Part 1: Cell Structure

Cells smallest living unit; mostly microscopic

Robert Hooke (mid 1600s) observed silver of cork
saw row of empty boxes
coined the term cell
Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden (1839) all living things are
made of cells
Rudolf Virchow (50 years later) all cells come from cells
Cell Theory:
1. All cells are made up of cells
2. Cells are smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms
3. All cells arise from preexisting cells
Characteristics of all Cells
a. A surrounding membrane
b. Protoplasm cell contents in thick fluid
c. Organelles structures for cell function
d. Control center with DNA
Cell Types:
1. Prokaryotic Cells no membrane bound nucleus; has nucleoid
(region of DNA concentration) and organelles not bound by membranes
2. Eukaryotic Cells nucleus bound by membrane; include fungi,
protists, plant and animal cells and possesses many organelles
Plasma Membrane double layer of phospholipids and proteins
Phospholipids:
a. Polar has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
b. Interacts with water
Membrane Proteins:
a. Channels or transporters move molecules in one direction
b. Receptors recognize certain chemicals
c. Glycoproteins identify cell type
d. Enzymes catalyze production of substance
Cell Walls surrounds the plasma membrane
a. Found in plant, fungi, and many protists
b. Surrounds plasma membrane
c. Plants (mostly cellulose), fungi (mostly chitin)
Cytoplasm jelly-like area between the nucleus and the cell membrane
which helps organelles move throughout the cell
a. Viscous fluid containing organelles
b. Fluid (cytosol), interconnected filament and fibers, organelles (not
nucleus), storage substance
Cytoskeleton made up of 3 fiber types (microfilaments, microtubules,
intermediate filaments)
has 3 functions (mechanical support, anchor organelles,
help move substances)
Cilia and Flagella provide motility
a. Cilia (short) used to move substances outside human cells

b. Flagella (whip-like extensions) found on sperm cells

Centriole microtubular structures which play a role in cell division
Nucleus a large, round/oval structure usually located near the center of
the cell; it is the control center for the activities of the cell
Cell Membrane a thin, flexible envelope that surrounds the cell; it allows
the cell to change shape and controls what goes into and out of the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum consists of a network of a tube-like passageway
that proteins from the ribosomes are transported through
Ribosomes are small grain-like bodies made mostly of RNA and produced
in the nucleolus; proteins are constructed at the ribosomes
Mitochondria tiny bean-shaped structures in the cytoplasm with a smooth
outer membrane, and greatly folded inner membrane; they supply energy for
the cell by transforming sugars into energy
Chromosomes rod-shaped bodies found in the nucleus; they are made of
DNA and it contains all the information to run the cell; they also pass on the
hereditary traits of the cell to new cells
Chloroplasts oval, green structure found in the cytoplasm which contains
the chlorophyll. It captures the suns energy and uses it to produces sugar in
a process called photosynthesis.
Lysosome small round structures found in the cytoplasm; they contain
digestive enzymes that break down large food
Nuclear Envelope separates nucleus from the rest of the cell
double membrane and has pores
DNA hereditary material; chromosomes (DNA, proteins, form for cell
division); chromatin

Part 2: Macromolecules
Carbon central element to life because most biological molecules are built
on a carbon framework; has great bonding capacity; only four eight electrons
necessary for maximum stability
Functional Groups groups of atoms that can confer special properties on
carbon-based molecules; impart electrical charge or polarity onto molecules
affecting bond capacity
Functional Groups
1. Carboxyl (-COOH) fatty acids, amino acids
2. Hydroxyl (-OH) alcohols, carbohydrates
3. Amino (-NH2) amino acids
4. Phosphate (-PO4) DNA, ATP
Classes of Organic Macromolecules:
Building Blocks Larger Units
1. Sugars Polysaccharides
2. Fatty Acids Fats/Lipids/Membranes
3. Amino Acids Proteins
4. Nucleotides Nucleic Acids
A. Carbohydrates

a. Sugars, carbo (carbon) hydrate (water)

b. Molecular Formula (CH2O)n