Levels of Organization of Living

Things

Living things are highly organized and structured, following a hierarchy that can be
examined on a scale from small to large. The atom is the smallest and most
fundamental unit of matter. It consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. Atoms
form molecules which are chemical structures consisting of at least two atoms held
together by one or more chemical bonds. Many molecules that are biologically important
are macromolecules, large molecules that are typically formed
by polymerization (a polymer is a large molecule that is made by combining smaller
units called monomers, which are simpler than macromolecules). An example of a
macromolecule is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) , which contains the instructions for the
structure and functioning of all living organisms.

DNA
All molecules, including this DNA molecule, are composed of atoms.
From Organelles to Biospheres
Macromolecules can form aggregates within a cell that are surrounded by membranes;
these are called organelles. Organelles are small structures that exist within cells.
Examples of these include: mitochondria and chloroplasts, which carry out
indispensable functions. Mitochondria produce energy to power the cell while
chloroplasts enable green plants to utilize the energy in sunlight to make sugars. All
living things are made of cells, and the cell itself is the smallest fundamental unit of
structure and function in living organisms. (This requirement is why viruses are not
considered living: they are not made of cells. To make new viruses, they have to invade
and hijack the reproductive mechanism of a living cell; only then can they obtain the
materials they need to reproduce. ) Some organisms consist of a single cell and others
are multicellular. Cells are classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Prokaryotes are
single-celled or colonial organisms that do not have membrane-bound nuclei; in
contrast, the cells of eukaryotes do have membrane-bound organelles and a
membrane-bound nucleus.
In larger organisms, cells combine to make tissues, which are groups of similar cells
carrying out similar or related functions. Organs are collections of tissues grouped
together performing a common function. Organs are present not only in animals but also
in plants. An organ system is a higher level of organization that consists of functionally
related organs. Mammals have many organ systems. For instance, the circulatory
system transports blood through the body and to and from the lungs; it includes organs
such as the heart and blood vessels. Furthermore, organisms are individual living
entities. For example, each tree in a forest is an organism. Single-celled prokaryotes
and single-celled eukaryotes are also considered organisms and are typically referred to
as microorganisms.
All the individuals of a species living within a specific area are collectively called a
population. For example, a forest may include many pine trees. All of these pine trees
represent the population of pine trees in this forest. Different populations may live in the
same specific area. For example, the forest with the pine trees includes populations of
flowering plants and also insects and microbial populations. A community is the sum of
populations inhabiting a particular area. For instance, all of the trees, flowers, insects,
and other populations in a forest form the forest's community. The forest itself is an

ecosystem. An ecosystem consists of all the living things in a particular area together
with the abiotic, non-living parts of that environment such as nitrogen in the soil or rain
water. At the highest level of organization, the biosphere is the collection of all
ecosystems, and it represents the zones of life on earth. It includes land, water, and
even the atmosphere to a certain extent. Taken together, all of these levels comprise the
biological levels of organization, which range from organelles to the biosphere .

Biological Levels of Organization

The biological levels of organization of living things follow a hierarchy, such as the one
shown. From a single organelle to the entire biosphere, living organisms are parts of a
highly structured hierarchy.

Source: Boundless. Levels of Organization of Living Things. Boundless Biology.

Boundless, 26 May. 2016. Retrieved 14 Nov. 2016
from https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/thestudy-of-life-1/themes-and-concepts-of-biology-49/levels-of-organization-of-living-things269-11402/
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
20:51 - 2 comments
Biological Organization:
Biological association, or the chain of life, is the pecking order of complex biological
structures and frameworks that characterize life by means of a reductionist method. The
traditional order, as point by point underneath, stretches out from atoms or molecules
(or lower) to biospheres.

Atomic or Subatomic Level:

Each and every living and nonliving matter is structured by simple

units called atoms and sub atomicparticles such as electrons, protons & neutrons.

Molecular level:
Life forms i.e. organisms; generally don't occur in isolated structures. The atoms
consolidate with one another by means of ionic or covalent bonding to
deliver compounds. Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur are
the most general atoms found in biological or organic molecules. The distinctive sorts of
bonding license organic atoms to be structured in incredible variety and intricacy. These
may be micro particles with low atomic weight like CO2, H2O and so forth or
macromolecules with high sub-atomic weights e.g. starch, proteins and so forth.
Biological world has two sorts of particles: Organic and inorganic.
Organic molecules are those molecules which contain both carbon and hydrogen while
inorganic molecules exclude carbon and hydrogen together in a particle. An organism is
generally structured by huge number of micro and macro particles of many distinctive
sorts. Some most paramount and bounteous natural atoms in living beings are glucose,
amino acids, unsaturated fats, glycerol, nucleotides, etc.
Organelles and Cells:
Diverse and colossal number of macromolecules orchestrates themselves in a specific
manner to structure cells and their organelles. In case of microorganisms, and most
protists, the whole life form comprises of a solitary cell. In most parasites, plants and
creatures, the organism may comprise of up to trillions of cells. Various sub-cell
structures like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi-body, ribosomes and so on
have been observed and studied on for their structure and functionality. It has ended up
clear that functionality of these cells is accomplished by these particular structures
practically comparable to the organs of the body. These structures are
called organelles. The division of work inside the cell is carried out by these organelles.
The prokaryotes have just a set number and kind of organelles in their cytoplasm.
Eukaryotes are rich in number and sorts of membranous organelles. A cell membrane
is, however, present in all cells whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
Tissue level:
In multicellular organisms, clusters of similar cells are composed into loose sheets or
groups performing comparable functions; these groups are called tissues. Each one
tissue has a specific function in the life of the living being e.g. glandular tissue, muscle
tissue, xylem tissue, phloem tissue, etc. They are specific for secretion, contraction,
conducting water and for translocation of proteins, sugars respectively.
Organ and System:

Different tissues having related functionalities gather together in a structure to perform

its function with incredible effectiveness. Such structures are called organs and they are
particular to perform specific functions. For instance, stomach which is an organ has a
function of food processing (digestion), has a secretory epithelium which secretes
the gastric juice and a muscular tissue (smooth) for contracting the walls of the
stomach and blending the food with the enzymes altogether and moving the sustenance
to the posterior end. The development of organs additionally has a specific quality in
light of the fact that this prompts an effective achievement of their functions both
qualitatively and quantitatively. In animals, organ development is much more complex
and characterized. The organ level of organization is considerably less definite in plants
than it is in animals. At the most we might recognize roots, stems; leaves and
regenerative structures. Obvious functions, the recognizing functions, can be appointed
to each of these structures. Roots anchor the plant into soil firmly, stockpiling of
sustenance and acquiring water and minerals. The shoot upholds the whole plant while
the leaves are essential organs for food making. Flowers or other reproductive
structures are engaged in delivering the cutting edge (reproduction).
Individual:
Different organs in plants and animals are assembled together to structure a distinctive
individual which has characters not quite the same from other members of the same
specie.
Population:
A populace is a grouping of living organisms of the same species living in the same area
in the same time. Samples are the figure of rats in a field of rice, the number of pupils in
your science class, or human populace in a city.

Populace is a more elevated level of natural association than organisms in light of the
fact that here a group of living beings of the same species is included. This level of
association has its own features which came into being by living of a group of
organisms of the same species. Some of these characteristics are gene frequency,
gene flow, age, populace density, etc.
Community:
Populaces of different species (plants and animals) living in the same territory shape a
group or community. Communities are dynamic accumulations of living beings; in which
one populace may increment and others may shrink because of variance
in abioticelements. A few communities are complex while different communities may be
simple and straightforward. In a straightforward community any change can have
extreme and ongoing impacts. The record makes it clear that an organism can be

observed and studied at different levels of association. It can be learned at subatomic,

nuclear, atomic, macromolecular, organelle, cell, tissue, organ level. We can likewise
take a look at community as a single person, as a piece of a group that incorporates
different populaces and a piece of community of an ecosystem which incorporates
abiotic variables. The organisms can communicate by predation, parasitism, mutualism,
and commensalism.
Animal Cell
All animal cells are multicellular. They are eukaryotic cells. Animal cells are surrounded
by plasma membrane and it contains the nucleus and organelles that are membrane
bound.
Animal cells are of various sizes and have irregular shapes. Most of the cells size range
between 1 and 100 micrometers and are visible only with help of microscope. Trillions of
cells are found in the human body. There are many different types of cells,
approximately 210 distinct cell types in adult human body.

Animal Cell Definition

Back to Top
Animal cells are eukarytoic. Animal cells are have outer boundary known as the plasma
membrane. The nucleus and the organelles of the cell are bound by a membrane. The
genetic material (DNA) in animal cells is within the nucleus that is bound by a
double membrane. The cell organelles have a vast range of functions to perform
like hormone and enzyme production to providing energy for the cells.
The components of animal cells are centrioles, cilia and flagella, endoplasmic reticulum,
golgi apparatus, lysosomes, microfilaments, microtubules, mitochondria, nucleus,
peroxisomes, plasma membrane and ribosomes.
Parts of Animal Cell
Back to Top
Animal cell contains membrane bound nucleus, it also contains other membrane bound
cellular organelles. These cellular organelles carry out specific functions that are
necessary for the normal functioning of the cell. Animal cells lack cell wall, a large
vacuole and plastids. Due to the lack of the cell wall, the shape and size of the animal

cells are mostly irregular. The constituents of animal cells are structures like centrioles,
cilia and flagella and lysosomes.
Parts of the animal cell are as follows:
Cell membrane - forms the outer covering of the cell, and is semi-permeable.
Cytoplasm - is a gel-like matrix where all the other cell organelles are suspended inside
the cell.
Nucleus - contains the hereditary material DNA and directs the activities of the cell.
Centrioles - organize the microtubules assembly during cell division.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - are a network of membranes composed of rough and
smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Golgi complex - is responsible for storing, packaging of cellular products.
Lysosomes - are enzyme sacs, that digest cellular wastes.
Microtubules - are hollow rods, function primarily as support and shape to the cell.
Mitochondria - is the site for cellular respiration and producers of energy.
Ribosomes - are made of RNA and proteins, and are sites for protein synthesis.
Nucleolus - is the structure within the nucleus and helps in synthesis of ribosomes.
Nucleopore - is the tiny hole in the nuclear membrane, allows the movement of nucleic
acids and proteins in/out of the cell.

Animal Cell Structure

Back to Top
Animal cells are eukaryotic cells, the nucleus and other organelles of the cell are bound
by membrane.

Cell membrane

It is a semi-permeable barrier, allowing only a few molecules to move across it.

Electron microscopic studies of cell membrane shows the lipid bi-layer model of
the plasma membrane, it also known as the fluid mosaic model.

The cell membrane is made up of phospholipids which has polar(hydrophillic)

heads and non-polar (hydrophobic) tails.

Cytoplasm

The fluid matrix that fills the cell is the cytoplasm.

The cellular organelles are suspended in this matrix of the cytoplasm.

This matrix maintains the pressure of the cell, ensures the cell doesn't shrink or
burst.

Nucleus

Nucleus is the house for most of the cells genetic material- the DNA and RNA.

The nucleus is surrounded by a porous membrane known as the nuclear

membrane.

The RNA moves in/out of the nucleus through these pores.

Proteins needed by the nucleus enter through the nuclear pores.

The RNA helps in protein synthesis through transcription process.

The nucleus controls the activity of the cell and is known as the control center.

The nucleolus is the dark spot in the nucleus, and it is the location for ribosome
formation.

Ribosomes

Ribosomes is the site for protein synthesis where the translation of the RNA
takes place.

As protein synthesis is very important to the cell, ribosomes are found in large
number in all cells.

Ribosomes are found freely suspended in the cytoplasm and also are attached to
the endoplasmic reticulum.

Endoplasmic reticulum

ER is the transport system of the cell. It transports molecules that need certain
changes and also molecules to their destination.

ER is of two types, rough and smooth.

ER bound to the ribosomes appear rough and is the rough endoplasmic

reticulum; while the smooth ER do not have the ribosomes.

Lysosomes

It is the digestive system of the cell.

They have digestive enzymes helps in breakdown the waste moelcules and also
help in detoxification of the cell.

If the lysosomes were not membrane bound the cell could not have used the
destructive enzymes.

Centrosomes

It is located near the nucleus of the cell and is known as the 'microtubule
organizing center' of the cell.

Microtubules are made in the centrosome.

During mitosis the centrosome aids in dividing of the cell and moving of the
chromosome to the opposite sides of the cell.

Vacuoles

They are bound by single membrane and small organelles.

In many organisms vacuoles are storage organelles.

Vesicles are smaller vacuoles which function for transport in/out of the cell.
Golgi bodies

Golgi bodies are the packaging center of the cell.

The Golgi bodies modify the molecules from the rough ER by dividing them into
smaller units with membrane known as vesicles.

They are flattened stacks of membrane-bound sacs.

Mitochondria

Mitochondria is the main energy source of the cell.

They are called the power house of the cell because energy(ATP) is created
here.

Mitochondria consists of inner and outer membrane.

It is spherical or rod shaped organelle.

It is an organelle which is independent as it has its own hereditary material.

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are single membrane bound organelle that contain oxidative

enzymes that are digestive in function.

They help in digesting long chains of fatty acids and amino acids and help in
synthesis of cholesterol.

Cytoskeleton

It is the network of microtubules and microfilament fibres.

They give structural support and maintain the shape of the cell.

Cilia and Flagella

Cilia and flagella are structurally identical structures.

They are different based on the function they perform and their length.

Cilia are short and are in large number per cell while flagella are longer and are
fewer in number.

They are organelles of movement.

The flagellar motion is undulating and wave-like whereas the ciliary movement is
power stroke and recovery stroke.

Function of Animal Cell

Back to Top
All living organisms are made up of cells. Cells are differentiated into plant cells and
animal cells. Structurally there are a few differences in plant and animal cells though
their
functionality
is
almost
the
same.

All the cells are enclosed in a protective membrane called the cell membrane however
plant cells have an extra addition the cell wall. The cells have certain organelles that are
membrane bound within them, these structures are called cellular organelles. These
organelles are specified to perform certain activities that are important for the survival of
the cell. All the cells function together in coordination with each other and help the
organism to survive. The functions of animal cell is carried out by the different cell
organelles. The organelles of the cell function as a unit and regulate the activities of the
cell. The different cell organelles and their functions are as follows:
Cell Nucleus - Cell nucleus is referred to as the control center of the cell. The genetic
material of the organism is present in the cell. The replication of DNA, and synthesis of
RNA occurs in the nucleus of the cell. It also regulates the activities of the other cellular
organelles.
Mitochondria - The mitochondria is referred to as the power house of the cell. Its main
function if to produce energy for cell by the process of cellular respiration. The energy
produced is ATP.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - It is a network for transportation of certain substances in and
out of the nucleus.
Golgi Apparatus - It is involved with processing and packaging of the molecules that
are synthesized by the cells. The crude proteins that are passed on by the ER to the
apparatus are developed by the golgi apparatus into primary, secondary, and tertiary
proteins.
Ribosomes - The function of ribosomes is protein synthesis.
Lysosomes - They are referred to as the suicide bags of the cell. They have digestive
enzymes and are involved in clearing the in wanted waste materials from the cell. They
also engulf damaged materials like the damaged cells,and invading microorganisms
and digest food particles.
Vacuole - They are large storage organelles. They store excess food or water.
Functions of The Animal Cell
The animal cells perform variety of activities by the aid of the cellular organelles. These
cells function as a unit and the cells together form tissues. A group go tissues with
similar function form an organ and a group of organ of specific function to perform
becomes and organ system. Thus, the microscopic cells form the basic unit for the
activities and coordination and help survival of the organism.

Plant Cell
Plant cells are eukaryotic cells or cells with membrane bound nucleus. Generally, plant
cells are larger than animal cells and are mostly similar in size and are rectangular or
cube shaped. Plant cells are similar to animal cells in being eukaryotic and they have
similar cell organelles.

What is a Plant Cell?

Back to Top
Plant cells are eukaryotic cells i.e., the DNA in a plant cell is enclosed within the
nucleus. The most important distinctive structure of plant cell is the presence of the cell
wall outside the cell membrane. It forms the outer lining of the cell. The cell wall mostly
constitutes of cellulose and its main function is providing support and rigidity. Plants
cells also contain many membrane bound cellular structures. These organelles carry out
specific functions necessary for survival and normal operation of the cells. There are a
wide range of operations like producing hormones, enzymes, and all metabolic activities
of the cell.
Diagram of Plant Cell

Distinctive Features of Plant Cell

Back to Top
The features that are distinctive in plant cells are as follows:
Plant cells contain cell structures like cell wall, plastids, and large vacuoles.
Cell wall provide plant cells rigidity and structural support and cell to cell interaction.

Plastids help in storage of plant products.

Chloroplasts aid in carrying out the process of photosynthesis to produce food for the
plants.
Vacuoles are water-filled, membrane bound organelles which stores useful materials.
Plants have specialized cells in order to perform certain functions for the survival of
plants. Some cells manufacture and store organic molecules, others transport nutrients
throughout the plant.
Some specialized plant cells include: parenchyma cells, collenchyma
sclerenchyma cells, water conducting cells and food conducting cells.

cells,

Parts of Plant Cell

Back to Top
Plants cell constitute of membrane bound nucleus and many cellular structures. These
organelles carry out functions that are necessary for the proper functioning and survival
of the cell. The cell organelles of the plant are enclosed by a cell wall and cell
membrane. The constituents of the cell are suspended in the cytoplasm or cytosol.
The parts of the plant cell are as follows:
Cell wall is the outermost rigid covering of the plant cell. It is a salient feature of plant
cell.
Cell membrane or the plasma membrane is the outer lining of the cell inside the cell
wall.
Cytosol or cytoplasm is the gel-like matrix inside the cell membrane which constitutes
all other cell organelles.
Nucleus is the control center of the cell. It is a membrane bound structure which
contains the hereditary material of the cell - the DNA
Chloroplast is a plastid with green pigment chlorophyll. It traps light energy and
converts it to chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis.
Mitochondria carries out cellular respiration and provides energy to the cells.
Vacuoles are the temporary storage center of the cell.
Golgi body is the unit where proteins are sorted and packed.
Ribosomes are structures that assemble proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum are membrane covered organelles that transport materials.

Plant Cell Structure and Function

Back to Top
All parts of the plant play a significant role in the proper functioning of the cell. Unlike
animals, plant cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall.

Cell wall: The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds the plant cells. It is made up of
cellulose. Cell wall is a characteristic feature to cells of plants. Plant cell walls are
primarily made up of cellulose. Plant cell wall consists of three layers: the primary cell
wall, secondary cell wall and the middle lamella. It is located outside the cell membrane
whose main function is to provide rigidity, strength, protection against mechanical stress
and infection. Cell wall is made up of cellulose, pectins,glycoproteins, hemicellulose and
lignin.
Cell membrane: It is the outer boundary of the cell, it encloses the cytoplasm and the
organelles of the cells. In plants cells it is inside the cell wall. The cell membrane is semi
permeable, allowing only specific substances to pass through and blocking others.
Chloroplasts: It is an elongated or disc-shaped organelle containing chlorophyll. They
have two membranes and have structures that look like stack of coins. They are
flattened structures which contain chemical chlorophyll. The process of photosynthesis

occurs in this region of the plant cell. The chlorophyll is a green pigment that absorbs
energy from sunlight to make food for the plants by converting light energy into chemical
energy.

Cytoskeleton: It is a network of fibers made up of micro-tubule and micro-filament.

They maintain the shape and gives support to the cell.
Microtubules: They are hollow cylinder like structures found in the cytoplasm of the
cells. Its function is transport and structural support.
Microfilaments: Microfialments are solid rod like structures whose primary function is
structural support.
Plasmodesmata: They are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant
cells and enables transport and communication between them.
Vacuole: Vacuoles are known as cells storage center. Plant cells have large membrane
bound chamber called vacuole. Its main function is storage. Vacuoles are found in the
cytoplasm of most plant cells. They are membrane bound organelles, they perform
functions of secretion, excretion and storage.
Tonoplast: A vacuole that is surrounded by a membrane is called tonoplast.
Plastids: Plastids are storage organelles. They store products like starch for synthesis
of fatty acids and terpenes.
Leucoplast: They are a type of plastid which are non-pigmented.
Chromoplast: They are plastids responsible for pigment synthesis and storage. They
are found in photosynthetic eukaryotic species. They are found in colored organs of
plants like fruits and flowers.
Golgi complex: The Golgi bodies look like the endoplasmic reticulum and are situated
near the nucleus. They are found in almost all eukaryotic cells. Their main function is to
process and package macromolecules synthesized from other parts of the cell. The
Golgi apparatus is referred to as the cell's packaging center.
Ribosomes: Ribosomes are smallest and the most abundant cell organelle.
It comprises of RNA and protein. Ribosomes are sites for protein synthesis. They are
found in all cells because protein are necessary for the survival of the cell. The
ribososomes are known as the protein factories of the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum: Endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane bound compartment,
which look like flattened sacs lined side by side. It is a large network of interconnecting
membrane tunnels. It is composed of both rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth
endoplasmic reticulum.
They are responsible for protein translation, and protein transport to be used in the cell
membrane. They also aid in sequestration of calcium, and production and storage of
glycogen and other macromolecules.

Mitochondria: Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes. They are described as

the 'power plants' of the cell as they convert glucose to energy molecules (ATP). They
possess their own hereditary material which help in self duplication and multiplication.
Lysosome: Lysosome contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out
organelles, food particles and any foreign bodies.
Microbody: It is a single membrane bound organelle that comprises of degradative
enzymes
Cytoplasm: It is a gel-like matrix inside enclosed by the cell membrane. The cytoplasm
supports cell organelles and also prevents the cell from bursting or shrinking.
Nucleus: It is the control center of the cell. It is bound by a double membrane known as
the nuclear envelope. It is a porous membrane, it allows passage of substances and is
a distinctive characteristic of the eukaryotic cell. Most of the genetic material is
organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules. The nucleus directs all the activities of
the cell and also help in protein formation.
Plastids in Plant Cell
Back to Top
Plastids are cell organelles that store specific things found only in plant cell but absent
in animal cells.In plant cell they are found in the cytoplasm. Plastids are spherical or
ovoid in shape. They are involved in manufacture and storage of certain important
chemical compounds.
The term plastids was coined by Schimper in 1885 and was derived from
a Greek word 'plastikas' which means formed or moulded.
Plastids in plants include chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts, amyloplast, elaioplast
and proteinoplast/aleuronoplast depending on the function they play.
Chloroplasts
The word chloroplast is derived from the Greek word chloros meaning green
and plast meaning form or entity. It is the most important plastid as they are involved in
photosynthesis. The chloroplasts are situated near the surface of the cell and in parts
where there is sufficient reception of sunlight. The shape of the cholorplast varies, it
may be spheroid or ovoid or discoid.
For a given cell type the size of plastid is constant but it differs from species to
species.It is about 4-5 microns in length and 1-3 microns in thickness. The number of
chloroplast may be 20 to 40 per cell may be upto 1000, the number varies from species
to species but is constant for a plant.

Structure
Chloroplasts are disc-shaped and are enclosed by a double membrane.
Within the inner membrane is a protein-rich substance known as stroma, it is embedded
in a membrane system. This membrane system forms membrane bound vesicles called
thylakoids.
The thylakoids lie in stacks called grana. This contains the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids. Lamellae are tubular membranes which
interconnect the grana.
Functions
Photosynthesis is carried out in the chloroplast.
The enzymes and co-enzymes necessary for photosynthesis is present.
Chromoplast
Chromo means color; plast means living. Chromoplasts are colored plastids and they
contain various pigments like yellow,orange and red.
They are found commonly in flowers and fruits. The color is due ot pigement, carotenes
and xanthophylls.
Functions
In flowers the main function is attract agents for pollination.
In fruits it is to attract agents for dispersal.
Leucoplasts
These are colorless plastids and occur in parts of plants that are not exposed to light
like roots and seeds.
The absence of color is due to the lack of pigments.
Functions
Starch grain formations are seen in leucoplast.
Oils and proteins are synthesized here.