Digital Modulation Techniques

Digital Modulation Techniques

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Iwao Sasase
Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Department of Information and M (Multi)-ASK ,M-FSK, M-PSK
Computer Science, Keio University QPSK, π/4shift QPSK
http://www.sasase.ics.keio.ac.jp Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Email:sasase@ics.keio.ac.jp Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) and GMSK

Iwao Sasase, Keio University Iwao Sasase, Keio University

page1 page2

Waveform and Spectrum Principle of Modulation

Amplitude

Baseband pulse waveform has low

frequency components Depending on the information of the baseband signal,
T
amplitude, frequency or phase of the carrier is
V
changed. cos t c
-T/2 0 T/2

time amplitude S (t ) A(t ) cos

cos cc
t
By modulating the carrier
depending on the input Modulation S (t ) cos{ (t )}t
frequency
Spectrum

data, we can transmit the c

data in RF frequency
phase S (t ) cos{ ct (t )}
0 1/T 2/T 3/T
Frequency

Iwao Sasase, Keio University Iwao Sasase, Keio University

page3 page4

ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)

Classification of Modulation
Accomplished by changing an amplitude of carrier,
Techniques depending on the input digital signal
ASK is also called as “On-Off-Keying”
Analog AM (Amplitude Modulation) A(t )
Modulation a(t) amplitude
FM (Frequency Modulation) (t ) SASK (t) a(t)cos2π f c t f c carrier frequency
PM (Phase Modulation) (t )
１ ０ １ １ In
Inbinary
binarysignal
signalcase
case(2ASK),
(2ASK),
Digital ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) A(t ) a(t) either“1”
a(t)isiseither or“0”.
“1”or “0”.
Modulation
FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) (t ) Carrier becomes “on”
Carrier becomes and“off”
“on”and “off”

PSK (Phase Shift Keying) (t )

A (t )
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude
(t) Binary OOK modulation waveform
Modulation )
Iwao Sasase, Keio University Iwao Sasase, Keio University
page5 page6

1
 Non-Coherent Detection Coherent detection
Envelope Detection of ASK Coherent Detection of ASK

Th

Bandpass Lowpass
Decision
Filter Filter
cos t
Bandpass Lowpass
Rectifier Decision Threshold Voltage
filter Filter Carrier
Recovery
Circuit

Threshold Voltage

Iwao Sasase, Keio University Iwao Sasase, Keio University

page7 page8

FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) PSK (Phase Shift Keying)

Accomplished by changing an instantaneous Accomplished by changing a phase of carrier,
Frequency, depending on the input digital signal Depending on the input digital signal

A cos( 2 f 1t 1 ) Carrier frequency f１and S PSK (t) A cos(2 π f c t i ) A amplitude

S FSK (t ) { f2 respond to “1” and i phase
A cos( 2 f 2 t 2 ) “0”, respectively
入力波形
１ ０ １ １
Input waveform
１ ０ １ １

PSK
FSK
Binary PSK modulation waveform
Binary FSK modulation waveform

Iwao Sasase, Keio University Iwao Sasase, Keio University

page9 page10

Error Performance Characteristic of PSK

１０−２
ASK（coherent）
PSK has better power and frequency efficiencies
Bit
Bit error
error probability
probability ASK（noncoherent）
compared to ASK and FSK
１０−３
BER (bit error rate) Pe

PSK（coherent） FSK（coherent）
1
ASK Pe erfc ( E / 4 N 0 )1/ 2 PSK achieves small bit error rate (BER) for the same C/N
2 １０−４
1 （carrier-noise ratio)
PSK
FSK（noncoherent）
Pe erfc (E / N 0 )1/ 2 PSK（differential）
2
1 E 1/ 2 １０−５
PSK has constant envelope (no information in amplitude ),
FSK Pe
2
erfc (
2N0
)
and is robust to time-varying fading channel.
１０−６

erfc ： complementary error function PSK is popularly used in many communication systems
E ： energy per bit
１０−７
６ ８ １０ １２ １４ １６ １８ such as satellite and mobile communication systems.
SNR (Signal-to-noise ratio in dB)
N０ ： power spectrum density (psd) of noise
BER Performance

Iwao Sasase, Keio University Iwao Sasase, Keio University

page11 page12

2
Multilevel Amplitude Shift Keying（M-ASK）
MASK refers to ASK that transmit
more bits by using multilevel
amplitude a(t) of baseband
waveform. MASK is usually called
as Multilevel ASK, or MASK,
where k =log 2 M bits of
information are transmitted by
using M-level amplitude.
Multi-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK)
In MPSK, signal amplitude is constant. Each signal
constellation point is placed on the circumference where
the center equals to origin.
Q
Q Q
I I I
Waveform of MASK signal

In MASK, band, 1/k of occupancy bandwidth can be conserved ４-ary PSK ８-ary PSK
while transmitting k bit information. That is, by using multilevel １６-ary PSK
amplitude, the bit rate can be increased without the bandwidth Phase allocation of MPSK signal
expansion. Larger transmission power is required.

Iwao Sasase, Keio University Iwao Sasase, Keio University

page13 page14

Quadrature PSK (QPSK) QPSK Modulator

The transmitter consists of two quadrature modulation components
cosωt and sinωt to transmit 2 bits/symbol

±１
×
±１ cosωt
Serial/Parallel +
Input data
×
±１
sinωt
QPSK modulator
Iwao Sasase, Keio University Iwao Sasase, Keio University
page15 page16

Quadrature Detection
QPSK Demodulation
In quadrature detection, for symbol detection, plus and minus
（Quadrature Detection） of in-phase and quadrate components can be decided independently.

Quadrate（ Q ） Quadrate（ Q ）
× LPF In-phase component （１，１）
（−１，１）
Decision
Signal phase ０° ９０° １８０° ２７０°
cosωt boundary
BPF LPF input １ ０ −１ ０

In-phase（ I ） In-phase（ I ）
× LPF Quadrate component
Signal phase ０° ９０° １８０° ２７０°
（１，−１）
sinωt LPF input ０ １ ０ −１ （−１， − １）
QPSK Quadrature detection of
QPSK receiver cos component

Iwao Sasase, Keio University Iwao Sasase, Keio University

page17 page18

3
 π/4 shift QPSK Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM )
QAM changes both amplitude and phase.
adopted in mobile phone（PDC） Quadrature multilevel ASK using two orthogonal carriers
（sin and cos ）of the same frequency
2bits/symbol
8 signal points are allocated 2 Emin 2 Emin
on the circumference sQAM (t ) ai cos( 2 f ct ) bi sin( 2 f ct )
Q Ts Ts
In each symbol transmission, QPSK 0 t T    i 1,   2,....., M
signal points are shifted by π/4.
Since there are no phase transition I 16QAM
crossing origin, the signal envelope
does not become zero, and thus, 4bits/symbol
envelope fluctuation is smaller
Compared to QPSK, frequency
compared to the conventional QPSK.
efficiency is improved to be
double. 16QAM signal points

Iwao Sasase, Keio University Iwao Sasase, Keio University

page19 page20

Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) Gaussian Filtered MSK (GMSK)

GMSK has advantages of MSK, and achieves narrow spectrum.
MSK is continuous phase FSK with minimum
frequency shift
f1 fc 1 / 4T ,    f 2 fc 1 / 4T NRZ Data GMSK Output
Gaussian
FM transmitter with
Low pass
modulation index 0.5
2 Eb t filter
sMSK (t ) cos 2 f c t m(t )mQ (t ) k
Tb 2T b GMSK transmitter
Input NRZ (Non-Return to Zero) pulse sequence is band-limited
Feature of MSK by Gaussian LPF.
・continuous phase FSK with constant envelope ・ GSM（Global System for Mobile Communication）
・digital FM with modulation index 0.5 ・ DECT (Digital European Cordless Telecommunication)
・good spectral efficiency ・ CT2

Iwao Sasase, Keio University Iwao Sasase, Keio University

page21 page22

Configuration of MSK and Power Spectral of GMSK and MSK

GMSK Modulator
Modulation exponent=0.5
Power Spectral [dB]

Gaussian
Filter

Configuration of MSK and GMSK

Normalized frequency fT
Power spectral of GMSK and MSK

Iwao Sasase, Keio University Iwao Sasase, Keio University

page23 page24

4
 Error rates characteristic of
GMSK and MSK
Rate

Bit Error Rate

Error
BitBit Rate
Error

Signal-noise ratio [dB] Signal-noise ratio [dB]

(a) Error rates of GMSK (b) Error rates of MSK
Error rates characteristic of GMSK and MSK

Iwao Sasase, Keio University

page25