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Thermodynamic Processes

Tinyiko S. Maluleke
14 June 2016

Work, Energy & Heat

Control mass/closed system No mass enter or leave the system except heat or work
Control volume/open system Mass, heat and work enter or leave the system

Figure 1: Control volume (Granet & Bluestein 2015)


Intensive properties are independent of the mass of a system (temperature, pressure, and density)
Extensive properties are dependent on the size or mass of the system (total mass, total volume,
etc)
Specific properties are extensive properties per unit mass (specific volume, specific work, etc)

1.1

Forms of Energy

Internal energy U sum of all the microscopic forms of energy.


Kinetic energy KE energy due to motion.
1
KE = mV 2
2

(kJ)

(1)

Potential energy P E energy due elevation in a gravitational field


P E = mgZ
where g = 9.81 m/s2 is gravitational acceleration.
1

(kJ)

(2)

Total energy E sum of thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic, chemical and
nuclear in the system. Specific energy:
 
E
kJ
e=
(3)
m
kg

1.2

Heat

Heat Q is energy that is transferred between two due to temperature difference

Figure 2: Heat in and out of system

Adiabatic process there is no heat transfer. Specific heat


 
Q
kJ
q=
m
kg

(4)

Rate of heat transfer Q


Q
(kW)
Q =
t
Three main mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation.

1.3

(5)

Work

Work W is the energy transfer by a force acting on a system through a distance. Specific work
 
W
kJ
w=
(6)
m
kg
Power work done per unit time
= W
W
t

(kW)

Figure 3: Work in and out of system

(7)

1.4

Mechanical Work

1.4.1

Shaft Work

Figure 4: Shaft work (engel & Boles 2015)

Shaft work Wshaft is the energy transmission with a rotating shaft. The torque T applied to the
shaft is generated force F acting through a moment arm r
(N m)

T = Fr

(8)

If force F acts through a distance s = (2r)n, then shaft work become


Wshaft = F s = 2nT

(kJ)

(9)

and power transmitted through the shaft


shaft = 2 nT
W

(kW)

(10)

where n is the rotation speed in revolutions per minute (rpm).

1.4.2

Spring Work

Spring work Wspring


Z

x2

Wspring =
x1

1
Fs dx = k(x22 x21 )
2

(kJ)

(11)

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics


the variation of energy of a system during any transformation is equal to the amount
of energy that the system receives from its environment.
E = U + KE + P E

(12)

2.1

Nonflow System

Consider a nonflow system, with no velocity and height changes, but a moving boundary.

Figure 5: Non-flow system (Granet & Bluestein 2015)

Specific work
Z

pdv

w=

(13)

Figure 6: the p-V diagram (engel & Boles 2015)

For a For a constant-pressure process

2.1.1

w = pv

(14)

pV n = C

(15)

Polytropic Process

For a polytropic process:


where n and C are constants. Hence
Z
W =


p2 V2 p1 V1
CV n dV =
1n

If n = 1
Z
W =
1


V2
Cv 1 dV = P V ln
V1
4

(16)

(17)

2.1.2

Energy Balance
E = Q W

(18)

References
engel, Y. & Boles, M. A. (2015), Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5 edn, Wiley Inc.
Granet, I. & Bluestein, M. (2015), Thermodynamics and Heat Power, 8 edn, CRC Press.

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