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GeographyPopulationQuiz
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SuggestreasonswhybirthratesarelowduringStage3ofthedemographic
transitionmodel.<4mark>

Atstage3oftheDTMbirthratesarelikelytobelowduetogreataccesstobirth
controlandbetteraccesstoeducationaboutfamilyplanningreducingunwanted
pregnancies.Thereisalikelytobeapreferenceforsmallerfamiliesduetothe
expensivenatureofbringingupchildren.Asinfantmortalityislow,notasmany
childrenarerequiredtoensuresurvivalofsome.Womenmaybedelayingchildbirthto
followacareer.Insomeplaces(e.g.China)governmentpoliciesmayberestricting
birthrates.

Outlinethehumanfactorsthathaveaffectedthedistributionofpopulationinthe
UK(refertospecificnamedplacesinyouranswer)<6mark>

TheSouthEastoftheUkandLondoninparticularhasaveryhighpopulationdensity.
Excellentcommunicationsinculdinganumberofmajorinternationalairports(e.g.
Heathrow)andamajorrailhub(KingsCross)aswellasmajormotorways(M25)has
helpedattractbusinessandcommerceandLondonhasafastgrowingeconomywitha
largerangeofjobs.ThefactthatLondonisthecapitalcityhasalsogivenhighstatus
formanybusinessestolocatehere.Itshistoryandheritagewithmajortourist
attractionshasmeantthattherearemanyjobsinthetertiarysectorinparticularin
tourism.InareassuchastheHighlandsofScotland,wheremostjobsareinprimary
industriesandthereisanoveralllackofemploymenttherearemuchfewerpeople.
Theisolationofthisarea,withpoorcommunicationsandlackofT,phoneandInternet
receptionalsoaccountsforthelowpopulationdensity.

Explaintheincentivesanddisincentivesusedbyacountrytryingtodecrease
itsbirthrate<6mark>

Aftertherapidpopulationgrowthin1950sChina,inthelate1970saonechildpolicy
wasintroducedduetoconcernsoverthisrapidgrowthandthegovernmentrealized
thatstrictpopulationcontrolwasrequired.Inordertoencouragepeopletosticktothe
policyanumberofincentiveswereused,includingtheissuingofaonechild
certificateforthosestickingtothepolicy,entitlingthemtobenefitse.g.priority
housing,freemedicalcare,freeeducationetc.Freecontraceptionandsterilization
wereavailableandmarriageableagewasincreasedtotryandencouragedelayedchild
birth.Thegovernmentalsoputinplaceanumberofdisincentivesaspunishmentsfor
thosewhodidnotsticktothepolicy.Thegovernmentalsoputinplaceanumberof
disincentivesaspunishmentsforthosewhodidnotsticktothepolicy.Thosewithmore
thanoncechildloseprivilegesandareheavilyfined.Therearealsoexamplesof
forcedabortionsandinsomecasesforcedsterilizationGrannypolicymonitored
peopleandkepttrackofbirths,reportingbacktotheauthoritieswhentheonechild
rulingwasbroken.

ExplantherelationshipbetweenthephysicalgeographyofChinaandits

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populationdistribution<6mark>

Chinasunevenpopulationdistributioncanbeclearlylinkedtoitsphysicalgeography.
Thehighestpopulationdensities(between251000people/km2)areinEasternChina
wherelowreliefmakesiteasierforsettlementintermsofbuildinghousesand
developingindustry.ThefertilefloodplainsofmajorriverssuchastheYangtzewhich
drainthroughEasternChinaprovideopportunitiesforintensiveagricultureand
thereforesupporthighnumbersofpeople.IntheSE,majorcitiessuchasShanghai
(populationover20million)havedevelopedasmajortradingportsduetoitscoastal
location.Incontrastthesteeprelief(over5,000m)oftheSacredMountainstothe
WestofChinahasmadeitdifficultforpeopletosettleorbuildandcommunicationsare
poor.Withlowrainfalltotals(<500mm)andthepresenceofanumberofdeserts(e.g.
Gobi)intheWest(wheretemperatureextremesoftenmakesettlementimpossible)
thereisaverylowpopulationdensityoflessthan10peopleperkm2.Thelackof
fertilesoilsandlargeareasofdrygrasslandmakeagriculturedifficultandnotableto
supportmanypeople.

ExplaintherelationshipbetweenthephysicalgeographyofChinaandits
populationdistribution<6mark>

Chinasunevenpopulationdistributioncanbeclearlylinkedtoitsphysicalgeography.
Thehighestpopulationdensities(between251000people/km2)areinEasternChina
wherelowreliefmakesiteasierforsettlementintermsofbuildinghousesand
developingindustry.ThefertilefloodplainsofmajorriverssuchastheYangtzewhich
drainthroughEasternChinaprovideopportunitiesforintensiveagricultureand
thereforesupporthighnumbersofpeople.IntheSE,majorcitiessuchasShanghai
(populationover20million)havedevelopedasmajortradingportsduetoitscoastal
location.Incontrastthesteeprelief(over5,000m)oftheSacredMountainstothe
WestofChinahasmadeitdifficultforpeopletosettleorbuildandcommunicationsare
poor.Withlowrainfalltotals(<500mm)andthepresenceofanumberofdeserts(e.g.
Gobi)intheWest(wheretemperatureextremesoftenmakesettlementimpossible)
thereisaverylowpopulationdensityoflessthan10peopleperkm2.Thelackof
fertilesoilsandlargeareasofdrygrasslandmakeagriculturedifficultandnotableto
supportmanypeople.

Chooseacountry,whichistryingtoincreaseitsbirthrate.Explainthemethods
usedbythiscountrytoincreaseitsbirthrate<6marks>

Singaporeisagoodexampleofacountrywithapronatalisttryingtoincreasebirth
rates.In1987theyintroduceda3ormorepolicythisisbecausetheywere
concernedthatifbirthratecontinuedtofalltherewouldnotbeenoughworkersto
supporttheeconomy.Anumberofincentiveswerethereforeusedtoencourage
familiestohavechildren.Achildsavingschemewasprovidedfor2nd4thchild,
governmentmatchingmoneythatwassaved.A$3,000cashgiftwasgiven3months
maternityleaveandforcouplesunder12,$95wasgivenforamaid.

ExplainhowphysicalfactorshaveinfluencethepopulationdistributionofChina.
<4mark>
Chinaspopulationisunevenlyspreadandthiscanbepartlybeexplainedbyits
physicalgeography.Thehighestdensityareas,whichhareintheeastareinthose
areaswiththemostfertilesoilsaroundthefertilefloodplainsofmajorriverssuchas
theYangtzewhichareveygoodforagriculture.TheEastofChinaisalsothemainarea
oflowland,whichiseasierforhumansettlement.Thesparselypopulatedareaof
WesternChinacanbeexplainedbythepresenceofmountainsmakingsettlementand
communicationsdifficultandanumberofdesertsincludingtheGobidesertwhere
thereisextremetemperature.

Usingexamples,explainthecostsandbenefitsofanageingpopulation<6
marks>
TheUKisoneexampleofacountrywithanageingpopulation.WithintheUKthereare
areassuchasTorbay(EastDevon),whichhaveaparticularlyageingpopulation.There
forexample,beingapopularretirementtown,almost50ofthepopulationareoverthe
ageof50.Thereareanumberofcostsassociatedwithanageingpopulationwhich
leastoahighdependencyonthosethatareeconomicallyactive.Thereisalsoastrain
onresourcesforpensions,oftenresultinginanincreaseinthetaxespaidbythe
workingpopulation.Thedemandandstrainonhealthcareandsocialservices,may
wellresultinatransferoffundingfromyoungtoold(withschoolsfacingareductionin
funding).However,therearealsoanumberofbenefitsofanageingpopulation.Older
peoplehavevaluableknowledgeandwisdomtoshare.DIYstoressuchasB&Qhavea
largenumberofworkersovertheageof55whocanprovideadvicetocustomers.
Peoplewhoareretiredhavemoreleisuretimeandmoredisposableincomeandthe
strengthofthegreypoundhelpstosupportmanyindustries,includingtourism.Many

retiredpeopleoftenalsoprovidesupportforthecommunity,givinguptimeforcharity
workorlookingaftergrandchildrenwhilstparentswork.

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