NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

COMPLETION IN
MACHINE DESIGN 2

Submitted by:
Sarmiento, Nico Angelo E.

Submitted to:
Engr. Francisco Dime

Date:
December 10, 2016

BEARINGS
CLASSIFICATIONS
1. SLIDING-ELEMENT BEARING examples are oil-lubricated journal and
reciprocating engine cylinders, since the motion within the lubricant and between
the mating surface is essentially a sliding or shearing action.
2. ROLLING ELEMENT BEARING examples are ball, roller and needle bearings,
since the bearing elements essentially are in rolling contact

PURPOSE OF LUBRICATION:
a.) reduce friction
b.) reduce mechanical wear
c.) clean
FACTORS OF LUBRICANT:
a.) speed

d.) surface of contact

b.) pressure

e.) type of lubricant

c.) temperature

JOURNAL AND PLANE SURFACE BEARINGS

THICK- FILM LUBRICANT if the film of lubricant between sliding surfaces is thick
enough that there is no METAL-TO-METAL contact.
One of the aims in BEARING DESIGN is to provide a film thickness whose
minimum value ho is SAFE.

Shearing stress;

or =

Where:
F = frictional force to shear the fluid
A = fluid area being sheared
= absolute viscosity
viscosity the property of fluids that causes then not to flow easily because of friction
of their molecules

= velocity gradient

v = velocity
H = thickness of lubricant

PETROFFS EQUATION
If a journal is running in a film lubricated bearing without load W (or
practically, with a light load and at moderate speed), the journal runs CONCENTRIC with
the bearing, and the velocity gradient = is constant.

Frictional torque; =

but = () from

= ( )

= ; = 2
therefore =

; also = 2 and = 2 =

hence = = ( ) =
therefore =

(2)(2)

42 3

4 2 3

= = ( ) =
=

2
where:
F = force to twist/turn the journal
r = radius of shaft/torque
= proportionality constant called absolute viscosity or just viscosity of the fluid

v = velocity or speed
h = = average film thickness
A = area being sheared at the journal
D = diameter of the shaft = 2r
= 2
L = bearing length (axially); m
= rps of the journal
=

63000

(same as eqn. 1.15, p.18, textbook)

where:
T = turning movement; in lb
n = RPM
also, = ; ft-lb/min
hence; =

33000

where:
fhp = frictional hp
Uf = frictional w/L
Vm = fpm
Conditions for:
1. Shaft is rotating
2. Concentric
3. Thin film lubricant = FULL BEARING

GEOMETRIC RELATIONS FOR A CLEARANCE BEARINGS

The line passes thru the centers of the bearing and the journal is called the LINE OF
CENTERS.

= =
2

where:
e = eccentricity of the journal
= distance between the centers of the journal and the bearing
Cr = radial clearance; in
ho = hmin = minimum film thickness
Cd = diametral clearance = differ of the D of the bearing and the journal

2
=
=
=1
=1

2
( eqn. 11.2, p. 304, Faires)

where:
e = eccentricity ratio

= eccentricity factor or altitude

Cr = radial clearance = 2

LOAD CAPACITY AND FRICTION (JOURNAL BEARINGS)

When both journal and bearing are smooth right cylinders with axes parallel, (
used to mean function of)

= [

2
]

= () ( fig. AF 17, text eqn. j p. 305, Faires)

also, the coefficient of friction variable

= = = [

2
]

= () ( fig. AF 18, text eqn. k)

NOTE: = 1 (for eqn. j and k)

where:
= angular speed of the journal; rps
=

= bearing pressure; psi

W = bearing load; lbs

LD = projected area of the journal; in sq.
= = coefficient of friction
F = fluid frictional resistance
= average viscosity; reyn
1 reyn = 6.9 106 centipoises
1 microreyn = 6.9 centipoises
1 poise = dyne-sec/sq. cm. = 100 centipoises
S = stands for the parameter in the brackets, called the SOMMERFELD
NUMBER or BEARING CHARACTERISTICS NUMBER
=

()2 =

()2 (eqn. 11.3, p.305, Faires)

PROBLEM (FULL BEARING)

The load on a 4-in full bearing is 2000 lbs. n = 320 RPM; = 1;
operating temperature = 150 fahrenheight; 0 = 0.00088 in.

= 0.0011;

a.) Select an oil that will closely accord with the stated conditions. For the selected
oil, determine:
b.) the frictional loss (ft-lb/min)
c.) the hydrodynamic oil flow thru the bearing
d.) the temp. rise as the oil passes thru the bearing
e.) the maximum pressure
f.) the amount of end leakage
SOLUTION

a.) =

2000

(4 .)(4.)

= 125

= 0.0011 = 0.0011 (4 . ) = 0.0044 .

= 0.0022 . =

0.00088 .
0.0022 .

But = ( )2
=

2
)

= 0.4 ; S = 0.121 ( TABLE At 20, p.597, Faires)

= ( )2

therefore

(0.121)(125)(0.11)2 (60
320

= 3.44 106

Use SAE 30 oil and SAE 20W but since it is nearer = 3.66 106 150
to SAE 30, use SAE 30 oil

3.9 109 ( 320)/

2
1
=( )
=

= 0.1375

(0.0011)2
125

60
/
.2
b.) =

but: F = fw and = 3.6

= 3.6 (fig. AF 18) OR

Therefore = 3.6

or =

= 3.66 (table AT 20)

= 3.6(0.0011) = 0.00396 OR
=

3.66 (0.0022)
= 0.00396
2

= = (12 ) (320 min ) = 335

= = (0.00396)(2000# ) = 7.92#

Therefore = = (7.92# ) (335 min ) = 2660

c.)

= 4.33(table AT 20)

Therefore = 4.3
= 4.3(2 . )(0.0022. ) (320
= 0.404 .
d.)

) (4. )

60
.

= 0.65 (table AT20)

Therefore = 0.65 = (0.65)(0.404) = 0.262

e.)

.3
.

= 14.2 (table AT20)

Therefore =

14.2

14.2 (125)
(0.03

)(0.3734
)

.3

= 15. 8

? = ( ) = (eqn. o, p.310, Faires)

=
Therefore =

112

2660(12)
60 /
=

= 532

532 .
.3
112(0.404
)

= 112

= 11.75

f.)

= 0.415 (table AT 20)

Therefore =

0.415

125
0.415

= 301

PROBLEM (LIGHTLY LOADED BEARINGS)

A 3 X3 in. full bearing supports a load of 9000lbs.

= 0.0015, n = 400 RPM. The temp.

of the SAE 40 oil is maintained at 140 deg F. Considering the bearing lightly loaded
(Petroff), Compute the ff.
a.) torque
b.) fhp
c.) and the coefficient of friction
d.) the same as a.) , b.) , c.) except that the oil is SAE 10W

SOLUTION (for SAE 40 oil)

a.) = =

42 3

4(7.2106 )(2)(1.5)3 (3)(340)

(0.0015)(1.5)(60)

= 8.4 . .
b.) =

63000

(eqn. 1.1, p.18, Faires)

=

c.) =

but =

(8.4)(400)
= 0.0533
63000

8.4

= 1.5 = 5.6
=

5.6
= 0.0062
900

SOLUTION (for SAE 10W oil)

a.) = 2.2 106
=

4(2.2106 )(2 )(1.5)3(3)(340)

(0.0015)(1.5)(60)

b.) =

(2.57)(400)
63000

= 2.57 . .

= 0.0163

c.) =

2.57
1.5

= 1.71
=

1.71
=
= 0.0019
900

BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS

The ROLLING BEARING is a standardized, specialized, and precision device that
the MACHINE DESIGNER does not design; from a large variety, he selects an appropriate
type, style, and size from a catalogs. FOR INTELLIGENT SELECTION, he needs to
understand the basic considerations affecting LIFE and CAPACITY
The most significant advantage of this type of bearing is that the STARTING
FRICTION is not very much larger than the operating friction ( at usual speeds and
contrasted with an initial metal-to-metal rubbing of ordinary sliding-contact bearings); that
is, the coefficient of friction varies little with load and speed, except at extreme values.
Rolling-contact bearings are suited for machine that are STARTED and STOPPED
FREQUENTLY, especially under load ( as axile bearings on railway cars, where they are
being slowly adopted. Other considerations are: they require little lubricant and
maintenance; they occupy less axial space but larger diametral space than journal
bearings; they are noisier than journal bearings; more expensive; etc.

STRESSES DURING ROLLING CONTACT

The area in contact in fig. a.) is >, and the peak stress <, the corresponding area
and the stress in fig. b.). Because the area in fig. c.) is greater, the stress is lower than that
of either of the other two. Partly for this reason, the RACES of ball bearings are curved to
wrap about the balls.
1
1
2
1
2 1
( ) = =

= ( )
2
1
2
1
2

According to PALMGREN, life B varies inversely as the K power of the load F;

B

; where values of K from 3-4 found in literature =

10
3

for roller bearings and 3

for ball bearings. (p.335 by Faires )

STATISTICAL NATURE of BEARINGS LIFE

There is no way to predict the life of an individual bearing, and since this is so, the
only logical approach is from STATISTICS & PROBABILITIES
10 = 90% life; which mean 10% failures may be expected
However, some catalogs give the rated load for 50% survival 50 (median life).
A common assumed relationship that probably accords with different catalog ratings
in the U.S.A. is Median Life (5)(90% );
Therefore 50 510 (eqn. a,p.336, Faires)
Certain extensive tests on deep groove ball bearings belded 50 4.08 10 ( which
may be used if APPROPRIATE). Also, longest life (4 5) times the median life.
Therefore longest life 450 550
The DESIGN LIFE varies widely, depending on the machine and service, see table
12.1, Faires. (an aid to JUDSMEDT)
90% life to revolutions = (hours)(60 min/hr)(n=RPM) (eqn. b, p.336, Faires)

STATIC LOAD CAPACITY

= 2 (eqn. C, p.337, Faires)
Where:
(static load capacity) = is a practical measure of the amount of brinelling that can
normally be tolerated when the bearing is to rotate (see Table 12.3, Faires)
= no. of balls or rollers
= ball diameter
= proportionality constant depends on type of bearing and materials

If a bearing is chosen to withstand a combination of radial and thrust loads, then

= 1 + 2 (eqn. d, p.338, Faires)
Where:
= equivalent static load (w/c causes deformation as the combined loads)
= radial load
= thrust load
1 & 2 = given in catalogs and type of bearing
1 = 0.6; 2 = 0.5 for single-row deep-groove
NOTE: is never taken <

DYNAMIC LOAD CAPACITY

Since a rotating bearing fails by FATIGUE, the dynamic load capacity is different
from the static.
2

= 3 ( cos )0.71.8 (eqn. e, p. 338, Faires)

Where:
= dynamic load capacity of the bearing ( = for mr in Table 12.3)
= no. of balls
= no. of rows of balls
D = diameter of a ball (D 1 in.)
C = a constant that varies somewhat with the type of ball bearing
x = locates the plane of the resultant force
EQUIVALENT DYNAMIC LOAD
Ball bearings and some roller bearings are subjected to both RADIAL and THRUST
LOADS. Since the possible combinations of these loads are INFINITE, manufacturers rate
their RADIAL BEARING in terms of a RADIAL LOAD only; their THRUST BEARINGS in terms
of THRUST LOAD only. Therefore, it becomes necessary to use an equivalent load,

 = OR = 0.56 +
[ for

[ for

> ]

(eqn. f, p.339, Faires)

Where:
= radial load (computed from a force analysis)
= is the thrust load
= is a rotation factor ( the evidence is incomplete)
= 1 for inner race rotating
= 1.2 for outer race rotating w/ respect to a stationary
inner race
= is a thrust factor (Table 12.2) (applies only when

> )

Q = found in Table 12.2

SELECTING BEARINGS from TABLES
1.) When equivalent load, is used for selection, the RATED LOADS in Table 12.3 are
on the basis that 90% will survive 106 revolutions (1 mr).
2.) If there is shock or vibration, should be futher modified in accordance with the
designers judgement. Example, for SHAFTS CONNECTED BY GEARS, computed values
of should be multiplied by a service factor as follows:

Rotating machines, no impact; electric motors rotary compressions, etc. = 1.1

to 1.5
Reciprocating machines = 1.3 to 1.9
Machines w/ pronounced impact, hammer mills, etc. = 1.6 to 4

3.) Compute rated load; = (10 )

Where:

10 (mr) = desired no. of rev. before 10% failures have occurred

10 (rev) = (hours)(60min/hr)(RPM) (eqn. b, p. 336, Faires)

1
3

(eqn. g, p. 339, Faires)

PROBLEM (CONSTANT LOADING)

The radial reaction on a bearing is 1500 lbs.; it also carries a thrust of 1000# ; shaft
rotates at 1500RPM; outer ring stationary; smooth load; 8 hr./day service; say 15000 hr
a.) select a deep groove ball bearing
b.) what is the rated 90 % life of the selected bearing?
c.) for b=1.34, compute the probability of the selected bearing surviving 15,000 hrs.
SOLUTION:
NOTE:

106 = 1

a.) 10 = () (60

) () (106

= (15000)(60)(1500)(106 ) = 1350 ( )
= 1; assume = 1.8 (from eqn. f, p.339, Faires)

= 0.56 + OR = (

) [

> ]

= 0.56(1)(1500) + (1.8)(1000) = 2640#

= ( 10 )

1
3

= (1350)

1
3 (2640)

= 29200# (eqn. 12.1, w/ k=3, p.335)

Try bearing No. 321 (after trying No.320)

= 31800# ; = 32000 . (table 12.3)

1000
=
= 0.0313

32000
= 1.99 0.28

0.0033
= 1.957
0.028

= 0.56(1)(1500) + (1.957)(1000) = 2797 .

= (1350)
1

b.) = 103 but

10 = ( )3 = (

1460000000

Life in hours =

(1500)(60)

1
3 (2797)

31800 3
)
2797

= 16200.

31800

c.) 2 = 1 (1 )3 = (1)(31000)3 = 1.075

2

= 31000 .
= 1460

1
3 3
1 1.34
1
3
=(
) =(
)
=
; = 0.905
0.1053
2
1.075
1.1017 3

PROBLEM (VARIABLE LOADS)

A deep groove ball bearing No. 215 is to operate 30% of the time at 500 RPM
with = 1200. And = 600 .; 55% of the time at 800 RPM with = 1000 .
And = 500 .; and 15% of the time at 1200RPM with = 800 . And = 400 .
Determine:
a.) the cubic mean load
b.) the 90% life of this bearing in hours
c.) the average life in hours
SOLUTION:
a.) Bearing No. 215; = 9250# ; = 11400# (Table 12.3, p.341, Faires)
1.) = 0.56 + (p. 340, 12.8 example and 30% of the time)
= 1200# and = 600# at 500 RPM

600
9250

= 0.0649(in between Q = 0.26 and 0.28) ; 0.26 < < 0.28

600
1(1200)

= 0.5 > (Cr = rotation factor= for inner rotating p.339, Faires)
= 1.71 0.444 (

0.071
) = 1.685
0.504

Hence = 0.56(1)(1200) + (1.085)(600) = 1323# = 1.323

2.) = 1000# and = 500# at 800 RPM and 55% of the time

500
=
= 0.0541

9250
= 1.99 0.28 (

0.0261
) = 1.73
0.028

Hence 2 = 0.56(1)(800) + (1.84)(400) = 1184# = 1.184

3.) = 800# and = 400# at 1200 RPM and 15% of the time


400
=
= 0.432

9250
= 1.84
Hence 3 = 0.56(1)(800) + (1.84)(400) = 1184# = 1.184
b.) 10 = (
OR 10 =

) =(

507000000
770(60)

11400 3
)
1430

= 507

= 10980 .

c.) . 510 = 5(10950) = 54750 .