PAT205 BS 1

Laboratory Worksheet

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA
LABORATORY REPORT
PAT 205 BUILDING
STUDENT NAME :
MATRIC NO
:
LAB GROUP NO :4
DATE
:
SEMESTER
:SEM 1

Item
Objectives

Marks

Methodolo
gy
Results

ENGINEERING
PERLIS

Discussion
Conclusio
n

SERVICES 1

Reference
s
Total

_______________________________________________________

OBJECTIVES
1. To identify and apply common measuring devices applies in measuring the
voltage and current in a circuit
2. To determine and differentiate the potential difference (voltage) and current
for electrical appliances for series and parallel circuit
3. To differentiate the application of magnetic and electronic ballast in florescent
lamp
4. To determine the effect of type of wiring circuit on electrical installation

EQUIPMENT

LED LAMPS

ANALOG MULTIMETER

COMPACT FLORESCENT

PAT205 BS 1
Laboratory Worksheet

PROCEDURE
1. Measuring the voltage and current for series for series and parallel circuit for
incandescent lamps
i.

The test board by connecting the ammeter and voltmeter to measure the
voltage and current of the appliances was prepare. The ammeter was be
connect in series while the voltmeter in parallel.

ii.

The load in series starting with 4 numbers of 60W incandescent bulbs was
connect.

iii.

The switch turn on and recorded the voltage and current reading
installation.

iv.

The brightness of the lamp was record.

v.

Step 2 to 4 was repeat with different quantity of lamps such as 3 bulbs, 2

bulbs and 1 bulb.

PAT205 BS 1
Laboratory Worksheet

vi.

The wiring is reconnected, step 1 to 5 was repeat by connecting the loads

in parallel circuit.

2. Measuring the voltage and current for series and parallel circuit for florescent
lamps
i.

The step in experiment 1 is repeated by replacing the incandescent lamps

with 18 W florescent lamps

3. Measuring the voltage and current for series and parallel circuit for compact
florescent lamps
i.

The step in experimental 1 is repeated by replacing the incandescent

lamps with 18W florescent lamps.

4. Measuring the voltage and current for series and parallel circuit for LED lamps
i.

The step in experimental 1 is repeated by replacing the incandescent

lamps with 18W florescent lamps.

PAT205 BS 1
Laboratory Worksheet

RESULT
Exp 1 (a) : incandescent lamp (series)
No of bulbs
1
2
3
4

Voltage (v)
243.4
243.6
243.5
243.3

Ampere (A)
0.306
0.211
0.143
0.109

brightness
Very bright
Bright
Dim
Very dim

Remarks
Yellow light
Yellow light
Yellow light
Yellow light

Ampere (A)
0.306
0.614
0.816
0.984

brightness
Bright
Bright
Bright
Bright

Remarks
Yellow light
Yellow light
Yellow light
Yellow light

brightness
Bright
Sparkling
Bright
Sparkling dimly
No light

Remarks
white light
white light

brightness
Very Bright
Very Bright
3rd fluorescent
lamp no light
up
rd
3 and 4th

Remarks
white light
white light
white light

Exp 1 (b) : incandescent lamp (parallel)

No of bulbs
1
2
3
4

Voltage (v)
243.4
243.3
242.4
242.6

Exp 2 (a) : fluorescent lamp (series)

No of bulbs
1
2

Voltage (v)
245.2
245.5

Ampere (A)
0.120
0.125

3
4

244.5
245.5

0.130
0.140

white light
No light

Exp 2 (b) : fluorescent lamp (parallel)

No of bulbs
1
2
3

Voltage (v)
245.7
244.5
244.8

Ampere (A)
0.059
0.120
0.407

244.0

0.712

White light

PAT205 BS 1
Laboratory Worksheet

fluorescent
lamp no light
up

Exp 3 (a) : compact fluorescent lamp (series)

No of bulbs
1
2

Voltage (v)
243.9
245.2

Ampere (A)
0.059
0.038

brightness
Bright
Sparkling
Bright
Very Dim
No light

Remarks
white light
white light

3
4

244.13
244.2

0.029
0.027

Ampere (A)
0.059
0.120
0.207
0.220

brightness
Bright
Bright
Bright
Bright

Remarks
white light
white light
white light
white light

Ampere (A)
0.232
0.195
0.200
0.193

brightness
Bright
Bright
Dim
Dim

Remarks
Yellow light
Yellow light
Yellow light
Yellow light

Ampere (A)
0.301
0.452
0.806
0.972

brightness
Bright
Bright
Bright
Bright

Remarks
Yellow light
Yellow light
Yellow light
Yellow light

white light
No light

Exp 3 (b) : compact fluorescent lamp (parallel)

No of bulbs
1
2
3
4

Voltage (v)
245.13
244.10
242.18
243.47

`
Exp 4 (a) : LED lamp (series)
No of bulbs
1
2
3
4

Voltage (v)
243.47
242.80
230.40
244.5

Exp 4 (b) : LED lamp (parallel)

No of bulbs
1
2
3
4

Voltage (v)
243.47
245.2
245.1
244.5

PAT205 BS 1
Laboratory Worksheet

7. Advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel circuit

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Advantages
Every unit that is connected in a
parallel circuit gets equal amount of
voltage.
It becomes easy to connect or
disconnect a new element without
affecting the working of other
elements.
If any fault happened to the circuit,
then also the current is able to pass
through the circuit through
different paths.

disadvantages
It requires the use of lot of wires.

We cannot increase or multiply the

voltage in a parallel circuit.

Parallel connection fails at the time

when it is required to pass exactly
same amount of current through the
units

SERIES CIRCUIT

Advantages
Series circuits do not overheat
easily. This makes them very useful
in the case of something that might
be around a potentially flammable
source, like dry plants or cloth.
Series circuits are easy to learn and
to make. Their simple design is easy
to understand, and this means that
its simple to conduct repairs
we can add more power devices,
they have a higher output in terms
of voltage
The current that flows in a series
circuit has to flow through every
component in the circuit.
Therefore, all of the components in
a series connection carry the same
current.

disadvantages
If one point breaks in the series
circuit, the total circuit will break.

As the number of components in a

circuit increases, greater will be the
circuit resistance.

PAT205 BS 1
Laboratory Worksheet

DISCUSSION

NO
1
2
3
4

NO
1
2
3
4

NO
1
2
3
4

Incandescent lamp (70W, 240V)

SERIES
EXPERIME THEORETI
%
EXPERIME
NT
CAL
ERROR
NT
0.306
0.292
-4.79
0.306
0.211
0.292
27.74
0.614
0.143
0.292
51.03
0.816
0.109
0.292
62.67
0.984

PARALLEL
THEORETI
CAL
0.292
0.583
0.876
1.168

%
ERROR
-4.79
-5.32
6.85
15.75

Fluorescent lamp (18W, 240V)

SERIES
EXPERIME THEORETI
%
EXPERIME
NT
CAL
ERROR
NT
0.120
0.135
11.11
0.059
0.125
0.135
7.41
0.120
0.130
0.135
3.70
0.407
0.140
0.135
-3.70
0.712

PARALLEL
THEORETI
CAL
0.135
0.270
0.405
0.540

%
ERROR
56.30
55.56
0.494
31.85

Compact Fluorescent Lamp (9W, 240V)

SERIES
PARALLEL
EXPERIME THEORETI
%
EXPERIME THEORETI
NT
CAL
ERROR
NT
CAL
0.059
0.068
13.24
0.059
0.068
0.038
0.068
44.12
0.120
0.136
0.029
0.068
57.35
0.207
0.204
0.027
0.068
60.29
0.220
0.272

%
ERROR
13.24
11.76
1.47
19.12

LED Lamp (12 W, 240V)

NO
1
2
3
4

SERIES
EXPERIME THEORETI
NT
CAL
0.023
0.05
0.019
0.05
0.020
0.05
0.019
0.05

%
ERROR
54
62
60
0.16

EXPERIME
NT
0.030
0.045
0.080
0.097

PARALLEL
THEORETI
CAL
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

%
ERROR
40
55
46.67
51.5

PAT205 BS 1
Laboratory Worksheet

3. relationship between quantity of loads with value of current and voltage for each
circuit.
Current and voltage are two fundamental quantities in electricity. Voltage is the
cause and current is the effect.
The voltage between two points is equal to the electrical potential difference
between those points. It is actually the electromotive force (emf), responsible for
the movement of electrons (electric current) through a circuit. A flow of electrons
forced into motion by voltage is current. Voltage represents the potential for each
Coulomb of electric charge to do work.

5. Influence of ballast in fluorescent lamp.

All gas discharge lamps, including fluorescent lamps, require a ballast to operate.
The ballast provides a high initial voltage to initiate the discharge, then rapidly
limits the lamp current to safely sustain the discharge. Lamp manufacturers
specify lamp electrical input characteristics (lamp current, starting voltage,
current crest factor, etc.) required to achieve rated lamp life and lumen output
specifications. Ballasts are designed to optimally operate a unique lamp type;
however, some ballasts will adequately operate more than one type of lamp. In
these cases, optimum lamp performance is generally not achieved under all
conditions. Less than optimum conditions may affect the lamp's starting
characteristics, light output, and operating life.

6. Mechanism or working principal for incandescent lamp and fluorescent lamp

How do Incandescent Lamps Work?

When an object is made hot, the atoms inside the object become thermally excited. If
the object is not melt the outer orbit electrons of the atoms jump to higher energy
level due to the supplied energy. The electrons on these higher energy levels are not
stable they again fall back to lower energy levels. During falling from higher to lower
energy levels, the electrons release their extra energy in a form of photons. These
photons then emitted from the surface of the object in the form of electromagnetic
radiation. This radiation will have different wavelengths. A portion of the wavelengths
is in the visible range of wavelengths, and a significant portion of wavelengths are in

PAT205 BS 1
Laboratory Worksheet

inferred range. The electromagnetic wave with wavelengths within the range of
inferred is heat energy and the electromagnetic wave with wavelengths within visible
range is light energy. Incandescent means producing visible light by heating an object.
An incandescent lamp works in the same principle. The simplest form of the artificial
source of light using electricity is an incandescent lamp. Here we use electric current
to flow through a thin and fine filament to produce visible light. The current rises the
temperature of the filament to such extent that it becomes luminous.

How Fluorescent lamp works?

When the switch is ON, full voltage will come across the tube light through
ballast and fluorescent lamp starter. No discharge happens initially i.e. no lumen
output from the lamp.
At that full voltage first the glow discharge is established in the starter. This is
because the electrodes gap in the neon bulb of starter is much lesser than that
of inside the fluorescent lamp.
Then gas inside the starter gets ionized due to this full voltage and heats the
bimetallic strip that is caused to be bent to connect to the fixed contact. Current
starts flowing through the starter. Although the ionization potential of the neon
is little bit more than that of the argon but still due to small electrode gap high
voltage gradient is appeared in the neon bulb and hence glow discharge is
started first in starter.
As voltage gets reduced due to the current causes a voltage drop across the
inductor, the strip cools and breaks away from the fixed contact. At that
moment a large L di/dt voltage surge comes across the inductor at the time of
breaking.
This high valued surge comes across the tube light electrodes and strike
penning mixture (mixture argon gas and mercury vapor).
Gas discharge process continues and current gets path to flow through the tube
light gas only due to low resistance as compared to resistance of starter.
The discharge of mercury atoms produces ultraviolet radiation which in turn
excites the phosphor powder coating to radiate visible light.
Starter gets inactive during operation of tube light.