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4, November 2016
ABSTRACT
In this paper we generalized recently introduced approach of estimation of time scales of mass transport in inhomogenous materials under influence of inhomogenous potential field. Some examples of
using of the approach were considered.
INTRODUCTION
Elaboration of solid state electronic devices leads to development of new and optimization of existing technological processes. Due to the elaboration one can obtain increasing of integration rate
of elements of integrated circuits, their reliability and frequency characteristics. To develop new
and optimization of existing technological processes it is attracted of interest estimation of time
characteristics of mass transport: continuance of technological processes and their single steps. It
is also attracted an interest estimation of time characteristics during functioning of electronic devices (for example, switching times of diodes et al). In this paper as a development of works [1-6]
we introduce an approach to estimate time characteristics of mass transport in multidimensional
materials for different boundary conditions. The consider situation gives a possibility to take into
account both technological processes of solid state electronics devices and charge carriers transport during functioning of the above devices. We consider most simple to illustrate the approach
situation of radial symmetry of mass transport in N+1-dimensional material (N=0, 1, 2). Diffusion
coefficient D(r) of charge carriers, dopants, et al is an arbitrary function of radius r, 0ra. At the
same time an arbitrary distribution of potential profile as a function of radius r, 0ra, is also
presented in the considered material. Framework the paper we consider:
(i) a matter (for example, dopant) with known initial distribution C(r,0)=f (r) and unit mass M =1
existing in the considered material with insulated external boundary r = a;
(ii) a matter (for example, excess charge carriers escaping the considered material) with known
initial distribution C(r,0)=f (r) and unit mass M =1 existing in the considered material with
drain on external boundary r = a;
(iii) a source of a matter with constant concentration C(0,t)=C0 have been manufactured in central
part of material with drain on external boundary r = a. In this case with time one can find stationary flow of the considered matter (for example, current density of charge carriers).
At initial moment of time (t=0) one can find starting of relaxation of distribution of concentration
of the considered matter. Framework this paper we determine relaxation time of matter as a function of radius r from center in the considered material. As relaxation time in the case (ii) it is
practicably to consider escape time of mass of matter. In the cases (i) and (iii) we consider the
required time scale as relaxation time of concentration of the considered matter.
DOI: 10.5121/ijitmc.2016.4402
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International Journal of Information Technology, Modeling and Computing (IJITMC) Vol. 4, No.4, November 2016
METHOD OF SOLUTION
We determine variation of concentration C(r,t) in space and time as solution of the second
Ficks law
r
C (r , t )
= div [D ( r ) {C ( r , t ) grad (r )+ grad C (r , t )}] = div G (r , t ) .
t
Here function
r
G(r , t )
(1)
r
G (r , t ) = D ( r ) [ C (r , t ) grad ( r ) + grad C ( r , t ) ] .
(2)
r
r
G (0, t ) = 0 , C(r,0) = (r), G (a, t ) = 0 ;
r
(ii) G (0, t ) = 0 , C(a,t)=0, C(r,0)= (r);
(i)
C (r ) =
[C (r , ) C (r , t )] d t ,
(3)
C (r , ) C (r ,0 )
M = M 1 (0 ) M (t ) d t .
(ii)
(4)
Here C(r) is the relaxation time of concentration of matter, M is the escape time of mass of
matter. Mass of matter could be estimated by integration of appropriate concentration
M (t ) = C (r , t ) d V .
(5)
Here V is the volume of localization of matter. Accounting of radial symmetry transforms the
above relation to the following form
a
M (t ) = r N C (r , t ) d r .
0
Here is angle normalization. is equal to unity in the one dimensional case; is equal to 2 in
the two dimensional case; is equal to 4 in the two dimensional case.
It should be noted, that criterion for estimation of relaxation time as equal-sized by square rectangle could be used for analysis of monotonous in time concentration of matter [6]. If concentration
of matter is nonmonotonous in time, it should be used the recently introduced nonlinear criterion
[5,6].
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International Journal of Information Technology, Modeling and Computing (IJITMC) Vol. 4, No.4, November 2016
To calculate the relaxation times by using the criteria Eqs. (3) and (4) we used the Laplace transformations on time of concentration, mass and flow of matter [7]
st
st
M ( s ) = M (t ) e st d t , Y (r , s ) = C ( r , t ) e d t , G (r , s ) = G ( r , t ) e d t .
The Laplace transformations of the Eq. (1) and relations (3) and (4) with account initial conditions could be written as
C ( r , ) sY (r , s ) ,
s [C ( r , ) C ( r ,0)]
(6)
(7)
M = lim M (s ).
(8)
s 0
It should be noted, that it is not necessary to calculate concentration, mass and flow of matter during determination the relaxation times (7) and (8) for all values of the Laplace parameter s. They
are attracted an interest only asymptotic behaviors of the above values for s0. Let us to decompose functions sY(r,s) and s G(r,s) in area of small values of parameter s into the following power
series
= lim
s 0
(Z
C (r , ) Z 0 (r ) sZ1 (r ) s 2 Z 2 (r ) ... ,
s [C (r , ) C (r ,0 )]
(10)
(r ) + sZ 1 ( r ) + s 2 Z 2 (r ) + ... d r .
(11)
Limiting theorems of Laplace transformation [7] gives a possibility to obtain the following relations
lim
sY ( r , s ) = C (r , ) = Z 0 (r ) , lim sG(r , s ) = G (r , ) = H 0 (r ) .
s 0
s 0
(12)
In this situation stationary values of flow and concentrations of matter are equal to H0(r) = 0
and Z0(r). Calculation of limits of (10) and (11) with account relations (12) gives a possibility to
transform relaxation times (7) and (8) to the following form
Z1 (r )
,
f ( r ) Z 0 (r )
(13)
M = r N Z1 (r ) d r .
(14)
C (r ) =
a
To determine relaxation times one shall calculate functions Z0(r) and Z1(r). Substitution of the
relation (9) into the equation (6) gives the following system of equations for the functions Zk(r)
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International Journal of Information Technology, Modeling and Computing (IJITMC) Vol. 4, No.4, November 2016
and Hk(r)
1
N
r
1
N
r
1
r N
d Z 0 (r ) d (r )
d N
+
Z 0 (r ) = 0
r D (r )
dr
dr
dr
d Z1 (r ) d (r )
d N
+
Z1 (r ) = Z 0 (r ) f (r )
r D (r )
dr
dr
dr
(15)
d Z k (r ) d (r )
d N
+
Z k (r ) = Z k 1 (r ), k 2
r D (r )
dr
dr
dr
d Z k (r ) d (r )
H (r )
+
Z k (r ) = k .
dr
dr
D (r )
(16)
The first equation of the system (15) could be solved by using standard approaches. Function
Z0(r) for different boundary and initial conditions could be written as
for the case (i)
Z0(r)=e- (r)/[ (a)],
a
where (a ) = r N e ( r ) d r ;
0
Z0(r)=0,
Z0(r)=0e
(0)- (r)
The second equation of the system (15) could be solved by using standard appro-aches. Function
Z0(r) for different boundary and initial conditions could be written as
for the case (i) Z1 (r ) = e ( r ) Q (v ) F (v ) d v Q (v ) I (v ) F (v ) d v
r
0
a
a
1
1
Q (v ) I (v ) d v + I 2 (v ) Q (v ) d v ,
r
0
(17)
e ( v ) v N
u f (u ) d u d v ,
N
r v D (v ) 0
Z1 (r ) = e ( r )
0
0
v
0
r
(18)
(19)
Substitution of functions Z0(r) and Z1(r) into relations (13) and (14) gives a possibility to obtain
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International Journal of Information Technology, Modeling and Computing (IJITMC) Vol. 4, No.4, November 2016
f (r ) e
(r )
(a )a Q (v )F (v ) d v
r
(a ) 1
(v )Q (v ) F (v ) d v Q (v ) (v ) d v + I (v ) (v )Q (v ) d v ,
0
r
0
a
(20)
e ( v ) (v )
F (v ) d v .
N
0 v D (v )
M =
e ( v ) (v )
F (v ) d v ,
N
0 v D (v )
a
M =
(21)
a
Q( y ) v N e ( v ) Q ( x ) d x d v d y Q(v ) d v
r
0
0
v
r
(22)
For materials without source we consider the following initial distribution of matter: f (r)= (r).
In this case relaxation times (20) and (21) could be written as
for the case (i) C (r ) = (v )Q(v ) d v (a ) Q(v ) d v +
a
+ Q (v ) (v ) d v I (v ) (v )Q (v ) d v ,
r
0
a
= (v ) Q (v ) d v .
a
(23)
(24)
We consider free diffusion, when potential profile is constant for any point of material (r)=0.
In this case relaxation times (22)-(24) will not dependent of potential. In this case these relaxation
times (22)-(24) could be written as
N +1 a
a
for the case (i) (r ) = v d v a d v +
C
N + 1 0 D (v ) N + 1 r v N D (v )
a v N +2d v
1 a vd v
1
,
(25)
+
N + 1 r D (v ) ( N + 1) a N +1 0 D (v )
for the case (ii)
M =
vd v ,
N + 1 0 D (v )
a
(26)
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International Journal of Information Technology, Modeling and Computing (IJITMC) Vol. 4, No.4, November 2016
a d v 1 r d v a
1
C (r ) = N
N
N
0 v D (v ) 0 v D (v ) 0 y D ( y )
y
a
a
d xd vd y r
dv .
1
N ( v ) d x d v d y
v
e
N
N
N
N
v
v
x D (x ) 0 y D (y ) 0
x D (x ) r v D (v )
v N e (v )
0
(27)
In the simplest case of constant diffusion coefficient D(r)=D0 relations (25)-(27) takes the form
for the case (i) (r ) =
C
a 2
a N +1 (a1 N r 1 N )
+
2 ( N + 1) D 0
(1 N 2 )D 0
a2 r 2
a2
, N 1
+
2( N + 1)D 0 ( N + 1)( N + 3)D 0
C (r ) =
a2
2
2
a 2 , N =1
a a r
1
2
ln
+
4 D0
4 D0
8 D0
r
M =
a2
(28a)
(28b)
(29)
(N + 1) D
(a
1 N
1
r 1 N ) D0
C (r ) =
r 1 N a 2 (1 N )
r 2 a1 N
r 3 N
+
(1 + N )(3 N ) 2 (1 + N ) 3 N
r2
a
ln , N =1.
2
4 a D0 r
(30a)
(30b)
The relation (28) shows that the relaxation time of a matter concentration or mass in a material
with insulated external boundaries increases with increasing of value of radius r. At small values
of radius r concentration of the matter lose monotonous behavior in time. In this case to determine the relaxation time it should be used recently introduced nonlinear criterion. Dependence of
the relaxation time (30) is nonmonotonous function of radius with zero values on external boundary of the material r=a at zero value of radius r (i.e. at r =0).
In the present time one could find wide using different multilayer structures (see, for example,
[8]). We consider simplest multilayer structure with diffusion coefficient D(r)=D1[1(r)-1(rr1)]+D21(r-r1), where 1(r-) is the unit step-wise function [7]. In the considered materials, which
includes into itself the above two layers, the relaxation times (25)-(27) could be written as
the case (i)
C (r < r1 , N 1) =
1 + r12 a 2 r12
1
+
2 (1 + N ) D1
D2 a N +1 (1 + N )(3 + N )
r2
,
2
(
N
+
1
)
D
(31a)
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International Journal of Information Technology, Modeling and Computing (IJITMC) Vol. 4, No.4, November 2016
C (r > r1 , N 1) =
r12 (1 + ) a 2 r12 r 2
1
+
2(N + 1) D1
D2
C (r < r1 , N = 1) =
(a
N +1
r N +3 )
a N +1 (a1 N r 1 N ) ,
(1 + N )(3 + N )D 2 1 N 2
D2
N +3
(31b)
r12
a 2 (1 + ) r12 r 2
1 r 4 a 4 r14
+
2 1 +
4 D1
4 D2
8 a D1
D2
a2 1
r1 1
ln
ln +
2 D1 r D2
a ,
r1
(31c)
1 r 2 (0,5 + ) a 2 r12
C (r > r1 , N = 1) = 1 +
4 D1
D2
4
1 r
a 4 r14 a 2 a r 2 ,
2 1 +
ln
8 a D1
D2 2 D2 r 4 D2
(31d)
r 2 a 2 r12 ,
M = (N + 1) 1 +
2 D1
D2
(32)
1 r13 N
D2 r 1 N
for the case (iii) (r < r , N 1) =
2
C
1
1 N
1 N
1 N
D2 r1 + D1 (a r1 ) 2(1 + N ) D1
+ 2
D22
D1 D2
D22
D2
2(1 + N ) D1 D2
r 3 N
D1D2
,
2
1 N
1 N
2(3 N )D1 (r1 r ) D2 + (a1 N r11 N ) D1
(33a)
C (r > r1 , N 1) = 1 N
+ 2 +
1 N
1 N
D1D2
D1
D2 r1 + D1 (a r1 ) 2 (1 + N )
2
2
r r1 r11 N
a 3 N r12 a1 N r11 N a 2 + r13 N r11 N (a 2 r12 )
r13 N
+
+
D22
D22 (2 N ) 2 (3 N ) D12 2 D22 (1 + N )
[r D + (r
2
1
r 2 r11 N
r12 ) D1 ][r11 N D2 + (a1 N r11 N )D1 ]
r 3 N (1 N )
+
2 (1 + N ) D12 D22
D1 D2 (1 + N ) 2(3 N )(1 + N ) D12
(33b)
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International Journal of Information Technology, Modeling and Computing (IJITMC) Vol. 4, No.4, November 2016
2
2
2
3r 2 ln r a
r2
r a
r a (1 + 2 ln r1 a ) r1
C (r < r1 , N = 1) = 1 21 1 ln 1 2 ln 1 +
4D1D2 a 4D2 a
8D22
4D1
D2 ln r r1
r 2 (1 + ln r1 r ) r 2 ln a r1
D1 D2
,
(33c)
4 D12
D1 ln a r1 + D2 ln r r1
4 D1 D 2 D2 ln r1 r + D1 ln a r1
D ln r D ln r r + D ln r a r 2
a a 2 2r12 a
1
2
1
1
+1 +
C (r > r1 , N = 1) = 2 1 1
3
ln
ln +
2
4D22
D1 ln a r1 + D2 ln r1 r 4D1
r1
r1
r12 ln a r1
r2
a 2 2r12 (a 2 r12 )ln a r1 a 2 r12 (1 + ln a r1 ) r 2 r12 r1
+ 1 2+
+
+ 2 D D ln a
2 D1 D2
2 D1
2 D1 D2
2 D22
4 D22
1 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
r ln r1 r r1 ln a r1 r r1
a
r
r r1 r1 r r1 r1 ln (r r1 )
ln
ln
1
+
+
+
4 D12
4 D1 D2
2 D22
r1 8 D22
4 D22
r
8 D12
4 D1 D2
a
D2 ln 1 .
r
(33d)
In the case, when D1=D2, relations (31)-(33) coincide with relations (28)-(30). It could be shown,
that increasing of number of layers in the considered multilayer structure leads to averaging of
spatial distribution of diffusion coefficient and possibility to approximate the distribution by its
average value D0 [9].
Example of potential profile 2
Now we consider linear dependence of potential profile of radius (r)= r+0. In this situation
fully analytical integration in relations for relaxation time (20)-(22) could be done only for onedimension case (N=0). In the case of larger dimensions relations for relaxation time depend on
r
1
[ a (2 + 1) ( + 1)e r
D0
2
2 + e ( a r ) + (r a )
C (r , N = 1) =
2 D0
e a e a 2 a ,
1 e a
(34a)
{ E (a ) ln( a ) [a (1 + ) r ] E (r )(1 )
a
ln + e a (1 + a )[E (a ) E (r ) ] 2 [1 e a a e a + 2 (1 e a )
r
D0
2 a + E * (a ) ln ( a ) + E (a )](1 e a a e a ) ,
1
C (r , N = 2 ) =
(34b)
1
1 e a
e r
a (2 + 1) 2 ln ( a ) +
+
2 E (a )(1 + ) +
D0
a
r
2
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International Journal of Information Technology, Modeling and Computing (IJITMC) Vol. 4, No.4, November 2016
+2
1 e a
ar
a
(1 e a )[E (a ) E (r )] + (1 + a ) e ( r a ) +
+ r e r
r
r
r
+ 2 E (r ) + 2 2 a 2 [E (a ) E (r )]ch ( a )}
+ 4 (1 e a ) 4 E * (a )
1
{2 (1 ea ) a (1 + a )e a +
D0
2
4 e a
8 4e a
+
4 [1 e a a e a ] + 4 (e a 1) +
2 D0 a a
+ E (a ) + 4 a + 8 E * (a ) 8 ln ( a )}[2 (1 e a ) a e a ( a + 2 )] ,
1
M ( N = 0 ) =
e a 1 a ,
2 D0
M ( N = 1) =
M ( N = 2 ) =
(35a)
E (a ) ln ( a ) a ,
2 D0
(35b)
ea 2 ln ( a )
E
(
a
)
a ,
a a
D0
(34c)
(35c)
D0 (ea er )
(er 1) 2a
a
({e 1} 2a ea ) (e (a+r ) + e r e a 1) r (e a + e r ) ,
(e 1)
(36a)
E (r ) a e v v y
C (r , N = 1) =
y e [E (a ) E ( y )]d y d v
E (a ) 0 v D0 0
e v v y
y e [E (a ) E ( y )] d y d v ,
0 vD 0
0
r
(36b)
a ( r E (r ) e r ) e a 1 e a
a 2 1 1
+
E (a ) 3 +
a
r ( a E (a ) e ) D0 2
a
a r
a
r
a y y
2 ln a r e
e
e
+
+
E (a ) 2 v 2 E (v ) d v d y
2
0 y
0
a
r
C (r , N = 2 ) =
y
1 e r 1 e a
r
re y 2
v
+
E
(
a
)
E
(
r
)
a
0 y 2 0 v E (v )e d v d
D0 2
y .
(36c)
Decreasing of the parameter leads to decreasing difference between relations (34)-(36) and
(28)-(30).
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International Journal of Information Technology, Modeling and Computing (IJITMC) Vol. 4, No.4, November 2016
CONCLUSION
In this paper we generalized recently introduced approach of estimation of time scales of mass
transport in inhomogenous materials under influence of inhomogenous potential field. Some examples of using of the approach were considered.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work is supported by the agreement of August 27, 2013 02..49.21.0003 between The
Ministry of education and science of the Russia and Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny
Novgorod, educational fellowship for scientific research of Government of Russia, educational
fellowship for scientific research of Government of Nizhny Novgorod region of Russia and educational fellowship for scientific research of Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture
and Civil Engineering.
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