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Vertical Alignment 2
Design of vertical curves:
Crest/summit curve
Sag/valley curve
CE 416 Lecture 7
h1
Height of eye
h2 Height of object
Crest
curve
headlight
sight
distance
End of
headlight
illumination
CE416
s
PVI
PVC
H2
PVT
H1
L
Crest curve
S = Sight distance
H1 = height of drivers eye above roadway surface in m.
H2 = height of object above roadway surface in.
h1
h2
PVC
h2
PVT
PVC
h1
PVT
S
s
S<L
S>L
= 2
200
1 + 2
CE416
Case 1: S<L
k
d1
1 = 12
d2
PVI
2 = 22
G1
h1
e = k(L2)2
PVC
= 41+242
1 2
4
1 + 2 =
h2 PVT
S
1 + 2 = (12 +22 )
1 +2
G2
e =
8
2 2
4
Case 1: S<L
1 2
4
d1
and
2 =
d2
PVI
2 2
4
G1
h1
(1 + 2 )2
21 + 22
G2
e
e
PVC
h2 PVT
S
But
=
d1 + d2 = S
2
21 + 22
CE416
for S<L
For S > L
= 2
200
1 + 2
200
1 + 2
Substituting for H1=1.08 m and H2=0.6 m, we get minimum curve length Lm:
for S<L
For S > L
2
=
658
CE416
Design speed
(km/h)
Stopping sight
distance (m)
20
20
0.6
30
35
1.9
40
50
3.8
50
65
6.4
60
85
11.0
11
70
105
16.8
17
80
130
25.7
26
90
160
38.9
39
100
185
52.0
52
110
220
73.6
74
120
250
95.0
95
130
285
123.4
124
Calculated
Design
K=51
CE416
3 (229)2
= .
658
V= 113 km/h
A= 3%
239 m
CE416
for S<L
For S > L
Design Controls for Crest Vertical Curves Based on Passing Sight Distance
Design Speed
(km/h)
Passing Sight
Distance (m)
30
120
17
40
140
23
50
160
30
60
180
38
70
210
51
80
245
69
90
280
91
100
320
119
110
355
146
120
395
181
130
440
224
CE416
PVC
PVT
PVI
L
For L > S
For L < S
PVT
PVC
PVI
L
CE416
2
=
120 + 3.5
= 2
120 + 3.5
2
=
120 + 3.5
CE416
Design Speed
(km/h)
20
20
2.1
30
35
5.1
40
50
8.5
50
65
12.2
13
60
85
17.3
18
70
105
22.6
23
80
130
29.4
30
90
160
37.6
38
100
185
44.6
45
110
220
54.4
55
120
250
62.8
63
130
285
72.7
73
10
CE416
G2
C
PVT
PVC
PVI
L/2
L/2
L
2
2
800 1 +
2
2
800 1 +
2
= 2
Take H1 = 2.4 m for truck driver, H2 = 0.6 m for the taillight of a vehicle
For L < S:
11
2
800 1.5
For L > S:
For L < S:
= 2
800 1.5
CE416
Passenger comfort
The effect on passenger comfort of the change in vertical direction is greater on
sag than on crest vertical curves because gravitational and centripetal forces are
combining rather than opposing forces.
Affected appreciably by vehicle body suspension, vehicle body weight, tire
flexibility, and other factors.
riding is comfortable on sag vertical curves when the centripetal acceleration does
not exceed 0.3 m/s2 .
Drainage affects design of vertical curves of Type III where curbed sections are used.
An approximate criterion for sag vertical curves is the same as that expressed for the
crest conditions (i.e., a minimum grade of 0.30 percent should be provided within
15 m of the level point). This criterion corresponds to K of 51 m per percent
change in grade.
The drainage criterion differs from other criteria in that the length of sag vertical
curve determined for it is a maximum, whereas, the length for any other criterion is
a minimum.
The maximum length of the drainage criterion is greater than the minimum length
for other criteria up to 100 km/h.
12
CE416
Solution:
Determine the SSD:
SSD 0.278Vt
V2
a
254 (
G)
9.81
13
(65) 2
= 97.48 m
3.414
254 (
0.03)
9.81
CE416
Solution:
AS 2
6 (97.48) 2
123 .627 m
120 3.5 S 120 3.5 97.48
S<L ok.
64.13 m
400
400
minimum length for general appearance criterion:
L= 30 A
L= 30 x 6 = 180 m
SSD= 200 m
PVC
3%
L
14
-1%
CE416
E=750 m
PVI
Solution:
PVT
SSD= 165 m
-1%
PVC
3%
L
The first step in the analysis is to find the length of the crest vertical curve.
The grade changes from 3% to -1%, which is a change of -4% or A = |-4%|.
In addition, for the stopping sight distance h1 = 1.08 m and h2 = 0.6 m.
Since we know S = 200 m, we can go ahead and solve for the length of the crest
vertical curve.
Assume S > L
If S < L then
L = 235.502 m
(invalid because L > S)
= 2
200
2
200
1 + 2
4(200)2
200
1.08 + 0.6
= 243.163 m
OK
Solution:
Elevation of the curve be at L/2
PVI
E=750 m
PVC
L/2= 121.58 m
y = ax2 + bx + c
3%
( )
(+)
=
=
= 0.000082
(. )
= = +. % = 0.03
y = -0.000082(121.58)2 + 0.03(121.58) + 750
y =752.43 m
15
L= 243.163 m
PVT
-1%