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Slide 1
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Introduction
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Overview
Classification of wireless networks
Based on infrastructure
Based on mobility
Based on size of network
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Ad-hoc networks
Remote nodes capable of coordinating to form a
network
Multi-hop wireless links common
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Slide 4
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Challenges:
Sustaining opened connections
E.g.: Mobile IP
Naming
Moving to different network
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Slide 5
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Slide 6
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Wireless Positioning
Wireless LAN
Bluetooth
On-campus: Office,
School, Airport,
Hotel, Home
Cellular
Off-Campus Global
Coverage
Universal Bridge
Slide 7
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Geography
Nomenclature
Off-campus
(Open areas)
On-campus
(Office, School, Airport, Hotel)
Person Space
(office, briefcase, person)
Wireless Technology
Cellular
WAN
LAN
PAN
(Kilometers)
802.11b
(10s-100s of meters)
Bluetooth
(meters to 10s of meters)
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Local environment
Automatic configuration
arrangement of devices, services,
and local connectivity
Group-awareness
World-awareness
Communication Spheres
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IEEE802.11
Application overview
Wireless Ethernet with compatible speed
Enable (indoor) wireless and mobile highspeed networking
Functional overview
Runs at unlicensed bands at 2.4GHz and
5GHz
Connectionless MAC and multiple PHYs
Supports up to 11 and/or 54 Mbps within
>100 m range
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IEEE 802
Wireless Vision Statement
802.11 Base Standard
2.4GHz Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (1Mbit/s)
2.4GHZ Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (2Mbit/s)
Infrared (1Mbit/s)
IEEE 802 is the focal point for Wireless LAN standards. Jim Carlo
Source: Jim Carlo, 802 Chair [JC-802-Consortium.PDF] can be downloaded from the following URL: ftp://ftp.flexipc.com/wearablesgroup/802/
Slide 12
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Mid 2009
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802.11 Architecture
BSS Base Service
Set
BSS
ESS Extended
Service Set
Network of cells
Common ESSID
Cells linked by DS:
Ethernet or wireless
(WDS)
Distribution System
ESS
BSS
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MAC Sublayer
PHY SAP
MAC Management
Sublayer Entity
(MLME)
MLME _PLME SAP
PLCP Sublayer
PMD SAP
PHY
PMD Sublayer
PHY Management
Sublayer Entity
(PLME)
MLME SAP
Station
Management
Entity
(SME)
PLME SAP
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Slide 17
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Two Modes
Infrastructure mode
Infrastructure Basic Service Set BSS
An access point (AP) and multiple stations (STAs)
Every transmission is with AP; no peer-to-peer
communication
Access Point (AP)
Station 1
Station 3
Station 2
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Station 2
Station 1
Station 3
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AP
STA
BSS
AP
STA
STA
BSS
STA
Infrastructure
Network
STA
Ad Hoc
Network
BSS
BSS
STA
STA
Ad Hoc
Network
STA
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Busy
Medium
DIFS
PIFS
SIFS
Contention Window
Backoff
Window
Next Frame
Slot Time
Defer Access
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CSMA/CA
Sender sends Request to Send (RTS)
Receiver sends Clear to Send (CTS)
Sender transmits for required time
CTS
RTS
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Carrier-Sense Mechanisms
Physical carrier-sense
Provided by PHY, and depends on PHY
Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) by PHY
Virtual carrier-sense
Provided by MAC via Network Allocation Vector (NAV) counter
Each frame carries Duration value in the header
Any correctly received frame updates NAV if the new NAV is
larger
Assumes busy channel if non-zero NAV irrespective of CCA!
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Stop-and-Wait ARQ
DIFS
Source
DATA
SIFS
Destination
ACK
DIFS
Others
NAV
Defer Access
Backoff
Next Frame
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802.11b Channels
In the UK and most of EU: 13 channels, 5MHz apart,
2.412 2.472 GHz
Each channel is 22MHz
Significant overlap
Best channels are 1, 6 and 11
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Meshed Networking
Decentralised infrastructure
Network of interconnected access points
Peer-to-peer routing, often redundant
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11
11
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12
10
8
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
0
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Slide 43
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WPANs (IEEE802.15)
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Slide 47
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Landline
Cable
Replacement
Data/Voice
Access Points
Personal Ad-hoc
Connectivity
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Slide 48
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User benefits
Multiple device access
Cordless phone benefits
Hands free operation
Wireless Freedom
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Slide 49
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User benefits
Proximity synchronization
Easily maintained database
Common information database
Slide 50
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User benefits
No more connectors
Easy internet access
Common connection experience
Remote Connections...
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