_u A`npA _p_p (gOy) lphp R>sp, sd_y dlh jpX$i N\pdp_p
Ae L$pC `Z N\L$fsp ApRy> _\u. OZp hZhp sp Ap b N\p_
L$W$\L$fu g R>. L$pfZ L$ s bdp, udv$pQpeQfZ, NpNfdp kpNf
cfhp_y cNuf\L$pe L$ey R>.
Qsy:gpL$udp c[sdpN}e Qpf AgpqL$L$ `yfyjp\p-^d, A\,
L$pd A_ dpn_y r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey R>. cs_p Ap Qpfe
`yfyjp\p_u pq bh$`, kv$p_v$ uL$Z_p h$`_p v$i_ dp\u
\pe R>. cNhv$ h$`p_v$_ `pdhp A cNhv$ue_p ^d R>, A\ R>,
L$pd R> A_ dpn `Z A S> R>. udlpcyA A lL$uL$s, Qpf
gpL$_p Ap _p_p N\dp L$lu R>.
shy S> `Q`pr_ N\_y R>. S>gcv$dp hL$spAp_p huk L$pfp
NZpep R>. hspAp_u `kv$Nu L$fhpdp kph^p_ flhp kyQey R>.
r__ (lu_) cphhpmp hsp_u kp\_p k`L$\u A_ s_u hpZu
kpcmhp\u gpc L$fsp _yL$kp_ h^y \pe; dy[s _l] `fsy b^_
dmhp_u sL$p h^y R> Ahu Ap`u Apop L$f R>. s\u, cNhv$ue NyZp
kpcmhp_u CR>phpmp hZhpA, Dd cNhv$ue cL$sp_ ip^u
L$pY$u_ sd_p k`L$ kp^u, sd_u kp\ bku, Apdr_hv$_ epv$ L$fhp_u
Ap`uA Apop L$fu R>.
361

`fsy kpcmhy A_ kcmphhy A b L$pedp b `n_u S>$f fl

R>. AL$ kpcm_pf A_ bu kcmph_pf. hpQhy A_ d__ L$fhy
(L$us_ L$fhy) A L$pedp AL$ S> `n lpe sp Qpg; AL$\u rhij lpe sp
rhij Ap_v$ Aph. `fsy sdp bu `n_u Ar_hpe ApheL$sp flsu
_\u. epf kpcmhpdp A_ kcmphhpdp, bu `n_u ApheL$sp
Ar_hpe`Z fl R>. s\u S>gcv$dp hL$sp rhi r_$`Z L$fhpdp Apey;
`R>u s_u Ar_hpe ApheL$sp sfuL$, `Q`dp psp sfuL$ r_$`Z
L$fhpdp Apey R>. kpcmhp, kcmphhp_p L$pedp AL$ `n hL$sp lpe
sp bu `n psp lphp S> CA.
ep hsp lpe ep psp lphp CA A_ ep psp lpe ep
hsp `Z lphp CA. hsp L$hp lpe A_ sd_p cph dpZ sAp
L$hu, kpfu, dpW$u L$ rd, Akf psp D`f `pX$ R> s Ap`Z S>gcv$dp
ey. lh psp L$hp lpe s bpbs kdS>hp_p epk Ap`Z `Q`dp
L$fuiy.
hsp AL$ lpe R>; `fsy s_u hpZu_ A_L$ pspAp kpcm R>.
b^p pspAp AL$ kp\ kd|ldp bW$gp lpe R>. sd R>sp s b^p AL$
kfMp lpe R>. Ahy dp_hp_u c|g L$v$pr` _ L$fip, pspAp `Z
`ps`psp_p cph dpZ, Sy>v$p Sy>v$p L$pf_p lpe R>. L$V$gpL$ pspAp_p
v$e `\f S>hp L$W$Z lpe sp L$V$gpL$ pspAp_p v$e duZ S>hp L$pdm
lpe R>. `\f v$e D`f hsp_u hpZu L$psfpsp hpf gpN. `\f _
`uNm. hsp_u hpZu_ s_p D`f L$psfhu lpe sp V$pL$ gC_ s_p
D5f l\pX$u_p Op L$fu_ s hpZu s_p D`f L$psfu iL$pe. `fsy duZ S>hp
v$ehpmp pspAp D`f hL$sp_u hpZu L$psfpB e R>. sd_p v$e
`uNmu S>sp hL$sp_u hpZu_u R>p` s_p D5f AqL$s \C e R>.
hmu v$fL$ psp, dp sS> cph_ h^y NlZ L$f R> S> cph s_
re lpe. S>Nsdp L$_L$, L$psp A_ L$urs_u L$pd_phpmp d_yep
A`f`pf R>. sd_u `pk A Z_u pq_u hpsp L$fp sp sAp s_ bly
ep_\u kpcmi. A_ hsp_u hpZu_ hMpZi. `fsy, sd_u `pk
362

c[s cph L$ cNhv$ NyZNp_hpv$_u hps L$fip sp s_u Akf sd_p

v$e D`f `\f D`f `pZu S>hu `X$i. sd_y v$e L$pfy S> fli. s\u
EgVy$ c[s cph\u (d cph\u) cfg psp_p L$pdm v$e D`f
cNhv$ue_u hpZu kQpV$ Akf D`hi. L$_L$, L$psp A_ L$urs_u L$\p
kpcmsp s L$V$pmu S>i.
Ap fus, pspAp `psp_p d__p cph dpZ hsp_u hpZu
NlZ L$f R>. `fsy Ap gOyN\`Q`dp udv$pQpeQfZ, dp Ahp
psp_u hps L$lu R> S>_p kb^ cNhv$ d A_ c[scph Apqv$\u
cfgu hpZu kp\ lpe. Ahp pspAp `Z OZp lpe R>. `fsy AL$
cNhv$ue_u hpZu_u Akf sd_p v$e D`f S>hu `X$ R> A_ sd_p
v$e_p cph S>hp lpe R>, s_p Ap^pf udv$QpeQfZ pspAp_p Qpf
L$pf NZpep R>.
`Q`_p \d gpL$dp, "`yq$ dye psp' _p gnZp, bu
gpL$dp, depv$p ded psp_p gnZp, u A_ Qp\p gpL$dp depv$p
A^d psp_p gnZp A_ `pQdp gpL$dp depv$p Dd psp_p
gnZp_y hZ_ L$fhpdp Apey R>.
pspAp_p A_L$ L$pfp lphp R>sp, Ap Qpf L$pf_p pspAp_p
S> udlpcyA psp sfuL$ dpe fpep R>. Ae hp kpcm R> sp
Mfp, `fsy sAp psp _\u. L$pfZ L$ sAp S> L$pC kpcm R> s_u
L$pC`Z L$pf_u Akf sd_p d_, v$e, hpZu L$ hs_ D`f `X$su _\u.
Ap\u dp Ap Qpf L$pf_p pspAp_p S> gnZp Ap`Z kd ghp_u
S>$f R>.
`fsy epv$ fpMp L$ A Qpf L$pf_p pspAp_p gnZp Zu
gu^p `R>u, sd dmhg A op__u L$kpV$u D`f, psp sfuL$_p sdpfp
`psp_p gnZp_ sdpf QL$pku ghp_p R>. sd L$fsp sd depv$p
A^d psp_u L$npdp Aphp sp sd sdpfu s_ cpeipmu dp_.
L$pfZ L$ sd s L$npdp lip sp s_p\u ApNm h^u_ depv$p ded
psp A_ s\u `Z ApNm h^u_ depv$p Dd L$ `yq$ dye psp_u
363

L$npA sd `lpQu iL$ip. `fsy L$kpV$u bfpbf L$f. QL$pkZu bly

L$pm`|hL$ L$f. D`gL$ L$kpV$u hX$ r_Ze bp^u _ gip.
udv$pQpeQfZ pspAp_p Qpf L$pf NZph R> :(1) `yr$ dye psp
(2) depv$p ded psp
(3) depv$p A^d psp (4) depv$p Dd psp
(1) `yr$ dye psp : `yq$ dye psp_p Z ^p_ gnZp
Ap`uA bspep R>. (A) uL$Z fk rhrn dp_kp: (b) Ar_hsp
gpL$hv$ A_ (L$) hZpkyL$p:
(A) uL$Z fkrhrn dp_kp: AV$g L$ uL$Z_p cS>_p_v$
$`u fkdp X|$bu_ S>_y d_ kv$p_v$ p L$fu fy R> shp pspAp.
uL$Z_p cS>__p Ap_v$ gpqL$L$ BqeS>r_s Ap_v$ L$fsp Sy>v$p R>;
s_p\u A_L$ OZp Dd A_ \peu R>. s Ap_v$_p A_ych sp S>Z
L$ep lpe s Z. A fk_p Ap_v$ sp L$pC iyL$v$h L$ L$pC iL$f rs
A\hp L$pC dufp L$ L$pC _ftkl A\hp L$pC k|fv$pk L$ L$pC `fdp_v$v$pk
S>hp hufgpS> Z. MpMf_u rMkL$pgu kpL$f_p hpv$ _ Z.
cS>_p_v$ sp dpep k|fv$pk A_ sdZ L$y - AL$p `g el kyM
(Ap_v$) L$lp cep ks L$` e. L$Z pL$V$e_p u qv$hk, L$Z
v$i__u OgR>p\u Ns Ahp cNhp_ iL$f NpLy$g_u NguApdp cdsp
lsp. ep\u sAp _v$pgedp Nep. L$Z v$i__u gpgkp es L$fu.
S>ipv$pA _p `pX$u. L$Z fyv$_ L$ey. As dpspA bpgL$Z_
rih_p lp\dp d|L$ep. h$`p_v$ `pdu iL$f cp_ c|ep. _pQhp
gpep. spX$h _e L$ey. Aphp R> A cS>_p_v$.
S> hp gpqL$L$ Ap_v$ (rhjep_v$)dp X|$bgp R> sd_ Ahp
cS>_p_v$_p epg L$hu fus Aph ? `yq$ dye psp s R> L$ S>
uL$Z_p cS>_p_v$ (h$`p_v$) _ dpZu_ (Zu_ _l] ; cS>_p_v$
dpZhp_u hsy R>) sdp r_d \C Nep lpe; sdp X|$bu Nep lpe A_
S>_y d_ s_p hX$ cfpC Ney lpe.
`fsy ApV$gp\u bk _\u. uL$Z fkdp d_ rhrn \pe s_y
364

`qfZpd iy Aph ? s h frs hrS>sp \C e. AV$g L$ uL$Z e

frs `pdg sp h_u Ae rhjepdp\u frs hrS>s (v|$f) \C e.
Ads_p hpv$ g_pf dpZk, Ae L$pB `v$p\pdp_p hpv$ dpZhp L$v$u
sepf _ \pe. s frs hrS>sp b_u e. L$Zfkdp frs A_ s rkhpe_p
Ae sdpd `v$p\pdp rhfrs (frs_p kv$sf Acph) - A R> `yq$ dye
psp_y gnZ.
(b) Ar_hp gpL$hv$ : AV$g L$ gpL$ A_ hv$dp Ap_v$
hNf_p. Aphp gpL$p_ L$pC gpqL$L$ L$ hqv$L$ am dmhhp_u CR>p lpsu
_\u. s\u sd_ gpqL$L$ L$ hqv$L$ rhjep bpbs L$iy `Z kpcmhpdp
urs lpsu _\u. sAp kpcmhp CR> R> dp cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$. A_
s kpcmu_ sAp L$hy am `pdhp CR> R> s Zp R>p ? s sp r_L$pd
cph kpcm_pf psp R>. s\u s L$hm cS>_p_v$_u pq $`u am
dmhhp CR> R>. uL$Z_p cS>__p Ap_v$ A Ad_y kp^_ R> A_ A
S> Ad_y am R>.
(L$) hZpkyL$p : AV$g L$ hZ L$fhpdp OZp Dkplhpmp.
hZ L$fhy A `Z AL$ rkq R>. lfL$pC dpZk kpcmu iL$sp li
`fsy s hZ L$fu iL$ R> Ahy _ L$lhpe. L$pfZ L$ hZ AL$pN rQ
L$fu iL$pe. hZ L$fsp s_y d_ A_L$ \m cV$L$sy lpe sp, sZ hZ
L$ey Ad _ L$lhpe. cNhv$ue (hL$sp) cS>_ L$f L$ cNhp__p NyZp_y
hZ_ L$f A_ psp s kpcmhp DkyL$ _ lpe sp AV$g L$ s_y
d_ Ae rhjepdp fdsy lpe sp sZ hL$sp_p iv$p_y hZ L$ey Ahy _
L$lhpe.
Ap fus `yq$ dye psp_p Z gnZp R>.
(1) uL$Z_p cS>_p_v$dp X|$bgp d_hpmp - uL$Z fk
rhrn dp_k hpmp; `qfZpd Ae rhjepdp frs _ lpe shp - frs
hrS>sp.
(2) gpqL$L$ L$ hqv$L$s rhjepdp S>_p Ap_v$ _\u Ahp Ar_hsp gpL$hv$.
365

(3) cNhv$ cS>_ kpcmhpdp Arsie Dkplhpmp hZpkyL$p: gpL$hv$.

c[shr^_u N\dp cs_p cy e_p cph_u Z
Ah\pAp bsphu R> - (1) d (2) Apk[s A_ (3) ek_. S>
dpZk L$Z-fk-rhrn-dp_k R>. AV$g L$ uL$Z_p cS>_ fkdp
X|$bgp R>. s dv$ip hV$phu_ Apk[s_u v$ipA `lpQhp_u sepfudp
R>. ep `lpQu_ s iuO ek_ v$ipA `lpQu S>i. s Apk[s_u
v$ipA `lpQhp Aphg R> s\u s_p gpqL$L$ hqv$L$ cph _$ \C Nep R>.
lh s_ uL$Z_u Apk[s AV$g L$ MQpZ R>; gpqL$L$-hqv$L$_u
Apk[s (MQpZ) fy _\u. hmu s, s_u L$Z_p cS>_p_v$_
`pdhp_u DkyL$sp_u DL$V$sp_ L$pfZ, ek_ v$ipA S>$f `lpQi. bly
S>gv$u `lpQi. `R>u sp s fp ApiL$fZ_u ek_ v$ipA `lpQu
S>i. V|$L$dp uL$Z fk rhrn dp_khpmp psp, ek_ v$ip sfa Nrs
L$fu fp lpB s cNhv$ NyZNp__p hZ dpV$ bly Apsyf fl R>. Aphp
psp, L$\p hZdp, dye psp sfuL$ NZpe R>.
(2) depv$p ded psp_p Qpf gnZp Ap`uA bspep R>.
(1) rhqL$g dp_k: (2) cNhdrs rhlhgp: (3) A\L$ r_$p:
A_ (4) hZpkyL$p:
(1) rhqL$g dp_kp: AV$g L$ S>_y d_ rhij L$fu_ L$pdm R>;
Ap R>; S>gv$u\u hu e R>, Ahp d_hpmp psp. Aq_u ApQ
gpNsp duZ sfs S> `uNm; gpY$y _ `uNm. gpY$p_ Aq_u ApQ
gpNsp, `uNmhp_ bv$g s Nfd \pe; A_ bu_ v$TpX$. s_
`uNmphhp dpV$ bly suh sp` CA.
rhqL$g d_k: psp Ahp psp R> S> cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$
kpcm R>. s kpcmu_ s_y v$e d rhlhm b_u e R>. s_u
ApMdp\u dpy L$ rhflpy hlhp dpX$ R>. rhvy$f Ahp rhqL$g
d_k: psp R>. de sd_ uL$Z_u gugpL$\p kcmph R>. s
kpcmu_, dprsfL$\u, sd_p v$edp X|$dp cfpB Aph R>. sAp
366

cphrhcpf b_u e R>. v$l_y cp_ kp_ c|gu e R>.

(2) cNhdrs rhlhgp: AV$g L$ cNhp__y dfZ \sp
dp\u S> v$l_y cp_-kp_ c|gu S>_pf. s "L$Z' _pd kpcm A_
v$lcp_ c|g Ahu s_u d_pv$ip \C e R>. uL$Z gugp_p kL$s
dp \spdp S> dlpcy Qse s\p dlpcy uhgc `psp_p
v$lp_yk^p_ qhkfu S>sp lsp. rhlhm b_u_, rhflL$psf b_u_ sAp
bcp_ \C `hu `f `X$u S>sp lsp.
(3) A\L$ r_$p: A\ AV$g Qpf `yfyjp\pdp\u L$hm A\
`yfyjp\_u pq L$fhp_u r_$p _l]. `fsy A Qpfe gpqL$L$ `yfyjp\p ^d, A\, L$pd A_ dpn_u pq L$fhpdp S>_u r_$p A\hp S>_y
epS>_ R> Ahp psp. Ahp psp b^u fus Dd R>. `fsy A\ r_$p_
L$pfZ s depv$p ded psp NZpep R>.
(4) hZpkyL$p : Aphp pspAp_u r_$p A\ pqdp S>$f
lpe R>; sd R>sp sAp cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$_p hZ dpV$ Dkplhpmp
lpe R>. ep ep cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$ \sp lpe ep s kpcmhp dpV$ s
v$pX$u e R>. AV$gy S> _l] rQ QpV$pX$u_ s hZ L$f R>.
`yq$ dye psp A_ depv$p ded psp hQ O kpe R>.
R>sp bdp `$`Z cv$ R>. dye psp_y d_ uL$Zfkdp X|$bu Ney
lpe R>. A_ s sdp kv$pL$pm X|$bgy fl R>. epf ded psp_y d_
uL$Zfkdp QpV$u e R>. S>$f; `fsy s sdp kv$pL$pm QpV$u flsy
_\u. A_ s_y v$e L$pdm S>$f lpe R>; `fsy epf cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$
\sp lpe epf s kpcmu_ s_p d_ D`f s_u OZu Dd Akf \pe,
Ae\p _l]; AV$gu lv$ S> s_y v$e L$pdm lpe R>.
dye psp cNhv$ fkdp L$ped rhlhg fl R>. s `psp_y
cp_-kp_ Nydphu bW$gp S> lpe R>- fp ApiL$fZ_u dpaL$. `fsy
ded psp sp epf As:L$fZdp cNhv$cph_u drs N epf S>
rhlhm d_hpgp b_ R>. A_ s`yfsy s cNhv$ fkdp X|$bgp fl R>.
dye psp A_pkL$s cph\u, L$iu `Z L$pd_p rkhpe,
367

r_epS>_ fus, cNhv$ NyZNp__y hZ L$fhpdp Apk[s fl R>.

`fsy ded psp hqv$L$ L$ gpqL$L$ r_$p fpMu_ cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$
kpcm R>. epf cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$ \sp lpe epf s L$pB`Z L$pf_u
gpqL$L$ L$pd_p fpMu_ s_y hZ L$fhp_u i$Aps L$f R>. Agb ApNm
S>sp, rQ rhs \sp, s_u hZ r_$p h^ R>. `R>u sp s `psp_p
rQ_ sdp X|$bpX$u_ A_ v$e_ sdp r_d L$fu_ hZ L$f R>.
Ap fus dye psp L$fsp, ded psp OZu _uQu L$np_p psp
R>.
(3) depv$p A^d psp_p Qpf gnZp R> :(1) e r_kqv$^ L$Zshd khcph_ rhvy$: AV$g L$ S>
r_:kv$l L$Z_p d|m sh_ khcph hX$ Z_pf R>. s_pdp L$Z
sh_y op_ R>. s Z R> L$ L$Z `|Z `yfyjpd `fb `fdpdp,
kv$p_v$ A_ ANrZsp_v$ cy R>. AV$g L$ sZ L$Zsh_y ey R>
kpfu fus `fsy lSy> ky^u dpey _\u.
(2) s Aphips sy rhL$gp: hp r_fp^ps sy rhL$gp: Q Ae\p _
Ahp R>. AV$g L$ L$Zsh_ dpZhp_u qv$ipdp s `Ngy dpX$u fp R>.
s\u L$psp Aphi Aphhp\u A\hp L$epfL$ rQhq_p r_fp^ \hp\u
A\hp b cph kp\ Aph (Aphi A_ r_fp^) epf s ApLy$mepL$ym
\C e R>. Ap b cph rkhpe_p L$pC`Z dpN s_pdp rhL$msp Aphsu
_\u. A_ Ap b cph `Z L$pedu lpsp _\u. `qfZpd s_u rhL$msp
L$pedu lpsu _\u.
s_pdp L$Z_p Aphi kv$pL$pm lpsp _\u. udlpcy Apop
L$f R> L$, "rhjep$ps v$l_pd _phi: kh\p lf:' rhje\u Ap$ps
v$ldp_ ulqf_p Aphi \sp _\u. A_p A\ A \ep L$ s_p v$ldp
rhjep cfgp R>. L$epfL$ hZ, L$us_ L$ tQs_ Apqv$ L$fhp_ L$pfZ s_p
v$edp\u \pX$pL$ kde dpV$ rhjep v|$f \pe, epf s \m L$Z_p
Aphi \C e. A\hp d__p r_fp^ \C e. AV$g L$ rhjepdp\u
rhf[s A_ cydp Apk[s \pe. Ap fus s_pdp L$epfL$ L$Z_p
368

Aphi \pe A\hp s_p d__p r_fp^ \pe epf s L$Z d\u rhL$gsp
A_ych R>; s_u A rhL$gsp L$pedu _\u. L$epfL$ L$epfL$ s Aphu e
R>. `fsy L$epfL$ Aph sp `Z cg, `fsy Aph sp R> _ ?
iyL$ op_u_ Aphu rhL$gsp _ Aph. A_ S>_pdp s Aph s
iyL$ op_u _ lpe. s op_u cL$s lpe. Ap R> depv$p A^d psp_y
buSy> gnZ.
(3) `|Z cph_ `|Zp\p L$v$p[Q sy khv$p AV$g L$ L$epfL$
(ldip dpV$ _l]) s `|Z cph\u `|Z A\hpmp (A_pkL$s) b_u S>sp
lpe R>. `fsy kv$pL$pm dpV$ shp lpsp _\u. `|Zp\p AV$g L$ S>Z
`psp_p A\ `|f`|fp p L$fu gu^p R> shp. Al] A\ AV$g `yfyjp\.
AV$g S>Z `psp_p b^p `yfyjp\p p L$fu gu^p R> shp A_ s\u
A_pkL$s. lh s_ L$pC `yfyjp\ p L$fhp_p bpL$u flsp _\u. s `|Z
A\, `|Z L$pd b_u Nep R>. `fsy s_u Aphu Ah\p (A_pkL$sp b_u
flhp_u) \pX$p kde dpV$ S> fl R>. - ldip dpV$ _l]. s\u S>d s_u
rhL$gsp s_p c[s cph_ L$V$ L$f R> sd (shu fus) s_u A_pk[s
`Z s_p c[s cph_ L$V$ L$f R>. Ap\u k`|Z`Z s L$Z h$`_p
ZL$pf op_u lphp R>sp s_pdp L$epfL$ L$epfL$ c[s cph Aphu e
R>. s kde s rhL$g b_u e R>. A_ s kde s A_pkL$s `Z b_u
e R>. Apd s op_u cL$s lpC s_ depv$pdpN}e A^d psp
NZhpdp Apep R>. A^d AV$gp dpV$ L$ s lSy> L$pedu c[s cph
^fphsp _\u.
(4) AekL$spsy e L$ rQs - AV$g L$ dpV$ cpN sp s L$pC
budp ApkL$s lpe R> (AV$g L$ v$lpqv$dp ApkL$s lpe R>.) depv$p
A^d psp L$Z sh_p opsp lpe R>. A_ L$epfL$ s rhL$g lpe R>;
L$epfL$ s A_pkL$s lpe R>. `fsy dpV$ cpN sp s cy rkhpe bu
L$ipdp AV$g L$ v$l, qh Apqv$dp Apks lpe R>. s\u s_ A^d
L$p.
sp lh depv$p ded A_ depv$p A^d psp hQ ip saphs
369

R> s CA.
ded psp_y d_ L$ped L$pdm lpe R>. s\u epf `Z s
cy_y _pd kpcm epf s hu e R>. s\u EgVy$ A^d psp_u
Apk[s qhij L$fu_ op_dp lphp\u s_y d_ op__u S>X$sphpmy lpe
R>. s_pdp du_u L$pdmsp lpsu _\u. op_u lphp\u s L$Z sh_
kv$l frls b_u_ A_ khcph\u Z R>. R>sp s_y d_ L$pdm _
lphp\u hZ_u Akf s_p D`f bly ApR>u \pe R>. L$epfL$ s_y d_
rhL$m b_ A\hp s A_pkL$s b_ `fsy A sp A`hpv$ $` R>. op__u
(L$pfp op__u) ^p_sp s_p d_dp ldip b_u fl R>.
c[s L$p'_ L$lhpe ? `lgp dplpe op_ \pe `R>u cydp
kyY$ A_ khspr^L$ _l \pe s_y _pd c[s. c[s \hp dpV$, Ap
fus, b hsy_u ApheL$sp R>. (1) cy_p dplpe_y op_ A_ (2)
cydp kyY$ _l (ApL$[dL$ A\hp A` kde dpV$_p _l _l])
udv$pQpeQfZ c[shr^_udp c[L$s_p S> Z `Nr\ep - d,
Apk[s A_ ek_ - NZpep R> s_p D5f `v$p`Z L$fhp dpV$ cy_p
d_ kyY$ A_ khpr^L$ b_phhp_u S>$f R>. sd \pe epf S> c[s
rk \pe.
s dpV$ `lgp dplpe op__u S>$f R>. cy e d D`
\hp dpV$ op__u rbgLy$g S>$f _\u Ahy L$lhy A _fu Aop_sp R>.
cy_p dplpe_ kd A_ s_p D5f rhQpf L$fp. AV$g s_p D`f
d_p ALy$f a|V$i. `R>u `cy_p dplpe_y hpfhpf hZ L$fhp\u _l
h^sp S>i A_ As s ek_dp `qfZdi. `fsy s dpV$ sdpf i$Aps
sp cy_p dplpe op_\u S> L$fhu `X$i.
ded psp_y dplpe op_ d\u ApNm h^u_ s_ Apk[s
L$ ek_ sfa gC S>sy lpe R>. epf A^d psp_y dplpe op_ S>
s_ dpV$ `ep b_u fl R>. s_p dplpe op__ L$pfZ s_p d_dp cy
e_p ALy$fp a|V$ R>. `fsy s d \pX$pL$ kde dpV$_p lpB, s_p A
cyd Apk[s L$ ek_ sfa s_ v$pfu S>sp _\u.
370

Ahp A A^d psp `psp_p d_dp cy_u dpV$pC (dlh) _p

epg_ ^pfZ L$fu_ S> `psp_ L$sp\ \ep kdS> R>. s\u L$epfL$ cy_p
NyZp_yhpv$_ kpcmu_ Aphidp Aphu e R>. A\hp L$epfL$ cy_p
NyZp_ kpcmu_ s_y d_ \pX$pL$ kde dpV$ gpqL$L$dp\u v|$f \C_ cydp
Apks b_ R>. AV$g L$p sp Aphi\u A\hp d__p r_fp^ hX$
(Apk[s_p cph\u) s cyd_u rhL$msp A_ych R>. `fsy s_p A
Aphi v|$^_ Nfd L$fhp\u \sp Dcfp S>hp R>. Nfdu Ap`hu b^ L$fp
AV$g s Dcfp idu S>i. bk, Ahy A^d psp dpV$ R>. cy_p
NyZp_yhpv$ kpcmhp_y b^ \ey AV$g s_p Aphi L$ s_u A_pk[s_p
Dcfp idu e R> A_ `|hhs s gpqL$L$ Apk[s_p L$mZdp NfL$ \C
e R>. s_p A hi L$ d__p r_fp^ nrZL$ (\pX$p kde dpV$_p) lpe
R>; L$pedu L$ gpbp Npmp_p lpsp _\u. L$ped dpV$ sp s_y d_ gpqL$L$
hqv$L$dp S> es fl R>. s_u Apk[s gpqL$L$ hqv$L$ L$pepdp S> lpe R>;
cydp _l].
ded psp dpV$ shy _\u. ded psp `Z A\L$ r_$phpmp
lpe R>. s_u r_$p `Z ^d, A\, L$pd A_ dpn_u pqdp lpe R>.
`fsy sAp k`|Z`Z Ahu gpqL$L$ A\ r_$phpmp lpsp _\u. sd_y d_
L$pdm lphp\, epf epf cNhv$ dqs \pe epf sd_y d_ rhlhm
b_u e R>. hmu cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$ kpcmhpdp sAp Dkplhpmp
lpe R>. s\u EgVy$ A^d pspAp gpqL$L$ Ap_v$ Ap`sp rhjep rhj
kpcmhp dpV$_p Dkplhpmp lpe R>. cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$ kpcmhp
dpV$_p Dkplhpmp lpe R>. cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$ kpcmhp dpV$ sdZ
`psp_p d__ `fpZ sepf L$fhy `X$ R>. sd L$fhp R>sp `Z sd_y d_
L$psp nrZL$ Aphi A\hp \pX$uL$ nZp dpV$ d__p r_fp^ S> p L$fu
iL$ R>. s\u rhij L$pC _l].
(4) depv$p Dd psp_p Z gnZp udv$pQpeQfZ
bspep R>.
(1) v$i, L$pg, e, L$s, d L$d L$pfs: AV$g L$ Ap R>
371

hsyAp_p kp^_ hX$ (kp^_ jV$L$) sAp cNhv$ NyZNp_ kpcm R>.
sAp cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$ kpcmhp dpV$ kpfp v$i (\m), kpfp kde
(L$pg), L$pC kpfy su\, L$pC kpfp ZL$pf `pk cy_y _pd (d)
kpcmhp S>sp lpe R>.
(2) A_e d_k: AV$g L$ A_e d_hpmp lpe R>. cy_p
NyZNp_ rkhpe buSy> L$iy _ kpcmhy A_ S> kpcmhy s `Z rQ_u
AL$pNsp\u kpcmhy Ahu sd_u hZ_u fus lpe R>. sAp AL$rQ
cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$ kpcm R>. s\u sAp A_e d_hpmp L$lhpe R>.
hZ L$fsp sd_y rQ bu L$pC S>epA cV$L$sy _\u lpsy.
(3) dep: AV$g L$ dfZ^d hpmp hp.
Al] de iv$_p A\ kdS>hp bly S>$fu R>. de AV$g
dfZ_ p h. S> S>d R> s df R> - se rl ^yhp dey - A
cNhp_ L$Z Nuspdp L$fgy L$\_ R>. s\u s ^yh ke R>. `fsy
S>dhy AV$g iy ? S>dhy AV$g `lgp _ lphy A_ `R>u A[shdp
Aphhy. Ap gpL$_p hp\u dpX$u_ kegpL$ ky^u_p b^p hp - dp_h,
en, Np^h, qL$f, v$h, v$p_h, C, bpqv$ b^p dlpv$hp `Z dfZ_
Apr^_ R>. Qsy:gpL$u cpNhsdp cNhp_ L$l R> L$ kS>_ (kNgugp)
`lgp ly AL$gp S> lsp A_ dlpge `R>u ly AL$gp S> lpCi. s_p
A\ A L$ dp `fp`f `fb `fdpdp AL$gp S> Ahp R> S>_p S>d
_\u; s\u sd_y dey `Z _\u. bpL$u_p b^p v$hpqv$ hp cy_u gugp
(kN) _ L$pfZ A[shdp Aph R>. sAp `lgp _ lsp. `R>u
A[shdp Apep. Ake hjp `R>u ge \sp sd_p ge \i A_
sAp _l] lpe. Aphy R> Adf NZpsp v$hp_y S>d-dfZ_y Q$. v$hp
Ap`Zu L$`_pdp _ Aph sV$gp qv$hkp, hjp, eyNp ky^u hsp lpe R>
s\u Ap`Z de dp_hp sd_ Ade (Adf) dp_uA R>uA. `fsy sAp
Adf _\u. S> AS>f lpe s S> Adf lpC iL$. AS>f sp L$hf `fb
`fdpdp uL$Z S> R>. s\u L$y R> "L$Zsy cNhp_ hed' s\u
Al] de iv$p_p A\ R> - Qpv$ gpL$_p b^p hp.
372

Ahp hpdp\u S> hp A_e d_k: lpe AV$g L$ cy

rkhpe bu L$pCdp sd_y d_ gpNgy _ lpe sp s Dd psp L$lhpe.
sd_p cNhv cph A_e lpe R>. AV$g L$ cNhp_ qkhpe bu
L$pCdp L$ L$ipdp sd_p cph lpsp _\u. gpqL$L$ L$ hqv$L$ e sd_u
Apk[s lpsu _\u. sd_y d_ iy cNhv$ cph\u kv$p cfgy lpe R>.
Ap sp bly Dd L$pf_p psp L$lhpe. Ad lpe sp sAp
AV$g L$ depv$p Dd pspAp A_ `yq$ dye pspApdp ip cv$ R> ?
sd_pdp S> cv$ R> A b L$pf_p pspAp_p _pd_u ApNm d|L$gp AL$
iv$\u `$ \C e R>. `lgp L$pf_p pspAp `yr$ dye pspAp
R>. A_ Qp\p L$pf_p pspAp depv$p Dd pspAp R>. sd_u hQ_p
cv$ kp^__p cv$ R>. d__u rhlhmsp, Apk[s_p rhjep Apqv$ b^u
bpbsp kfMu lphp R>sp, kp^_ frls b_u_, r_L$pd cph cy_p
NyZNp_ kpcm_pf `lgp L$pf_p psp R>. epf v$i, L$pm, e,
L$sp, d A_ L$d (kp^_ jV$L$) _p klpf AV$g L$ sd_ kp^_
b_phu_ Agb r_L$pd cph, cy_p NyZNp_ kpcm_pf Qp\p
L$pf_p psp R>. A bdp r_:kv$l `lgp L$pf_p psp Dd psp R>.
`Q` N\dp udlpcyA `$`Z bspey R> L$ s_ lu_
AV$g L$ A^d psp NZphp dpV$ `Z s pspA Aepe R>pX$gp lphp
CA. sZ A_epe NlZ L$fgp lphp CA. AV$g L$ `fdpdp
uL$Z rkhpe bu L$pC`Z v$hv$hu_p Ape s_ _ lphp CA. Ap
AL$ gnZ sp Ap gOyN\dp bsphg Qpf L$pf_p pspAp_ Nrcs fus
gpNy `X$ R>. `lgp A_epe A_ `R>u `psp_p AL$ dp Ape Ahp
cNhp_ uL$Z_p NyZNp_ kpcmhp dpV$_u h_u epesp_p
Ap^pf sd_p Qpf L$pf `pX$hpdp Apep R>.
Ap gOyN\hpQu_, Ap`Z, psp sfuL$_u Ap`Zu epesp A_
L$pf_p rhQpf L$fhp fp.
-S>e uL$Z.
***
373

14. kepkr_Ze:
`pp`r_h e\
`qfepNp
rhQpe s
k dpNqse psp csp op_ rhijs: && 1
L$d d pN _ L$s e: ky s fp L$rgL$pgs:
As Apv$p c[sdpN L$sehpqQpfZp && 2
hZpqv$h e\
L$s eh _
_ es
klpekNkpehps kp^_p_p Q fnZps && 3
Arcdp_ps q ep N ps sd rhfp ^ s:
Nlpv$bp^L$h_ kp^_p\ s\p eqv$ && 4
AN r ` spv $ i f h k N p chrs _pe\p
he Q rhjep$ps: `pjX$u epy L$pgs: && 5
rhjep$psv$lp_p
_phi:
khv$p
lf:
Asp kp^_ csp _h epN: kyMphl: && 6
rhflp_ychp\
sy
`qfepN:
ies
heb^r_he\ hj: kp _ Qpe\p && 7
L$p[X$ep Npr`L$p: psp Nyfh: kp^_ Q ss
cphp cph_ep rk: kp^_ _peqv$es && 8
rhL$gh s\p@hpe L$qs: pL$s _ rl
op_ NyZp seh hsdp_e bp^L$p: && 9
kegpL$ q\rsop_ps kepk_ rhirjsps
cph_p kp^_ e ag Qpr` s\p chs && 10
spip: kegpL$pv$p rs$eh _ kie:
brls L$V$: hpdp b[hs rhiqv$ && 11
sv$ h kL$gp b^p _pid r s _ Qpe\p
NyZpsy kNfprlep$uh_p\ chqs rl && 12
cNhp_
ag$`hpp
bp^L$
Ces
hpehpe _ L$se v$epgy_ rh{$es && 13
374

&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&

vy$gcpe `qfepN: Zp rkers _pe\p &

op_dpN sy kepkp qrh^pr` rhQpqfs: && 14 &&
op_p\ d y fp N Q rkqS > dis : `fd &
op_ Q kp^_p`n eopqv$hZpdsd && 15 &&
As: L$gp k kepk: `pp`pe _pe\p &
`pjrX$h chQpr` sdpop_ _ keks && 16 &&
ky s fp L$prgv$p j pZp bghpqv$rs q\qsd &
c[sdpNr` Qv$v$pj:sv$p qL$ L$pedyes && 17 &&
Apfc _ _pi: epv$ $psepecphs: &
hpelsp: `qfepNpp^: L$_pe kchs && 18 &&
lqff _ i_p r s L$sy bp^p Ly $ sp ` f &
Ae\p dpsfp bpgp, se: `y`yjy: hrQs && 19 &&
opr__pdr` hpe _ _ cs dp l reers &
Apdv$: repr` rL$d\ dplreers && 20 &&
sdpvy $ sL$pf Z `qfepNp rh^uespd &
Ae\p ces hp\pqv$rs d r_[sp drs: && 21 &&
Crs L $ Zkpv$ _ hgc _ rhr_qsd &
kepkhfZ csphe\p `rssp chs && 22 &&
&& Crs udgcpQpeQfZL$qV$s: kepkr_Ze: kdp: &&

hZ A_ Apd_ k_ps_ tlvy$ ^d_p Ap^pf \cp NZhpdp

Apep R>. hZ Qpf R> - bpZ, nqe, he A_ iy. Apd `Z
Qpf R>. bQe, Nl\, hp_\ A_ kes. eL$ h `ps S>
hZdp S>d, s hZ_p L$dp L$fhp_p R>. A_ `psp_p h_ L$pm
v$fep_, Qpf Apd_y `pg_ L$fu_, As h__u kdpr L$fhp_u R>
Ahu ip_u Apop R>.
`fsy hZ A_ Apd Apdp_p ^d _\u. Apdp _\u bpZ
375

L$ _\u nqe; s _\u he L$ iy. Apdp _\u bQpfu L$ _\u Nl\;

s _\u hp_\ L$ _\u kepku. udp_ cyQfZ uNykpCA
Apdp_p (`psp_p) `qfQe Ap`sp Ap dpZ L$y R> :_pl rhp _ Q _f`rs _pr` hep _ i|p &
_pl hZ} _ Q Nl`rs _p h_\ ers hp &&
qL$sy pqrMg `fdp_v$ `|Zpdsp^ &
Np`ucsy: `v$ L$dgep v$pk v$pkp_yv$pk &&
A\ps :- ly (Apdp) bpZ, nqe, he L$ i| _\u.
bQpfu, Nl\, hp_\u L$ kepku _\u. `fsy ly sp Ars
DS>hm, r_rMg `fdp_v$ `|Z fkpds_p kpNf Ahp, uNp`uS>_
hgc_p QfZL$dg_p v$pk_p `Z v$pk Ry>.
hZpd sp gpL$ehlpf A_ gpL$h__p ^dp R>. s v$l_p
^dp R>. h v$iL$pm_ Ar^_ flu_ s ^dp `pmhp_p R>. Ahu ip_u
Apop R>.
`fsy ApS>_p L$rgL$pmdp, epf Qpf_ bv$g Qpfkp hZp A_
Qpv$ Apdp \B Nep R>. epf hZpd ^d_ hmNu flu_ s_y
Q|s`Z `pg_ L$fhp_p ApNl fpMhp A L$pmbm_p kpd_p L$fhp
kdp_ R>. ApS> sp hZpd ^d_p pk \ep R>. s\u gpL$p_ Ad L$lhy
L$ `Qpk hj_u he sdpf Nl\pd_p epN L$fu_, hp_\
(r_hqde) h_ hhp_y R> A_ cyL$`p\u `Qpsf hj_u he
`lpQp sp kNpkb^u A_ Ofbpf Apqv$ b^y R>pX$u_ sdpf kes
huL$pfu_, h_dp S>B_ flhp_y R> sp s L$V$g Ai D`eyL$s R> s
rhQpfhy fy. `Qpsf hj_u he `Z S>_y d_ kpkpqfL$ rhjepdp fdsy
lpe s_ Ad L$lhpdp Aph L$ kh rhjep S>hp L$ kp, k`q,
ksrs, Ofbpf, kNp-_lu Apqv$ b^p_p epN L$fu_ lh sdpf
kepku b_u h_dp rhQfhp_y R>. sp s_p Adg L$pZ L$fi A_ L$hu
fus L$fi ? kepku_p epNnd hl__p bp Ap`Zp ApS>_p kdpS>
D`pX$i Mfp ? L$ `R>u sZ `psp_p epNnd hl__p b^p bp Bhf_
376

(fpd cfpk) kp`u v$hp_p R> ? lp, s Bhf_ kp`u v$ sp Bhf s_p
epNnd_y hl_ Ahe L$f. sdp gi dp kv$l _\u. `fsy s dpV$, kh
rhjepdp rhf[s, A_ AL$ dp cydp A_yf[s fpMu_, AV$g L$
Ae\prsespdp, r_e eyL$sp D`pks - Ahu d__u Y$ [\rs \B
lpe sp cy S>$f s_p epNnd_y hl_ L$f. `fsy Ahp cph L$V$gp hp
A_ych R>.
V|$L$dp, kepk r_Ze N\dp udv$pQpeQfZ h, `psp_p
h__u Dfph\pdp kepk_y hfZ L$fhy L$ L$d s bpbsp rhQpf L$ep
R>. Ap`uA kepk dpV$ `qfepN iv$_p epN L$ep R>. ApS>_p
eyNdp L$pB dpZk kepk g, `fsy v$iL$pg_ Ap^u_ `qfbmp s_ dpV$
Ahy kepku h_ hhp_y iL$e _ b_hp v$ sp s `y_: kkpfdp hi
L$f. sd L$fsp s_ peqQs L$fhy `X$. A peqQs_u r_hr A\
udlp`cyA Ap N\dp bly KX$p rhQpf L$ep R>.
v$iL$pm_ A_y$` Nl\ h_ R> L$ kes h_ R> - A
QQp_p rhje R>. s\u s_u rhjv$ QQp \hu S>$fu R>. udlpcyA
Ap gOyN\dp A rhje_u QQp L$fu R>.
op_ dpNdp dydyny_ ep ky^u bop_ (dpn)_u pr _ \pe
ep ky^u, hZpd ^d_y `pg_ L$fu_, Qp\p Apd sfuL$ kepk NlZ
L$fhp_u ippop R>. `fsy Qpf Apd_y `pg_ L$f_pf hp `Z `psp_p
AL$S> S>ddp dpn_u pr L$fu g Ahy cpeS> b_ R>. udlpcy
sp AV$g ky^u L$l R> L$ op_dpN}Ap `Z kL$X$p S>d `R>u dpn pr
L$fu iL$ R>. kkpf_u dpep op_u `yfyjp_ `Z Ahp sp S>L$X$u fpM R> L$
sdp\u R|>V$hp_y s_ dpV$ O dyL$g b_ R>. sp `R>u dpn pr_u sp
hps S> iu L$fhu ?
Ahy S> c[sdpN}Ap dpV$ `Z R>. c[sdpNdp Nl\pdu
h_ hsp hsp, ep ky^u cy e_p d cph Apk[s\u
ApNm h^u_ ek_ v$ipA _ `lpQ ep ky^u h A_L$ S>dp ghp
`X$ R>. Agb, sdp AL$ A`hpv$ R>. A_ s R> "cy_p A_yNl'.
377

cy_p A_yNl `pdu_ h, nZhpfdp ek_ v$ip p L$fu iL$ R>.

A_ A fus s c[sdpN}e dpn `pd R>.
A_, Ap L$rgL$pgdp, L$ddpN\u dpn pr L$fhp_y bly vy$L$f,
gNcN AiL$e, b_u Ney R>.
Ap b^u bpbsp_p rhQpf L$fu_ v$iL$pg_u `qf[\rs_ ep_dp
gB_, Ap`uA Ahp r_Ze L$ep R> L$ "L$hm c[sdpNdp A_ s `Z
ek_ v$ip_u pr \egu, rhfl v$ip_p A_ych L$fhp dpV$ S>,
c[sdpN}e kepk ghp.
udv$pQpeQfZ Apop L$f R> L$ udv$ cNhv$ Nuspdp bp^g
Z dpN - L$d, op_ A_ r_:kp^_sp A_ ifZpNrs_p cphhpmp
dgnZp c[sdpN L$rgeyN_p hp_p DpfL$ b_u iL$ R>. `fsy s
Z dpNdp c[sdpN_p b gnZp bspep R> (1) r_:kp^_sp AV$g
L$ v$u_sp A_ (2) sv$pesp AV$g L$ k`|Z ifZpNrs.
h `psp_p kp^_bm hX$ A_ cy rkhpe_p Ae L$pB_p
Ape NlZ L$fu_, cy_ p L$fu iL$ _l]. s\u S> A$pnf A_
bkb^_p d pfp Apdkd`Z L$fu_, h h$`p_v$ p L$fu iL$
R>. Apdkd`Z L$fsp D` \eg d A_ c[s_u hq dpV$
Ap`uA khp_p b^ L$ep R>. khp L$fhu AV$g "h__u b^u
q$epAp_ cNhde b_phhu.' khp L$f_pf cL$s_y ApMy h_ cykhp A\ R>; A_ s_u b^u q$epAp skyMpe AV$g L$ cy_p kyM A\
R>.
Aphu khp L$fhp dpV$ h Nl\ ^d_y `pg_ L$fhp_y R>; s_
kepk ghp_p _\u. c[s_p Dv$ch A_ `pjZ (hq) dpV$
udlpcyA Nl\pd_u hpX$_ Ar_hpe dp_u R>. c[s_p buS>
cph_ Y$ L$fhp_ dpV$ cs Ofdp flhp_y R>; A_ Ofdp flu_ khp
L$fhp_u R>. V|$L$dp, Ap`uA `yr$ c[sdpN_u Bdpfs_y QZsf
Nl\pd_p `pep D`f L$ey R>.
A_p A\ L$pB Ahp _ L$f L$ Nl\ h_ pfp, rhgpk_
378

`pjZ dm Ahp dpN, udlpcyA r_S> khL$p_ Dep R>.

Ap`uA sp `QgpL$u _pd gOyN\dp `$ Apop L$fu R>, ""Nl
khpd_p epe'' A\ps Nl_p khpdcph epN L$fp. cy pr
dpV$_p A S> khpd dpN R>. `fsy ApS>_u Asu rhjd S>qV$g
kpdprS>L$ `qf[\rsdp NlepN L$ep `R>u iy ? ss: qL$d ? NlepN
L$ep s\u iy ?
Of R>pX$ey. `fsy Of R>pX$hp_p L$pfZ$` rhjep_p epN _ L$ep.
`qfZpd A S> rhjepdp AiL$s b_u_ `y_: Ofdp hi L$ep. A sp
Apdp_p rh_pi_p dpN R>.s \u Ap`u Apop L$f R> L$ Of_p kh\p
epN L$fu_, ^d A_ Bhf_ p L$fhp_y iL$e _ lpe sp AL$ bu
fsp `Z R>. A_ s A L$ L$Zp\ ss eyrS>s & AV$g L$ Of_p D`epN
L$Zp\ L$fp. A_ cNhv$ cph_ `pjZ (hq) dm s fus kkpf_
cpNhp - s_ es_ cyrS>\p & A\ps Of_p epN L$fu_ s_ cpNhp.
udlpcyA epN_u epep Ap fus Ap`u R>. kp_yfpN
NlZpcph epN & AV$g L$ Nl Apqv$_ A_yfpN (Apk[s) `|hL$
`L$X$u _ fpMhp s_y _pd epN. Ofdp flp. `fsy A Of_ cy_y Of
kd. k`q, ksqs, u, kNp-_lu b^p kp\ kb^ fpMp; `fsy
s b^p sd_ cy_u pr L$fhpdp klpeL$ b_sp lpe sp; Ae\p
sd_p\u v|$f flp. Alcph A_ ddh R>pX$u_ sv$ueh L$mhp. Ap fus
Ofdp flip sp sdpfu Apd Nrs_p dpNdp s bp^p$` _l] b_.
udv$pQpeQfZ_u Nl\pd e_u Aphu cph_p lphp_
L$pfZ, Qrgs Apd `rs_u r$ c[sdpNdp kepk_y iy h$`
lpB iL$ s_p Ap`uA rhQpf L$ep. A_ s_p `qfZpd $` Ap N\_u
fQ_p \B.
Ahy L$lhpe R> L$ kepk r_Ze N\, Ap`uA r_S> khL$
_flqf kepku_ kepk_p iy h$`_p D`v$i Ap`hp dpV$ L$V$ L$ep
R>, S>dp Ap`uA Ap dpZ r_$`Z L$ey R>.
L$d dpN A_ op_dpNdp kepk ghp epe _\u. A_
379

c[sdpNdp `Z kp^_ rk dpV$ kepk ghp A kyMv$peL$ _\u.

A_s hjp\u Ap`Z_ cy_p S> qhepN \ep R> s rhfl_p L$gip_v$_p
A_ych_ dpV$ cy_u fZp \pe sp A_ sp S> c[scpN}e
kepk NlZ L$fhp B$ R>. sd _ lpe sp ApQpeuA v$iphgu
ZprgL$p\u s_y rh khp L$fu_ h depv$pdp flhy.
kepk r_Ze N\_y sp`e Ap fus kdhu iL$pe :kepk_p Z L$pf R> - e\p (1) L$ddpN}e (2) op_dpN}e A_
(3) c[sdpN}e kepk. sdp (L$) L$ddpN}e kepk r_rj R>. A_ s `Z Mpk L$fu_ Qpgy
S>dp_pdp AV$g L$ L$rgeyNdp.
(M) op_dpN}e kepkdp b `V$p L$pfp R> (A) rhrhqv$j
kepk A_ (Ap) rhs kepk - A b v$pjeyL$s lphp\u, s `Z
r_rj R>.
(N) c[sdpN}e kepk_p `Z b `V$p L$pfp R> : (A)
kp^_p\ A_ (b) agp\ - gu^g kepk. kp^_p\ gu^g
c[sdpN}e kepk kyMphl _\u. A_ agp\ gu^g c[sdpN}e
kepk kyMphl _\u. A_ agp\ gu^g c[sdpN}e kepk
rhfl_p A_ych L$fhp dpV$ gu^p lpe A_ s `Z sd L$fhp_u cy_u
fZp \sp gu^p lpe sp sd L$fhy A cs_y L$se R>.
v$i qv$Ns rhS>eu Np. u`yfyjpd Apop L$f R> L$ cNhp_
udv$ hgcpQpe_ v$l_p `qfepN L$fhp_u A_ v$i_p `qfepN
L$fhp_u Ad b ApopAp L$fu; s `ps ApNm a|fsp rhQpf\u `pmu
_l]. epf cNhp_ (`psp_p) ke A_ `ps (cNhp__p) khL$
lphp\u, cNhv$pop DO_ L$fhp\u, `Qpsp` \ep. AV$gpdp gpL$_p
epN (kes NlZ) L$fhp_u cNhp__u u Apop \B. epf `ps
rhQpf L$fhp gpep L$ cNhp_ dpfp D`f k R> L$ _l] ? k _
lpe sp (s dpfu) D`np S> L$fs, Apop L$fs _l], dpV$ k R>, A sp
_$u.
380

`fsy Ap fus b Apop _l] `pmhp R>sp (cNhp_) k R>

s_y L$pfZ iy ? Apd rhQpf L$fsp, cy_u Apopdp "v$l' A_ "v$i'
iv$p_ eprNL$ A\dp h`fpegp kdep. `qf[\rs kB R>, S> s
b Apop `mpB NB lphp_p kL$s L$f R>. s Ap fus v$ui AV$g Arsv$p_; s_p D`f\u v$i iv$ b_ R>. v$iepN
AV$g Arsv$p__p epN. Ap`uA Ap udv$ cpNhsu_u k|d V$uL$p_u
fQ_p L$fu lsu. s Ap`u_y cNhv$uep_ L$fgy dlp_ dpVy$ v$p_
(Arsv$p_) lsy. `fsy kNhips s k|d V$uL$p_u r_hq \B NB (s MphpB NB ep d|L$u lsu ep\u _ dmu) s\u s `qf[\rs_
qv$i_p epN (Arsv$p__p epN) \B Nep Ad kdey. A fus
v$iepN \ep.
Ahu fus qv$l AV$g hq `pdhy. s_p D`f\u v$l iv$ \pe.
dp^h c$ L$pdufu gML$ (grlep) lsp. sd_p gMpZ\u Ap`u_p
N\pqv$_u hq \su lsu. `fsy L$pdufu_ bpZ hpNsp sd_u r_hq
(r_e gugpdp S>hy s) \B NB. s\u A qv$l (N\ hq)_p epN \ep
NZpe. A_y _pd v$lepN.
Ap b v$l A_ v$i epN cNhp_ S> L$fpep lsp. Ap fus A
b Apop cNhp_ S> rk L$fphgu lsu. s bsph R> L$ cNhp_ `ps
r_S> v$pk (uhgc) D`f Ak _\u. Ap b Apop S>d vy$oe
(kdS> _ `X$ shu) lsu sd Ap u Apop (gpL$ NpQf_u Apop) `Z
vy$oe R>, Ad (Ap`u) kdep. A_ L$ \d b Apop `mpB lsu.
`fsy `ps s `pmhp e_ L$ep _ lsp. dpV$ s e_ _ L$fhp\u sd_
`Qps \ep. A `Qpsp` L$hu fus r_h \pe A rhQpf L$fsp, lh \su
Ap (u) Apop (gpL$ epN) _p rhje_p rhQpf L$fhp\u S> cNhp_
`Qpsp` r_h L$fi Ad r_Qe L$fu_, `psp_u Ah\p_y k|Q_ L$fsp
`qfepN AV$g iy s_y r_$`Z L$fhp_u rsop L$f R>.
e\p - `Qpsp` r_he\ `qfepNp rhQpes &
k dpN qse pL$sp cL$sp op_ rhijs: &&1&&
381

gpL$p\ : `Qpsp`_u r_hq_ dpV$ `qfepN A\hp kepk_p

rhQpf L$fhpdp Aph R>. kepk rhij L$fu_ c[sdpN A_ op_dpN
Ad b dpNdp L$lgp R>.
`Qpsp` r_hq dpV$ `qfepN_p rhQpf L$fhp AV$g iy ? A
bpbsdp uNpLy$g_p\, ufOy_p\, uNpLy$gpkh, uNp`hf
Apqv$ kd\ V$uL$pL$pfp `f`f kp\ kds _\u. s b^p_p ds Sy>v$p R>.
A_ u`uspbfpe u`yfyjpd dlpfpS> A b^p\u Sy>v$p `X$ R>.
u`yfyjpd dlpfpS> Apop L$f R> L$ Ap kh dlp_ycphuAp
`f`f kds _\u, Ad d_ gpN R>. A_ As:L$fZbp^ N\dp S>
`Qpsp` A_ `qfepN b iv$p Aphgp R>, s b iv$p_p Al]
(Ap N\dp) rhQpf R>. s\u s S> `Qpsp`_u r_hq L$fhp_y Al] L$y
R>. Ahp A\ ly L$fy Ry>. Apd A\ L$fhpdp d_ L$pB v$pj v$Mpsp _\u.
cNhp_ `qfepN_u Apop L$fu R>. A_ `ps (uhgc)
`qfepN L$fhp_p r_Qe L$ep R>. epf `qfepN_p rhQpf_y epS>_ iy
? sp L$y L$ `qfepN b dpNdp L$fgp R>. L$ep b dpN ? A_ ip dpV$
b dpNdp L$p R> ? sp L$y L$ "c[sdpN A_ op_dpN' c[sdpNdp
(1) Apfc v$ipdp A_ (2) rk v$ipdp A_ op_dpNdp (1)
rhrhqv$ip (Zhp_u BR>p$`) v$ipdp A_ (2) rhv$ (epf hfpe
OZp \pe sp) v$ipdp kepk ghp_y L$y R>.
kepk r_Ze N\_p `lgp gpL$_p \d QfZdp Ap`u_p
d_dp Qpgsp rhQpfp_u sph_p fS|> \pe R>.
op_dpNdp kepk Qrgs R>. A_ op_uAp_ dpV$ s
Ar_hpe NZpe R>. `fsy v$iL$pm_ Ap^u_ s_u iu [\rs R> ?
hsdp_ v$iL$pmdp kepk ghp sp L$hp kNpdp ghp ? Ap b^u
bpbsp_p rhQpf L$fsp Ap`u Apop L$f R> :`psp` r_he\ `qfepNp rhQpes - AV$g L$ `psp`_u
r_hq dpV$ `qfepN (kepk) _p rhQpf L$fhp_p R>. AV$g L$ kepk
gsp `lgp L$ gu^p `R>u `Qpsp` \pe sp s_u r_hq L$hu fus
382

L$fhu s _ Ap`u_p qhQpf^u_ R>. L$pfZ L$ :Ap Mg^d} L$rgL$pg R>. L$rgeyNdp kepk gB_ s_y e\prQs
ApQfZ L$fhy A O L$qW$_ R>. sd R>sp ippop kd_ s
huL$pfu ghpdp Aph A_ `R>u hpsrhL$sp_p kpd_p L$fsp Ahy gpN R>
s kepku bep sp Mfp `fsy kepku sfuL$ hhy A_ kpQp
kepku_y ApQfZ L$fhy O dyL$g R>. epf `ps kepku b_hp_u
L$fgu c|g h_ kde R>. A_ Aphu c|g _ \pe A_ `Qpsp`
L$fhp S> _ `X$ s dpV$ `lg\u kes NlZ_p b^p `pkpAp_p rhQpf
L$fu gu^p lpe sp kpfy, Ahu Ap`u_u Apop R>.
`Qpsp` bu fus `Z \pe. h cy\u rhMyV$p `X$ep. sZ
dp_h v$l ^pfZ L$ep. A vy$:kN (dpep)dp akpep. s S>Ns_p rhjepdp
gy^ \ep. A_ `psp_y h$` c|gu Nep. h$`_ c|gsp, v$lpepk,
Bqepepk As:L$fZpepk A_ pZpepk_ L$pfZ, `psp_p h__y
^p_ L$se iy R> s_y cp_ s_ _ fy. Aphu Ah\pdp, Ap`Zp
kd\ Nyfyv$h uhgc L$`p L$fu_ s_ h$`_y cp_ L$fpey. A_ s_p
kb^ b (L$Z) kp\ bp^u Apep. R>sp `Z D`eyL$s Aepkp_p
cph\u s_y As:L$fZ cy rhjeL$ b_sy _\u. s\u rhjep sfa
MQpsp lsp s, h$` cp__ L$pfZ `Qpsp` L$f R>, L$ ""l cy !
Aepf ky^u_u dpfu v$Nu d Am Nydphu. lh sp dpf kpkpqfL$
rhjep_p epN L$fhp BA.'' Aphp L$pf_p `Qpsp` \pe epf A
b^p Aepkp_ v|$f L$fhp A_ vy$:kN_ R>pX$hp_u BR>p\u fpB_ s h
kepk ghp sepf \pe. sh kde s_ s kepk L$hp L$pf_p lphp
BA, s_p rhQpf L$fhp_p R>. kes_y kpQy h$` kde sp S>
h_ Am (r_am) Nep bpbs_p `psp`_u r_hq \pe.
Ap`Z `qfepN_p rhQpf ip dpV$ L$fhp ? Ap`Z `qfepN_p
rhQpf AV$gp dpV$ L$fhp L$ hNf rhQpf `qfepN L$fsp, s `pMX$$` b_u
S>hp_u cusu R>. `fsy rhQpf`|hL$ `qfepN L$fhpdp Aph sp s
vy$:kN A_ rhrh^ Aepkp_p epN$` b_u_ As:L$fZ_ cy rhjeL$
383

bpbsp sfa gB S>hp_p L$pfZ$` s b_i. s\u khNplu r$tbvy$\u

`qfepN_p b^p `pkp_ kd_ `qfepN_y h$` _$u L$fhy S>$fu R>.
udv$ cNhv$ Nuspdp cypr_p Z kyrk dpNp
bsphhpdp Apep R>. (1) L$ddpN (2) op_dpN A_ (3) c[sdpN.
Ap Z dpNpdp kepku_u iu [\rs lpB iL$ A_ L$hu lphu BA
s_y r_$`Z kepk r_Ze N\dp L$fhpdp Apey R>. Ap`u Apop L$f
R> L$ddpN _ L$se: kysfp L$rgL$pgs: &
AsApv$p c[sdpN L$sehpv$ rhQpfZp &&2&&
gpL$p\ :- lpgdp L$rgL$pg_ gu^ L$d dpN_ rhj kepk
L$fhp epe _\u. dpV$ \d c[sdpNdp (s) L$fhp epe lphp\u
(s_p) rhQpf L$fuA.
Ap rhje `fh u`yfyjpd dlpfpS> L$l R> L$ bQe,
Nl\, hp_\ A_ kepk - Ad Qpf Apd_p `n hX$ L$
L$ddpNdp `Z kepk L$p R>. sp `Z cNhp__y hQ_ R> L$ L$pduApA
L$depN L$fhp. s\u kkpfdp S>_u L$pd_p R> shp gpL$p L$ddpN_p
Ar^L$pfu R>. A_ hfpehpmp kepk_p Ar^L$pfu R>. s\u L$ddpNdp
kepk L$fhp _l].
L$rgL$pgdp, _l] L$fhp epe hsyApdp kepk `Z NZgp R>.
sp `R>u cg L$ddpNdp kepk _ L$fhp. sp `Z S> dpNdp s L$fhp_y
L$y lpe s dpNdp sp L$p dpZ L$fhp L$ _l] ? sdp rhQpf L$fhp_y iy
epS>_ ? sp L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p dpNdp Sy>v$u Sy>v$u v$ipdp
kepk L$fhp_p L$p R>. AV$gp dpV$ c[sdpNdp Apfcdp s L$fhp L$
_rl s_p rhQpf L$fuA R>uA.
c[sdpN_u Apfc v$ip AV$g iy ? L$pB`Z d_ye_ L$pB`Z
fus c[s D` \B lpe, s_u c[s_ h^pf_pf hZpqv$_p r_hpl
S> v$ipdp \pe s_ Apfc v$ip L$lhpe. hZpqv$_p Aepk \hp\u S>
v$ipdp Apk[s \pe s_ bu (ded) v$ip L$lhpe. A_ Apk[s
384

Y$ \ep `R>u S> v$ipdp ek_ rk \B iL$ s_ u (khpd) v$ip

L$lhpe.
Ap Z v$ipdp, S> v$ipdp L$rgL$pg hNf\u \sp v$pjp_p kb^
S>_ _ \pe s dpV$_u v$ip_p ag A_ h$`_p L$pf_p rhQpf Al]
L$fuA R>uA.
udlpcy Apop L$f R> L$ L$ddpNdp kepk_ L$pB \p_
_\u. L$pfZ L$ s dpNdp hsp ky^u Aq lpe Apqv$ L$dp L$fsp flhp_p
rhr^ R>. s\u kepk NlZ L$fu L$d R>pX$hp_p L$pB kde L$ddpN}_p
h_dp flsp _\u. Ap\u Qpf eyNdp L$ddpN}_ dpV$ kepk NlZ
L$fhp epe _\u. A_ sdp `Z L$rgL$pgdp sp rhij L$fu_ kepk
NlZ L$fhp_u d_pB ippA S> afdphu R>.
lh fp b dpN - op_dpN A_ c[sdpN. A bdp b b
L$pf_u `qf[\rs (v$ip) dmu Ly$g Qpf `qf[\rsdp kepk ghp L$ L$d
s_p rhQpf L$fu iL$pe. A Qpf `qf[\rs Ap dpZ R>.
(1A) c[sdpN_u kp^L$ v$ipdp - AV$g L$ cs v$edp
c[s_y buS> fp`pe A_ s hX$ c[s v$edp cyd Dv$ch s
pfrcL$ v$ipdp. epf`R>u sp s buS>_ `y$ L$fhp_y R>. khp A_
kd`Z pfp s_ `y$ L$fu iL$pe. epf v$edp Apk[s A_ ek_
Dv$ch. `fsy c[sbuS> `y$ \pe s `lgp_u v$ip AV$gL$ kp^L$
v$ipdp kepk ghp L$ L$d ?
(1b) c[sdpN_u Arsd v$ipdp AV$g L$ dc[s `y$ b_
A_ cs v$edp ek_ Dv$ch Ahu cs_u Arsd v$ip L$ S>_
ek_ v$ip A\hp rhfl_u v$ip L$luiy. A v$ipdp kepk ghp L$ L$d ?
(2A) op_dpN_u rhrhqv$ip v$ipdp - AV$g L$ op_pr_u
i$Aps_u v$ipdp kepk NlZ L$fhp L$ L$d?
(2b) op_dpN_u rhv$ v$ipdp AV$g bop_ dmep `R>u_u
v$ipdp kepk NlZ L$fhp L$ L$d ?
D`eyL$s Qpf - 1A, 1b, 2A, 2b - `qf[\rsdp h
385

kepk NlZ L$fhp L$ L$d s_u rhiv$ A_ kyv$f R>sp dprdL$ R>ZphV$
udlpcyA L$fu R>. A_ Ap`u Ahp r_L$j D`f `lpep R> L$
1b v$ipdp AV$g L$ c[sdpN_u ek_ v$ipdp cNhv$ rhfl_p
A_ych L$fhp dpV$ S> cy_u fZp \sp, `qfepN (kepk) L$fhp.
Ae Z `qf[\rsdp `qfepN L$v$u _ L$fhp. hmu op_dpN_u b
`qf[\rsdp `qfepN L$fhpdp Aph sp kepk NlZ L$f_pf_ `rss
(c$) \hp_p `|fp ce sdp flgp R>.
uApQpe dlpcy `ps c[sdpN}e lphp\u A_
crsdpNdp kepk L$se lphp\u, c[sdpNdp kepk L$hu fus
ghp s bpbs_p rhQpf `lgp L$f R>. `R>u Ap`u op_dpNdp kepk
NlZ L$fhp bpbs_p rhQpf L$fi. A Zdp\u AL$ S> dpNdp
kepk NlZ L$fhp_y L$y lps A\hp A Z dpN (op_, L$d A_
c[s) dp AL$S> L$pf_p kepk NlZ L$fhp_y L$y lps sp A
bpbsdp rhQpf L$fhp_p fls _rl. `fsy kepk sp b^p dpNdp L$lgp
R>. A_ s Mpk L$fu_ op_dpN A_ c[sdpNdp NlZ L$fhp Ad
rk \ey sp `R>u `lgp c[sdpNdp L$ep kepk L$hp L$pf\u ghp_u
cNhv$ Apop R> s_p r_Qe L$fhp dpV$, s AN rhQpf L$fhp_p pfc
\pe R>.
hZpqv$ rke\ L$seQs k _es &
klpe kN kpephps kp^_p_p Q fnZps &&3&&
Arcdp_pqepNpe sdQ rhfp^s: &
Nlpv$bp^L$h_ kp^_p\ s\p eqv$ &&4&&
ANr` spifh kNp crhs _pe\p &
he Q rhje$ps: `pjX$u epy L$pgs: &&5&&
rhjep$ps v$lp_p _phi: khv$p lf &
Asp kp^_ csp _h epN: kyMphl: &&6&&
gpL$p\ :- hZpqv$_u qkq kpfu fus \pe, s dpV$ kepk
ghp A epe _\u. L$pfZ L$ hZpqv$ (cNhv$uep_u) klpe\u A_
386

klpe, kN (cNhv$uep_p kN) \u rk \pe R>. A_ hZpqv$_p

kp^_p_y fnZ L$fhy BA. (S> epNdp b_ _rl)
hmu hZpqv$dp Arcdp_ A\hp Alsp ddsp fl R>. A_
hZpqv$ r_fsf L$fhy BA. sd L$fsp kepk ^d_p rhfp^ Aph R>.
Nlpqv$_, hZ hNfdp bp^L$ dp_u_, kp^_ L$fhp dpV$ kepk
ghp Ahp `n gBA sp `Z ApNm epN L$ep `R>u `Z shpAp_p S>
kN L$fhp `X$ R> A_ (sd L$fsp) L$pg_p v$pj\u `ps `Z rhjepkL$s
A_ `pMX$u \pe R>.
S>Ap_p v$l rhjepkL$s lpe R>, sd_ ldip cNhp__p
Aphi flsp _\u. s\u Al] c[sdpNdp kp^_ph\pdp kepk
kyML$pfu _\u (gpL$ 3 \u 6)
L$pB L$l L$ hZ, L$us_, dfZ, `pv$kh_, AQ_, hv$_,
v$pe, ke A_ Apdr_hv$_ - A _h^p c[s_ kpfu fus rk
L$fhp_ dpV$ kepk NlZ L$fhp, sp A `n (ds) ANuL$pf L$fhp epe
_\u.
A S> fus L$pB L$v$pQ Ad L$l L$ sd hZpqv$_ dpV$ rhr^`|hL$
kepk cg _ NlZ L$fp, `fsy Ofdp flip sp rhjepk[s \i A_
s cNhv$pk[s dpV$ bp^L$ R>. s\u NlepN L$fp AV$g L$
rhjepk[s_ V$pmhp dpV$ kepk NlZ L$fp. sp sd_p A `n (ds)
`Z ANuL$pf L$fhp epe _\u.
N\_p 3 \u 6 gpL$dp 1A_u `qf[\rsdp h kepk NlZ
L$fhp L$ L$d s bpbs_p rhQpf L$fsp, D`f_p b dsp_p rhQpf L$ep R>.
A_ As L$y R> L$ c[sdpNdp kp^_ v$ipdp (1A v$ipdp) kepk
kyML$pfu _\u s Ap fus kdS>hy (1A) c[sdpN_u kp^L$ v$ip L$ ApfrcL$ v$ip R>
c[sdpN_u kp^L$ v$ipdp, kp^L$ dpV$ c[sbuS>_ Y$ L$fhpdp b
kp^_p NZpep R>. (1) hZ Apqv$ _h^p c[s A_ (2) gpqL$L$
rhjedp A_pk[s A_ cydp Apk[s fpMhu.
387

Ap b kp^_p kepk pfp \B iL$ sp A_ sd_p\u

kp^L$_u c[s `y$ b_ A_ s_u c[s_p rhL$pk \sp s_ ek_
v$ipA `lpQhpdp kepk s_ hQ_$` \B `X$ sp kepk Ahe
NlZ L$fhp. `fsy udv$pQpeQfZ Apop L$f R> L$ kepk, A b
kp^_pdp\u AL$`Z kp^__ p L$fphu Ap`sp _\u; s\u c[s_u
kp^L$ v$ipdp kepk NlZ _ L$fhp.
h rhQpf L$ Ofdp flu_ dpfp\u hZpqv$ _h^p c[s kpfu
fus \B isu _\u. s\u Qpgp kepku b_u S>BA. s\u hZ L$us_
kpfu fus \B iL$i. `fsy Ad dp_hy A cpf dpV$u c|g R>. L$pfZ L$
hZ Apqv$ sp cNhv$uep_p kN\u \pe. hZL$us_ Apqv$ dpV$
kkN_u S>$f fl R>. A_ \pX$ Ai A\ (^_)_u S>$f fl R>. A_
kepku dpV$ kN A_ A\ b epe R>. kepku L$ped dpV$ AL$
\m flu _ iL$; s L$pB rhij cNhv$ue_p kN L$ped dpV$ khu _
iL$. kepku_p ^dp A_ kp^L$cs_p ^dp Sy>v$p R>. s\u cs_u
kp^L$ v$ipdp kepku b_hy A s_u c[s_p rhL$pk A_ `pjZdp
bp^p$` R>.
hmu kepku_u L$\p Nl\p A_ op_uAp_u L$np L$fsp `Z
KQp L$pf_u dp_hpdp Aphu R>. s\u kepku_ `ps KQu L$npA
lphp_y Arcdp_ \pe Ahy `Z b_. "ly kepku Ry>; ly L$pB_u `pk
L$hu fus hZ L$fy ? buApA dpfu `pk Aphu hZ L$fhy BA'
s_pdp Ap L$pf_y Ald Aphu e. A_ s L$pd$p^pqv$ jX$qf`yAp_ hi
\B e. `qfZpd s_u c[s_y `pjZ _ \sp s_y ^phpZ \B e.
A_ `R>u buSy> kp^_-gpqL$L$ rhjep A Ofbpf, `_u, `y,
gpL$ehlpfdp\u ^uf ^uf A_pkL$s b_sp S>hy s. kepku b_u
S>hp\u Ap kp^__u pr \hpdp L$iu dv$v$ dm L$ L$d s_p rhQpf L$fhp
fp.
kepku bep `R>u, hsdp_ `qf[\rsdp, kepku_ `psp_p
kepk_p r_hpl dpV$ `Z Ae gpL$p kp\ k`L$ fpMhp `X$ R>. `ps sp
388

Nlpqv$_p epN L$ep R>. `fsy S>dZ Nlpqv$_p epN L$ep _\u A_ S>Ap
gpqL$L$ rhjepdp ApkL$s R>. Ahp gpL$p_p kN sdZ L$fhp `X$ R>.
`qfZpd Apk[s ^fph_pf_p kNdp flu_, s `ps s_u dpaL$
rhjep$ps b_u e R>. A_ rhjep$ps v$ldp lqf_p Aphi \sp
_\u Ahu udlpcy_u Apop R>.
hmu sZ A`qf`L$h v$ipdp Nlpqv$_p epN L$ep lpe AV$g
L$ "dpfp S>hp cL$s dpV$ Of bp^L$ R> A_ kkpf `Z bp^L$ R>' Ahy
kd_ sZ NlepN L$ep lpe sp s A`qf`L$h v$ip_p epN
L$lhpe. Ahp NlepNdp epN_u kpQu cph_p_p Acph lpe R>.
Ahp h_u Apk[s Nlpqv$dp\u v|$f \B _\u; lSy> ky^u s_u Apk[s
gpqL$L$ rhjepdp b_u flu R>. dp A rhjepdp c[sdp bp^p$` R>.
Ahy kd_, sd_p e_u Apk[s v|$f _ \B lphp R>sp, sd_
bp^p$` kd_, sd_p epN L$f_pf_, s rhjep bdZp f\u `L$X$u
fpMi A _$u R>.
Nlpqv$dp Apk[s gpL$p kp\ k`L$ fpMhp\u A_ Ahp k`L$
sZ Ahe fpMhp `X$ R> s\u, ^uf ^uf s_pdp flgu Apk[s h^y suh
b_su e R>. A_ gpqL$L$ rhjep e_u s_u S> gpgkp kepk gu^p
`lgp lsu, s gpgkp kepk gu^p `R>u, Sy>v$pS> h$` h^y suhsp\u
Ns \pe R>. A_ `ps S> rhjep_ R>pX$ep lpe s_p S>hpS> `Z rc
$`dp A_p A S> rhjep s_ `psp_pdp ApkL$s b_ph R>. s_y v$e
Ahp rhjep_u hpk_p\u cfpB e R>. Ahy \hp R>sp, `ps cs,
kp^L$ A_ kepku lphp_p X$pm sp sZ L$fhp S> `X$ R>. Av$f\u
(d_\u) sp s rhjep_ khpsp lphp R>sp, blpf\u sZ rhjep R>pX$ep
lphp_y bsphhy `X$ R>. s_y _pd `pMX$. Aphu v$ipdp sZ epN
(kepku) _p bp rQl_ A_ hp ^pfZ L$ep lphp R>sp s dpV$ cpN
sp `pMX$u h_ `kpf L$f R>. A_ L$epfL$ Of R>pX$u_ Apd (Of L$fsp
h^y Apfpdv$peL$ L$ kyMv$peL$ \p_) hkphu_ sdp Apks b_u_ s fl
R>.
389

Aphp `pMX$u_u [\rs ""_l] Of_u _l] OpV$_u'' S>hu \pe R>.
s_p v$e_p fpN Nep _\u. s_y v$e gpqL$L$ fpNpqv$L$\u cfgy lpB sdp
ulqf_p Aphi \hp_y ie b_sy _\u. A_ cy sp gpqL$L$ fpNpqv$L$
frls Ahp v$edp S> hk R>. Apd R>sp kp^L$_u c[s h^y Y$
b_hp_u iL$esp flsu _\u. s_u Ahu A^L$Qfu [\rs s_p Apdp_u
D$prs dpV$ _\u. `fsy s s_p Apdp_p `s_ dpV$ R>.
Aphp `pMX$u kepku, kepku_p hp s\p rQ_p ^pfZ
L$fsp lphp\u, kdpS>dp dpV$p A_ Apv$fZue NZpe R>. `fsy s_p
Av$f_p fpN Nep _ lphp\u A_ rhjep e s_u rhf[s \B _
lphp\u, s A^d lpe R>. s dpV$p lphp_p Y$pN fu fpM R>. `fsy
Av$f_u Aiprs\u s_y d_ ny^ fl R>. Aphu [\rsdp s `psp_y L$
bu_y L$epZ L$hu fus kp^u iL$ ? c[sbuS>_ Y$ L$fu_ s sdp\u
Apk[s A_ ek_ v$ip_ L$hu fus `lpQu iL$ ? s\u Nlpqv$L$_
c[sdpNdp bp^L$ kd_ s_p epN L$fhp s s_ dpV$ L$pB `Z fus
epe _\u.
s_u Nldp\u Apk[s kpQ S> NB lpe sp Nldp flhp
R>sp s NlepN S>hu v$ipdp flu iL$ R>. s_u Nlpk[s v|$f \B lpe
sp, Ofdp `Z khp \pe, kkN k^pe A_ hZpqv$ \pe. `fsy s_y
d_ [\f _ lpe A_ s rhjep$ps lpe sp, h_dp `Z s_p\u khp _
\pe, kkN _ k^pe A_ hZpqv$ rk _ \pe. AV$gp dpV$ 1A
c[sdpN_u kp^L$ v$ipdp kes_p huL$pf _ L$fhp.
cNhp_ L$y R> L$ c[L$sdpNdp `qfepN L$fhp A L$se R>.
`fsy Ap`Z ey L$ c[s_ kp^_ v$ipdp s L$se _\u. sp `R>u
c[s_u Arsd v$ip (1b) dp AV$g L$ c[s_u rk v$ip (ek_
v$ip) dp s s_p agp`L$pfu AN$` L$se R> A _$u \pe R>. s\u lh
gpL$ 7 \u 13 1/2 ky^udp - rhflp_ychp\ sy `qfepN: ies \u
gB_ vy$gcpe `qfepN: fZp rkers _pe\p ky^udp - 1b dpZ
AV$g L$ c[sdpN_u Arsd v$ipdp _pe\p ky^udp - 1b dpZ
390

AV$g L$ c[sdpN_u Arsd v$ipdp `qfepN L$fhp S>; L$se kd_

L$fhp, A bpbs_p rhQpf L$fhpdp Apep R>.
rhflp_ychp\ sy `qfepN: ies &
ue b^ r_he\ hj: kp@ _ Qpe\p &&7&&
L$p[X$ep Npr`L$p: psp: Nyfh: kp^_ Q sv$ &
cphp cph_ep rk: kp^_ _pe qv$es &&8&&
rhL$gh s\phpe L$rs: pL$s _ rl &
op_ NyZpQ seh hsdp_e bp^L$p: &&9&&
kegpL$ [\rsop_ps kepk_ rhirjsps &
cph_p kp^_ e ag Qpr` s\p chs &&10&&
spip: kepgpL$pv$p rs$eh _ kie: &
brls L$V$: hpdp rhl_hrhiqv$ &&11&&
sv$h kL$gp b^p _pidrs _ Qpe\p &
NyZpsy kNfprlep h_p\ ch[s rl &&12&&
cNhp_ ag$`hpp bp^L$ Bes &
hpe hpL$e _ L$se v$epgy_ rh$es &&13&&
vy$gcpd `qfepN: Zp rkers _pe\p &&13pp &&
gpL$p\ :- cNhp__p rhfl_p A_ych L$fhp_ dpV$ sp kepk
ghp ikp`p R>. qv$X$, L$p`u_ ^pfZ Apqv$ hj `psp_p u-`ypqv$
kb^uAp\u \sy b^_ r_h L$fhp dpV$ R>. sdp buSy> L$pB epS>_
_\u. (7)
L$pqX$e F$rj A_ uNp`uS>_p ($d L$fu_ depv$p A_
`yr$dpN_p epN_p) Nyfy R>. A_ sdZ L$fgp kp^_ s S> kp^_ R>.
cph_p\u rk \egp cph sS> kp^_ R>. buSy> kp^_ Al] huL$pfpsy
_\u. (8)
rhL$gh A_ Ah\` A rhflph\p_p hcph R>, pL$s
_\u. A dpZ rhfleys `yfyj_ kh \m cNhp_ ep R> Ahy op_
391

A_ cNhp__p NyZ bp^ L$f_pf \pe R>. (9)

kepk\u bg \egp op_\u, kegpL$dp [\rs \pe R>.
A_ S> `yfyjdp cph_p$` kp^_ R> s_ ag `Z shy S> \pe R>. (10)
shp bg op_hpmp kepkuAp kegpL$ rhj S> fl R>. Adp
kie _\u. c[sdpNdp sp, S>d L$p$dp kh flgp Aq d\_\u
blpf L$V$ \B_ `pR>p L$p$dp hi L$f epf L$p$ dV$u_ Aq$` \pe
shu fus kh ep Apdp cph_p hX$ blpf L$V$ \B_ cusf hi
L$f epf S> kh b^ _pi `pd R> A_ bu L$pB L$pf `pdsp _\u.
cy_p kN _l] lphp\u shp cphhpmpAp_y h_ V$L$phu fpMhp dpV$
cy_p NyZp D`epNu \B `X$ R>. (11,12)
cNhp_ ag$` R>. s p \pe sp Al] c[sdpNdp bp^p$`
NZsp _\u cs_ h\sp \pe shy hpL$e cNhp__ L$se _\u L$dL$
cNhp_ v$epmy R>. s rhfy \sp _\u. Ap kepk vy$gc R>. s d\u
rk \pe R>, s rkhpe rk \sp _\u. (13pp)
u`yfyjpd Apop L$f R>, ""rhflp_ych AV$g iy?'' s_p
Z A\ \pe. (1) rhfl_p A_ych, (2) rhfl kde_p A_ych A_
(3) rhfl \pe `R>u_p A_ych. s\u A Zdp\u L$pBAL$_ dpV$
kepk ghp Ad argsp\ \pe R>.
(1) `lgp AV$g L$ rhfl_p A_ych A A\ gBA s kr$_u
i$Apsdp h cNhp_\u rhMyV$p `X$ep epf S> qhfl \ep s S> rhfl,
cNhv$pk[s \hp\u `y_: Ns \pe. A_ Ns \egp A rhfl_p
nZ nZ A_ych L$fhp dpV$ kepk ghp.
(2) bu AV$g rhfl kde_p A_ych A A\ gBA sp
c[s A_ epNdpepA kp\ flu_ "Apk[s cd epe' \u D`
L$fgp cNhp__p S> kpnpL$pf R> s_ dpV$ kepk ghp.
(3) u AV$g rhfl `R>u_p A_ych A A\ gBA sp
spfpdprhfc|s A gpL$dp L$lgp S>X$ kpnpL$pf $` A_ych s_ dpV$
kepk ghp.
392

Ap fus Ap Z L$pf_p rhflp_ych dpV$, AV$g L$ A Z

L$pf_p A_ych rk L$fhp dpV$ kepk ghp s kip `p R>.
rhflp_ychp\ sy `qfepN: ies.
cNhv$ rhfl L$hu fus \pe R> ? `yr$dpN}e hp_u kr$
cNhv$ $` khp\ - cNhp__p uANdp\u \B R>. s hp iy A_
rd Ad b L$pf_p R> :(1) iy hp, `psp_u BR>p\u, `fp`L$pfp\,
r_egugpdp\u c|sg D`f `^pfu_ cNhv$ rhepN `pd R>. (2) rd
hp_ L$pB hMs Aedp Apk[s \hp\u L$ AlL$pf\u L$ shp h_y
depv$pdp \p`_ L$fhp dpV$ A\hp ip`pqv$L$\u cNhv$ rhepN \pe R>,
Ahy `yr$hpldepv$p N\dp L$y R>. (3) kd`Z Nddp L$y R> L$
kl `qfhkf S>V$gp L$pg\u cydp\u eQfZ \hp\u, eyQqfs
\egp (AgN `X$gp) s hp_ cNhv$ rhepN \pe R>.
Ap Z L$pf_p h_ \eg rhepN_y r_hpfZ cNhp_ L$pB
L$pf_u A_ Mpk L$fu_ sp h_ A_e c[s Ap`u_ L$f R>. A fus
cy\u \eg rhfl_p A_ych L$fhp dpV$, c[sdpNdp, Arsd v$ipdp
kepk ghp A kip`p R> Ahy udlpcyA L$y R>.
Ap`uA A L$pf kepk ghp A kip`p R> Ahy L$y
sp rhr^hs kepk_p hi ^pfZ L$fhp Ahy ip dpV$ _ L$y ? sp L$l R>
L$ hue b^ r_he\ hj: A\ps ue AV$g `psp_p u-bpmL$p
Apqv$\u \sp b^ (b^_) r_h L$fhp dpV$ S> kepku_p hi ^pfZ
L$fhp_p R>; hi ^pfZ L$fhp_y buSy> L$pB epS>_ _\u. Ahy b_ L$
kepk g_pf c[sdpN_u Arsd v$ipA `lpQ_pf h_ sp uep
(`_u-`ypqv$) e Apk[s _ S> lpe; `fsy uep_ s_p e
Apk[s lpe sp s_u r_hq A\ c[sdpNp`epNu kepkdp qv$X$
L$pr`_ Apqv$ ^pfZ L$fhp, AV$g L$ Ahp hi fpMhp, Ahy L$y R>.
uep (u-bpmL$p) sfa\u Ahp L$pB b^_p kch _ lpe sp Ahp
hi_u ApheL$sp _\u. s\u S>_ b^_u kcph_p lpe sZ A hi
fpMhp ApheL$sp R>. bu_ _rl. Apd, kh kepkuA Ahp hi
393

fpMhp Ahp r_ed _ lphp\u, s A L$p _\u.

A_s_p D`pkL$ Ahp L$pqX$e A_ uL$Z_p ddp `pNg
b_gu Np`uApA, `ps`psp_p D`pe_ p L$fhp dpV$ kh `qfepN
L$ep R>. s\u s b_ `yr$dpN_p Nyfy L$lhpdp Apep R>. sdZ L$fg
kh `qfepN Ap fus kip `pep R>.
`fsy Aphp epN L$f_pfpApA L$fgp rhfl `R>u_p kp^_p sp
OZp R>. s b^p kp^_p L$fhp L$ L$pB AL$ kp^_ L$fhy A _ R>. sp
L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ s kh kp^p__p L$pfZ$` d|m kp^_ sp AL$ S> R>.
s\u s d|g kp^_ S> L$fhy, A S> B$ R>. s d|e kp^_ iy R>? sp L$l
R> L$ s R> AL$ cph; cph_p\u rk \egp cph, "cNhp_dp Aes
frs' s_y _pd cph. ipdp L$y R> L$ v$hpqv$ rhjeL$ X$ frs \pe s_
cph L$lhpe. Ahp A frscph Al] A`rns _\u. L$pfZ L$ s sp
ek_ rk cs_ dpV$_p kp^pfZ cph R>. `fsy Al] Ap`Z S>
cph_u hps L$fuA R>uA s, cph_p\u AV$g r_fsf cy_y tQs_
L$fhp\u rk \egp cph R>. shp cph lpe sp S> kpnpL$pf $` ag
rk L$f R>. L$prX$e kss A_s_u ip^dp cV$L$ep. sdZ sd_y S>
tQs_ L$ey. sd_p s cph A d|g kp^_ R>. shu S> fus Np`uS>_p `Z
Ae \egp L$Z_u `pR>m s_u ip^dp cV$L$ep A_ sd_u b^u
gugpAp_y rQs_ Np`uNusdp L$ey, sd_p s cph; A cph_u A`np
Al] R>. Ahp cph Aph epf L$fg `qfepN kir_e R>.
cph_p_p `ndp Ahy L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ AfrZ_p L$p$_y
bg d\_ \hp\u S>d L$p$dp flg Aq blpf L$V$ \pe R> s fus
bg cph_p \hp\u cs_p v$edp flg `fdpdp blpf L$V$ \pe
R>. A_ `R>u, S>d Aq L$p$dp hi L$f R>. sd, A cNhp_ cs_p
v$edp `y_: hi L$f R>. sd \sp blpf_p A_ Av$f_p Ahp kh
b^_p _pi \pe R>. bu L$pB fus s _pi `pdsp _\u.
gpL$ 13_p \d QfZdp L$y, ""vy$gcpe `qfepN: Zp
rkers _pe\p'' A\ps (1b) c[sdpN_u Arsd v$ip AV$g L$
394

rhfl v$ipdp L$fgp `qfepN ki_ue R>. Ap hps Ap`Z h^y rhNs
kdA.
c[shr^_udp d, Apk[s A_ ek__p $`dp, cyd_u
$rdL$ Nrs bsphu R>. c[sdp `lgp sp cy e d \pe. ddp\u
Apk[s A_ Apk[sdp\u ek_, Ad Dfpf d_u ApsqfL$
v$ip_p rhL$pk \pe R>. c[s epf ek_ v$ipA `lpQ R>. epf s_
L$pB`Z hsy_u Apk[s flsu _\u. s\u s_ L$pB`Z hsy_p epN
L$fhp_p flsp _\u. ek_ v$ipA `lpQg cs_ AL$dp cNhp__y
S> ek_ hmNgy lpe R>. cNhp_ hNf s nZcf _ flu iL$. bu
L$pB hsy e Apk[s lphp_u hps sp v|$f flu, s bu L$pB hsy_p
rhQpf `Z L$fu iL$sp _\u. Ofbpf, gpL$ehlpf, kNpkb^u, k`q,
ksrs Ap b^u hsyAp e_u s_u Apk[s Ry>V$u S>B_ AL$ dp
cy_y ek_ s_ hmN R>.
Ahu ek_ v$ipA `lpQg cs NlepN L$f sp s
`qf`h v$ipA L$fg epN lpB, Dd epN L$lhpe. AV$gp dpV$ L$y L$
rhfl v$ipdp `lpep `R>u kes NlZ L$fhp dpV$ L$y L$ rhfl v$ipdp
`lpep `R>u kes NlZ L$fhpdp Aph sp s ki_ue R>.
c[sdpN}e kepkdp cNhp h `lfu_ kepk_p rQl_p
S>hp L$ L$p`u_ Apqv$ ^pfZ L$fhp_u Ar_hpe ApheL$sp _\u. lp hue
b^_u r_hq A\ s ^pfZ L$fhp_u ApheL$sp v$Mpe sp sd L$fhy.
`fsy ek_ v$ipA `lpQ_pf fp ApiL$fZ L$ N$_ ^ph_ S>hp
csp_ kepku_p hp ^pfZ L$fhp_y cp_ `Z lpsy _\u. hS>
Np`uL$pAp sp d kepku_u S> L$lhpe R>. sdZ kepkuAp_p hi
^pfZ L$ep lphp_y Zhpdp _\u. uAp\u kepku _ b_pe Ahy
L$lu_ hps_ V$pmu _pMhp_p e_ L$fhp _L$pdp R>. Np`uS>_pA kpQp
A\dp k AV$g keL$ fus epk AV$g epN L$ep lsp. sdZ L$y R> L$
""kee kh qhjep_'' AV$g b^p rhjep_p epN L$fu_, l L$Z
Ad spfu `pk Apep R>uA. Nl\pd_y `|Z$`_, `pg_ L$fhp R>sp,
395

sAp k`|Z epNu h_ hsu lsu. Ap^yr_L$ kdedp dufp L$ _ftkl

cNhp ^pfZ L$ep _ lphp R>sp sAp hpsrhL$ fus epNu (kepku) S>
lsp.
c[sdpNdp rhflpq_p Dv$ch \ep A cs v$e_u ApsqfL$
D$prs_u [\rs R>. Apdop_ (bop_) _p Dv$e \pe epf op_u_
A_ rhflpr_p Dv$e \pe epf du_, kepk ghp_p Ar^L$pf p
\pe R>. `fsy Ap b [\rs d_ A_ v$e_p ApsqfL$ rhL$pk_u [\rs
R>. s bp rhL$pk (75 hj L$fsp h^y Apeye \pe s) _u [\rs _\u.
Apdop_ rh_p_y vy$heu op_ bp rhL$pk NZpe. rhflpq rkhpe_p
d bp rhL$pk L$lhpe shu [\rsdp kepk ghp_p L$pB A\ _\u.
Ap fus kepk (`qfepN) dpV$, rhflpq L$V$ \pe AV$gR>
L$ ek_ v$ip p \pe A v$ip (1b) _ S>, dpe fpMhpdp Aphu R>.
Ahu ek_ v$ip_p Apv$i $ps $` L$pqX$e dyr_ A_ Np`uS>_p_
NZhpdp Apep R>. udlpcyA sp sd_ `yr$csp_p Nyfy_u
dpesp Ap`u R>. c[sdpN D`f Qpghp dpNsp b^p `yr$ hpA
sdZ A`_phg dpN Qpghp_y R> A_ sdZ S> kp^_p_p D`epN L$ep
s kp^_p ( s_ kp^_p L$lhpsp lpe sp) _p D`epN L$fhp_p R>.
Nyfy_p `Ng Qpg_pf riep cy`v$ `pdu iL$ R>.
L$pqX$e depv$pdpN}e lsp. A_ Np`uS>_p `yr$dpN}e lsp. sd
R>sp b_ `yr$cs dpN_y Nyfy`v$ L$hu fus kch ? s_p Mygpkp
Np.uNpLy$g_p\ dlpfpS> L$ep R>. A_ s A fus L$ - L$pqX$e A_
Np`uS>_p A bA AL$ kfMp kp^_ S>hp L$ r_:kp^_sp (v$u_sp)
rhL$gsp A_ Ah\sp_p epN L$ep R>. sd_u rhL$gsp AV$gu lv$
`lpQu NB lsu L$ sAp ""`|R>hp_ epe _l]'' Ahp hnp, `iy`nuAp
A_ lfZp_ `|R> R>, ""A_s L$ep?'' A\hp ""L$Z L$ep ?'' A_ Ap
fus rhflpqdp S>gsp R>sp, du_ `pdhp_u rhjp hX$, sAp
h_ V$L$phu fpM R>. `fsy v$lp_yk^p_ sp Nydph S> R>.
L$pqX$e A_ Np`uS>_p epN (epk) _p Nyfy R>. sdZ ee
396

rkq A\ S> kp^_p A`_pep (cph) A S> kp^_p lfAL$ epNuA

A`_phhp_p R>.
L$pqX$e s\p Np`uS>_pA rhflpsyf b_u_ A_ v$lcp_ c|gu_
hnpqv$_ cy_p kdpQpf `|R>ep. `fsy sd_u `pk\u S>hpb _ dmsp,
sdZ r_:kp^_sp A_ychu hnp, lfZp Apqv$ cy_ _ bsphu iL$ep.
s\u L$pqX$e s\p Np`uS>_p v$u_ b_u Nep; r_:kp^_ b_u Nep sdZ
v$u_ b_u_ cy_y ifZ Ny. epf sfs S> cy L$V$ \ep.
Ap fus cs dpV$ r_:kp^_sp (v$u_sp)_p cph A S> AL$dp
kp^_ R>. v$u_sp`|h ulqf_u ifZpNrs huL$pfhu A S> cypr_y
kh$ A_ AL$dp kp^_ R>.
sd R>sp L$pqX$e F$rj A_ Np`uS>_pdp AL$ saphs R>. F$rj_u
cph_p Anf b (A_s)_ `pdhp_u lsu. epf Np`uS>_p_u cph_p
`|Z `yfyjpd_ `pdhp_u lsu. s dpV$ sdZ Ae sdpd kp^_p (S>`,
s`, ep_, epN, L$d, op_, Apqv$) R>pX$ep. rhfl L$psf b_u_ sdZ
v$u_sp NlZ L$fu. `qfZpd cy `ps sd_ Aphu dep.
L$pqX$e F$rj_u L$\p crhef `yfpZdp R>. sdp ucNhp_ A
L$\p dlpfpS> eyr^r$f_ L$lu kcmph R>. L$pqX$e_u `_u_y _pd iugp.
iugpA A_sp_p (Anfb Ahp kpfpe rhdp eps cNhp_
rh_p) v$pfp bpep lsp. F$rjA c|g\u s v$pfp Aqdp _pep. s\u
sAp bly vy$:Mu A_ v$qfu bep. sd_p `_uA sd_ kpQu `qfq\rs
kdhu. s\u qh_y ep_ ^fsp lsp s A_s_u ip^dp _uL$mu
`X$ep. r_fplpf flu_ sAp hnp, Npep A_ lfZp_ `|R>hp gpep. sd
A_s_ v$uW$p R> ? - `fsy sd_p sfa\u L$pB Df _ dmsp, sdZ
A_s_ ep _\u Ahy kd_ sAp rhlhm b_u Nep. sd_y
v$lp_yk^p_ R|>V$u Ney. bcp_ b_u sAp cpe `R>X$pep. cp_ Aphsp.
rhflpsyf b_u, "l A_s, l A_s !' Ahy bpgsp `pNg_u dpaL$ sAp
A_s_u ip^dp cV$L$hp gpep.
Ap\u A_s sd_p D`f A_yNl L$ep. sAp bpZ hi sd_u
397

`pk `^pep. F$rj_p lp\ `L$X$u_, A_s cNhp_ sd_ `pspmdp gB

Nep. A_ sd_ `psp_u _Nfu bsphu. `R>u `psp_p h$`_y v$i_
L$fpey. F$rjA v$u_sp`|hL$ _uQ_p b gpL$p hX$ A_s_u p\_p L$fsp
L$y `p`pl `p`L$dpl `p`pdp `p`kch: &
prldp `yX$iuL$pn ifZ d chpeys &&
Ad kag S>d, qhs Q kyrhsd &
ehpOu eyNpcpS> dd|p cdfpes &&
A\ps : `p`u Ry>, `p` L$d L$f_pf Ry>; `p`pdp Ry> A_
`p`dp\u S> dpfu D`q R>. l L$dg_e_ cy ! d_ spfp; l Aeys!
d_ ifZ Ap`p. ApS> dpfp S>d kam \ep R>. dpfy h_
kpcpehpmy \ey R>. S>\u Ap`_p QfZpfthv$dp dpfy dsL$ cdf_u
dpaL$ gpNu Ney R>.
A_s cNhp_ sd_ v$pfue _pi, k_ps_ ^d A_
rhgpL$_u pr_y hfv$p_ Apey.
Np. uNpLy$g_p\ Apop L$f R> L$ L$pqX$e F$rj depv$p dpN}e
cs lphp\u sd_ `yr$dpN}e csp_y Nyfy`v$ _ kch. sd R>sp,
A_s cNhp__p NyZp_p hZ hX$ sd_ p L$fhp_u suh BR>p\u,
rh`epN cph hX$, AL$ `pNg_u dpaL$, sdZ hnpqv$L$_ _p `|R>ep,
s\u sd_p epN `yr$dpN}e epN b_u Nep. s\u sd_ `yr$dpN}e
csp_p Nyfy NZhpdp Apep R>.
Np`uS>_p `Z fpkgugp_p bku_pv$ kpcmu_ h_dp v$pX$u NB.
cNhp_ sd_ gOyfpk fdpX$ep. s\u cNhp_ `psp_ cS> R>. (sd_p
ANuL$pf L$ep R>) Ahy kd_ sd_p d_dp Ald \ep. s\u cNhp_
Ae \ep. cNhp__p rhfldp cp_ c|gu_ sdZ hnpqv$_ _p
`|R>ep. eyf _ dmsp v$u_cph sdZ $v$_ L$ey. sdZ L$fgp ep iy
`yr$dpNue epN R>. A_ s Ahe ikp_ `p R>.
L$pqX$e A_ Np`uS>_p_u rhflv$ipdp b gnZp R> : (1)
398

rhL$g` A_ (2) Ah\sp. rhL$g` AV$g `|R>hp_ gpeL$ _l]

Ahp hnp, lfZp, `iy`nuAp Apqv$_ `|R>hy s. A_ Ahpe AV$g
`psp_u ldi_u q\rs\u Sy>v$pS> L$pf_u q\rsdp flhy s. v$edp
ek_ cph N epf cs_ cNhp__p v$i__u spgphgu gpN R>.
v$i_ _ dm sp s_y d_ A_ v$e Aips A_ Ogy b_u e R>. Of_p
L$pdL$pS>dp s_ fk `X$sp _\u. lfp thR>uAp_p X$M_u hv$_p L$fsp
`Z rhfl_u hv$_p h^y suh lpe R>. s_ shu hv$_p_p A_ych \pe R>.
Aphu `qfq\rs \pe epf c[sdpN}e kepk NlZ L$fhp S>$fu R>.
hsys: s_, d_ A_ v$e_u Ahu Ah\p_y _pd S> c[sdpN}e
kepk.
kp^_ v$ipdp cypr_p S> kp^L$p R> s kp^_p ek_ v$ipdp
cy pr_p bp^L$ b_ R>. ek_ v$ipdp rhL$gsp A_ Ah\sp_u
v$ip \pe s S>$fu R>. Ahu rhL$gsp_u v$ipdp (1) khpd op_ A_
(2) Bf_p jX$NyZp_y Np_ L$ A_yk^p_ (hZ L$us_), ek_ v$ip
p h_ dpV$, bp^L$ b_ R>. kp^L$ v$ipdp A b hsyAp_u Aes
ApheL$sp R>. `fsy rhflv$ipdp s h_p rhflcph_ _$ L$fhp_p
L$pfZ$` b_ R>. s L$hu fus s kd gBA.
khpdop_ AV$g Ap bp S>Ns cNhp__y h$` R> A_
ucNhp_ `ps S>X$-Qs_ b^pdp rbfp fp R> shy op_, Aphy op_
rhflu Apdp dpV$ bp^p$` b_ R>. cNhp_ kQfpQfdp kh
ep`u flgp lpe sp s_p rhfl \B S> L$d iL$ ? rhflu cs `psp_p
hpdu_p h$`_ hp sgk R>. Np`uAp_ dyLy$V$ r`spbf^pfu
cNhp__p v$i_ L$fhp lsp, kQfpQfdp ep cNhp__p _l].
A S> fus rhflu v$iphpmp cs_ hZ L$us_ hNf_p
rhje$` cNhp__p jX$NyZp_y Np_ L$fhy s `Z bp^p$` R>. s sp r_S>
hpdu\u rhfl A_ych R>. resd_p NyZNp__y s_ iy epS>_!
rhflv$ip_u `|Zsp s _l_u `|Zspdp A_ych R>. _lu h `psp_p
_l_p `p_p NyZp A_ s_u dlp_p op__ L$pfZ s_ _l L$fsp
399

_\u. s_y _l`p NyZhp_ lpe L$ dlh_y lpe s_u kp\ s_ L$iu
ghp-v$hp _\u. Af ! s s_ hapv$pf _ lpe sp `Z s s_ Qpli S>.
Np`uAp L$l R>. ""eplp gpM, ^fp v$i Ly$bfu; Asd L$pl ldpfp''
Np`uAp_p L$pl Np`uAp_ R>pX$u d\yfp Nep. ep 16008
fpS>Ly$dpfuAp kp\ `fep. sp `Z Np`uAp_ dpV$ s sd_p S> fp.
Np`uAp_p s_p `e_p ddp klS> `Z DZ` _ Aphu. sdZ AL$ S>
AhpS> Dh_ L$y Qfu l _ D^p, L$pl b L$ bpbpL$u ld &
ky^p L$lu v$s, AL$ L$pl L$u L$dfu l &
h sp l ldpf lu, ldpf lu, ldpf lu &
ld D_lu L$u, D_lu L$u, D_luL$u l &&
rhfrlZu Np`uS>_p_ L$Z_y gpNgy Ap hmNZ sd_
Apdkd`Z L$fhp sfa v$pf R>. L$Z rhj_y khpdop_ A\hp jX$NyZ
^fphsp L$Z e_p Alpcph sd_ sd L$fhp sfa gB S>sp _\u.
s\u EgVy$ Np`uApA Dh_y khpd op_ A\hp bop_ _
huL$pey. sdZ L$Z_u dlp Zhp_u S>$f _ lsu. L$Z_y r_NyZ
r_fpL$pf b h$` sd_ M`sy _ lsy. sd_ sp sd_u kp\ fdsp, fpk
L$fphsp, _v$_p vy$gpfp, eipv$p_p epfp A_ Np`uAp_p d__ lf_pfp A
L$ZS> Bsp lsp. s\u sdZ Dh_ L$lu v$u^y.
sp ld _ bps rslpfu
A`_p b qv$Mphfy D^p, dyLy$V$ r`spbf ^pfu.
cNhp__p jX$NyZ_y op_ A\hp khpdop_ \ey lpe Ahp
h_ dpV$ cy Aseprd R>. A_ s du_p v$edp (Asfdp) S>
hksp lpe sp s_p\u rhfl L$hu fus kchu iL$ ? AV$gp dpV$ S> rhflu
h cy_p h$`_y op_ p L$fhp dpNsp _\u. s sp cy_p h$`_
d_ cfu dpZhp dpN R>.
rhflu v$iphpmp dpV$ cNhp__p NyZ_y hZ-L$us_ `Z bp^L$
R>. A_y L$pfZ A R> L$ s NyZp cNhp__p Aepqv$ qv$e NyZp lpB, s
400

h_p A_ d__ bp^ L$fphu cy e_p s_p Alpcph h^pf_pf R>.

`fsy qhflpsyf d_ bp^ gsy _\u. Np`uS>_p_ bp^ Ap`hp Aphgp
op_u Dh Np`uS>_p `pk\u bp^ gB_ `pR>p hep. s\u Np`uL$p:
psp Nyfy: &
cy_p NyZNp_ rhfl_ ips `pX$u v$ R>. s\u rhfldp NyZNp_
bp^L$ R>. cy_p NyZp kde epf cy_u dlp A_ dpV$pB v$Mpe.
Ap`Z_ Ad \pe L$ Ap`Zp L$fsp A_s NZu dpV$pB A_ dlp
^fphsp Ahp `|Z `yfyjpd_ Ap`Zp S>hp ny h L$hu fus `pdu
iL$uA. s\u s e_ L$fhp _L$pdp R>.
hZ\u v$pe c[s ky^udp cy_p NyZp_yhpv$ L$fhp_y S>$fu
R>. `fsy kpe A_ Apdr_hv$_dp iy _lcph rkhpe bu L$ip_p
D`epN _\u. bu b^pdp\u _l _uL$mu e A_ dp cydp b^p
_l L$qs \B e epf ke A_ Apdr_hv$_ L$fu iL$pe.
Np`bpmL$p_p d_dp L$Z e s `|Z `yfyjpd lphp_p cph
lps sp sd_ Nph^_ `hs _uQ `psp_u gpL$X$uAp_p V$L$p _ L$ep lps.
`fsy sAp sp L$Z_ `psp_p bpgkMp NphpmuAp kdS>sp lsp. s\u
s_ dv$v$ L$fhp_u cph_p\u sdZ sd L$ey lsy.
Apd ke A_ Apdr_hv$_dp L$hm _l_u S>$f R>. sdp
op_ A_ NyZNp_ bp^p$` R>. As:L$fZdp ep ky^u op_ A_ NyZp_y
cp_ lpe ep ky^u Ae sdpd hsyAp_ rhkfphu v$sp rhfl AV$g L$
ek_ph\p p \su _\u.
ApNm L$y s `dpZ (1-A) c[sdpN_u kp^L$ v$ipdp epN
_ L$fhp. (1-b) c[sdpN_u Arsd v$ipdp rhfl_p A_ych L$fhp
dpV$ epf L$fhp; `fsy (2-A) A_ (2-b) op_ dpN_u rhrhqv$jp A_
rhv$ v$ipdp `qfepN _ S> L$fhp. L$pfZ L$ s krh_ R>. A_ rhgb
L$fhphpmp R>. A kdhhp dpV$ Ap`u 14 gpL$_p bu QfZ\u
17dp gpL$_p \d QfZ ky^udp, s AN_p rhQpf L$f R>.
401

op_dpN sy kepkp qrh^pr` rhQpqfs: &&14&&

op_\dyfpN Q rkqS>d is: `fd &
op_ Q kp^_p`n eopqv$hZpdsd &&15&&
As: L$gp k kepk: `Qpsp`pe _pe\p &
`pjqX$h chepr` sdpop_ _ keks &&16&&
kysfp L$rgv$pjpZp bghpqv$rs q\sd &
gpL$p\ :- op_dpNdp sp b L$pf_p kepk_p rhQpf L$fgp
R>. AL$ op__ dpV$ AV$g L$ rhrhqv$ipdp A_ DfpN rk \pe Ahp
rhv$ kepk. `fsy kL$X$p S>d s_u rkq \pe R>. A_ op__
kp^__u A`np fl R>. r_L$pd `yfyjp `Z eo L$f R> Ad yrsdp L$y
R>, s\u Ad dp_hpdp Aph R>, dpV$ L$rgeyNdp s kepk `psp`
L$fph R>. Ae L$pf_p AV$g rhrhqv$ip kepk `Z D`epNu _\u.
A_ hmu `pMX$u` `Z \pe; s\u op_dpN}e kepk L$fhp _rl.
sdp L$rgv$pj_p bg`Zp_ gu^ sp rhij L$fu_ _ S> L$fhp Ahp
r_Ze R>.
Np. u`yfyjpd dlpfpS> L$l R> L$ cNhv$ op__u prdp L$d,
op_, c[s Apqv$ kh_u A`np fl R>. S>d v|$f v$idp S>hp dpV$
OpX$p_p D`epN R>. sd `yfyjpd_p op__u prdp L$d A_ op__p
D`epN R>. `fsy OpX$p dpN L$p`hp dpV$ D`epNu R>. agrkq dpV$ s
D`epNu _\u. s fus L$d A_ op_ Apqv$ kp^_p Apr^cprsL$ A_
Apr^v$rhL$ rsb^_p r_h L$fhp dpV$ D`epNu R>. s kp^_p agrkq
(cypr) L$fhp dpV$_p kp^_p _\u.
op_ pr L$hg idv$dpqv$L$\u \su _\u. qL$sy S>hp Apd lpe
s Apd_p L$dp `Z idv$dpqv$L$_u kp\ L$fhp s A`rns R>. s\u v$i,
L$pg, e Apqv$ kp^_ bfpbf _ lpe sp hZpd_p L$pep bfpbf \sp
_\u. sd \sp idv$dpqv$L$\u op__p Dv$e \sp _\u. s L$pfZ rhrhqv$ip
kepk (2-A) op_pr_ dpV$ Ap L$rgeyNdp `Qpsp`L$pfL$ \B `X$
R>. AV$gy S> _rl, s `pR>m\u Mv$ L$fph R>.
402

sp `R>u rhv$ v$ip (2-b) dp L$lgp kepk L$fp Ahy L$pB L$l
sp, L$l R> L$, bu L$pf_p AV$g L$ rhv$ v$ip_p kepk L$rgeyNdp
s_p kp^_p_p Akch_ L$pfZ L$fhp epe _\u. s L$fhp\u Mv$ \pe R>
AV$gy S> `ep _\u. s L$fhp\u `pMX$u` `Z \pe R>. rcnp hNf_u
iyq lpe _l], s\u s_ `pMX$^d}Ap_p kkN \pe R>. hscN_p v$pj
`Z \pe R>. dlpcpfs_p iprs`hdp cud r`spdl dlpfpS>
eyr^[$f_ L$y L$, ""_r$L$ ^ddp Ap$Y$ \B_ `R>u sdp\u S> `X$ R> shp
Apdlpr_ L$f_pf (h)_u iyq dpV$ L$pB`Z pe[s ly sp _\u.''
Ap hpedp k|Qhgp `s__y NlZ `Z s_ \pe R>. Ahy A `s_
khNplu `s R>.
Ap\u AV$gy rk \ey L$ L$rgeyNdp rhrhqv$jp-kepk Mv$pqv$
D` L$fph_pfp R>. A_ rhv$-kepk \hp kch _\u. s\u
op_dpNdp ipdp L$lgp rhr^`|hL$_p kepk L$fhp _rl. L$pfZ L$
L$rg_p v$pj bg R>. L$rgeyNdp kepk_p r_j^ L$f_pfp ipL$pfp A
S> r_Ze L$fgp R> L$ ""ep ky^u hv$ hs R> ep ky^u S> kepk
L$fhp.''
Ap fus (2-A) A_ (2-b) `qfq\rsApdp AV$g L$ op__u
rhrhqv$ip A_ rhv$-v$ipdp kepk ghp L$ _l] s bpbs_p rhQpf
`Z udlpcyA kepkr_Ze N\_p 13pp \u 17pp gpL$pdp L$ep
R>. Ap`Z s_ rhNs kd gBA.
Apd h_dp d_ye epf kes Apddp hi dpV$
epe b_ epf (hp_\_p kde `|fp \ep `R>u) s_pdp op__p Dv$e
\B S> Nep Ahp L$pB r_ed _\u. b^p S> h `yfyjp bop__u
qv$ipdp ApNm h^u Nep lphp BA Ahp `Z L$pB r_ed _\u. `fsy
epf op__p Dv$e \pe A_ s_p rhL$pk \B_ s s_u khpQ L$np
(b op__u L$np)A `lpQ epf S> op_u_ dpn_u pr \pe. Ahp
dpn_ op_dpN}e dpn L$lhpe. s\u h Apd ^d_y `pg_ L$f A_
s_p d__p $rdL$ rhL$pk \sp s bop__u q\rsA `lpQu_ dpn_p
403

Ar^L$pfu b_ s B$ R>. S>d ddpNdp rhflpq_p Dv$e \pe epf S>

cs_ kepk_p Ar^L$pf p \B iL$ R>. shu S> fus op_dpNdp,
bop__p Dv$e _ \pe ep ky^u kepk NlZ L$fhp_p L$pB A\ _\u.
op__p Dv$e \pe epf S> op_u_ kepk_p Ar^L$pf p \B iL$ R>.
s\u rhrhqv$ip v$ipdp AV$g L$ op__u pr `|h kes ghp _L$pdp
R>. `fsy op__u pr \e\u s kepk gB iL$ R>.
`fsy op_ pr A sp $rdL$ $pqs_u q\rs R>. op_u_u b
v$ipdp op_$`u am s_ A_L$ S>dp_p rhgb `R>u S> dm R>. hmu
op_uAp dpV$ `Z ip_u Apop Ahu R> L$ sdZ A_pks cph
eopqv$ L$dp L$fsp flhy. s\u op_ p L$fhp dpV$ `Z L$ddp A_pk[s
S>hp kp^_p_u A`np fl R>. A_ kp^__u A`nphpmp h kepku
b_hy epe _\u. kepku b_u_ eoprv$ L$dp L$f A_ s dpV$ kp^_p
dmhhp_p epk L$f sp s_p kepk s_ dpV$ `Qpsp` L$fhp_p rk
\pe.
op_uAp dpV$ kepk A cy pr_y kp^_ R>. kepk NlZ
L$fu_ sZ kpe A_ epN_y h^y op_ p L$fhp_y R>. kepk Ahy op_
p L$fhp_y kp^_ S>$f b_u iL$. `fsy D`f L$p dpZ s L$dp
A_ kp^_p_u `pR>m `X$ sp s_p kepk `Qpsp` L$fph_pfp b_u
e. A_ dp_u gp L$ kes ^d_y `pg_ L$fsp L$fsp s bop_ `pd
sp `Z s_, s_p b h$`_p op_ pfp h^ydp h^y kegpL$_u pq
\pe; Ahp bop_u_ AnfgpL$dp `Z \p_ _ dm sp `R>u `|Z
`yfyjpd_p h$`dp q\rs (\p_) L$fhp_u L$`_p S> s L$hu fus L$fu
iL$ ?
L$pqX$e F$rj_ `Z sd_p op_ pfp kegpL$ S> dms. `fsy
sdZ A_s (Anf b)_u pr dpV$ kp^_ bm_p epN L$ep, sdZ
op__p dpN R>pX$u v$u^p. `R>u r_:kp^_ b_u_ v$u_sp NlZ L$fu, A_
A_s_u ifZpNrs huL$pfu. s\u sd_ A_s_u pr \B. sd_ s\u
ApNm S>hy _ lsy. s\u sAp S> Anf b_ ifZ Nep s Anf b_u
404

pr sd_ \B. lL$uL$sdp, kegpL$\u D`f Anf bdp q\rs \pe

epf `Z NrZsp_v$_u S> pr \pe R>. A_ epf s\u `Z D`f
`yfyjpd_u pr \pe epf s_ ANrZsp_v$_u pr \pe.
Apd op_uAp_ sp bgpL$ L$ kegpL$_u S> pr \pe. `R>u
epf bp_p dpn \pe (dlpge hMs) epf sd_u kp\ shp
op_uAp_p `Z ApersL$ dpn \pe R>. S>hu S>_u cph_p shy `fgpL$
kb^u am s_ dm R>. s\u Ahp op_uAp kegpL$, h$ZgpL$ L$
hNgpL$dp q\f \pe R>.
Apd A_L$ S>dp `R>u S> op__u `|Zsp AV$g L$ $rdL$
rhL$pk_ Arsd sb$p dmhp_p R>. A_ S> op_dp `Z L$d A_
kp^__u A`np fl R> A_ S> op_ dmhu_ h^ydp h^y kegpL$\u KQu
[\rsA `lpQpsy _\u s op__ op_ p L$fhp dpV$ kepk NlZ
L$fhp_u L$pB S>$fs _\u Ahu udlpcy_u Apop R>.
Ap fus c[sdpN_u b A_ op_dpN_u b dmu Ly$g Qpf
`qfq\rsdp kes NlZ L$fhy L$ L$d A_ L$fhy sp ip dpV$ A_
kes NlZ L$fhp_y iy `qfZpd Aph Ap bpbs_p rhQpf L$fhpdp
Apep. lh dp AL$ S> bpbs (_) AN rhQpf L$fhp_p bpL$u fl R>.
Np.u`yfyjpd dlpfpS> Apop L$f R> - ""lh d_u pfc
v$ipdp `qfepN_p rhQpf bpL$u fp. s rhQpfhp dpV$ kepk r_Ze
N\_p kfdp gpL$_p bu QfZdp uhc `|R>gp _ Ap`u fS|>
L$f R>.
c[sdpNr` Qv$pjsv$p qL$ L$pedyes &&17&&
A\ps :- c[sdpNdp `Z `qfepN L$fhpdp L$rg hNf\u
p \sp v$pj Aphsp lpe sp iy L$fhy ?
Ap __ kd. Ap`uA L$y L$ dp c[sdpNdp A_ s
`Z s_u Arsd v$ipdp kes NlZ L$fhp; pfrcL$ v$ipdp _l]. sp
iy pfrcL$ v$ipdp `qfepN L$fhpdp Aph sp L$rgL$pg S>r_s L$pB v$pj
A_ sdp `Z Mpk L$fu_ `qfepN L$f_pf_p _pi \hp\u L$pB
405

kcph_p_p v$pj Aph Mfp ?

Ap __p S>hpb Ap`u gpL$ 18 \u 21 dp Ap` R> :
Apfc _ _pi: epv$ $psepe cphs: &
hp\lsp: `qfepNps bp^: L$_pe kchs &&18&&
lqf _ iL$_prs L$s bp^p L$sp@`f &
Ae\p dpsfp bpgp se: `y`yjy: hrQs &&19&&
opr__pdr` hpe_ _ cs dplreers &
Apdv$: repr` rL$d\ dplreers &&20&&
sdpvy$s L$pfZ `qfepNp rhr^espd &
Ae\p ces hp\pqv$s d r_qQsp drs: &&21&&
gpL$p\ :- c[sdpNdp `Z `qfepN L$fhpdp L$rg
rhNf\u p \sp v$pj Aphsp lpe sp iy L$fhy ? A _ R>.
Al] c[sdpNdp Apfc v$ipdp `qfepN L$fhpdp _pi \sp
_\u. hmu Ahp $ps_p `Z Acph R>. h\sp gph_pf S> rcnp
hNf L$pfZp R> s_p epN L$fhp\u `R>u bp^ (v$pj) i_p\u kch R>
(18)
kh vy$:Mlsp cNhp_ `Z Ap `qfepNdp bp^ L$fu iL$sp
_\u. sp `R>u L$pg hNf sp L$ep\u S> L$f ? Ad \pe sp (
cNhp_ bp^ L$f sp) dpspAp L$pB`Z \m bpmL$p_y s_`p_ L$fphu_
`pjZ _ L$f. (19)
opr__pdr` A dpL$X$e hpedp opr_Ap_ S> dpep L$s dpl
\pe Ahy L$y R> - dpep cs_ dpl L$fu iL$su _\u. Ap csp sp kh
cy_ kd`Z L$ey R>. A_ s cNhp__ re R>, s\u dpep cL$s_ dpl
L$hu fus L$fu iL$ (20)
dpV$ cNhp_ Dh_ L$p dpZ_p `qfepN L$fhp. Ad
_ L$f sp s, hp\ AV$g L$ cNhv$ rhflp_ych A_ cNhv$kpv$
Nydphu bk R>. Aphu dpfu Y$ byq R>. (21)
kfdp gpL$_p bu QfZdp `|R>peg __p S>hpbdp
406

Ap`u AY$pfdp gpL$dp Apop L$f R> L$ ""Al] c[sdpNdp Apfc

v$ipdp `qfepN L$fhpdp Aph sp s L$f_pf_p _pi \sp _\u; hmu Ahp
$ps_p `Z Acph R>. AV$g L$ L$pB`Z cs c[s_p Apfc
kepk gu^p lpe A_ s_p _pi \ep lpe Ahy $ps epe dmsy
_\u. s\u c[sdpN_p Apfc_u v$ipdp kepk g_pf cs_p _pi
\pe Ahy L$pB`Z A_ydp_ rk \sy _\u. A_ $ps rh_p A_ydp_
rk NZpe _rl.
lh c[sdpNdp Apfc v$ipdp `qfepN L$fhp_ gu^ A\hp
L$jpe A`L$h lphp_ gu^ A\hp kNv$pj_ gu^ cs_p _pi \hp_y
A_ydp_ L$fuA A_ $ps Ap`sp L$luA L$ hZpqv$L$_u rkq_ dpV$
epN L$fhp_p _pi \pe R> sp s A_ydp_ A OV$sy _\u. L$pfZ L$
_pfv$_p `|h S>d_y $ps BA sp sdZ c[sdpN_u Apfc
v$ipdp epN L$ep lsp. A_ sd_p L$jpe `h _ lsp. sd R>sp sd_p
_pi \ep _\u. s\u Apfc v$ipdp epN L$fhp_ gu^ A\hp L$jpe
A`L$h lphp_ gu^ A b lsyAp MpV$p R>. A_ kNv$pj_p kch$`
u lsy `Z h$`p rk MpV$p R> Aphp u `yfyjpd_p ds R>.
cNhd_p Apfcdp `Z csp_p _pi \sp _\u. cNhp_
Dh_ L$y L$, ""l Dh ! dpfp ^d_p D`$d (Apfc) L$ep lpe sp
s L$f_pf_p gidp `Z _pi \sp _\u.'' he cNhp_ `Z s_p
Aphp `qfepNdp bp^ L$fu isp _\u. L$pfZ L$ sZ L$fg L$e cNhv$
^d R> Ahy `cy `ps L$byg L$f R>. A_ Dh_p iv$p A hps_u
kpnu `|f R>. Dh L$l R>, ""l Aeys ! Ap `hudp Ap`_p ^d_
L$l_pf, L$f_pf L$ fn_pf Ap` rkhpe bu L$pB _\u.'' Apd lpe
sp L$pm hNf cNhv$ ^d_p D`$ddp (Apfc) bp^p L$hu fus L$fu iL?
L$pm A_ L$d sp cNhv$p^u_ R>. s\u cNhv$^d_p sd_p pfp bp^
\hp_u kcph_p _\u.
Ap v$gug_ gpqL$L$ $ps Ap`u_ kd\_ Ap`hpdp Aph R>.
cNhv$ ^d_p D`pv$L$ A_ kfnL$ cNhp_ R>. s `ps S> sdp
407

(cNhv$ ^ddp) bp^p L$f sp, bpmL$p_ D` L$f_pf dpspAp `psp_p

D` \egp bpmL$p_y se\u (^hfphu_) `pjZ L$f R> s _ L$f. S>
D` L$f_pf A_ fnZ L$f_pf lpe s s_p _pi L$v$u _ L$f.
cg A dpZ lpe. cNhp_ bp^p _ L$f A hps huL$pfu gu^u
`fsy "kh_ dpl `dpX$_pfu dpep' sp `psp_y dpl `dpX$hp_y L$pe L$f L$
_rl ? dpL$X$e `yfpZdp L$y R> L$ ""opr__pdr` Qsprk v$hu cNhsu rl
kp & bgpv$pL$$ dplpe dlpdpep eR>rs &&'' A\ps, Ahepqv$ R>
NyZphpmu dpepv$hu op_uAp_p rQ_ `Z bgpL$pf\u MQu_ s_ dpl
`dpX$ R>. - Ap hpe\u cNhp__ re Ahp S> op_uAp sd_ `Z
dpep dprls L$f R> Ahy L$y R>. sp iy s c[sdpN}e `qfepN L$f_pf
csp_ dpl _ L$f ! Ap __p kdp^p_dp L$y R> L$ D`eyL$s hpL$edp
op_uAp_ S> dpep pfp dpl \pe R> Ahy L$y R>. csp_ s dpl `dpX$u
iL$su _\u. Nuspdp L$y R> L$, ""v$hu ldip NyZdeu, dd dpep
vy$feep & dpdh d `s dpepdsp sfqs s &&'' A\ps Ap v$hu
NyZdeu dpfu dpep vy$sf R>. S> h dpf ifZ Aph R> s S> A dpep_
sfu e R>. A_ c[sdpN_u pfrcL$ v$ipdp `qfepN L$f_pf
cspA cNhp__ ifZ Aphgp lpe R>, sdp iL$p _\u. s\u sd_
dpep hX$ dpl \hp A Akcrhs R>.
cNhp__p Ahp cs vy$$ byqhpmp lpsp _\u. cNhp__
ifZ S>B_ sZ cNhp_ qhj _l bp^gp lpe R>. hmu s_ cNhp_
rkhpe bu L$ip_u Apk[s lpsu _\u. Ahp cs_ dpep L$hu fus
dpl `dpX$ ? Ap dpZ qhQpfsp A rk \ey L$ Apfc_u v$ipdp `Z
c[sdpN}e epN L$fhpdp `Qpsp` $`u v$pj_u kcph_p _\u.
AV$gp dpV$ cNhp_ Dh_ Apop L$fg L$pf\u
c[sdpN}e `qfepN L$fhp BA. s_ Ar^L$pf_p Acph lpe
A_ s epN _ L$f sp s (1) cNhp__p rhfl_p A_ych A_ (2)
cNhv$ kpv$, A b MpB bk R>. (`fsy s_p _pi \sp _\u.) Aphp
`psp_p r_Qe L$lsp udv$pQpeQfZ L$l R> L$ Aphp L$pf_p
408

r_Qehpmu dpfu byq R>.

DhA L$hp L$pf_p epN L$ep R>. s ssue L$^_p Qsy\
Aepedp L$lhpdp Apey R>. Dh L$l R>, ""cNhp__p rhfl\u
Apsyf Apdphpmp ly Al] Apep Ry> s ly, cNhp__p v$i__p Ap_v$
A_ rhepN_u Aprs\u eyL$s - cNhp__ re bv$fuL$pddp S>Bi.''
A_ cNhp_ `Z Dh_ L$y R> L$ hS>_ A_ b^yApdp flgp
_l_ R>pX$u_, dpfpdp d__p kpfu fus Aphi L$fu_, kh kdr$
fpMu_, `hu D`f aep L$f.''
Ap fus `qfepN_p L$pf (DhA L$fgp `qfepN) A_
s_u L$sesp_u fus L$lu_ `R>u udlpcy bphukdp gpL$dp N\_p
D`klpf L$f R>.
udv$pQpeQfZ 18 \u 21 gpL$dp S> L$y s_p kpf kd
ghp_u S>$f R>. s Ap fus kdS>hp_p R> :
op_dpN A_ c[sdpN b Sy>v$p L$pf_p dpN R>. b dpn
kp^L$ R>. `fsy sd_p pfp k^psp dpn_y h$` Sy>vy$ R>. A_ dpn
`pd_pf_p Apdp_u Nrs `Z Sy>v$p L$pf_u R>. op__u `fpL$p$p epf
\pe epf Aop__u k`|Z`Z r_hq \pe. A_ op_u_p d__ Ap_v$
\pe. c[s_u `fpL$p$p epf \pe epf h$`_p Aop__u r_hq
\B_, cs_p d__ fkp_v$_u pr \pe. b Ap_v$ sp dm R>. `fsy
op_u_p Ap_v$ _L$pfpdL$ R>. A_ cs_p Ap_v$ lL$pfpdL$ R>. op_u_
Aop__p Acphdp Ap_v$ dm R>; cs_ fkp_ychdp Ap_v$ dm R>.
op_ c[s_ W$X$u `pX$ R>. op_ gpL$X$pdp flgp Aq S>hy W$Xy$
R>. epf c[s cX$cX$ bmsp gpL$X$p_u hpmp kfMu R>.
gpL$X$pdp Aq R>. `fsy s gpL$X$p_ bpmsp _\u. `fsy A S>
Aq blpf Dv$ch A_ `R>u gpL$X$pdp hi sp gpL$Xy$ bm R>. A S>
fus cy_y dplpe op_ h_p Asfdp flgy R> `fsy s blpf L$V$
\sy _\u. `fsy cNhv$ c[s cs_p Asf_p d$` fl R>. `R>u s
blpf L$V$ \B_ (h$`\u DN \B_) AV$g L$ Apk[s A_ ek_$`
409

b_u_, cs_p v$edp s `y_: hi R>. A_ s_p v$e_ cX$L$ bpm

R>. sd \sp cs_p rhflpq s_p v$e_ m R>. `fsy rhflpq\u
bmsp lphp R>sp s cs `psp_y h_ V$L$phu fpM R>.
kpdpe gpL$h_dp d_ye rhfl_ L$pfZ pZ epN L$f R>;
epf r_S> v$edp rhflpq cX$cX$pV$ bmsp lphp R>sp, cL$s `psp_y
h_ V$L$phu fpM R>. Np`uS>_p_y h_ S> fus V$L$u fy lsy s fus s_y
h_ `Z V$L$u fl R>; s_p pZ S>sp flsp _\u. L$pfZ L$ rhflprdp
bmsp lphp R>sp, cs `psp_p _lcpS>__ p L$fhp Apsyf fl R>.
s `psp_p h_L$pm v$fep_ S> s_ p L$fhp Qpl R>. s\u s_ p
L$fu iL$ ep ky^u s_u hhp_u Apip b_u fl R>. s rhs v$ipdp S>
cy_p v$i_ L$fhp dpN R>. A_ r_S> hpdu_p rdg_ dpV$ rhflpsyf
b_u_ fl R>.
Aphu q\rsdp `psp_y h_ V$L$phu fpMhp dpV$ cy_p
NyZNp_ (rhflu h_p dpdpv$u Dv$Npfp) s_ dpV$ v$hp$` b_ R>.
Al] cy_p NyZNp_ AV$g cy_p jX$NyZp_y Np_ _l], Al] S>
NyZp_y Np_ L$fhp_y R> s kMp`Zp_p A\hp hpdu`Zp_p NyZp R>.
rhflu h rhfl L$psf b_u_ Ap dpZ bpg R>, ""l _p\, l L$Z, l
hpdu sy d_ epf dmui ? sy S> dpfp hpdu R>; sy S> dpfp pZp^pf
R>. spfp hNf spfp Ap khL$ L$hu fus flu iL$?'' rhNf.
dpdpv$u Dv$Npfp s iy R> s Zhp dpV$ udv$ cyQfZ_u
rhoqAp hpQhp_u S>$f R>. dpv$Npf _dy_p $` AL$pv$ b Dv$Npfp
$ps $` Ap`y Ry> :(1) _p\ ! DrQs _h Apsp; Ap` R>s Ap`_u S> Ap v$pku
Ap` rhfl `uX$p\u `uX$psu khv$p fl cpfu. (rh.5)
(2) S>hu shu Ap` QfZ_u v$pku Ry> ly _p\.
L$pB fus\u udyM dyS>_ v$MpX$p, hS>_p\. (rh.6)
(3) sdpfu Ry>, sdpfu Ry>, sdpfu Ry> hr^`
S>hp Ad shp; sdp Ad_ sS>ip _l]. (rh.7)
410

uNp`uS>_pA Dh kdn L$V$ L$fg dpdpv$u Dv$Npfp `Z

kpcmu gp :Qfu l _ D^p, L$pl bL$ bbpL$u ld,
ky^p L$lu v$s, AL$ L$plL$u L$dfu l &
h sp l ldpf lu, ldpf lu, ldpf lu,
ld D_luL$u, D_luL$u, D_luL$u l &&
Aphp dpv$Npfp pfp rhflu h_y h_ V$L$u fl R>. A_
rhfl_p suh Aqdp bmsu lphp R>sp, s_ Ad gpN R> L$ s_y h_
Apfpd\u `kpf \pe R>. L$hu fus ?
DkL$u sdp, DkL$u epv$, DkL$p Nd,
L$V$ flu l v$Nu Apfpd k.
Ap fus_y s_y fV$Z kv$p Qpgy fl R>. `psp_p resd (_l
cpS>_)_u sdp, s_u epv$, s_p d s_p h__, rhflpqdp bmsy
lphp R>sp, Apfpd\u (du_p Apfpd; gpqL$L$ h_p Apfpd _l])
Qgph R>.
udlpcy Apop L$f R> L$ rhflcph hpmp h_ kN
frls` lpe R>. s\u S> hpdu A_ kMp`Zp_p NyZp_y dfZ s_p
rhflu h__ dpV$ Apj^u$` b_ R>.
rhflcphhpmp_ Ae_p kN L$v$u _ \pe. `psp_p hpdu_y
kss L$fhpdp Aphsy dfZ s_ Ae_p kN L$fhp dpV$ AhL$pi Ap`sy
_\u. s_pdp rhL$gsp A_ Ahpe` lpe R>. Ahp dpZk_ gpL$p
NpX$p L$ Ogp NZu L$pY$ R>. shp_p kN L$pZ L$f ? L$pB _l]. A_ Ahp
rhflu `ps `Z `psp_p hpdu rkhpe bu L$pB_p kN L$fhp sepf
lpsp _\u. `qfZpd dpfp Nyfyv$h, s_ dpV$ kNfrls` L$lu bspey R>.
Aphp rhL$g A_ Ah\ cs_, c[s_p `fd am $`
h$`p_v$_u pr \hpdp kpnps cNhp_ `Z bp^p$` \B iL$sp _\u.
cNhp_ Ahp rhflu_ hpe Ap`sp _\u. L$pfZ L$ hpe rhflu
cL$s_ dpV$ _yL$ip_L$pfL$ R>. Ahpe rhflu h_p NyZ L$lp sp NyZ
411

A_ kp^_ L$lp sp kp^_ R>. s_y s kp^_ R>u_hu gB_ s_ hpe

Ap`hy s_p A\ rhflu h_ h$`p_v$_u prdp bp^p$` b_hy s R>.
cy sp `fd v$epmy R>. s\u s Ahy L$v$u _ L$f. rhflu_p rhfl_u v$ip$`
s_u Ah\sp_ s L$v$u v|$f L$fsp _\u.
S>d dpsp bpmL$_ s_`p_ _ L$fph shy L$v$u b_sy _\u.
`qQd_u kL$rs_p fN fNpegu L$V$guL$ uAp Ahy L$f R>. `fsy sd_
A`hpv$ $` NZhp_u S>$f _\u. ly sd_ dpsp sfuL$ NZhp sepf _\u.
s_`p_\u bpmL$_ kpQy `pjZ dm R>. s\u dpsp `psp_p bpmL$_
s_`p_ Ahe L$fph R>. Ahu fus cNhp_ `ps, r_S> cs_p d_
`y$ L$fhp dpV$ s_p rhfl_ h^y `y$ (suh) b_ph R>. sAp s_p
rhfldp bp^p$` b_sp _\u.
Aphp c[sdpN}e epN (rhflph\spdp cs L$fgp
`qfepN) bly vy$gc R>. s v$p_, S>`, s`, hs Apqv$\u rk \sp _\u.
Asp epf cy s_p D`f L$`p L$f epf S> rk \pe R>.
op_dpNdp kepk ghp bpbs_p udv$pQpeQfZ_p rhQpfp
Ap `lgp Ap`Z Zu gu^p R>. kn`dp s Ap dpZ R>:op_dpNdp kepk _ ghp. kepk gu^p `R>u `Z sdp eoepNpqv$ L$dp $`u kp^_p_u ApheL$sp flsu lphp\u s qk \sp _\u.
h^pfpdp s Ald_ fu_ s_ `pMX$u b_ph R>. cNhp_ Nuspdp L$y
R>, ""bly_p S>d_pds op_hpdp `s '' A\ps A_L$ S>dp_ As
op_hp_ d_ `pd R>. s\u udv$pQpeQfZ Apop L$f R> L$ bop__p
kpnpL$pf $` op_ `Z kp^__u S>$fshpmy dp_hpdp Aphgy R>. Ap\u
L$rgeyNdp rhrhqv$ipdp kepk gu^p `R>u s `Qpsp`_ D` L$f R>.
A_ rhv$ v$ip_p kepk `Z `|Zs: rk \sp _\u. Ahp kepk
kepku_ `pMX$u b_phu v$ R>.
cNhp__u dpep op_uAp_ dpl `dpX$ R>, csp_ _l]. L$pfZ
L$ dpep cNhp__u v$pku R>. s\u s cNhp__p S> R> Ahp csp_ dpl
_ `dpX$. op_uAp dpepdp X|$b R>. epf csp sdp S>gL$dghs fl
412

R>. cNhp__ re csp_ cNhp__u dpep `i L$fu isu _\u.

Ap fus kdN qhQpf_p r_L$j $` Ahy L$lu iL$pe L$ cspA
cpNhsdp hZhg AL$ S> L$pf_p `qfepN L$fhp OV$ A_ s R>
cNhp_ Dh_ bspep dpZ_p c[sdpN}e `qfepN.
Ap fus `qfepN_p L$pf A_ s_u L$sesp_p L$pf L$lu_
`R>u udv$pQpeQfZ D`klpf L$fsp Apop L$f R> :Brs L$Zkpv$_ hc_ rhr_qQsd &
kepk hfZ csphe\p `rssp chs &&22&&
A\ps :- `|hps L$pf kepk_p rhQpf L$ep. s\u L$Z
kpv$ (L$Z_u ksp) p \ep. s\u cy_ re hcpQpe
c[sdpNdp kepk_p ANuL$pf_p r_Qe L$ep. A dpZ cy Apop
hNf kepk_p ANuL$pf L$f sp s `rss \pe.
u`yfyjpd dlpfpS> Ap gpL$dp L$pB _hp S> cph Sy>A R>.
Ap`u Apop L$f R>, ""kh pQu_ dlp_ycphuAp Ap dpZ L$l R>.
`fsy d_ buSy> L$pB S>Zpe R>. N\_p D`$ddp `qfepNp rhQpes Ahy
L$y R> A_ R>p gpL$dp `qfepNp qhr^espd AV$g kepk NlZ
L$fhp Ad L$y. s\u ep S> D`klpf \B e R>. s\u Brs
L$Zkpv$_ - A gpL$\u L$pBL$ rhij_y k|Q_ \pe R>. s Ap dpZ
- ApQpeu_ ApNm a|fsp rhQpf\u v$l, v$i `qfepN_u b
cNhv$pop_y `pg_ _ L$fhp_p ArcNd\u Mv$ \ep. s\u epf gpL$
`qfepN rhje_u u Apop \B epf s_p rhQpf Ap`uA Ap
N\dp L$p dpZ L$ep. s\u cNhp_ sd_p D`f rhij k \ep.
A_ gpL$ `qfepN AV$g kepk Ad ApQpe_p v$edp ayfZ L$ey
Ahy Ap gpL$dp S>Zpey R>.
Brs AV$g `|hps L$pf qfepN_p rhQpf L$ep epf S>
\d\u rhgnZ L$Zkpv$ (ksp) \ep s\u cNhp_ re, d
(uhc), c[sdpNdp Dh_u dpaL$ kepk NlZ L$fhp_p r_Qe
L$ep R>. A dpZ Apop hNf kepk NlZ L$f sp `rss \hpe.
413

c[sdpN}e ^dp A_ kepku_p ^dp AL$bu\u rhfy lphp\u

c[sdpNdp\u `X$u S>hpe.
u`yfyjpd dlpfpS> L$l R> L$, ""cNhp_ kepk_u a|fZp
L$fhp\u S> ApQpeuA qv$X$ kepk ^pfZ L$ep R>. `_u hNfA
Apop _l] Ap`hp\u, Ap`uA `psp_u `Zipgp_y hg_ v$ipey.
AV$g ep v$pX$u Aphgp dlpgduA sd_ _uL$mp, S>gv$u _uL$mp Ahy
L$lsp S> sAp L$dX$g A_ L$p`u_ gB_ _uL$mu `X$ep. s\u Aq ips
\ep. e\prhr^ kepk NlZ L$fu AX$g\u L$piu `^pep. AL$ dpk
A_i_hs A_ ApW$ qv$hk dp_ hs L$ey. s\u v$l A_ v$i epN_u
\d b Apop `prnL$ v$pj_p `qflpf\u rk \sp, v$i-v$l epN `Z
A fus L$ep. `R>u AjpY$ iyL$g qsuep_ qv$hk rkq_ p \ep Ad
pQu_p (sd_u `|h_p V$uL$pL$pfp) _p hpL$e\u S>Zpe R>. Ap fus
`qfepN_y h$` kdhu_ Ap`u (uhc) rhfpd `pd R>.
- S>e uL$Z
***

414

15. r_fp^gnZd
eQ vy$:M eipv$pep: _v$pv$u_p Q NpLy$g &
Npr`L$p_p sy ev$vy$:M sv$ vy$:M epdd hrQs &&1&&
NpLy$g Npr`L$p_p sy khjp bS>hprk_pd &
ekyM kdc|s sd cNhp_ qL$ rh^pers && 2 &&
DhpNd_ s Dkh: kydlp_ e\p &
hv$ph_ NpLy$g hp s\p d d_rk hrQs && 3 &&
dlsp L $ `ep ephNhp_ v$ereers &
sphv$p_v$kv$pl: L$uedp_: kyMpe rl && 4 &&
dlsp L$`ep es L$us_ kyMv$ kv$p &
_ s\p gpqL$L$p_p sy q_^cpS>_$nhs && 5 &&
Ny Z Np_ ky M phprNp r hv$e es &
e\p s\p iyL$pv$u_p _hpdr_ Ly$spes: && 6 &&
[gedp_p_ S>_p_ $hp L$`peysp ev$p chs &
sv$p kh kv$p_v$ qv$\ r_Ns brl: && 7 &&
khp _ v$deepr` L $ `p_ v $: ky v y $ g c : &
s: hNyZp_ yhp `|Z: gphes S>_p_ && 8 &&
sdps kh `qfee r_{$: khv$p NyZp: &
kv$p_v$`fN\p: kqQv$p_v$sp ss: && 9 &&
Al r_{$p fp ^ _ r_fp ^ `v$h] Ns: &
q_{$p_p sy fp^pe r_fp^ hZeprd s && 10 &&
lqfZp e rhr_dysps dp chkpNf &
e r_{$ps Ahp dpv$dpepelr_id && 11 &&
k k pfph i vy $ $p_prdqepZp rlspe h &
L$Ze khhs|r_ c|_ Cie epS>es && 12 &&
Ny Z hprh$rQp_p kh v $p dy f h q fZ: &
kkpfrhflgip _ epsp lqfhkyMd && 13 &&
415

sv$p ch v e pgy hde\p | $ fsp dsp

bp^iL$pr` _pe sv$epkpr` rkers && 14
cNhd k pdep q pfpNp rhje q\f:
NyZlqfkyM`ip vy$:M cprs L$rlrQs && 15
A h ophp op_dpNp v y $ L$jp Ny Z hZ _
Adkffgy^ hZ_uep: kv$p NyZp: && 16
lqfd|rs: kv$p eep kL$`pv$r` s rl
v$i_ `i_ `$ s\p L$rsNsu kv$p && 17
hZ L$us_ `$ `y L$Zre frs:
`pepdgpiepN_ ijcpN s_p _es && 18
ee hp cNhL$pe ev$p `$ _ es
sv$p rhr_Nlse L$se Crs q_e: && 19
_ps: `fsfp dp _ps: `fsf: sh:
_ps: `fsfp rhp su\ _ps: `fp`fd && 20

&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&
&
&&

&& Crs udgcpQpeQfZL$qV$s r_fp^gnZd kdpd &&

v$iqv$Ns rhS>eu Np.u`y{$jpd dlpfpS> Apop L$f R> L$

jpX$iN\p: A kpm L$fZ N\p_p kdyl R>. sdp r_fp^ gnZ
N\AL$dp Ahp N\R> S>dp N\L$fhp_u rsop (N\fQ_p_y L$pfZ)
L$fhpdp Aphu _\u, L$pC`Z N\_u fQ_p L$fhpdp Aph epf s N\,
""L$pC`Z L$pfZ_ gu^ L$ep'' Ahy sp Ap`Z dp_hy S> `X$. s\u Ap`u
Ahy rh^p_ L$f R> L$ r_fp^gnZ N\(1) kepk r_Ze (2)
c[shr^_u A_ (3) khpag rhhfZ Ad Z N\_p AN$` R> Ad
dp_hy. A Z N\\u L$iyL$ rhij kdS>hp_y bpL$u fl R>. A_ s_u
rhij kdS|>su r_fp^gnZdp\u dmu fl R> Ad kdS>hy. A Z
N\pdp S> ApL$pnpAp (ApikpAp) R> s Ap N\`|fu L$f R>. s\u Ap
N\_y dlh O h^pf R>. AV$gp dpV$ sp Ap N\_p As L$lhpdp
416

Apey R> L$ _ps: `fsfp dp _ps: `fsf: hs: &

_ps: `fsfp rhp su\ _ps: `fp`fd &&
A\ps, r_fp^ L$fsp h^y Dd L$pC d _\u; L$pC syrs _\u;
L$pC rhp _\u L$ _\u L$pC su\. kpQ S> jpX$i N\pdp Ap N\_y \p_
gC iL$ shp bu L$pC N\_\u.
r_fp^gnZ N\_ jpX$idp_p Z N\p_p AN$` NZpep.
s_ A Z N\pdp flgu ApL$pnpAp_p `|fL$ sfuL$ NZpep. Ahy ip
dpV$ s kdS>hy S>$fu R>.
kepk r_Ze N\dp Z rh^p_p L$ep - (1) cy_p rhfl_p
A_ych_ dpV$, c[sdpN}e epN, L$se R>. (2) c[sdpN}e epN
L$hg d\u (fZp) rk \pe R>. A_ A d_u pq_y kp^_
cph_p\u rk \egp cph R>. (3) cph cph_p\u cL$s_ rhgnZ
Ar^L$pfu p \pe R>. `R>u cy_p NyZNp_ S> s_p rhfldp s_y h_
V$L$phu fpM R>.
Ap Z rh^p_p D`f\u cL$s_ b ApL$pnp (Zhp_u hq)
\pe R> (1) L$hp Ar^L$pfu_ L$hu cph_p\u D` \egp L$hp cph,
kp^_ $` D`epNu \C `X$ R>. A_ (2) cy_p NyZp_ `Z ep bp^L$
L$lgp lphp R>sp, L$hp Ar^L$pfdp L$hp L$pf_p NyZp L$hu fus h_
V$L$phu fpMhpdp kp^_$` \C `X$ R> ?
s_p S>hpb Ap R> - epN`|hL$ hZ\u D` \su cph_p\u,
cL$s `ps`psp_p Ar^L$pf dpZ, c[s_u hq $`, Ap N\dp L$lgp
r_fp^ p L$fhp_p e_ L$fhp.
c[shr^_u N\dp b rh^p_p L$ep R>. (1) S> cL$s_u
c[s_p buS> cph Y$ \ep lpe Ahp cL$s (ek_u cL$s) S>
c[L$s_u [\fsp dpV$ Nl epN L$fu_, hZL$us_ $` kp^_p L$fhp,
(2) S>_p buS> cph Y$ _ \ep lpe sZ Ofdp flu_ `| (khp)
hZ pfp cy_y cS>_ L$fhy.
417

Al] b ApL$pnp \pe R> (1) c[s-hq_y h$` iy ? A_

(2) c[s_u hq \C R> Ad L$d dpgyd `X$ !
s_p S>hpb `Z A S> R>. r_fp^ A c[s hq_y h$` R>.
A_ r_fp^_u pr \sp, c[s_u hq \C NC Ad dpgyd `X$.
khpag rhhfZdp AL$ rh^p_ L$ey R>. ""Apag (AgpqL$L$
kpde) p _ \pe sp khp Apr^v$rhL$u \C iL$su _\u.''
Al] A ApL$pnp R> L$ khp Apr^v$rhL$u L$d \pe ? s_p S>hpb
`Z A S> R>. r_fp^ pr \sp r_$ cL$s L$fgu khp Apr^v$rhL$u
b_u e R>.
s D`fps he r_fp^ gnZ N\_p `lgp b gpL$dp
ueipv$p, _v$ Np`uS>_p Apqv$_ \eg vy$:M A_ kyM Apqv$_y hZ_
L$fu_, s `psp_ L$hu fus p \pe Ahu ApL$pnp R>. s_p S>hpb `Z
A S> N\dp epS>g v$epgyh iv$ pfp dmu e R>. cy v$epmy R>.
Ahy vy$:M A_ kyM Ap`hp dpV$ L$ cL$sp_p r_fp^ L$fphu Ap` R>.
Ap fus r_fp^ gnZ N\D`eyL$s b^p N\pdp de (de
AV$g N\dp rs`pqv$s L$fg rhje) _y rhij op_ L$fph R>. AV$gp
dpV$ S> Ap N\A b^p N\p_p ijc|s R> Ad r_e \pe R>. s\u Ahy
L$lhpdp hp^p _\u L$ r_fp^ gnZ N\_y "kepk r_Ze', c[shr^_u
A_ khpag rhhfZ_p ij$` epep_ L$fhpdp Apey R>. A\ps, Ap
R> r_fp^ gnZ N\_u fQ_p_y epS>_.
Agb, hdpN}e qL$hv$su A_ykpf Ahy Zhp dm R> L$
`pV$Z `pk Aphg dv$ Npddp fp vy$b A_ dp^p vy$b _pd_p b
kpQpfp bpZ cpCAp flsp lsp. udv$pQpeQfZ pqfL$p `^pep
epf sd_p v$i_ L$fu_ b cpCAp L$sp\ \ep. sAp Ap`u_ ifZ
Apep. udlpcyA sd_ Apop L$fu, ""rQhqAp_p r_fp^ L$fu_
cNhv$ khp L$fp.'' epf s b cpCApA _dsp`|hL$ rh_su L$fu,
""dlpfpS>, L$`p L$fu_ Ap` Ad_ r_fp^_y gnZ kdhp. A_ Ad_
r_fp^_y v$p_ L$fp.'' epf Ap`uA udv$ cpNhs_p v$id L$^_p kpf
418

$` r_fp^ gnZ N\fQu_ s N\b cpCAp_ cZpep. Ap fus

Ap`u_u L$`p\u b cpCAp_ snZ r_fp^ rk \ep.
hmu r_fp^ gnZ N\_p v$idp gpL$dp Ap`uA Apop L$fu R>
L$ `ps S> cL$sp_ Apdr_hv$_ L$fpey R> sAp_p r_fp^_ dpV$ AV$g L$
sd_u gpqL$L$dp \egu Apk[s_ c|gphu_ sd_u cydp Apk[s rk
L$fphu Ap`hp kpfy `ps (L$ S> r_fy R> s) cL$sp_p r_fp^ dpV$,
r_fp^_y hZ_ L$f R>.
Ap fus Ap`Z r_fp^ gnZ N\_u fQ_p dpV$_p epS>_p
rhQpf L$ep. lh A N\dpV$_u `|h c|rdL$p_p rhQpf L$fuiy.
udv$ cpNhs `yr$ hpdu u_p\_y hpPNde h$` R>.
A_ s_p r_fp^ gnZ N\udv$ hgc_y v$e R>. uhgc Apop
L$f R> Al r_$p fp^_ r_fp^ `v$h] Ns: &
r_fyp_p sy fp^pe r_fp^ hZeprd s && 10 &&
A\ps : dpfu Cqep D`f L$pby dmhu_ ly cNhv$pkL$s bep
Ry>. A_ A fus ly k`|Z r_fp^_ `pep Ry>. s\u sp Alsp ddspde
Ap kkpfdp ApkL$s Ahp `yq$ cL$sp_ cNhv$ Apk[s $`u r_fp^
p L$fphu Ap`hp dpV$ ly sd_ r_fp^_y h$` kdhy Ry>.
r_fp^ gnZ N\bly dlh_p N\R>. s_p Arsd gpL$dp
ApQpeu dlpcy Apop L$f R> L$ Ap L$pf_p k`|Z r_fp^ L$fsp
Dd bu L$pC d _\u. s\u Dd buSy> L$pC sp _\u. bu L$pC
rhp _\u L$ buSy> L$pC su\ _\u.
Ap fus udlpcyA r_fp^_ kh dp, spp, rhpAp
A_ su\p L$fsp `Z h^y Dd NZpep R>, A_ A fus r_fp^_y
khpr^L$ dlh bspey R>. r_fp^_u bfpbfu L$pC d, syrs, rhp L$
rs\\u \C iL$su _\u. s\u r_fp^ S> khpd hsy R> Ahu Ap`u
Apop L$f R>. sp `R>u A r_fp^ iu hsy R> s kd_ s_ p L$fu
ghp A `yq$dpN}e hZhp_y `fd L$se R>.
419

udv$ cpNhs_p v$id L$^dp r_fp^gugp_y hZ_ R>. spdk,

fpS>k A_ kpqhL$ A b^p S> L$pf_p cL$sp_p rQ_p r_fp^ L$fhp
dpV$ S>$fu Ahu A_L$ rh^ gugpAp eipv$pkN gprgs cNhp_
uL$Z L$fu A_ `psp_u A gugpAp pfp sd_p d__p r_fp^ L$ep.
s\u v$id L$^_u gugpAp r_fp^gugp _pd\u ApmMpe R>.
r_fp^ iv$p_p ku^p A_ kpv$p A\ R> ""Alsp A_ ddsp\u
cfgp Ap kkpf_p b^p `v$p\p A_ rhjep sfa\u d_ MQu gC_ s_
cNhp_dp `fphu v$hy - `Q rhdrs `|hL$p cNhv$pkqL$s. r_fp^
AV$g L$ `Q_u rhdqs`|hL$ cNhv$pkqL$s \hu s_y _pd r_fp^.
Ap` d_ Ap ly A_ Ap dpfy dp kv$p fey `ey fl R>. ly
A_ dpfy e d__y MQpZ R>, s_ `Qdp Apk[s L$lhpdp Aph R>.
`Q AV$g Ap rdep kkpf. kkpfdp Apk[s $`u d__u A
hpcprhL$ Nrs_ Ap`Z _$ L$fu v$hp_u _\u. `fsy s_ buS> hpmu
v$hp_u R>. kkpfdp d__u Apk[s. s\u d__ kkpf_p rhjep epv$ _
fl A_ s_y rhdfZ \C e sd L$fhp_y R>. s dpV$ AL$ dp kp^_
R> cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$. AV$g L$ udv$ cpNhs_p v$id L$^dp hrZs
`yr$ hpdu uL$ZQ_u AgpqL$L$ gugpAp_y r_e `W$_, Aee_,
d__, tQs_, ep_ A_ Np_. d__ sdp fpL$pegy fli sp s
kpkpqfL$ rhjep_ c|gu S>i; A_ sd \sp r_fp^ rk \i.
r_fp^ gnZ N\dp r_fp^_u Z v$ip bsphu R>. (1)
p\rdL$ v$ip, (2) dperdL$ v$ip A_ (3) Dd v$ip. A Z L$pf_u
v$ipAp_u pq dpV$ L$hp L$pf_y kp^_ S>$fu R> s `Z sdp bspey R>.
A kp^__p D`epN\u r_fp^_u Ap Z v$ipAp epf p \pe epf
s_y iy am dm s `Z Ap N\dp bspey R>. A fus sp, r_fp^
gnZN\ApQpeu_p `psp_p iv$p dpZ khpd N\R>.
r_fp^_u Z v$ip R>. (1) p\rdL$, (2) dperdL$ A_ (3)
Dd A Z v$ipdp gnZ, kp^_ A_ am Zu gCA sp Ap`Z_
r_fp^_y h$` kde.
420

(1) p\rdL$ v$ip : A_y gnZ p\rdL$ v$ipdp r_fp^_u pr

\C Ahy epf L$lhpdp Apey epf cy_p rhepN\u v$edp sp` L$gi
D` \pe.
A_y kp^_ - A v$ip p L$fhp dpV$ `yr$ h cNhv$
NyZNp_ $`u kp^__p D`epN L$fhp. AV$g L$ kv$p_v$ uL$Z_u
`|Zp_v$ Ap`su gugpAp_y hZ A_ L$us_ L$fhy. A_y am - A dpZ
L$fhp\u, kkpf_u rhdrs \i A_ cydp d D` \i.
(2) dperdL$ v$ip : A_y gnZ - dperdL$ v$ipdp r_fp^_u
pr \C Ahy epf L$lhpe epf As:L$fZ_p v$pjp _pi `pd, kkpf
e_u Apk[s v|$f \pe A_ cy_p v$i_\u dmsy kyM A_ychpe.
A_y kp^_ - A v$ip p L$fhp dpV$ `Z cNhv$ NyZp_yhpv$
$`u kp^__p D`epN L$fhp S>$fu R>. `fsy lh \sy cNhv$ NyZNp_
As:L$fZ iy \ep `R>u_y NyZNp_ R>. s\u s h^y AkfL$pfL$ b_ R>.
A_y am - A dpZ L$fhp\u, kkpf e_u Apk[s v|$f
\C_, cy e Apk[s \i. r_fp^ pq_u kuX$u_y d `R>u_y buSy>
`Nr\ey R> Apk[s. s `Nr\ey QY$pi.
(3) Dd v$ip : A_y gnZ - Dd v$ipdp r_fp^_u pq
\C R> Ahy epf L$lhpe epf kepN `R>u_u am $` rhfl v$ip p
\pe. AV$g L$ v$i_ kyM Ap`_pf cy_p am $` rhfl b_u fl R>.
S>d d\yfpNd_ `R>u Np`uS>_pA uL$Z_p ag$` rhfl p \ep lsp
sd cy v|$f lphp R>sp s v$edp S> R> Ahp A_ych \pe s_y _pd
ag$` rhfl. A rhfl_y ag `Z h$`p_v$ R>.
A_y kp^_ - A v$ip p L$fhp dpV$ `Z cNhv$ NyZNp_ $`u
kp^__p D`epN L$fhp_p R>. S>d Dh `^pfsp Np`uS>_pA sd_u
kdn uL$Z_u gugpAp NpC bsphu lsu. s_p\u Ahu Akf \C L$
op_u Dh Np`uS>_p_y rieh huL$pey. `fsy r_fp^_u Aphu Dd
v$ip_u pr dpV$ S>$fu NyZNp_ $`u kp^_ L$hm cy L$`p AV$g L$
L$hm cNhv$ A_yNl pfp S> p \pe R>.
421

A_y am - A dpZ L$fhp\u cNhv$ Apk[s, cNhv$

ek_dp `gV$pC S>i. h_ cy_p h$`p_v$_y ek_ gpNu S>i.
`R>u sp s Alr_i h$`dp [\rs pfp dmsp fkp_v$_y `p_ L$fu_
`pNg b_u S>i. L$pfZ L$ lh sp v$edp rbfp flgp cy blpf L$V$
\C_, kepN_y kyM Ap`u_, `y_: `pR>p v$edp hiu_ ep q\f \ep
R>. A_ s ep\u L$epfe Mkhp_p _\u.
V|$L$dp r_fp^ AV$g dls (Np`uS>_p) _u L$`p\u d Apk[s
A_ ek_ v$ip_u pq pfp, h$`p_v$dp q\rs \hu s. Ahp A
r_fp^ hbm\u p L$fu iL$psp _\u, dls AV$g dlp_ cNhv$uep_u
L$`p\u s p L$fu iL$pe R>. dpV$ r_fp^ pq_u CR>p fpM_pf h,
cNhv$uep_p kN L$fu_ sd_u `pk\u cNhv$ NyZp_y hZ L$fhy A_
`ps s_y L$us_ AV$g L$ kkN kp^hp.
lh Ap`Z r_fp^ gnZ N\dp rhspf\u kdS>hp e_
L$fuA. A N\_p `lgp gpL$dp udv$pQpeQfZ Apop L$f R> eQ vy$:M eipv$pep _v$pqv$_p Q NpLy$g &
Np`uL$p_p Q ev$ vy$:M sv$ vy$:M epdd L$hrQs && 1 &&
gpL$p\ :- NpLy$gdp (1) ueipv$p A_ (2) _v$fpe
hNf_ A_ (sd_p kb^ hpmp buAp_ `Z) A_ (3)
uNp`uS>_p_ `Z, ag Ap`hp_u CR>phpmp cyA, S> vy$:M Apey R>,
s v$y:M d_ L$pCL$ W$L$pZ \ph.
Ap gpL$dp ueipv$p, u_v$fpe, uNp`uS>_p- A Z Dd
Ar^L$pfuAp_p vy$:M (sp`-L$gi) _y hZ_ L$ey R>. s\u u`y{$jpd
dlpfpS>_p ds dpZ s_p pfp Sy>v$p Sy>v$p Z L$pf_p cphp_y kyQ_
L$fhpdp Apey R>. D`fps Q AV$g A_. s iv$ pfp ""A_ bu `Z
cL$sp_y vy$:M'' Ahy `Z k|Q_ \pe R>. A buAp `Z Z Sy>v$p Sy>v$p
cphhpmp cL$sp_p kdphi \pe R>. e\p (1) L$k rhNf\u vy$:Mu \egp
cL$sp (2) L$pg rhNf\u vy$:Mu \egp A_ (3) Aop_\u vy$:Mu \egp
cL$sp; Ap b^p kpdpe Ar^L$pfu cL$sp R>. sd_p vy$:M_y `Z k|Q_
422

\pe R>. A fus S> vy$:M Z Dd Ar^L$pfuAp_ \ey lsy A_ S> vy$:M
Z kpdpe Ar^L$pfuAp_ L$Z_p Ahspf L$pmdp \ey lsy shy vy$:M
d_ L$epfL$ \i ?
`yr$ cs_p Ap d_pf\R>. s A L$pf_y vy$:M `psp_ \pe Ahy
CR> R>. vy$:M ip dpV$ ? sp L$ S> cL$sp cy_p bpgcphdp ApkL$s
R>. S> cL$sp cy_p qL$ipfcphdp ApkL$s R> A_ S> cL$sp cy_p
pY$cphdp ApkL$s R>, s kh cL$sp_y vy$:M (sp` L$gi) C_ sd_p
vy$:M_y r_hpfZ L$fhp dpV$, shp bpg, qL$ipf s\p pY$ $`\u cNhp_
sd_ kyM Ap`hp kpfy L$V$ \ep R>. A_p A\ Ahp L$ cNhp__p A
fus L$V$ \hp_p L$pfZ-c|s cL$sp_y vy$:M R>. cL$sp_ vy$:M \pe sp
cNhp_ L$V$ \pe. s\u Ahp vy$:M_u CR>p $` r_fp^_ kp^pfZ
(lu_) Ar^L$pfu_u c[s_u hq_y gnZ kdS>hy. cL$s_ \sp sp`
L$gi A r_fp^_u p\rdL$ v$ip R>.
NpLy$gdp eipv$pkN gprgs cNhp_ L$Z_u bpmgugp S>hu L$
Arhp $`u `|s_p_ Ap`g dpn, gpqL$L$ rhjep $`u iL$V$_p cN s\p
dpl$`u sZphs_p L$fg _pi - Ap b^u gugpAp pfp bpgL$Z
_v$pqv$ Np`p, eipv$p A_ Np`uS>_p_y rQ gpqL$L$ ehlpfdp\u
L$pY$u_ `psp_pdp gNpX$hp_y L$ey lsy. Ap b^u gugpAp \C epf s b^p
cL$s v$ep_ S> vy$:M \ey lsy s vy$:M_ sp` L$gi _pd\u ApmMhpdp
Aph R>. \pX$pL$ kde dpV$ `Z cNhp_\u \egu rhfl_ L$pfZ sd_p
As:L$fZdp sp` \hp\u sd_p d_dp S> vy$:M \ey lsy s_ L$pfZ sd_p
d_dp\u `Q_u rhdrs \C A_ sd_y d_ cNhp_dp gpNu Ney lsy.
Aphu v$fL$ gugp_ As s b^p (_v$, eipv$p, Np`uS>_p) bpgL$Z_
h]V$mpC hmsp A_ `psp_p v$e kp\ bpgL$Z_ gNpX$u_ sp` S>r_s
Ap_v$ A_ychsp lsp. epf `R>u sd_y d_ gpqL$L$dp S>sy sp li; `fsy
s`yfsy sp `Q_u rhdrs \C_ cydp `|Z d NV$sp lsp.
r_fp^_u Ap p\rdL$ v$ip.
lh bu gpL$dp Ap`u iy L$l R> s CA 423

NpLy$g Np`uL$p_p sy khjp hS>hprk_pd &

ekyM kdc|s sd cNhp_ qL$ rh^pers && 2 &&
gpL$p\ : hmu uNpLy$gdp uNp`uS>_p_ A_ kh
hS>hpkuAp_ S> kyM \ey s kyM dpfp cNhp_ iy d_ Ap`i !
D`f r_fp^_y S> gnZ (vy$:M) L$y s_p\u Sy>v$p L$pf_y gnZ
Al] L$y s_p\u Sy>v$p L$pf_y gnZ Al] L$y R>. S> cL$s_u hps Ap
gpL$dp L$lhpdp Aphu R> s rhepN\u vy$:Mu cL$s R>; A_ s fk^p_ R>. s\u c[s_u hq epf S> \pe epf cy_y pL$V$e \sp
s_u Apk[s h^. s\u L$pC`Z L$pf, cy_p v$i_\u S> kyM \pe s_u
ApL$pnp (d_pf\) A S> Ahp cL$s_u c[s_u hq $` r_fp^_y gnZ
R>.
u`y{$jpd dlpfpS> Al] Apop L$f R> L$ ""ded Ar^L$pfu
S> epN L$f R>. s rhfl kdedp Apk[s cdepe dpZ cNhp__p
A_ych dpV$_p epN R>. s\u shp Ar^L$pfu_u c[s_u hq_y h$`
A S> s_p r_fp^_y gnZ bey R>.
Apk[s-cd-epe AV$g iy ? s Al] kdhhpdp Apey
R>. Apk[s \hp\u S> cd \pe R> s dpZ \hy AV$g Apk[s cd
epe. S> dpZ kdy_p hdmdp `X$gp (h) afu\u D`f Aphsp _\u
s dpZ Apk[s_p hdmdp `X$gp (cL$s) `Z `pR>p blpf _uL$msp
_\u. Al] Apk[s A fkkdy_p `epe R>. A_ cd A hdm_p
`epe R>. s\u A_p A\ A \ep L$ L$Zfk_p kdy_p hdmdp `X$gp
(cL$s) sdp\u `pR>p Aphsp _\u. sp `R>u L$pC A fkkdydp X|$bu
Nep lpe sp s L$ep\u `pR>p Aph ? s dpZ uNp`uS>_p `Z fk
kdy $` cydp X|$ep ep\u sd_u `y_fphr \pe _rl.
r_fp^_u p\rdL$ v$ipdp rhepN S>r_s sp`L$gi pfp dmsp
vy$:Mp_p A_ych \pe R>. A_ s_ `qfZpd cydp d Dv$ch R>. A_
cydp v$i_ L$fu_ As:L$fZ kyM A_ych R>. b^p S> hS>hpkuAp
_v$pgedp v$pX$u Aphu L$_ep_ v$e kp\ gNphu kyM_p A_ych L$f R>.
424

bpm L$Z_u bpggugp A_ `pY$gugp pfp uL$Z kp\ dmsp

klhpk\u AV$g L$ dpMZQpfu, v$p_gugp, NpQpfZ gugp Apqv$
gugpAp pfp uL$Z kp\ S> klhpk sd_ dmu fl R>. s_p hX$ b^p
hS>hpkuAp_ O kyM dmsy lsy. s kyM\u sd_y As:L$fZ r_dm
b_u S>sy lsy. A_ sd_ kkpf_u rhdrs \C S>su lsu. Ahy kyM
A_ychu sAp cy e h^y_ h^y ApkL$s b_sp S>sp lsp. Ap lsu
r_fp^_u dperdL$ v$ip.
Apd sp kp_p v$edp cy Apdp $` rbfpS> R>. Aldpdp
NyX$pL$i kh c|spie q\s: AV$g L$ ly S> Apdp fp kh c|sp_p
v$ep qhj. v$edp rbfpS>sp cy cL$s_u `psp_p e_u Apk[s
C_ s_p v$edp\u blpf L$V$ \pe R>. A_ cL$s_ kepN kyM Ap`
R>. A kepN kyM `pdu_ cL$s_y v$e cNhp_ e `|Zs: ApkL$s
b_u fl R>.
_ A R> L$ r_fp^_u pq dpV$ kyM A_ vy$:M_u L$pd_p ip
dpV$? udlpcy vy$:M A_ kyM ip dpV$ dpN R> ? vy$:M A_ kyM_p
cph iy R>pX$hp S>hp _\u ? udv$ cNhv$ Nuspdp sp rispZ kyM
A_ vy$:Mjy kd - Ahp cL$s_ cy_p re bspep R>. cNhp__ re
\hp CR>sp cL$s kyM A_ vy$:M_p cph_p kh\p epN L$fhp CA.
Ad R> sp Al] udv$pQpeQfZ kyM A_ vy$:M_ AgN spfhu_ s
p L$fhp_p d_pf\ip dpV$ eL$s L$ep R> ?
r_fp^ pq_p CRy>L$ cL$s Ap hps `$sp\u kd ghp_u
S>$f R>. udv$ cNhv$ Nuspdp S> kyMvy$:M_p v$_u hps L$fu R> s
gpqL$L$ CqeS>r_s kyM-vy$:M R>. Ahp kyMvy$:M_p cph_p epN
L$fhp_y sdp L$y R>.
udv$pQpeQfZ Ahp gpqL$L$ kyM L$ vy$:M rhj rhQpf `Z L$fsp
_\u. Al] S> kyM L$ vy$:M_u L$pd_p L$fhpdp Aphu R> s AgpqL$L$ kyMvy$:M R>. cNhp__p rhfl\u \sy vy$:M A_ cNhp_ kp\_p kepN\u
\sy kyM A sp AgpqL$L$ kyM-vy$:M R>. L$pfZ s kyM-vy$:M Ap_v$v$peL$
425

R>. Ahy kyM sp Ap_v$ Ap`; `fsy Ahy vy$:M s\u `Z rhij Ap_v$
Ap`_pfy R>. S>Z s A_ycey lpe s, s Ap_v$_ dpZu iL$ R>.
gpqL$L$ vy$:Mdp\u rhjpv$ dm. cy rhepN_p vy$:M\u Ap_v$
dm.
cNhp_ kp\ cL$sp_p kepN \pe epf kepN_p Ap_v$
A_ychpe. `fsy kepN `Z r_e A_ AL$^pfp b_u e sp s_p\u
AlL$pf, dpl A_ A$rQ S>hp cph D` \C s Ap_v$_ L$gyrjs
b_phu v$. kepNS>r_s Ap_v$_ h^y rd$ A_ kyMv$ b_phhp dpV$
kepN_p Acph_u S>$f fl R>. AV$gp dpV$ sp cNhp_ Np`uS>_p_u
hQ\u Ae \ep lsp. rhepN_u v$ip d_u DS>L$ v$ip R>.
rhepN_p Ap_v$ hX$ kepN_p Ap_v$_u dpp h^ R>. rhepNdp c[s
v$e `psp_p `d`p dpV$ T|f R>. S>d s h^y T|f sd s_p d h^y
DL$V$ b_. d h^y DL$V$ b_. d h^y DL$V$ b_u_ s_u `fpL$p$pA
`lpQ. A_ epf `R>u_p A kepN `fdpQ kyM A_ Ap_v$ Ap`.
AV$gp dpV$ sp Ae \egp cy `y_: L$V$u_, Np`uS>_p_ fpkgugp
fdpX$ R> A_ A fus sd_ `fdpQ kyM A_ Ap_v$ Ap` AV$gp dpV$
sp Ae \egp cy `y_: L$V$u_, Np`uS>_p_ fpkgugp fdpX$ R> A_
A fus sd_ `fdpQ kyM A_ Ap_v$ Ap` R>.
udlpcyA eipv$p, _v$pqv$ Np`p A_ Np`uL$pAp A
b^p_ dpV$ vy$:M_p A_ych dpep R>. _v$ eipv$p hpke cph, Np`p
kMpcph, A_ Np`uS>_p d^yf cph uL$Z rhfl_y vy$:M A_ych R>.
A b^p_y vy$:M A_L$ L$pf_y _\u. sp `R>u udlpcy Ahp rhrh^
cphp pfp \sy vy$:M ip dpV$ dpN R> ?
`yr$dpNdp Apdr_hv$_ L$fu_ cL$s cNhp_ e v$pecph
L$V$ L$f R>. s cNhv$ A_yNl p L$fhp TM R>. `fsy `yr$dpN ifZ
A_ hfZ_p dpN R>. s\u cL$s S> cph ifZ epQ, cNhp_ s S>
cph s_y hfZ L$f Ahy _L$L$u _\u. s hfZ L$f `Z Mfp A_ _ `Z
L$f. cNhp_ `psp_u CR>p dpZ_p cph hX$ cL$sp_y hfZ L$f R>.
426

AV$gp dpV$ Ap N\dp udlpcyA Sy>v$p Sy>v$p cph v$iphhp dpV$

_v$, S>ipv$p, Np`uAp, Np`p Apqv$_p cph_y vy$:M `psp_ \ph Ahy
dpey R>. cNhp_ `ps S> cph cL$s_y hfZ L$fhp CR> s cph\u eyL$s
rhepN vy$:M s_ Ap` R>.
Dd Ar^L$pfuA L$fg epN, rhfl `R>u \sp kpnpL$pf_ dpV$
lpe R>. Ahp cL$sp_ cNhp__p kpnpL$pf `R>u, hS>hpkuAp_u dpaL$
epf `pR>m\u qhfl \pe R> epf s_ `ps \d A_ychgp
gugpkyM_y dfZ \pe R>. A_ Ap rhfl_p kde s_ rdrs kyM vy$:M_p A_ych \pe R>. s kde s_p d_dp S> r_fp^ \pe R> s Dd
L$npA `lpQgp lpe R>. Ap hps_p kL$s Ap`u u gpL$dp L$f R> Dhp Nd_ s Dkh: kydlp_ e\p &
hv$ph_ NpLy$g hp s\p d d_rk L$hrQs && 3 &&
gpL$p\ : uhv$ph_dp A_ uNpLy$gdp Dh `^pep epf
S>hp dlp_ Dkh \ep lsp shp dpfp d_dp L$pC hpf \pAp.
Dh epf hv$ph_ NpLy$gdp `^pep epf, S>d re_p
kMp_p ApNd_\u, re_y dfZ \sp, S>hy Dkh_y hpsphfZ \ey
lsy, shp Dkh_u L$pd_p \hu A r_fp^_u Dd L$np_y kyQ_ R>.
Ap fus, Ap Z gpL$dp r_fp^ rhj S> L$lhpdp Apey R> s
bpbsdp V$uL$pL$pfp_p dspdp rcsp R>. QpQ Np`f_p ds dpZ ukybpr^_u hNfdp hZhg r_fp^ (cL$s_ dpV$) ApheL$ R>. Ahy
k|Qh_pf d_pf\p Ap Z gpL$dp R>. ulqffpe_p ds dpZ
r_fp^_p r_rd L$pfZc|s cph_p A_ NyZNp_dp \d cph_p_y
(d_pf\-cph) r_$`Z Ap Z gpL$dp L$ey R>. A_ A cph_p bly
vy$gc R>, Ahp bp^ L$fhp_ dpV$ udv$pQpeQfZ p\_p $` s_y hZ_
L$ey R>. epf u`y{$jpd L$l R> L$ dpfp ds dpZ Ap Z
d_pf\(Apikp) c[s_u hq v$iph_pf gnZp sfuL$ L$lgp R>.
u gpL$dp udv$pQpeQfZ cL$s v$e_p Dd cph A_
cL$s_p rQ_u Dd r_fp^_u q\rs_y hZ_ L$ey R>.
427

Np`uL$pAp_p cNhp_dp `|Z r_fp^ \ep lsp. sAp cNhp_

kp\ kepN kyM `pdu Q|L$u lsu. `R>u cy NpLy$g R>pX$u d\yfp `^pep.
s\u sd_ cNhp__p rhepN \ep `fsy A rhepN sd_p kepN kyM_
h^y Ap_v$v$peL$ b_ph_pf lsp. Ahp rhepNpdL$ Ap_v$_p A_ych
Np`uS>_p_ \sp lsp s kde Dh NpLy$g `^pep. `psp_p resd_p
kMp_ C, sd_u `pk\u _uS> resd_u hpsp kpcmhp dmi Ahy
kd_ Np`uL$pAp_p d__ resd_ dmhp S>hp Ap_v$ \ep. sd_y
rQ Ap_v$ A_ Dkh_p cph\u cfpC Ney.
rhepN_u v$ipdp resd_p v|$s_p ApNd_ pfp rhepN cph_y
`pjZ \pe R>. A_ sdp\u dmsp Ap_v$ Dkh_y $` ^pfZ L$f R>.
u`y{$jpd dlpfpS> L$l R> L$ S> cL$sp epNu R> A_
cy_p NyZNp_dp ApkL$s R> sd_u c[s_u hq $` r_fp^ L$hp lpe
s_y op_ L$fph_pf L$pe gnZ lh `R>u_p Z gpL$ pfp L$lhpdp Aph
R>. e\p dlsp L$`ep ephv$ cNhp_ v$ereers &
sphv$p_v$ kv$pl: L$uedp_: kyMpe rl && 4 &&
dlsp L$`ep es L$us_ kyMv$ kv$p &
_ s\p gpqL$L$p_p sy q_^cpS>_ $nhs && 5 &&
NyZNp_ kyMpepq Npthv$e es &
e\p s\p iyL$pqv$_p _hpdr_ Ly$spes: && 6 &&
gpL$p\ : dpV$pAp_u (Np`uS>_p S>hp_u) L$`p\u, epf
cNhp_ v$ep L$fi (agv$p_ L$fi), ep ky^u, S>_y L$us_ L$fuA R>uA,
Ahp Ap_v$_p kdyl$` A cNhp_ r_e kyM$` \pe R>. (4)
S>hu fus dpV$pAp_u L$`p\u, cL$spA L$fgy cy_u gugp_y
L$us_ kv$p kyM Ap` R>, shu fus gpqL$L$S>_pA L$fgy gpqL$L$ rhjep_y
L$us_ kyM Ap`sy _\u. S>d S> `y{$j Ouhpmy (q_^) cpS>_ L$fgy lpe
s_ gyMy cpS>_ kyM _ Ap` s fus. (5)
(dpV$pAp_u L$`p\u) Npthv$_p NyZNp_dp S> kyM_u pq \pe
428

R>. s uiyL$v$h hNf_p v$edp `Z \su _\u. sp bu L$pC fus sp

L$ep\u S> \pe ? (6)
Ap Z gpL$p_p (4 \u 6_p) cph kdS>hp dpV$ sd_u
i$Apsdp dlsp L$`pep iv$p R> Ad kdS>hy. L$pfZ L$ S> kyM L$
Ap_v$ dmhp_p R>. s khp dlsp (dpV$pAp)_u L$`p\u dmhp_p R> Ahy
sp`e R>.
`lgp sp Ap_v$_p h$` $` Ahp cy L$us_dp kyM Ap` R>.
A_ `R>u sAp v$ep L$fu_ s cL$s_ h$`dp AL$sp_ L$fu v$ R>.
gpL$dp dlsp iv$ R>. s_p A\ hS>cL$sp S> kdS>hp Ahy
u`y{$jpd L$l R>. `yr$dpNdp hS> cL$spS> dpV$p R>. sd_u L$`p
epQu_, cNhp_ cL$s_ hh$`dp AL$sp_ L$fu v$ ep ky^u,
dfZ`|hL$ cy_p `psp_pdp ek_dp DL$j $` r_fp^ v$iph_pf L$pe
gnZ R>.
epv$ fpMp L$ cL$spA L$fgy cy_u gugpAp_y L$us_ kv$p kyM
Ap` R>. `fsy S>d Ouhpmy cpS>_ L$f_pf_ gyMy cpS>_ Ap_v$ Ap`sy
_\u. sd gpqL$L$S>_pA L$fgy gpqL$L$ rhjep_y L$us_ cL$sp_ kyM Ap`sy
_\u.
cL$spA L$fgy cy_u AgpqL$L$ gugpAp_y L$us_ L$hy kyM Ap`
R> ? ""lj\u $hpV$u Ecu _ \pe, rQ hu _ e, d_ dde|f b_u
_pQu _ EW$, Ap_v$\u ApMdp\u Ay^pfp _ hl ep ky^u kpQy kyM
dey L$d L$lhpe ? Ahu c[s _ \pe ep ky^u v$e L$hu fus iy \pe
? ""s_ `ygqL$s, _e_ kS>g, Nufp cC Nv$Nv$'' - Aphu R> cL$s_p
kyM_u `fpL$p$p.
A_ Npqhv$_p NyZNp_dp, cNhv$ NyZphpmp iv$p A_
hpL$ep\u kcf L$us_ L$fhpdp S> Arsie kyM_u pq \pe R> shp
kyM_u pq iyL$v$h S>hp op_u cL$sp_p v$edp `Z \su _\u sp
buS> L$pC L$pf sp L$ep\u S> \pe ? AV$g L$ dplpe op_ A_ c[s
(iyL$v$hdp A b R>) A b\u `Z Ahp kyM_u pq _ \pe sp
429

s qh_p_p bu L$ip\u L$ bu lsy\u s L$ep\u \pe ?

`lgp Z gpL$dp r_fp^_u Z Dfpf h^su v$ip_y $rdL$
hZ_ R>. `lgp sp cNhv$ c[sdp $rQ \pe A_ d L$V$. `R>u
As:L$fZ r_dm \sp `psp_p d`pdp Apk[s S>d A_ `R>u
v$e_u spgphgu DN b_u_ r_S> d`pdp ek_ \sp v$e _pQu
EW$ A fus r_fp^_p $rdL$ rhL$pk \pe R>.
`R>u_p Z gpL$dp L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ Ahp $rdL$ rhL$pk
L$pC dlv$_u L$`p\u S> \pe R>. r_fp^_u Ap L$pf Dd v$ip_u pq
dpV$, cy_p A_yNl\u, cL$s_ L$pC dlv$_p cV$p \pe; Dh S>hp
L$pC spiu hZh_u dygpL$ps \pe. A_ s_u kN cydp NyZNp_
L$fu_ cydp rQ `fphpC e sp cL$s_ r_fp^_u Dd v$ip p \C
Ad L$lhpe.
Aphp Dd cNhv$ue hZh_p kdpNd \hp\u S> cNhv$
cS>_ L$ NyZNp__y hZ \pe s bly S> kyd^yf A_ hpqv$$ lpe.
ApQpeu s\u sp Apop L$f R> L$ dlv$ AV$g L$ cNhv$uep_u L$`p hX$
\sy L$us_ q_^ cpS>_ S>hy R>; A_ AgpqL$L$S>_p_u kp\ L$fhpdp
Aphsy L$us_\u dmsp Ap_v$ cS>_p_v$ L$lhpe. A_ Ahp A
cS>_p_v$ bp_v$ L$fsp KQu L$np_p R>.
cS>_p_v$_u pq sp L$hm cL$sp_ S> \pe. iyL$$ op_u_ s
L$v$u _ \pe. iyL$ op_u_ sp dp bp_v$ S> \pe. op_u, Apdr_$
A_ hmu cL$s Ahp uiyL$v$h_ `Z cS>_p_v$_u pq _\u \su sp
`R>u kpe epN Apqv$dp fs Ahp op_uAp_ L$ epNuAp_ sp s L$hu fus
\pe ?
iyL$v$hdp op_ ^p_ c[s R>. s\u sAp kv$p_v$ uL$Z_u
AgpqL$L$ gugpAp_p kpnuc|s b_u iL$ep. sAp cNhgugpAp_p $p
lpC, fp `furns_ s gugpAp_p A_ych L$fphu iL$ep. `fsy sAp
cNhp_ uL$Z_u fpkgugp_p `qfL$f (cpN g_pf) b_u iL$ep _l].
Np`uL$pAp fpk gugpdp cpN gC iL$u. L$pfZ L$ sAp iy cL$s lsu.
430

s\u sAp L$Zgugp_u dp $p _l] `fsy k$p (D` L$f_pf) b_u

NC. iyL$v$h_p fpkgugp_p A_ych v|$f Ecp flu_ hp_p lsp.
Np`uS>_p_p A_ych s gugpdp kpdg \C_ s gugpAp_p ANc|s
b_u S>hp_p R>. s\u Np`uS>_p_ S> cS>_p_v$ dep s_p A_ych sp
iyL$v$h `Z L$fu iL$ep _\u.
cy_p NyZ L$us_\u p \sy A cS>_p_v$_y kyM cL$s_ p
\hpdp, cNhp__u L$`pS> lsy$` R> Ahy Ap`u gpL$ 7 A_ 8 dp L$l
R>qL$gepdp_p_ S>_p_ $hp L$`peyL$sp ev$p chs &
sv$p kh kv$p_v$ qv$\ r_Ns brl: && 7 &&
khp_v$de epr` L$`p_v$ kyvy$gc: &
v$Ns: hNyZp_ yhp `|Z: gphes S>_p_ && 8 &&
gpL$p\ : `psp_u pr_ dpV$ r_S>S>_p_ L$gi `pdsp C_,
epf cy v$ephs \pe epf v$edp flgp A kv$p_v$ (cy) blpf
L$V$ \pe R>. (7)
kh Ap_v$Qyf cy_p L$`p_v$ Aes vy$gc R>. v$edp flgp
cy, `psp_p NyZp Nhpsp, s_y hZ L$fu_, L$`p\u `|Z \C_ r_S>
cL$sS>_p_ c[sfk\u `|Z L$f R>. (8)
S>_p_ AV$g S>d-dey_p ^dhpmp hp. r_S>S>_p_ cy
pq dpV$ vy$:Mu \sp C_ epf cy sd_p D`f bly A_yNl L$f R>
epf v$edp flgp s kv$p_v$ blpf L$V$ \pe R>.
u`y{$jpd dlpfpS> L$l R> L$ L$us_ L$f_pf cL$sp D`f
cNhp__u L$`p \sp, cph_p_u bgsp\u, kh_u Av$f flgp cy_y
blpf pL$V$e \pe R> A_ s kde sd_u kp\ hS>cL$sp `Z L$V$ \pe
R>. cy A_ hS>cL$sp b gugp rhri$ R> s\u. A hS>cL$sp_u
L$`p\u, cL$s_p d__p \eg r_fp^ ag Ap` R>, Ad rk \ey.
Ap fus kv$p_v$ $` cy blpf L$V$ \sp, cL$sp_ S> kv$p_v$_u
pr \pe R>, s\u L$pC, khp_v$^_ $` A cy_p L$`p_v$ cL$sp_ p
431

\C S>sp _\u. cy_p L$`p_v$ bly vy$gc R>. A_ cNhp_ epf s_y
v$p_ L$f epf S> s cL$sp_ dm. cL$s_p v$edp flsp cNhp_,
`psp_p cL$sp_ Apsf bp fk\u gprhs L$f epf L$`p_v$ p \ep
L$lhpe.
sp`e A L$ cS>_p_v$_u pq A sp L$hm L$Z L$`p_y
`qfZpd R>. cy kp_p v$edp q\s R> S>. epf cNhv$ NyZNp_ \pe
R> epf v$edp q\s s cNhp_ blpf L$V$ \pe R>. As:L$fZ_u iyq
\ep `R>u L$fpeg, A cNhv$ NyZNp_\u k \C_ blpf L$V$gp A
cy, `y_: cL$s_p v$edp `^pf R>. cL$s L$fgp A NyZNp_ cph_u
suhsp\u \egy lphp_ L$pfZ cNhp__p L$`p_v$_ p \hp_p L$pfZ$`
b_ R>. A_ epf vy$gc Ahp A cNhp__p L$`p_v$ p \pe epf
cL$s r_fp^_u Dd v$ipA `lpQ R>.
Ap fus Sy>v$p Sy>v$p L$pf_p r_fp^_p gnZp bsphu _ lh _hdp
gpL$dp, Ap`u r_fp^_p kp^__p D`v$i L$f R> sdps kh `qfee r_$: khv$p NyZp: &
kv$p_v$ `fNep: kqQv$p_v$sp hs: && 9 &&
gpL$p\ : cph_p L$fsp `Z NyZNp_\u cNhp_ h^pf k
\pe R>, Ahy (1) r_[s`Z kd_ (2) kh_p `qfepN L$fu_ (3)
`Q_u rhdrs`|hL$ cNhv$pkqL$shpmp \C_ (4) v$edp flgu
gugpkq$dp AL$sp_ \C_, kv$p khv$p cy_p NyZp_y Np_ L$ep L$fhy.
s\u hs: (A_u dm) kqQv$p_v$sp p \pe R>.
cph_p L$fsp `Z cNhp_ NyZNp_\u Ar^L$ k \pe R>.
s\u dpN_u fus dpZ (1) kh Nlpqv$L$_p hpk_p krls epN L$fu_
(2) `Q_u rhdrs`|hL$ cNhp_dp ApkqL$s fpMu_ A_ v$edp
flgu gugpkr$dp AL$fk b_u_, khv$p cNhp__p NyZNp_ L$ep
L$fhp. A L$pf L$fhp\u, Ahpsf ag sfuL$ bu L$pC kp^_ rh_p A_u
dm cL$s_ Anf bsp p \i.
udlpcy_u Ap Apop_ kd. Ap`u L$l R> L$ - ""s\u
432

`Qdp\u ApkqL$s R>pX$u v$C_, fkp_v$ Ahp cydp rQhr_ X$hp

$`u k`|Z r_fp^ `pdhp_p Ar^L$pfu cL$spA ldip cNhv$ NyZp Npsp
flhy. sd L$fhp\u h_p ks A_ rQ kp\ Ap_v$` L$V$ \sp,
cL$s kqQv$p_v$ `Z A_ychi.
Al] AL$ _ Ecp \pe R>. OZp cL$sp Ahp R> S> ldip
cy_p NyZNp_ L$f R>. A_ R>sp `Z sAp r_fp^_u r__ v$ipA `Z
`lpQsp _\u s_y L$pfZ iy ?
A_y L$pfZ AL$v$d `$ R>. sdZ L$fgp NyZNp_ gpL$ v$MpX$p
dpV$_p lpe R>. sd_u khp \|g q$epdL$ lpe R>; s Apr^cprsL$ lpe
R>. A_ s_ ApepqdL$ A_ Apr^v$rhL$ b_phhp dpV$ S>$fu (1)
As:L$fZ_u iyq, (2) cL$sp AV$g cNhv$uep_p kkN A_ (3)
`Qdp \hu Csu A_pkqL$s_p sd_pdp Acph lpe R>.
(1) As:L$fZ iy \ey _ lpe (2) cNhv$uep_p kkN _
lpe (3) `Qdp ApkqL$s b_u flu lpe (4) cNhp_ e ApkqL$s
S>du _ lpe A_ (5) dp lp\L$ lpW$ cy_u khp L$us_dp lpgsp
lpe sp Ahu q$epdL$ khp pfp r_fp^_u r__ v$ipA `Z _ `lpQu
iL$pe. udlpcy_p iv$pdp kpQu khp sp ""Qsss hZ
khp''>R>. s\u s_pdp (L$Zdp) rQ `fphu_ khp L$fp; `Q_u
Apk[s_ c|gu S>C_ khp A_ L$us_ L$fp sp r_fp^_u pq Ap`pAp`
\i. Agb Ahu `|Z r_fp^_u pq AV$g L$ ek_ v$ip_u pr
(dp_ku khp) sp cNhv$ L$`p\u S> dmi.
Ap dpZ \su r_fp^ pqdp, `psp_p A_ych_y dpZ
Ap`u_, s dpZ hs_ L$fhp_y iy epS>_ R> s AN udlpcy Ap
fus Apop L$f R> Al r_$p fp^_, r_fp^ `v$h] Ns: &
r_$p_p sy fp^pe r_fp^ hZeprd s && 10 &&
gpL$p\ : kkpfphi frls \C_, Cqep_p r_Nl L$fu_, ly
cNhv$pkL$s \ep Ry>, A_ `|Z r_fp^ p L$fu iL$ep Ry>. s\u lh
433

kkpfdp ApkL$s cL$sp_p r_fp^ dpV$, ly A r_fp^_y hZ_ L$fy Ry>.

Ap gpL$dp dpfp Nyfyv$h iy L$y s kd gp. Ap`uA
Akqv$^ iv$pdp L$y L$ ""ly cNhp_dp ApkL$s Ry>; dpfpdp kkpfphi
_pd_p `Z _\u. Cqe r_Nl L$fu_, ly r_$ \egp Ry>. s\u r_fp^
pq_p CRy>L$p_, kkpfphi\u frls L$fhp dpV$ ly r_fp^_y hZ_ L$fy
Ry>.
dpfp kd\ Nyfyv$h uhgc r_fp^_u Dd v$ip_ `pep lsp.
s\u Ap`uA Apop L$fu, ""rQhqAp_p ip^ L$fu_ `|Z r_fp^ p
L$f_pf ly, r_fp^_p CRy>L$ hp_ r_fp^_y h$` kdhy R>y.''
Ap`u_u Ap Apop_p kL$s kd. sAp L$l R> L$ `Q_u
rhdrs`|hL$ cydp ApkqL$s \hu AV$g L$ k`|Z r_fp^_u q\rs, h
`psp_p e_\u p L$fu iL$sp _\u. r_fp^_u pq sp dls
(Np`uS>_p A\hp uhgc) pfpS> \C iL$. Dh S>hp op_u_,
sd_u D`f L$`p L$fu_, sd_ r_fp^ pq L$fphu Ap`hp, cy `ps
kd\ lsp. R>sp sdZ Dh_ r_fp^_y v$p_ _ L$ey. A_ sd_ hS>Np`uL$pAp `pk dpL$ep. A_ hS> Np`uL$pAp pfp Dh_ r_fp^_y
v$p_ dey. sp`e A L$ Nyfy L$`p\u S> r_fp^ p \C iL$ R>, Ae\p
_l]. Np`uS>_p A_ uhgc b `yr$ cLsp_p kdp_ue Nyfyv$h R>.
uhgc A_ uNp`uS>_p - A b_ `|Z r_fp^ AV$g dp_kukhp
p \C lsu. s\u sd_u L$`p\u, `yq$cL$sp_ r_fp^ rk \C iL$ R>
Ahy r_Qe`yhL$ kdS>hy.
Ap fus, r_fp^_y hZ_ L$fhp_u rsop L$fu_ uhgc
r_fp^_y h$` Ap fus kdh R> lqfZpe rhr_dyL$sps dp chkpNf &
e r_$ps Ahp dpv$ dpepelr_id && 11 &&
gpL$p\ : kh_p vy$:Mp v|$f L$f_pf ulqfA S>d_p epN L$ep R>
sAp chkpNfdp X|$bu Nep R>. A_ S> cL$sp cNhp_dp r_fp^ `pep
R> Ahp cL$sp_p cy_p NyZNp_dp fpq-qv$hk gpep flu_, Ap_v$
434

p L$f R>.
NyZNp_dp L$ cph_pdp, kkpf_p Aphi \pe sp kdS>hy L$
cNhp_ s h_p ANuL$pf L$ep _\u A_ s_ kkpf kpNfdp X|$bhp
R>pX$u v$u^p R>. s\u EgVy$, S>_p kkpfphi _$ \ep R> A_ s\u S>_u
cy_p NyZNp_ A_ cphcph_pdp Alr_i Ap_v$_u pq \pe R>, s
r_fp^ `pdg cL$s R> Ad kdS>hy.
s\u kkpfdp Aphi hpmu Ap`Zu S> Cqep lpe s_y rls
L$fhp dpV$, Ap`Z s b^u Cqep_, s_p rhje krls, uL$Z_ rhj
epS>hu. udlpcy Apop L$f R> kkpfphi vy$$p_prdqepZp rlspe h &
L$Zpe khhs|r_ c|_ Iie epS>es && 1 &&
gpL$p\ : kkpfphi\u vy$$ \egu Cqep_p L$epZ_ dpV$
kh_p r_esp, kh ep`L$ Ap_v$O_ cy_ rhj kh hsyAp_p
r_e\u rhr_epN L$fhp. sd L$fhp\u cL$s_y L$epZ Ahe \i. A_
s_ kyM_u pq \pi.
NyZhprh$ rQp_p khv$p, dyfhqfZ: &
kkpf rhfl L$gip _ epsp lqfhkyMd && 13 &&
gpL$p\ : dyf v$e_p hfu cydp S>$_y rQ khv$p ApkL$s R>
Ahp cL$sp_ kkpf_p rhfl\u L$gi \sp _\u. `fsy cy_u dpaL$ kyM
\pe R>.
dyf v$e_p iy AV$g h_p S>X$ v$pjp_p _pi L$f_pf cy
uL$Z. s dyfpqf_p NyZpdp S>d_y rQ kv$p ApkL$s R> sd_ Alsp
ddspde kkpf R>pX$hp\u klS> `Z L$gi \sp _\u. s\u kkpf_u
ApkqL$sdp\u Cqep_ Ahu fus v|$f L$fhu L$ sd L$fhp\u cy_y
v$epgyh kch A_ |$fsp _ v$Mpe sp L$y R> L$ sv$p chepgyh Ae\p |$fsp dsp &
bp^iL$pr` _pe sv$epkpr` qkrs && 14 &&
gpL$p\ : D`f L$p dpZ \pe epf cy_u L$`p kdS>hu. sd
435

_ \pe sp (cy_p NyZpdp rQ_p Aphi _ \pe sp) |$fsp \C Ahy

kdC. Adp L$pC `Z L$pf_p bp^_u iL$p L$fhu _rl. A_ s_p\u
cNhp_dp Aepk `Z rk \pe R>.
Al] Ahy L$lhpdp Apey R> L$ ApNm L$p dpZ ulqf_p
NyZNp_ hX$, rhfl A_ L$gi_u r_hq`|hL$, lqf_u `W$ kyM p \pe.
Ahy \pe epf S> cL$sp_u v$u_sp Z_pf ucNhp_dp v$epmysp
kch R>. A_ Ad _ \pe sp `yq$ hp_p depv$pdp hi \hp
S>hu q\rs \pe A_ sdp cy_u |$fsp kde.
`fsy Al] Ahu iL$p \pe R> L$ kh L$pC R>pX$u_ L$hm
NyZNp_dp S> h \CA sp `R>u, L$pm ^d hNfA L$fgp bp^ \pe L$
_rl ? sp L$l R> L$ Aphp NyZNp_ rhj L$pgL$d\u \_pf bp^_u iL$p
`Z kchsu _\u sp bp^ sp L$ep\u S> \pe A_ s\u bp^ kch sp
s v$lpepk_ r_h L$f_pf ucNhp__p Aepk s_ rk \pe R>.
ApS> hps bu fus `Z kd iL$pe. A_ s A L$ Cqep_
bmpL$pf kkpfdp\u MQu_ sd_ cydp X$hu A rlsphl _\u. sd
L$fhp\u sp Cqep h^y Y$sp\u `ps`psp_p rhjep_ hmNu fli. s\u
sd_p rls_ rhQpfu_ sd_p D`f bmpL$pf _ L$fhp. `fsy sd_ S>
rhjepdp Apk[s lpe s rhjep krls sd_ cydp X$hu. Ad
L$fhp\u S>d S>d Cqep_p cydp d h^sp S>i sd sd sd_p
rhjepdp\u d OV$sp S>i. As rhjep_u rhdrs \C_ sAp cydp
ApkL$s \i.
rQhq_ bmpL$pf sd_p rhjepdp\u rhdyM b_phhu s_y
_pd |$fsp. `fsy sd_ kdhu_ sd_p rhjep krls sd_ cydp
X$hu s_y _pd v$epmysp. kkpfdp Aphihpmp rQ_ uL$Z_p
NyZp_yhpv$dp Aphi \sp, s `psp_p kpkpqfL$ rhjep_p epN `psp_u
dm L$fi. sd L$fsp s kyM A_ychi. s_y _pd S> v$epmysp. s\u EgVy$
`fpZ kpkpqfL$ rhjep_p epN L$fphu rQ_ vy$:Mu L$fhy s_y _pd |$fsp.
Ap`Zu b^u Cqep As:L$fZ_ Ap^u_ R>. s\u As:L$fZ_u
436

ddsp_ kkpfdp\u R>pX$phu_ s_ cydp gNpX$hp_p D`pe `Z

bsphhpdp Apep R>. A_ s A L$ As:L$fZ_u ddsphpmp b^p
`v$p\p_ cydp X$hp. sd L$fsp S>d S>d As:L$fZ_ cNhv$ NyZp_y
cp_ \i sd sd kpkpqfL$ `v$p\pdp\u s_u ddsp OV$su S>i. A fus
kpkpqfL$ `v$p\pdp\u ddsp OV$sp, As:L$fZ_ vy$:M _l] \pe; s_ Ahy
_l] S>Zpe L$ kpkpqfL$ rhjepdp\u s_p rhfl \ep R>. s\u s_ R>pX$sp
s_ L$gi _l] \pe.
Ap hps AL$ gpqL$L$ Dv$plfZ pfp kpfu fus kd iL$pi.
bpm`Zdp Ap`Zu Apk[s OZu b^u fdspdp flsu. A b^u fdspdp
Ap`Zu ddsp b_u flsu lsu. s b^u fdsp bmpL$pf R>pX$hhpdp
Aph sp bpmL$_ O vy$:M \pe. `fsy S>d S>d Ap` d_ Ae hsydp
gpNsy Ney sd sd A b^u fds_u Q$pAp Ry>V$su NC. eyhp_u Aphsp
lh gMpV$u L$ Y$]Ngu e ddsp _l] fl. Ap fus fdsp e_u ddsp
Ry>V$hp\u d__ L$gi _\u \sp. EgVy$ Ap_v$ \pe R>. Ap dpZ
kdhu_ lh udlpcy Apop L$f R> cNhv$ ^d pdepv$ rhfpNp rhje q\f: &
NyZlqf kyM `ip vy$:M cprs L$rlrQs && 15 &&
Ah ophp op_dpNpvy$L$j NyZh_ &
Adkff gy^ hZ_uep: kv$p NyZp: && 16 &&
gpL$p\ : cONhp__p ^dp_p kpde\u rhjepdp hfpN q\f
b_u_ fl R>. cy_p NyZNp_\u lqf kyM_p `i \hp\u L$pC`Z kde
vy$:M_y cp_ flsy _\u. (15)
Ap dpZ s_u (NyZNp__u) op_dpN\u Ddsp Zu_,
dkf A_ gpc_p epN L$fu_ khv$p cy_p NyZNp_ L$fhp. (16)
kh-hsy-kd`Z s\p ulqf_p hZ-L$us_ Apqv$ cNhv$
^dp R>. cNhv$ ^dpdp OZu i[s flgu R>. s\u A i[s_p cph
rhjepdp \eg hfpe q\f fl R>. cy_p NyZNp_ L$f_pf_ AgpqL$L$
kyM A_ Ap_v$ dm R>. s_ vy$:M_y cp_ `Z \sy _\u. Ap fus
437

NyZhZ_ AV$g L$ cy_p NyZNp_ L$fhp s op__p dpN L$fsp Dd

dpN R>. Ahy kd_ dkf A_ gpc, Ap b v$pjp_p epN L$fu_ kv$p
NyZNp_ L$fsp flhp_p Apv$i R>.
op_dpNdp rQ_p r_fp^ \hpdp, kpkpqfL$ L$$p_p A_ych
\pe R>. Agb op_u `y{$j ^e\u L$ L$$p kl_ L$f R>. A_ Ahu
L$$v$peL$ fus `Z rQ_p r_fp^ L$fu g R>. `fsy c[sdpNdp Ahu
L$pC bp^p (bp^) _u iL$p _\u. c[sdpNdp kpkpqfL$ L$$p_p A_ych
hNf S> rQ_p r_fp^ \pe R>, S>d dufp, _ftkl s\p bu A_L$
`yr$dpN}e cL$sp_ \ep lsp s fus. Aphu fus S>_ `|Z r_fp^ \ep R>
Ahp hp_p h_ ehlpf L$hp lpe s `Z udlpcy, gpL$ _.
17 \u 19dp L$lu bsph R>.
lqfd|rs: kv$p eep kL$`pv$r` srl &
v$i_, `i_, `$ s\p L$rs Nrs kv$p && 17 &&
hZ, L$us_, `$ `y L$Z re frs: &
`pepdgpi epN_ ijcpN s_p _es && 18 &&
ee hp cNhL$pe ev$p`$ _ es &
sv$p rhr_Nlse L$se Crs q_e: && 19 &&
gpL$p\ : cNhp__p h$`_y khv$p ep_ L$fhy; L$pfZ L$
h$`dp cNhv$ cph \sp, v$i_ A_ `i (Qny A_ hQpdp L$pep)
`$`Z \C iL$ R>. A S> dpZ khv$p L$rs A_ Nrs (lp\A_
`N_p L$pep) `Z cNhv$ rhr_epNdp Aph R>. (17)
hZ L$us_ (L$Z A_ c_p L$pep) `Z `$`Z \pe R>. s
S> fus L$Z_ re Ahp `y dpV$ A\hp uL$Z S>_p re R> Ahp `y
p L$fhp dpV$, L$pddp (frs $uX$pdp urs L$fhu. A\ps uL$Z rhjeL$
L$pd (frs)dp urs fpMhu. A_ `pey Cqe_y L$pe S> dgpi_p epN
L$fhp_y R>, s Cqe_p L$pe\u Apqv$_p ij cpN_, ucy_u khpdp
X$gp ifuf rhj `lpQpX$hp. (18)
S> Cqep A\hp `ypqv$dp cNhkb^u khp L$ NyZNp_ Apqv$
438

L$pC`Z L$pe `$`Z \sy _ v$Mpe s Cqe L$ `ypqv$_p rhij L$fu_

r_Nl L$fhp. AV$g L$ s_ `psp_ Ap^u_ fpMhp Ahp r_e R>.
r_$ h_p h_ ehlpf Aphp lpe. Al] h_ hhp_u
Ahu eh\p bsphu R> L$ - S> Cqe Apqv$ hsyAp cNhv$ L$pedp
A_yL|$m lpe sdp urs fpMhu. A_ S> rsL|$m lpe s_ r_eddp
fpMhu. A_ ep b^u fus L$pC `Z _ b_u iL$ ep s_p `qfepN
L$fhp. A\hp cy_u ifZpNrs epQhu. Ahp r_e R>.
kfdp A_ AY$pfdp gpL$pdp, `pQ L$dqe, `pQ op_qe
A_ ANuepfdy d_ A b^pA, uL$Zdp L$hu fus gpNu S>hy s bspey
R>. S>Z r_Nl_u Dd v$ip p L$fu R> s_u A ArNepf ArNepf
Cqepqv$ L$ cphpqv$ hsyApA k`|Z`Z cydp gpNu S>hp_y R>. sdZ
cy A\ S> `psp_y L$pe L$ cph_p rhr_epN L$fhp_p R>. S>d L$ `|Z r_fp^ p \eg cL$s, `psp_p d_\u cy_y, ep_ ^f;
ApM\u cy_p v$i_ L$f; hQp\u cy_ `i; _pL$ hX$ cy_ ^fphg
cpN A\hp kpdNu Dd R> L$ _l] s_u `funp, s_u N^ gC_ L$f;
lp\hX$ cNhv$ khpdp L$pep L$f; `N hX$ cNhv$ \p_ sfa Nrs L$f;
L$p_ hX$ cNhv$ NyZp_y hZ L$f. dyM A_ c hX$ cNhv$ NyZp_y
L$us_ L$f.Ap fus Ap ApW$ Cqep A_ _hdp d__p `$ rhr_epN
cNhp_dp L$hu fus L$fhp s `$ bspey R>. lh bpL$u flu b Cqep
- Ny Cqe A_ `pey AV$g L$ dmepN_u Cqe. s b_p rhr_epN
`Z cNhv$ L$pedp iu fus L$fu iL$pe s `Z bspey R>.
Ny Cqe dpV$ Ap`u Apop L$f R> L$, ""uL$Z_ re Ahp
`y_u pq dpV$ AV$g L$ L$Zkhpdp klpeL$ b_ Ahp `y_u pq
dpV$ S>, h^d_ kd_, hL$uep (r_S> `_u) kp\ frs L$fhu;
rhjecpN dpV$ s_p D`epN L$v$u _ L$fhp; A_ `pey AV$g L$ Nyv$p
Cqe pfp, dm_p epN L$fu_ ifuf_p Ae ANp_ h\fpMhp.
S>\u ifuf_p A bu b^p ANp (ifuf_u b^u Cqep) h\flu_
(fpNpqv$\u rir\g b_u_ _l]) cy khpdp D`epNu b_u fl, Ahp
439

L$pf_p sd_ b_phhp.

udv$pQpeQfZ Apop L$f R> L$ r_fp^ p cL$s D`f L$p
dpZ `psp_u b^u Cqep_p cy khpdp A\hp cNhv$ L$pepdp
rhr_epN L$fhp. A_ S> Cqep_p `$`Z cNhv$ L$pedp rhr_epN _
\pe s Cqep_p rhij L$fu_ r_Nl L$fhp A h_y L$se R>. Cqep
`$`Z cydp gpNgu fl s_p A\ R> `Q_u rhdrs. Ahp cL$s_
kpkpqfL$ L$pep L$fhp_u drs _ \pe. s_y d_ cNhv$ h$` rkhpe
Ae cV$L$sy _ fl. s_p ApM, L$p_, c, cNhv$ NyZNp_ A_
cNhv$ khp hNf L$epe gpNgp _ fl. Ahy b_ epf cL$s_p k`|Z
r_fp^ \ep L$lhpe. `fsy Cqep sd _ L$f sp r_fp^ rk L$fhp
CR>sp cL$s s_ kdhu_, s_p rhjep krls s_ cNhv$ L$pedp
epS>hu. Ahy L$fhp_p e_ L$ep R>sp s _ dp_ sp A_ s gpqL$L$dp
gpNu fl sp, shu Cqep_, bm`|hL$ sd_p rhjep sfa S>sp
AV$L$phhu. A_ s_ hpfhpf cNhv$ L$pedp epS>hu. A fus kss e_
L$fhp\u s Cqe_p cNhp_dp rhr_epN S>$f \i. A_ AL$ kde
Ahp Aphi epf s Cqe cNhv$ L$pe R>pX$u gpqL$L$ L$pedp S>hp dpV$
L$v$u ggQpi _rl.
Aphp D`v$i L$fu_, udv$pQpeQfZ Ap N\_p R>p gpL$dp,
Ap N\_y dplpe-r_$`Z L$ey R>. Ap`u Apop L$f R> _ps: `fsfp dp, _ps: `fsf: sh: &
_ps: `fsfp rhp, su\ _ps: `fp`fd && 20 &&
gpL$p\ : (Aphp r_fp^ p Dd Ar^L$pfu cL$s_ dpV$)
Ap_p\u (r_fp^\u) A$pnf d `Z h^pf Dd _\u; sdS> L$Zpe
sp `Z h^pf Dd _\u; sdS> D`pk_p hNf `Z h^pf Dd _\u.
A_ NNpqv$ su\ `Z h^pf Dd _\u.
udv$pQpeQfZ r_fp^ gnZ N\dp r_fp^_p h$`_y r_$`Z
L$ep `R>u As r_fp^_y dlh A_ Ap N\_u kh\u Ar^L$sp kdhsp
L$y R> L$ Ap N\L$fsp Ar^L$ dlh ^fphsp L$pC`Z d, sp, rhp
440

L$ su\ _\u. uL$Z: ifZ dd A dlpd R>, `fsy A dlpd_p

fV$Z\u ag$` dmsu ifZpNrs (Ape) sp r_fp^ p h_
Apkp_u\u dmu fl R>. A S> fus kp\u Dd syrs L$Zpe R>. sdp
cL$s L$Z_u Nrs hpR> R>. uL$Z_u kdyM A N\_p `pW$ cph`|hL$
L$f_pf_ L$Z_u Nrs Ahe dmu fl R>. `fsy r_fp^ p L$fu QyL$g
cL$s. L$Z_u Nrs_ `Z `pdu Q|L$gp lpe R>. s\u s_ dpV$ r_fp^ A
S> kp\u Dd Nrs v$peL$ sh_ (syrs) R>. L$l R> L$ kpQu rhp
"h$`' _ kdS>hpdp R>. dy[srlhpe\p $` h$`Z ehq\sh$`dp q\rs L$fph s Ddpd rhp. r_fp^ p cL$s h$`dp
q\rs L$fu Q|L$ep lpe R>. s\u shp cL$s bu L$pC rhp cZhp_u
flsu _\u.
su\p_ Dd am pq L$fph_pf NZpep R>. NNp Apqv$ su\p_
Dd su\ dp_hpdp Aph R>. `fsy iW$ `y{$jpdv$pk_u `yu $dZu_
(r_fp^ p cL$s) cy khp ApX$ NNpdp _p_ L$fhp_p kde `Z
L$ep dmsp lsp ? kpQu hps A R> L$ r_$ cL$s_ L$pC`Z ag p
L$fhp_y bpL$u flsy _\u. s\u Apk[s kkpf_p b^p rhjepdp\u
k`|Z`Z Ry>V$u NC lpe R>. s_ sp AL$dp uL$Z_y ek_ gpNu Ney
lpe R>. s_ dpV$ `Q_y rhdfZ L$fu_ cy_y dfZ L$fhp_y klS>
fus kpe b_u Ney lpe R>.
Ap fus r_fp^, kh d, syrs, rhp A_ su\ L$fsp Dd R>.
r_fp^_u q\rs `|Zp_v$_u pr.
- S>euL$Z
***

441

16. khpagd
epiu kh_p psp sqkp agdyes &
AgpqL$L$e v$p_ rl Qp: rked_pf\: && 1 &&
ag hp r^L$pfp hp _ L$pgpr_epdL$: &
DN:rsb^p hp cpNp hp epy bp^L$: && 2 &&
AL$se cNhs: kh\p Qv$ Nrs_rl &
e\p hp shr_^pfp rhhL$: kp^_ dsd && 3 &&
bp^L$p_p `qfepNp cpNeL$ s\p@`fd &
r_e|l dlp_ cpN: \d rhis kv$p && 4 &&
krh_p`p OpsL$: epv$ bgpv$sp kv$p dsp &
qsue kh\p rQsp epep kkpfr_eps && 5 &&
_hp v$pssp _pqs ssue bp^L$ Nld &
Ahee kv$p cpep khded_pcd: && 6 &&
sv$uefr` ss L$pe `y$p _h rhgbes &
NyZnpcr` $edsv$hrs d drs: && 7 &&
Ly$kr$f hp L$prQvy$`s k h cd: && 8 &&
&& Crs udgcpQperhfrQs khpagd k`|Zd &&

khp agd (khp ag rhhfZd)

`yr$dpNdp khp AL$dp kp^_ R> A_ khp S> AL$dp kpe
R>. kp^_ A_ kpe hsy lpe sp s dpfu Zdp _\u.
rkps dysphgu _pd N\dp, ApQpeuA khp AV$g iy s
k|$` kdey R>. Ap`u Apop L$f R> - Qsss hZ khp.
cNhp_ uL$Zdp rQ `fphu v$hy s_y _pd khp. khp sp L$fu hS>_u
Np`uL$pApA; khp sp L$fu uhgc. uhc `ps sp L$Zkhp L$fu
`fsy `R>u s_y h$` r_S> khL$p `pk fS|> L$fu_, sd_ khp L$fhp_p
442

Apv$i Apep ""L$Zkhp kv$p L$pep''.

ApQfZ L$f s ApQpe. udv$pQpeQfZ khp_y ApQfZ L$ey.
sd L$fu_ Ap`u kpQp ApQpe bep. s_y L$pfZ A kcpdp Ap`
ipp\ pfp dmhg rhS>e R>. `fsy Ap`u_p A rhS>e ip_ Apcpfu
lsp ? s L$hg Ap`u_u rhsp_ Apcpfu _ lsp. rhp_Nf_u s
kcpdp rhp_p sp OZp lsp; `fsy hdpN}e rkpsp_y ApQfZ L$f_pf
bly \pX$p lsp. rkpsp_u keL$ fS|>Aps_u `psp_p h_dp ApQfZ
L$ep `R>u A rkpsp_u fS|>Aps L$fhpdp Aph sp s h^y AkfL$pfL$
b_ R>. ApQpeuA rkpsp_ L$hm rkpsp sfuL$ fS|> L$ep _\u.
Ap`u_y h_ A rkpsp_p ApQfZ $` lsy. `qfZpd Ap`u
ipp\ L$fsu hMs `psp_p pfp \pr`s A_ ApQfZ L$fgp iyps
bhpv$_p rkpsp_u bly kQpV$ Akf `X$u A_ Ap`u_p rhS>e \ep.
Ahp dpfp kd\ Nyfyv$h khp_u blyS> kyv$f A_ kQpV$ A_
cphhplu epep Ap` R>. Ap`u L$l R> - `yr$ hpdu uL$Zdp
sdpfp rQ_ `fphu v$p A_y _pd khp. Ap`u_p ds dpZ khp L$hm
q$epdL$ _\u; s sp `|Zs: cphpdL$ R>. s\u khp AV$g dp_kukhp
Ahu Ap`u_u Apop R>. A dp_ku khp_u rkq A\ ""Alsp
R>pX$_pfu s_y'' A_ ""ddsp R>pX$ph_pfu rh'' khp Ap`uA
bsphu R>.
h cy_p Ai R>; h cy_p v$pk R>. v$pk_p AL$ S> ^d
R>. A_ s r_S> hpdu_u khp L$fhp_p. Ap\u `yr$dpNdp h dp_p
AL$ S> ^d R>. khp A S> Adpfp ^d R>. eipv$pkN gprgs uL$Z_u
khp L$fhu A cNhv$ ^d R>. bpL$u b^p dp_h^d, v$l^d A\hp
ipps ^d L$lhpe. cNhp_ `Z Ad S> L$y R> ""kh ^dp_
`qfee dpd AL$d ifZ hS>'' Al] S> ^dp eS>hp_p L$p R> s
b^p v$l_p ^dp R>. A b^p ^dp e_ cNhv$ khp L$fhp_p epkpv$i
Nusp_p NpeL$ uL$Z L$ep R>. A_ uhc b^p ^dpdp cNhv$ ^d
(L$Z khp_p ^d)_ khp`fu ^d NZpep R>. A_ Apop L$fu R> 443

L$Z khp kv$p L$pep, dp_ku kp `fpdsp. A\ps : kv$pe khp L$fp
kv$p_v$ Ahp L$Z_u.
A_ khp A L$pe (L$d) lpe sp L$dam_p rkps dpZ s_y
am Ahe dm. khp v$rlL$ lpe L$ dp_ku lpe, s AL$ L$pf_y L$pe sp
R> S>. s\u s_y am Ahe dmhy S> BA. Ap bpbs_ ep_dp fpMu_
L$v$pQ Ap`uA khpagd_u fQ_p L$fu li. A_ jpX$i N\pdp, L$v$pQ
AV$gp dpV$ S> s_ R>p $d fpMhpdp Apep li. L$d_y am dmu S>sp
b^_ R|>V$, `R>u L$iy bpL$u _ fl.
`fsy Ap hps bly rhrQ R>. `yr$dpN sp A_yNl_p dpN R>.
khp L$fhp dpV$ `Z cy_p A_yNl S>$fu R>. cy A_yNl L$fu_, h_
khp L$fhp epe b_ph R>; AV$g L$ khp cNhv$ A_yNl pfp kpe
b_ R>. cy A_yNl L$fu_ h `pk khp L$fph R>. A_ s_u khp_p
ANuL$pf L$f R>. Ap fus khp L$fsp `lgp S>, cNhv$ A_yNl \B e
R>. Ap\u khp A cNhv$ A_yNl pr_y kp^_ _ flsp, s A_yNl_p
am $` b_u e R>. Ap\u kdS>hp S>hu hps A R> L$ `yr$dpNdp khp
A kp^_ A_ am b R>. A_yNl pfp khp_u pr \pe. khp Qpgy
fl A_ s kss \su fl, s `Z A_yNl_ L$pfZ. Ap fus A_yNl_y
kpse S>mhpB fl R>. A S> R> khp_u am pr. Aphu hps Ae L$pB
^d L$ kv$pedp kpcmu R> ? `yr$dpN Ae ^dp L$fsp Sy>v$p R> s_y
Ap dpZ.
v$hu hpA, h^d kd_ cykhp L$fhp_u R>. cydp rQ
`fphu_ khp L$fhp_u R>. khp dp q$ep _\u. s\u cphfrls L$fgu
khp cy_ huL$pe _\u. kpQp cph\u cy_p h$`_ v$edp Dspfu_
s_pdp sde b_u S>B_ A_pks cph sd S> L$pB L$fip - _pQip,
Ly$v$ip, Npip, bhip, cS>_-L$us_ L$fip L$ _pd fV$Z L$fip- sp s
b^y khp S> li. A_ cy s_p khp sfuL$ S> ANuL$pf L$fi. sd Ahu
khp (ek_u b_u_ L$fgu khp) L$fu iL$p sp s cy_p A_yNl_y am R>
Ad dp_.
444

D`f L$p dpZ `yr$dpNdp khp A S> kp^_ A_ am R>.

`fsy khp\u rc lpe Ahp L$pB`Z ag_p `yr$csp huL$pf L$fsp
_\u. kpgpe, kp$e, kpdue A_ kpeye A Qpf L$pf_u dy[s_u
`y[$ csp_ TMsp _\u.
lqf_p S>_ sp dy[s _ dpN, dpN S>_dpS>_d Ahspf f,
r_e ApR>h, r_e L$us_, r_fMhp _v$ Ly$dpf f.
dy[s sp `yr$csp_u v$pku R>. `yr$csp dy[s _l] `fsy
khp pfp k^psu c[s dpN R>.
Ap fus khp S> am$` lpe sp khpagd N\_p `lgp
QfZdp udv$pQpeQfZ S> Apop L$f R> s_p ip A\ ? Ap`u Apop
L$f R> :epiu kh_p psp sqkp agdyes
A\ps : rkps dysphgudp d S> fus_u khp L$lu s (dp_ku
khp) rk \sp s_y iy dm s Ad L$luA R>uA. AV$gy L$lu_ `R>u
Ap`u khpdp Z am NZu bsph R>.
cpf \B cpB ! bly cpf \B. udlpcy_u Ap Apop_
kdS>hp_ dpV$ bly rhQpf L$fhp `X$i. `fsy _p sdpf sd _l] L$fhy.
r_S> khL$p D`f L$`p L$fhp dpV$ kv$p s`f Ahp udlpcy sd_ A
hps kdhu v$i.
`_ A R> L$ khp `ps ag$` lpe sp `R>u Ahu A ag$`
khp_y am lpB iL$ Mfy ? A_ udlpcy sp Apop L$f R> L$ khpdp
AL$ _l] `fsy Z am R>.
Ap __y bly kyv$f kdp^p_ `fd cNhv$ue hZhpA
uW$pLy$f_u L$`p\u L$fgy R>. sAp L$l R> L$ khpdp ag_y S> r_$`Z
L$fhpdp Apey R> sdp khp rkhpe buSy> L$pB sh _\u. S> Z ag
bsphhpdp Apep R> sdp \d ag sp cy_u AsfN khp, budp
ded khp A_ u agdp kp^pfZ khp S> flgu R>. `lgy ag
uNp`uS>_p_ dey lsy. A_ s R> iy d\u uL$Z_u khp L$fhp_u
445

i[s. buSy> am Dh_ dey lsy s R> op_rdrs d\u L$Z_u

khp L$fhp_u i[s A_ uSy> ag dey R> uhc_p khL$ Ap`Zp
S>hp hZhp_ A_ s R> ehlpf rdrs d\u L$Z_u khp L$fhp_u
cph_p A_ i[s. Ap fus sp khp_y am khp S> R>. A fus khp_y
kpse S>mhpB fl R>. A_ __p DL$g Aphu e R>.
khp_y khpd am R> cS>_p_v$. cS>_p_v$ khp\u frls L$hu
fus lpB iL$ ? `fsy khp ""AgpqL$L$ kpde'', ded cphhpmp_
ded khp dpV$ ""kpeye'' A_ kp^pfZ cphhpm_ kp^pfZ khp
dpV$ ""khp`epNu v$l'' Ap`hpdp Aph R>. Ap fus khp_y am khp S>
fl R>. ""_pd$` Sy>S>hp As sp ld_y ld lpe'' - A epe ""AgpqL$L$
kpde'', ""kpeye' A_ ""khp`epNu v$l'' A Z am _pd\u Sy>v$p
R>. `fsy As sp s Z khp_p S> h$`p R>.
udv$pQpeQfZ Apop L$f R> - epiu kh_p psp sqkp
agdyes - A\ps S>hu khp shy ag. `R>u Ap`uA Z L$pf_p ag
NZu bspep R>. ""khpepd ag ed & AgpqL$L$ kpde, kpeye,
khp`epNu v$lp hp hLy$W$pqv$jy &&'' khp_p Z ag lpe sp khp `Z
Z L$pf_u lphu BA. khp_u qrh^sp hNf ag_u qrh^sp
kchu _ iL$. `fsy khpsp dp AL$ S> L$pf_u R> A_ s dp_kukhp.
s_y A_ rh A hs$` khp _\u, A sp dp_kukhp qk
L$fhp_p kp^_$` khp R>. s_y rh pfp dp_ku khp k^pe R>.
Ad R> sp khp_p Z L$pfp ep lpB iL$?
udv$pQpeQfZ sp khp_p Z L$pf L$ep lpB iL$ s `$
L$fsp _\u. Ap\u L$V$gpL$ V$uL$pL$pfp dp_ku, s_y A_ rh A Z
L$pf_u khpdp D`eyL$s Z am bsph R>. `fsy Ad_p Ahp Arcpe
L$pB`Z fus huL$pfu iL$pe _l]. ulqffpe dlpcysp `$`Z
L$l R> L$ "khpagd' dp dlpcy L$hm dp_ku khp_p ag$` A Z
ag_p r_v$i L$f R>. L$pfZL$ Ap`uA Apop L$fu R> L$ "Ad S> fus_u
khp L$fgu R> (epiu kh_p psp) AV$g L$ Ad rkps dysphgu
446

N\dp S> s_u khp L$lu R> s S> khp R>. A_ s khp sp dp_ku khp
S> R>. dp_ku kp `fpdsp & Qsss hZ khp A_ dp_ku kp `fp
dsp - A_p A\ kde sp Z L$pf_u khp_p A Z ag R> Ahy
L$v$u _ L$lhpe.
sp `R>u ag_u qrh^sp ip dpV$ ? khp AL$ A_ ag Z. Ahy
ip dpV$ ? Ap en__y kdp^p_ b fus L$fu iL$pe.
(1) khp A cphpdL$ hsy lpB, cph_u qrh^sp kp\ ag_u
qrh^sp kchu iL$. cydp rQ `fpey - (A) Np`uS>_pA, (b)
Dh S>hp Dd cNhv$uepA (AsNlNsp Np`uS>_p `Z Mfp) A_
(L$) Ap`Zp S>hp hZhpA. `fsy A Z_p cph v$Musu fus S> Sy>v$p
R>. sd_p cph dpZ khp Dd, ded A_ kp^pfZ L$lu iL$pe.
Ahy lpe sp S>, S> L$pf_u, S> cph\u L$fpeg khp lpe. s dpZ_y
ag dmu iL$ Mfy. Dd_y Dd ag; ded_y ded ag A_ kp^pfZ
khp_y kp^pfZ ag.
(2) khp_u rhrh^sp _ bsphsp, khp L$f_pf h_ L$pf_u
rhrh^sp bsphu iL$pe. udv$pQpeQfZ khp A_ ag_u S> hps L$lu R>
s `yr$ hp dpV$ R>. A_ Ap`uA `ps `yr$ hp_p b L$pf bspep
R> - (L$) iy `yr$ h A_ (M) rd `yr$ h.
`R>u rd `yr$h_p Z L$pf bspep R>. (L$) `yr$ `yr$
h (M) `yr$ depv$p h A_ (N) `yr$ hplu h.
Ap b^p L$pf_p hpdp\u iy `yr$ hp dpV$ sp khp klS>
kpe R>. A_ s\u sd_ dpV$ khp_y Ddpd ag `Z klS> kpe R>.
epf rd `yr$ hp dpV$ khp kp^_ A_ ag$` R>. s\u sd_ dpV$
ag_u rrh^sp_p rhQpf L$fu iL$pe.
rd `yr$ hp_p Z L$pf R>. Ap\u Ahp hp_u qrh^sp
A_ykpf ag_u qrh^sp lphu OV$. `qfZpd `yr$ `yr$ h_ Dd ag
AV$g L$ AgpqL$L$ kpde, `yr$ depv$p h_ ded ag AV$g L$
kpeye A_ `yr$ hplu h_ kp^fZ ag AV$g L$ khp`epNu v$l
447

ag$` p \pe. S>\u L$fu_ sAp `ps`psp_u fus khp Qpgy fpMu iL$.
A_ A fus khp_y kpse S>mhpsp sd_ cS>_p_v$_u pr \pe.
AL$ hps Mpk epv$ fpMhp_u R> A_ s A L$ jpX$i N\p
k|pdL$ igudp gMpegp R>. udlpcy_u cpjp A_ igu
k|pdL$ lpB Ap`u_p cph kdS>hp_y L$pe kp^pfZ hp dpV$ bly
dyL$g R>. AV$gp dpV$ sp v$fL$ N\ D`f A_L$ Nphpdu bpmL$p A_
Ae kpv$preL$ rhp_pA rhss V$uL$pAp gMu_, S> s N\_p cph
kdhhp_p e_ L$ep R>.
`fsy khpag_u cpjp sp AV$gu b^u k|pdL$ R> L$ he
udlpcy_ s_p D`f khpag rhhfZd _pd_u V$uL$p_u fQ_p L$fhu
`X$u R>. Ap`uA sd _ L$ey lps sp OZu kqv$^spAp flu S>hp_p
kch lsp. `fsy Ap`uA L$`p L$fu_ khpagd N\_p cphp\ khpag
rhhfZddp kdhu_, Ahu L$pB kqv$^spAp dpV$ AhL$pi flhp v$u^p
_\u.
kpv$preL$ dpesp dpZ, khpagd N\_u fQ_p
uApQpe dlpcyA r_S> khL$ rhv$pk rR>`p_p ApepqdL$
L$epZ A\ L$fu R>. s_p hZ dp\u S> khp, khp_y h$`, khp_p
am A_ khp ApX$ Aphsp rsb^p_p keL$ epg Aphu e R>. `fsy
A N\_u cpjp k|pdL$ lpB_, qhv$pk sd_p cph kd iL$ep
_l] s\u Ap`uA A N\_u V$uL$p $` khpag rhhfZd_u fQ_p L$fu.
A_ s V$uL$p Ap`uA rhv$pk_ kcmphu. s kpcmsp S> sAp_
hdpN_p b^p rkpsp A_ ipp s\p `yfpZp_y op_ \ey Ahy L$lhpe
R>.
sp Al] Ap`Z khpag rhhfZ Dv$^s L$fuiy - s_p cphp\
Ap`uiy A_ `R>u s_p Ap^pf khpag N\_ kdS>hp_p e_ L$fuiy.
A\ khp ag rhhfZd
khpdp aged (1) AgpqL$L$ kpde (2) kpeye (3)
khp`epNu v$lp hL$W$pqv$jy && khpdp rsb^L$ed
448

(1) DN (2) rsb^p hp (3) cpNp hp & epZp

kp^_ `qfepN: L$se: && cpNp rrh^: (1) gpqL$L$:
(2) AgpqL$L$Q & s gpqL$L$pe Ah & AgpqL$L$
cpNsy agp_p de \d rhirs && rsb^p@r`
qrh^: (1) kp^pfZp (2) cNhL$sQs spp byep
epe: & cNhL$sQs rsb^sv$p cNhp_ ag _
v$pesurs dsed && sv$pekhpr` e\p & sv$pkyfp@e
h Brs r_^pf: & sv$p op_ dpNZ \pse ipL$p
cphpers rhhL$: && __y kp^fZp cpN: L$\ ese
BepL$pnpepdpl krh_p@`p ^psL$: epqv$rs &
krh_hpv$`hpv$ cpNep S>e: & Asp kv$p
rsb^L$p & qrsep cNhL$s rsb^: && op_ q\e
cph rQspcphp\dpl qrse Brs & Ap agp cph
cNhsp v$psh _pqs & sv$p khp _pr^v$rhL$ueyL$s
chrs & cpNpcphsv$h rkers ev$p Nl`qfepN: &&
cphp\ :- khpdp Z ag R> (1) AgpqL$L$ kpde (2)
kpeye A_ (3) hLy$W$ hNfdp khp rhj D`epNu v$l.
khpdp Z rsb^ R> - (1) DN (2) rsb^ (3) cpN A
Z_p kp^_\u `qfepN L$fhp.
cpN b L$pf_p R> - (1) gpqL$L$ A_ (2) AgpqL$L$. Adp
gpqL$L$ cpN_p epN S> L$fhp. AgpqL$L$ cpN sp agp_p dedp `lgp
am$` hi R>.
rsb^ `Z b L$pf_p R> - (1) kp^pfZ A_ (2) cNhp_
L$fgp. Adp kp^pfZ rsb^_p byq hX$ epN L$fhp. rsb^
cNhp_ L$fgp lpe sp cNhp_ am _l] Ap` Ad dp_hy. epf Ae
khp e\ R>. Ap Ap h Apkyf R> Ad _$u Zhy. A_ Ah kde
ipL$_u r_hq A\ op_dpNdp flhy.
449

hp$ ! kp^pfZ cpN_p L$hu fus epN L$fhp ? Ahu ApL$pnpdp

- s krh_, A`, lsp R> Ahy L$l R>. rh_ kp\ lphp\u A_
A`` lphp\u cpN_p epN L$fhp. ""Ap b _X$ kv$p'' Ad cpN
A_ rsb^, A b rsb^ L$f_pf R>. Adp bu cNhp_ L$fgp
rsb^ R>.
op__u q\rs_p Acphdp tQsp_u r_hq dpV$ "bu' Ad L$l
R>. ""`lgp ag_p Acph lpe epf cNhp__y v$psp` _\u. epf
khp Apr^v$rhL$u _\u Ahy L$lhpdp Aph R>. epf Nl_p epN L$fhpdp
Aph epf S> cpN_p Acph rk \pe R>.
A_ lh khpag rhhfZd_u klpesp\u Ap`Z khpagd
N\_ kdS>hp e_ L$fuiy sp s kdS>hpdp dyL$gu _l] `X$. L$pfZ L$
sdp dp b S> dyp kdS>hp_p bpL$u fl R> (1) khpdp Z am L$ep R>
A_ sd_y h$` L$hy R> ? (2) A agpr_p dpNdp bp^L$p `Z Z
R>. sdp_p L$V$gpL$ bp^L$p epN L$fhp epe R>. L$pB bp^L$_p epN L$fu
iL$sp _\u A_ L$pBL$ bp^L$ sp `ps c[sh^L$ A\hp khp_p ag$`
lpB s bp^L$ NZsp _\u. s\u s_p epN_p _ flsp _\u.
udv$pQpeQfZ khpagddp Apop L$f R> epiu kh_p pL$sp sqkp agdyes &
AgpqL$L$e v$p_ rl Ap: rked_pf\: &&
ag hp ler^L$pfp hp, _ L$pgp@ r_epdL$: &
gpL$p\ :- Ad (rkps dysphgudp) S> fus_u khp L$lgu R>
s rk \sp s_p ag Ad L$luA R>uA.
AgpqL$L$ v$p_ (am)dp \d (1) $ d_pf\ rk \pe, (2)
ag rk \pe (3) Ar^L$pf qk \pe. Apdp L$pg r_epdL$ _\u.
Ap v$pY$ gpL$_ Ap`uA khpag rhhfZdp h^y `$ L$fu_
L$lu R>. Ap`u Apop L$f R> - ""khpdp Z am R> (1) AgpqL$L$
kpde (2) kpeye A_ (3) hLy$W$ Apqv$dp khp`epNu v$l. Ap Z
agp epf cy L$`p L$fu_ AgpqL$L$ v$p_ L$f A\ps A_yNl L$f epf S>
450

rk \pe R>. sdp L$pm r_epdL$ _\u. AV$g L$ sdp khp L$fsp flp sp
L$pm L$fu_ sdpfu khp_p ag$` Ap Z agdp\u L$pB ag sd_
Ap`pAp` p \i S> Ahy L$v$u _ dp_hy. cy `psp_p csp_ sd_u
khp_y ag Ap`hpdp `Z `psp_p A_yNl qkhpe bu L$ip_ r_epdL$
W$fphsp _\u.
Ap fus he dlpcyA khpdp Z am bspep R>. (1)
AgpqL$L$ kpde - Dd am (2) kpeye-ded am A_ (3)
khp`epNu v$l - kpdpe am. Ap Z L$pf_p ag_y h$` kd ghy
OV$. Sy>v$p Sy>v$p cNhv$uepA `ps`psp_p v$r$tbvy$\u s kdey R>. s
kd ghp_y Ap`Z dpV$ Aes ApheL$ R>.
ApNm L$y sd, ""qd`yr$ hp_p Z L$pf R> - (1) `yr$
hplu h (2) `yr$ depv$p h A_ (3) `yr$ `yr$ h.
`yr$ hplu h `Z `yr$ h R>. `fsy s_p `yr$cphdp
hplu h cmu Negp R>. cy e_p iy d L$fsp, cy_p
h$`dp bp L$pep_u khp e s_p A_yfpN h^y lpe R>. cy_p
h$`dp `fphpB flhp_ bv$g bp q$epdL$ khpdp s_y d_ rhij
fdsy fl R>. `qfZpd Aphp csp_ AgpqL$L$ v$l_u pr \pe R>, S>\u
hLy$W$ Apqv$ gugp\p_pdp cNhp__p `pjv$p sfuL$ sAp cNhp__u khp
L$fu iL$. sd_u khpdp L$hm v$pecph flgp lpe R>. AL$ v$pk S> fus
`psp_p dprgL$_p v$l_u, Of_u s\p Ae L$pf_u blpf_u khpdp fs
fl R> s dpZ s cy_u bp khpdp fs fl R>.
A_p\u QqY$epsp Ahp hp `yr$depv$p hp R>. Aphp hp
op_u hp lpe R>. `fsy sAp op_u csp lpe R>. iyL$ op_dpN}
hp L$fsp sd_pdp AL$ h^y rhijsp lpe R>. A_ s A L$ sAp kho
lpe R>. sAp `cy_p Akp^pfZ Ahp jX$NyZp (Ahe, hue, ei, u,
op_ A_ hfpe) e ApL$jpegp lpB, cydp Apks b_u S>B_,
sAp cykhp L$fsp lpe R>. Ap\u khp_p ag$` sAp cydp kpeye
`pd R>. Agb sd_y kpeye L$pfpop_dpN}e_p kpeye L$fsp s_
451

Sy>vy$ lpe R>.

sd_p\u `Z Dd L$pf_p hp `yr$`yr$ hp R>. cNhp_
L$epfL$ `psp_p gugp khL$pdp\u L$pB_, sp L$epfL$ sd_p AlL$pf_
L$pfZ sd_ ip` A`phu_ A\hp bu L$pB fus (Apop L$fu_) r_S>
gugp L$pe_u rkq A\ c|sg D`f dpL$g R>. Aphp csp Ahspfu
`yfyjp lpe R>.
Ap`Z_ L$v$pQ Ahu iL$p \pe L$ cy_p gugp khL$p_ AlL$pf
L$hu fus \pe ? sp s_p S>hpb A R> L$ AlL$pf k|dprsk|d d_pcph
R>. hS> Np`pN_pAp L$ S> iy `yr$ hp R> A_ cy_p `qfL$fdp S>
kh$ R> sd_ `Z k|d Ahp AlL$pf \ep lsp. s\u cy_ sd_u
hQ\u Ae \hy `X$ey lsy. sp Ap s`p rd `yr$ hp R> sd_ `Z
AlL$pf \pe. A\hp L$epfL$ Ad `Z b_ L$ cy_ `psp_u brlfN
gugp_p `pjZ A\ L$pB Ahspfu `yfyj_ c|sg D`f dpL$ghp lpe epf
r_S> gugp_p `pjZ A\ L$pB Ahspfu `yfyj_ c|sg D`f dpL$ghp lpe
epf r_S> gugp khL$pdp\u L$pB cpeipmu h_ s `hu D`f dpL$gu
Ap` R>.
Ahp `yr$ `yr$ h_ khp_p ag $` AgpqL$L$ kpde_u pr
\pe R>. AgpqL$L$ kpde eyL$s Ahp A hp cNhp_ S>V$gp S>
kpdehp_ lpe R>. cy_u gugpdp sAp kv$pL$pm cy_u kp\ flsp
lpe R>. sAp cy\u Sy>v$p R>. Ahy sd_ dpV$ _ L$lu iL$pe, Ahp Dd
L$pf_p A hp R>.
lh Ap S> hps bu fus rhQpfhpdp Aphu R>. `yr$dpN}e
khp epf rk \pe epf s_p D`f dpZ Z am dm R>.
sdp \d A_ khpd am R> AgpqL$L$ kpde. s_p A\ A
L$ cNhp__u kp\ s_p dye csp_u dpaL$ `psp_u BR>p dpZ q$X$p
L$fhp_y kpde. Ap \d ag sp AgpqL$L$ R>. Ahp ag_p cpL$sp sp
L$pBL$ rhfg cNhv$ue S> lpe Adp gidp iL$p _\u. cNhp_ `ps
s_u BR>p_ Ap^u_ b_u_ s_u kp\ $uX$p L$f s_y _pd AgpqL$L$
452

kpde.
ssfue D`r_jv$dp L$y R> L$ ""kp@ys khpL$pdpkl bZp
rh`rsp'' A\ps Ahp A Dd cNhv$ue, rhrh^ fk cpN Qsyf
cNhp_ (b)_u kp\ kh L$pdp_p D`cpN L$f R>. A R> A_y AgpqL$L$
kpde. Apdp b NpZ b_u e R>. A_ cs_ p^pe dm R>.
Apdp cNhp_ cs_ hi b_u e R>. iy `yr$dpN rkhpe Ae
L$pB`Z h$` cyA cs_u $sp A_ `psp_u `fpr^_sp_p huL$pf
L$ep _\u.
kL$g qhh_p hdp_ `psp_u BR>p_ykpf _Qph_pf _V$hf_
Np`uS>_pA _Qpep. Np`uS>_p_y A kpde, AgpqL$L$ kpde L$lhpe.
kds S>Ns_ `psp_u dpepdp bp^_pf bpgL$Z_ dpsp S>ipv$pA
v$pfX$p hX$ bpep. A_ s b^pep `Z Mfp. cNhp__ v$pfX$p hX$
bp^hp_p cs_p Aphp kpde_ Ap`Z L$hu fus ApmMphuiy ? A sp
AgpqL$L$ kpde AV$g L$ cNhp__ `Z `fp^u_ b_phsy kpde. Ahy
kpde sp lpe L$pL$ Np`uS>_pdp (iy `yr$ h) A\hp L$pL$ dpsp
S>ipv$pdp (`yr$ `yr$ hdp).
A Np`uS>_pA L$ A dpsp S>ipv$pA Ahy kpde dmhhp dpV$
iy L$ey lsy ? L$hm khp L$fu lsu. L$Z_p h$`dp sde b_u_ sdZ
kv$pL$pm s_u khp L$fu lsu. sd_y A kpde, khp_u de lsy. khp_
As lsy A_ kv$pL$pm khp_u kp\ lsy. sd_u khp A_ sd_y AgpqL$L$
kpde b hsys: AL$ lsp. khp_y am khp S> lsy. AgpqL$L$ kpde
AV$g cy_u khp L$fhp dpV$ A_ cy_ `fhi b_phhp dpV$ kv$pL$pm
khp L$fsp flhp_y, kv$pL$pm L$Zdp rQ `fphu fpMhp_y kpde.
AgpqL$L$ kpde_y AL$ buSy> $ps BA. fk_p b L$pf R>kepN A_ rhepN. rhepN_p A_ych hNf kepN fk_p A_ych_p
hpv$ _ kde. AV$gp dpV$ khp_p Dd ag $` cy r_S> cs_
rhepN_y v$p_ L$f R>.
rhepN AV$g rhflpq. rhfl_p Aq ge_p Aq L$fsp
453

A_L$ OZp Ak lpe R>. kpdpe dpZk `psp_p Ap pL$rsL$ v$l hX$
A rhflpq_ kl_ _ L$fu iL$. s\u cy s_ AgpqL$L$ v$l_y v$p_ L$f
R>. A\ps cy s_p v$ldp r_S> h$`_y \p`_ L$f R>. sd \sp, s_p
A dp_h v$l, rhflpq_ kl_ L$fhp_y AgpqL$L$ kpde p L$f R>.
L$Zrhfldp `Z hN_pAp_p v$l sp L$ped fl R>. ip dpV$?
sd_p v$edp sd_p pZre L$p_yX$p q\s lsp AV$gp dpV$ S> sp.
Np`uS>_p Asf\u L$Z h$` b_u NB lsu s\u bp rhepN_p Ak
sp`_ `Z kl_ L$fhp_y kpde sd_pdp Aphu Ney lsy. rheprN_u
Np`uL$pAp, L$Z rhfldp, `ps S> Z L$Z _ lpe s fus, L$Z_u
gugpAp_y A_yL$fZ L$fsu lsu. sAp kv$h L$Zgugp_y fV$Z, tQs_,
dfZ, Apgp`, gp` L$ep S> L$fsu lsu. s B_ Dh S>hp op_u
cs `Z kpQp du cs b_u Nep. rhflpq_ kl_ L$fhp_y
Np`uAp_y A kpde AV$g S> AgpqL$L$ kpde.
AgpqL$L$ kpde_y uSy> $ps. udv$pQpeQfZ d_u ApsqfL$
d_pv$ip_u Dfpsf Z L$npAp hZhu R>. e\p d, Apk[s A_
ek_ - ss: d s\pk[s ek_ Q ev$p chs & Apdp ek_ v$ip
AV$g cNhv$ h$`_p Ap_v$_u d_pv$ip. A R> cNhv$ h$`_p sp`
L$gipdL$ cph. Ahp cph lsp fp ApiL$fZ_; csfpS> N$_
^ph__ L$ dlpcy uQsev$h_. `qfZpd ek_ L$npA `lpQg A
`yr$ csp_ hi cNhp_ `ps b_u Nep. sd_p kpde_u iu hps
L$fhu ? sd_y kpde gpqL$L$ iu fus lpB iL$ ? sd_pdp AgpqL$L$
kpde lsy. AV$gp dpV$ sp cy dpV$ rk L$fhpdp Aphgu kpdNu,
he urh$gi cyQfZ (uNykpB)_u Apop\u, fp ApiL$fZ_
ApfpNphhpdp Aphsu lsu. A_ he udlpcyA A$p_ Ahu
Apop L$fu lsu L$ cy dpV$ rk L$fu fpMg kpdNu Qsev$h_ ^fu v$p.
sd_p v$edp q\s cy s ApfpNi. A fus cy s kpdNu_p ANuL$pf
L$fi. N$_ ^ph_ hNf cy c|ep flsp; cy cpN _ ApfpNsp.
Aphy ip dpV$ ? AV$gp dpV$ L$ Ap b^p csp_ AgpqL$L$ kpde $`u
454

Dd ag rk \ey lsy.
AgpqL$L$ kpde_y AL$ h^y $ps udv$ cpNhsdp\u gBiy.
NNp qL$_pf uiyL$v$h, fp `furns_ lqf L$\pds_y `p_ L$fph R>.
fp AL$ rQ s_y fk`p_ L$f R>. sAp r_S> v$l^dp c|gu Nep R>.
sd_ _\u c|M L$ _\u sfk. v$l_ sp c|M A_ sfk gpN S>. s _
kspjpe sp v$l vy$bg b_. `fsy fp_p v$l sp fpS>bfpS> h^y_ h^y
i[sipmu b_sp e R>. fp cpS>_ sp _\u gsp `fsy sdZ
S>g`p__p `Z epN L$ep R>. sAp L$l R> _jprs vy$:klpnydp espv$dr` bp^s &
r`bs hdyMpcpS>eys lqfL$\pdsd &&
khp (L$\p) v$fep_ cydp sdesp \sp, v$l_ s_p c|M,
sfk, KO Apqv$ ^dp bp^p _ L$f s_y _pd AgpqL$L$ kpde.
khp_y buSy> ded am R> kpeye. kpeye iv$_u ey`r
Ap fus L$fhpdp Aphu R> - kl ey_[s Brs keys keyS>: cph:
kpeyed & A\ps AsNlNsp Np`uS>_p_u dpaL$ L$ Np`p_u dpaL$ kv$p
uL$Z_u kp\ kepNpdL$ fk_p A_ych L$fhp s_y _pd kpeye.
Al] kpeye iv$p_p A\ kpfu fus kd ghp_u S>$f R>.
dy[s_p Qpf L$pfpdp - kpgpe, kp$e, kpeye, kprdedp kpeye L$pf_u dy[s_p kdphi \pe R>. kpeye dy[sdp h_p
`fdpddp ge \B e R>. h_u D`q bdp\u \B R> A_ As
bdp S> s_p ge \pe R> s_y _pd kpeye.
`fsy `yr$ c[sdpNdp kpeye_p Aphp A\ \sp _\u. `yr$
cs cNhp_dp ge `pdhp BR>sp _\u. Aphu dy[s `yr$ cs_ _
M`. s dpN s cs A_ cNhp__y s. A_ Ahp sdp cNhp_ kp\
kepNfk_p kv$p khv$p A_ych.
`yr$ csp_y kpeye u`yfyjpddp \pe R>. epf
op_dpN}Ap_y kpeye Anf `yfyjpddp \pe R>. Anf bdp kpeye
AV$g h A_ bdp cv$_p kh\p Acph. s b_u AgN q\rs
455

L$epfe _ \pe. `fsy `|Z `yfyjpddp kpeye AV$g h_p bdp ge

sp \pe `fsy sd R>sp h_ `|Zp_v$, ANrZsp_v$_p A_ych \pe.
A_ L$epfL$ L$epfL$ `|Z `yfyjpd L$`p L$fu_ Ahp h_ `psp_pdp\u
blpf L$V$phu s_ r_S> gugpfk_p A_ych L$fph R>.
AgpqL$L$ kpde Dd ag lpe sp kpeye_ ded ag
dp_hy fy. AgpqL$L$ kpdedp cNhp_ cs_ Ap^u_ \B s_
fkp_ych L$fph R>. epf kpeyedp cNhp_ hR>pA cL$s_
fkp_ych L$fph R>.
Np.ulqffpe dlpcyA b `L$pf_p agp hQ_y spfse
(cv$) Ap fus bspey R>. Ap`u Apop L$f R> L$ AgpqL$L$ kpdedp
cNhp_ cs_p v$edp `^pf R> A_ kpeyedp cs cNhp__p
v$edp q\rs L$f R>. S>d L$ fpkdX$g_u Np`uL$pAp_ AgpqL$L$ kpde
p \ey lsy. L$pfZ L$ cNhp_ `ps sd_p v$edp `^pep lsp. epf
AsNlNsp Np`uS>_p_ kpeye ag p \ey lsy. L$pfZ L$ sAp `ps
cNhp__p v$edp hiu ep S> q\f \B NB lsu. Ap\u
Np.u`yfyjpd_p Apie dpZ kpeye_p A\ cNhv$ h$`dp ge
`pdhp_u q\rs Ahp \pe. `fsy Aphp `yr$ kpeyedp u`|Z
`yfyjpd hR>p\u r_S> L$`p hX$ L$fu_ h_ AgN q\rs Ap`u_,
s_ h$`p_v$ L$fph R>. A\ps cNhp_ hR>pA hrh$ cs_
blpf L$pY$u_ s_ h$`p_v$_p Aphpv$ L$fph R> s_y _pd kpeye.
p ky`Zp key kMpep A yrs hpL$edp hpdp A_
`fdpdp_ key AV$g kp\uv$pf sfuL$ hZep R>. `f`f_p A kp\
A_y _pd S> kpeye.
khp_y uSy> ag R> hLy$W$pqv$L$dp khp`epNu v$l_u pr. hLy$W$ A
cNhp__y $uX$p L$fhp_y \m R>. Ap `hu D`f cNhp_ gugp L$fhp v$l
^pfZ L$fu_ `^pf epf sd_u gugp_p S> S> \m lpe s b^p_p
kdphi hLy$W$pqv$ iv$dp \B e R>. A\ps uhv$ph_, NpLy$g, d\yfp
Apqv$ \mp dpV$ hL$yW$pqv$ iv$p_p epN L$ep R>. Ahp \mpdp A\hp
456

sd_u kdu`dp L$pB`Z fus h_u q\rs \pe s_y _pd khp`epNu
v$l_u pr. A\ps hv$ph_ Apqv$dp `iy, `nu, gsp, Nyd L$ hnpqv$_p
v$l p \pe sp.
udv$ cpNhs_p ^ep d d|Y$dsepr` lqfe Asp - A
gpL$dp S>Zphgp A b^p lfZ S>hp `iyAp; pepbsph rhlNp d|_ep
h_@qd_ A gpL$dp hZhgp `nuAp; A_ Apkpdlp QfZf
Sy>jpdl ep hv$ph_ qL$d`u Nyd gspjr^_pd - A gpL$dp S>Zphgp
gsp A_ Nydp A_ hZhp h h_`se: A iv$p pfp hZhgp hnp
A\ps cNhv$ $uX$p_p \mpdp flgu L$pB `Z S>X$-Qs_ hsy,
AgpqL$L$, r_e A_ h$`pdL$ lpB s cS>_p_v$_p A_ych L$fu iL$
R>. Ahp L$pB`Z v$l_u pr \pe AV$g khp`epNu v$l_u pr \B
Ad L$lhpe.
khp`epNu v$l_u pr A uSy> AV$g L$ kp^pfZ ag R>.
kp^pfZ h-`yr$ hplu h- _p kpnps khpdp Ar^L$pf _\u. s
sp q$epdp fs fl R>. kpnps khp_p Ar^L$pf s_ p \ep _ lpB cy
kp\ s_ bp fdZp Ap_v$ sp dm R>. `fsy h$`p_v$ L$ cS>_p_v$_u
pr \su _\u. Ap\u Ahp cs_ uNpLy$g hv$ph_ Apqv$
gugp\p_pdp `iy, `nu, gsp, hnpqv$_p v$l Ap`u_ s_ cy_u
gugp_y Alr_i r_fnZ L$fhp v$hpdp Aph R>. Ahp v$l ApL$s v$l
NZpe. hv$ph_ d\yfpqv$_p `iy-`nu, hgu, hn Ae \mp_p `iy`nu,
hgu, hnp S>hp pL$s v$l^pfu _\u. AV$gp dpV$ sp Dh S>hp `fd
cs `Z NpLy$g hv$ph_pqv$dp hn gspqv$_p v$l_u pr_u TM_p
es L$fu R>.
udv$pQpeQfZ Apop L$f R> L$ khpdp Ap Z am R>. khp_u
rkq \sp, A Zdp\u L$pB AL$ ag cs_ s_u khp_p cph A_ykpf
cy L$`p\u p \pe R>. `fsy kp\kp\ Ap`u Ahu `Z Apop L$f R>
L$ "_ L$pgp r_epdL$' A\ps Ahu ag prdp L$pm (kde) r_epdL$
_\u. A_p A\ A \ep L$ A Zdp\u L$pB `Z L$pf_p ag_u pr_p
457

Ap^pf L$pm A\hp kde-keyN, p`f, sp Apqv$ - _ b_u iL$ AV$g

L$ keyyN Apqv$ L$pmdp khp L$fp sp L$pm L$fu_ Ap`pAp` L$pB _l] sp
R>hV$ uSy> AV$g L$ kp^pfZ ag `Z p \pe S> Ahy L$v$u _ dp_hy.
agprdp L$pg_u L$pB kp _\u. agpr sp A_yNl - kpe
hsy R>. udlpcy_u Apop rhQpfp A_yNl: `yr$dpN r_epdL$ Brs q\rs: - A\ps `yr$dpNdp
L$hm cNhv$ A_yNl S> AL$ dp r_epdL$ R>. Ae L$iy _l].
Ap fus khpdp Z ag R>. khp_u rkq \sp A Z ag dm
R>. `fsy A ag_u pr_p dpNdp Z hsyAp bp^p$` R> Ahu Apop
`Z Ap`u L$f R>.
DN: rsb^p hp cpNp hp \psy bp^L$d &
AV$g L$ khpdp h \egp cs_ DN, rsb^ A_ cpN
A Z bp^p$` R>. A_ bp^L$pdp `qfepNp AV$g A bp^L$p_p
`qfepN L$fhp Ahu Ap`u_u Apop R>.
Ap`Z ApNm ey sd khpdp Z am dmhpdp cNhv$
A_yNl S> r_epdL$ R>. A_ cNhv$ A_yNl AlsyL$u lpe R>. cNhv$
A_yNl_p dpNdp L$iy `Z bp^p$` _ lpB iL$. sp `R>u Aphu Apop
ip dpV$ ? Ap iL$p_y `Z khdpe kdp^p_ cNhv$uepA L$fgy R>.
D`eys Z bp^L$p - DN, rsb^ A_ cpN-agpr_p
dpNdp ApX$ Aph R> Ahy Ap`Z kdS>hp_y _\u. ep kp^_ A_
kpe, kp^_ A_ ag AL$$` lpe ep ag_ khp\u Sy>v$p `pX$hp_y iL$e
_\u. khp_y ag khp R>. s\u Ap Z bp^L$p agpr_p dpNdp
bp^p$` _l] `fsy khp_p dpNdp bp^L$ R> Ad kdS>hy.
cs cy_u khp L$fhp BR> R>. cNhv$ A_yNl \pe sp S> s
khp L$fu iL$. Ae\p s_u khp_p dpNdp Ap Z bp^L$p ApX$ Aph.
sd \sp cs khp _ L$fu iL$.
cydp rQ `fphu v$hy s_y _pd khp. `fsy khp L$f_pf_y
d_ DN_p A_ych L$fsy lpe sp s rQ QpV$pX$u_ L$hu fus khp L$fu
458

iL$? V|$L$dp S>_y d_ DN\u cfgy lpe s khp _ L$fu iL$. AV$gp dpV$
DN_ khpdp bp^L$ NZhpdp Apep R>.
lh Ap`Z A Z bp^L$p_p h$`_p, sd_ rhij L$pfp
krls rhQpf L$fuiy.
DN AV$g rQ_p MmcmpV$. DN AV$g tQsp - tQsp eyL$s
d_ hX$ khp _ \B iL$. tQsp_p kh\p epN L$fhp. _hf_d A_
As:L$fZ bp^ _pd N\pdp Ap`uA Apop L$ep dpZ tQsp_p epN
L$fhp BA. sd R>sp, h, he_ L$pB `Z fus, tQsp_p epN _
S> L$fu iL$ A_ s_y rQ kv$h tQspNs S> fl sp `Z sZ khp sp
Qpgy fpMhuS>. S>hu b_ shu khp L$fsp flhy. As sp cy L$`p L$fu_
s_u tQsp v|$f L$fi A_ s_u khp_p huL$pf L$fi Ahp cph fpMhp.
tQsp b L$pf_u lpB iL$ - gpqL$L$ A_ AgpqL$L$. ^^p bfpbf
Qpgsp _\u; Aphsu L$pg Mphp dpV$ A_p v$pZp Ofdp _\u; `funp
_L$ Aphu flu R> `fsy s_u sepfu \B iL$u _\u. Aphp L$pf_u
tQsp_ gpqL$L$ tQsp L$l R>.
bu bpSy> dpf cy khp sp L$fhu R>. `fsy khp L$hu fus L$fhu
s_u d_ Mbf _\u. khp L$fsp L$v$pQ hdpN_u fus khp _ \pe sp ly
v$pjdp `X$ui. dpf `Z cy_ cpN ^fphhp R>; Dd ^pNp-h A_
AgL$pf\u cy_ iZNpfhp R>. A_ dpfu `pk S>$fu k`r `Z R>,
`fsy hpe _\u. s\u dpfp Ap d_pf\ L$hu fus rk \B iL$i.
Aphp L$pf_u tQsp_ AgpqL$L$ tQsp L$lhpe.
AgpqL$L$ tQsp khpdp bp^L$ _\u, s sp cy e_p d\u
Dv$ch R>. s\u s c[s_u `pjL$ R>. A_ s khp_u rkq L$f_pfu R>.
s L$pB`Z fus bp^L$ _\u. dpV$ A L$pf_u tQsp e v$hp_u _\u.
`fsy gpqL$L$ tQsp_p kh\p kh L$pf epN L$fhp.
uL$epZfpe_p ds dpZ khp \su lpe epf d__
Ae S>hp_u BR>p \pe s_y _pd DN. A sp DN A d__p ^d
R>. d__y cNhp_ rkhpe Ae Nd_ \pe s_y _pd DN. Ahp
459

DN_ L$pfZ khpdp q\fsp _ fl. brldyMsp k^pe. DN_p Aphp

h$`_ _uQ_p $ps pfp kdhu iL$pe.
AL$ kv$Nl\ bly W$pW$dpW$\u khp L$fsp lsp. cy_u khp_p
b^p D`L$fZp sepf lsp. khp Qpgsu lsu. s v$fep_ sd_ epv$
Apey L$ `ps dpQu_ kuhhp Ap`g X$p ghp S>hp_p hpev$p ApS>_p
R>. Ap\u sdZ TX$`\u khp `sphhp dpX$u. s kde blpf\u L$pBL$
`|R>ey, "agpZp iW$ Ofdp R>?' iW$_u `yh^y cNhv$ue lsu. sZ
S>hpb Apep, ""dpfp kkfp dpQu_ Of X$p ghp Nep R>.''
`yh^|_p S>hpb_p dd iW$ kd Nep. ep Ap` d_ ep
Ap`Z R>uA. sAp ifuf\u sp Ofdp lsp. `fsy sd_y d_ dpQu_ Of
lsy. Ap_y _pd DN. s cs_ khpdp\u brldyM b_ph. Ap\u
udlpcy DN_p epN L$fhp_u Apop L$f R>.
rsb^ A buSy> bp^L$ R>. rsb^ AV$g AV$L$pes. khp L$fsp
S> hsy Ap`Z_ AV$L$ph s_ rsb^ L$lhpe. rsb^ b L$pf_p R> (1) cNhv$ L$s A_ (2) kp^pfZ.
cNhp__u BR>p epf ag Ap`hp_u _ lpe epf s ag
Ap`sp _\u. A\ps cs_u khp_p dpNdp rsb^ Ecp L$f R>. A
cNhv$L$s rsb^ lpB s_p rsL$pf L$fu iL$psp _\u, A_ s_p epN
`Z L$fu iL$psp _\u. L$pfZ L$ cNhp__u BR>p_u D`fhV$ L$pB\u S>B
iL$psy _\u.
AL$ Dv$plfZ pfp Ap hps kpQu fus kdi. epfL$ Ahy b_
L$ ifuf L$pedu Akpe fpN\u Ns b_u e. sd \sp cNhv$ khp
\B isu _\u. `fsy s_p L$pB BgpS> _\u. L$pfZL$ A cNhv$ L$s
rsb^ R>.
epfL$ Ahy b_ R> L$ sd Nd sV$gp epk L$fp `fsy sdpfu
rQhqAp_p r_fp^ _ S> \pe. A_ sdpfy d_ kpkpqfL$ ehlpqfL$
bpbspdp fdsy S> fl epf `Z kdS>hy L$ A cNhv$ L$s rsb^ R>.
L$epfL$ Ahy b_ R> L$ sd Nd sV$gp epk L$fp `fsy sdpfu
460

rQhqAp_p r_fp^ _ S> \pe. A_ sdpfy d_ kpkpqfL$ ehlpqfL$

bpbspdp fdsy S> fl epf `Z kdS>hy L$ A cNhv$L$s rsb^ R>.
cNhv$L$s rsb^_p L$pB rsL$pf _\u. s_p epN `Z L$fu
iL$psp _\u. sp `R>u h L$fhy iy ? s_p Mygpkp A L$ Ahp rsb^
Aphu `X$ epf h kdS>hy L$ cNhp__u agv$p_ L$fhp_u BR>p _\u.
sh kde h, rhhL$^epedp Ap`g rhhL$_u epep rhQpfhu.
rhhL$sy lqf: kh r_S>R>ps: L$qfers & cy `ps `psp_u
CR>p dpZ b^y L$fi Ad kdS>hy s_y _pd rhhL$. A A\dp
cNhv$L$s rsb^, Bhf_u BR>p$` lpB_ s_p rsL$pf _ S> L$fhp
s_y _pd rhhL$.
Ah kde cNhp_ ag _l] S> Ap` Ahy dp_u_, `ps L$f R> L$
khp_u e\sp kd_ `ps khp dpV$ A_r^L$pfu h R> Ahy dp_u_
h op_dpNdp q\rs L$fhu.
L$V$gpL$ hp Apkyfu hp lpe R>. AV$g L$ sApdp klS>$`
Apkyfu cph lpe R>. sp L$V$gpL$ hpdp L$epfL$ L$epfL$ Apkyfu cph_p
Aphi \pe R>. klS> fus Apkyfucphhpmp h_p sp L$pB r_spf
_\u. `fsy L$epfL$ Apkyfu cph Aphsp lpe shp h cNhv$L$s
rsb^_p rsL$pf _ L$fsp, c[s_p dpN R>pX$u_, op_dpNdp [\rs
L$fhu. sd L$fsp s_ h$`p_v$_u pr sp _l] S> \pe `fsy L$v$pQ s_
Anfp_v$_u pr S>$f \B iL$.
hrQs Apkyfcph hpmp h_u q\rs L$epe `Z \pe sp s
op_dpNdp S> \B iL$; c[sdpNdp _l]. `fsy klS> Apkyfcphhpmp
h_u q\rs c[s L$ op_dpNdp L$epe \su _\u.
bu L$pf R> kp^pfZ rsb^_p. epfL$ Ahy b_ L$ h_p
_uQ epr_dp S>d \pe. s_ lgL$p d_yep_p kN \pe; s dqv$fdp
v$i_ L$fhp _ S>B iL$; hv$ Apqv$dp s_u Nrs _ lpe. `qfZpd s
cy\u brldyM \B e. hmu L$V$gpL$ Ahp h lpe S>dZ cy khp
L$fsp s_p kNp-hlpgp rsb^$` \B `X$, S>d lgpv$_ s_p r`sp
461

A_ fpZp rsb^$` \ep lsp sd. Ap b^p kp^pfZ rsb^_p

$psp R> s bpbsdp udv$pQpeQfZ_u Apop R> L$ kp^pfZ rsb^_p
epN L$fp. dufpA fpZp_y fpe R>pX$u v$u^y. A_ lgpv$ r`sp_p epN
L$ep. csfpS> sygkuv$pkA Npey R> L$ L$p re _ fpd hv$lu
se spL$p L$pV$u bfu kd S>r` `f k_lu
cfsA dpsp_p epN L$ep; lgpv$ r`sp_ R>pX$ep; dufpA
dhpX$ R>pX$ey. L$pfZ L$ A b^p sd_u cykhp_p dpNdp rsb^$`
lsp.
_uQ epr_dp S>d \hp, vy$:kN p \hp; Apge_ L$pfZ
khp _ \hu, Aphp b^p rsb^p kp^pfZ rsb^p R>. s_p DN
rsL$pf L$fhp. dlp Y$udf, fv$pk, Qdpf, L$buf Apqv$ _uQ rsdp
S>_ep lsp. `fsy sApA cy_u khp L$fu A_ Dd ag p L$ey.
`qfZpd sAp DQ hZ L$ rs_p hp dpV$ `Z hv$_ue bep.
_pfv$_p `|h S>d_u L$\p sp kp L$pB Z R>. ibfu_p cNhv$ cph,
L$hV$_u c[s, Nu^_p dcph Ap b^p\u ufpd sd_ hi \B Nep.
Ap\u kdS>hp_y R> A R> L$ cph`|hL$ cy khp L$fhpdp
kp^pfZ rsb^ Aph sp s_p Y$sp\u rsL$pf L$fhp.
uSy> bp^L$ R> cpN. cpN `Z b L$pf_p R>. gpqL$L$ A_
AgpqL$L$. Bqep_p cpN gpqL$L$ L$lhpe. cy L$`p L$fu_ S> cpN Ap`
s AgpqL$L$ cpN L$lhpe.
AgpqL$L$ cpN_p epN L$fhp_p lpsp _\u. s_p kdphi \d
am, AgpqL$L$ kpdedp \B e R>. e\p, ""r_eyl dlp_ cpN:
\d rhis kv$p'' A\ps h$`p_v$_u pr \pe L$ cS>_p_v$_p
cpNhV$p L$fhp_y dm sp s b^y AgpqL$L$ cpN L$lhpe, A_ s_ S>
AgpqL$L$ kpde_u pr \B Ahy L$lhpe. Np`uS>_pA cNhp__u kp\
fpkgugp, frs$uX$p, S>m$uX$p Apqv$ cpN cpNep. A cpN_p epN
462

L$fhp_u L$`_p `Z _ L$fu iL$pe. fpkgugp dpV$ v$pX$u Aphg

Np`uS>_p_ cNhp_ Of `pR>p S>hp_u gpqL$L$ Apop L$fu. `fsy Np`uS>_p
sp AgpqL$L$ cpN_u cpsp lsu. A_ s p L$fhp_u Apip\u sp s
Aphu lsu. cy Apop_ AgpqL$L$ cpNpr_p dpNdp bp^p$` kd_
sdZ s Apop _ `pmu. s\u sdZ AgpqL$L$ cpN cpNep.
Ap fus, AgpqL$L$ cpN A epNhp_u hsy _\u. s sp \d
ag (AgpqL$L$ kpde)$` R>. Ahy kd s_ khp_p dpNdp
rsb^$` _ kdS>sp, s_ khp_p \d ag$` NlZ L$fhp_p R>.
lh fp gpqL$L$ cpN. s BqeS>r_s lpB, nrZL$ Ap_v$ Ap`
R>. s A`hu R>. `qfZpd s Ap kkpfdp S> kyM A_ vy$:M_p
A_ych L$fph R>. s\u s cykhpdp rh_ $` R>. hmu s h_u
rQhqAp_ cykhpdp\u hpmu_ sd_ cpNde b_ph R>. s\u s
OpsL$ `Z R>. udlpcyA s_ "krh_p`p OpsL$' iv$p\u
ApmMpep R>.
gpqL$L$ cpN, Apr^ AV$g d__u `uX$p A_ epr^ AV$g s__u
`uX$p h^pf_pfp, rh_ L$f_pfp A_ h$`\u, am\u A_ kp^_\u `Z
h` am Ap`_pfp R>. s\u byq`|hL$ s_p epN L$fhp. A_ gpqL$L$
cpN_p epNdp Of `Z bp^p$` b_sy lpe sp Of_p `Z epN
L$fhp.
AL$ hpf afu\u Ap`Z A Z bp^L$p_p kdN fus rhQpf
L$fuA. khp_u am prdp Z bp^L$p R>. DN, rsb^ A_ cpN,
A Z_p b b L$pf dmu Ly$g R> L$pf \ep (1) gpqL$L$ DN (2)
AgpqL$L$ DN (3) kp^pfZ rsb^ (4) cNhv$ L$s rsb^ (5)
gpqL$L$ cpN A_ (6) AgpqL$L$ cpN.
Ap R> L$pfdp\u - (2) AgpqL$L$ DN c[sh^L$ lpB s_
bp^L$ _ NZphp. `fsy gpqL$L$ DN A_ AgpqL$L$ DN hQ_p i|d
cv$_ `pfMu_ AgpqL$L$ DN pfp c[s_y AV$g L$ khp_y `pjZ L$fhy.
(4) cNhv$ L$s rsb^_p epN \B isp _\u. s_p rsL$pf
463

`Z L$fu iL$psp _\u. s\u rhhL$ fpMu_ AV$g L$ cy_u BR>p_ hi

b_u_, cy `ps agv$p__u BR>p fpMsp _\u Ahy kd_ Ae dpN
(op_dpN) hmu S>hy A_ iL$e s fus A_ s dpN S>V$gu lv$ cy_u
_L$ S>B iL$pe sV$gu lv$ S>hy.
(6) AgpqL$L$ cpN A khpagdp bp^L$ _\u. s sp he
khpag S> R>. A_ sdp `Z s_p kdphi sp khp_p \d ag
(AgpqL$L$ kpde) dp \ep_y L$lhpdp Apey R>. "ag_p de \d
rhis & hmu s r_eyl AV$g L$ Asfpe frls `Z R>. s\u s
bp^p L$hu fus L$fu iL$ ? s\u s_p epN_p rhQpf `Z _ L$fhp. s\u
EgVy$, s Dd ag$` lpB, s_p e\piL$e D`cpN L$fhp.
kpdpe kdS>dp Aph A fus AgpqL$L$ cpN_p $psp
Ap`uiy. ApQpeu_u Apop R>, ""Akdr`s hsy_p sdpv$
hS>_dpQfs'' AV$g L$ Akdr`s hsy_p epN L$fhp. cy_ kdr`s
L$ep rkhpe_u L$pB `Z hsy_p D`cpN L$fhp A_y _pd gpqL$L$ cpN.
A epe, A, S>m, h, AgL$pf A\hp L$pB`Z hsy, cph L$ q$ep
b^y S> cNhp__ kd`hp_y R> - Ap fus
L$pe_ hpQp d_kqehp byepd_p hp L$s hcphps &
L$fprd As kL$g `fd _pfpeZpers kd`eprd &&
Aphu cph_p\u cy_ b^u hsy_y kd`Z L$fhp_y R>.
bkb^_p N ddp `Z kh kd`Z_p cph R>. s\u sp r_hv$__y
ldi dfZ L$fhp_u Apop udlpcyA L$fu R>. AV$g L$ spiu
S>_p kp\ bku_ r_hv$_ (Nd_u cph_p)_ ldip epv$ L$fu_, s
pfp kh kd`Z_u cph_p_ kv$p sp fpMhp_u R>.
kd`Z L$fhp\u, cy_ r_hqv$s L$fg sdpd `v$p\p, Bqep_p
cpNp, rQ_u hqAp, ipfurfL$ A_ dp_rkL$ q$epAp hNf b^y cy_p
kpv$$` b_u S>i. A_ cy_p kpv$ sp AgpqL$L$ R>. s vy$gc R>.
vy$gc_ kygc b_ph_pf, kd`Z_u cph_p R>. cy_ kdr`s L$fg
Ahpqv$dp A-hpqv$_u byq flgu _\u. sd_pdp kpv$ byq
464

Aph R>.
s D`fps, khp L$fsu hMs, ly epf cNhpd gJ epf
L$v$pQ dpfp dyM_u vy$N^ cy_ Aph shy kd_ dpfp dyM_ kyNr^s
b_phhp dpV$ ly cy_u kpv$u $` kyN^u `p_, BgpeQu Apqv$_y kh_
L$fy sp s `Z AgpqL$L$ cpN L$lhpe.
cy_ kd`Z L$ep rkhpe_u b^u S> hsyAp, q$epAp cphp
hNf b^y gpqL$L$ cpN NZpe. s\u sd_p kh\p epN L$fhp.
Asdp, epv$ fpMp L$ Ap N\ iy `yr$ hp dpV$ _\u. iy
`yr$ h_ Zdp\u AL$ `Z bp^L$ _X$sy _\u; he cy `Z sd_
dpV$ rsb^$` b_u iL$sp _\u. sd_ dmhp_y am-h$`p_v$ sp sd_
\d\u S> dmu Negy lpe R>. sAp cy Apop\u c|sg `f L$V$ R>
A_ cy_p kfMy kpde ^fphsp lpe R>. Ahp hp_ L$iy `Z am
dmhhp_y lpsy _\u. s\u Ap N\ udv$pQpeQfZ S>hp L$pB Ae iy
`yr$h lpe sp, sd_ dpV$ _\u.
udv$pQpeQfZ Ap N\_u fQ_p rd`yr$ hp dpV$ L$fgu R>.
S>d_p As:L$fZdp L$pB kp^__y _l] `fsy cy_u L$`p_y bm R> shp
sv$ue, rd`yr$ hp dpV$ Ap`uA Ap N\_u fQ_p L$fu R>.
Apdp bsphg Z agpdp\u L$ep L$pf_y am (khp am$`)
dmhhp_u iesp Ap`Z dpV$ R> s sd Ahe rhQpfu ip. A_ L$ep
A_ L$V$gp bp^L$p Ap`Zp khp dpNdp ApX$ Aph R> s `Z rhQpfu
ip. A_ s bp^L$p_ v|$f L$fhp_p epk, cy_u L$`p epQu_ S>$f
L$fhp. uhc_u L$`p\u sdpfu khp_p dpNdp Aphsp b^p bp^L$p
Ahe v|$f \i. Ap fus L$fip sp Ap rhri$ L$pf_p N\_ kdS>hp_p
L$fg epk kp\L$ b_i.
-S>e uL$Z.
***
465

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