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November 1, 2016
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
Copyright Materials
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Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written
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The American Institute of Steel Construction 2016
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
Course Description
Fundamentals of Bolting and Welding
Session 4: - Bolting Pt. 4: Beyond the Bolts
November 1, 2016
This session will provide an understanding of industry specific
supplementary requirements for fasteners. Requirements for rotational
capacity testing and fastener coatings will be explained. A review of
potential issues related to bolting, such as fastener reuse and nonconformance handling, and how to address or avoid common problems
at the job site will be presented.
Learning Objectives
Learn about supplementary requirements.
Learn about Rotational Capacity Testing.
Learn about permitted structural fastener
coatings.
Review common bolting issues.
Learn about bolt reuse.
Gain an understanding of nonconformance
handling.
Copyright 2016
American Institute of Steel Construction
Chad Larson
President
LeJeune Bolt Company
MANUFACTURING INSPECTION
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Dimensions Geometry
Magnetic particle
Tensile Strength
Tensile Strength
Rotational capacity
Proof Load
Surface Discontinuities
Coating thickness
Hardness
Carburization/Decarburization
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Tension Testing
(Tensile Testing)
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Hardness Testing
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Carburization/Decarburization
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SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
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S3
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ROTATIONAL CAPACITY
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Clamp Load
50000
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 291 301 311 321 331 341 351 361
Degrees of Rotation
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bearing surface.
Old test was a simple Pass/Fail test. You never know if you almost failed.
Vague manufacturer requirement in A325 and RCSC.
Assuming bolt meets specification the test is primarily a function of nut (or coating) lubrication but
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particularly with Type 3 fasteners, Coatings often provide more lubricity than plain.
Nature of the test makes variability inevitable. Particularly number of washers, +/- angle tolerance,
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420
Degrees of Rotation
360
300
240
180
120
60
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
Bolt Length
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420
Degrees of Rotation
360
300
240
180
RCSC Turn of Nut Req
120
60
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
Bolt Length
35
420
Degrees of Rotation
360
300
240
180
RCSC Turn of Nut Req
120
60
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
Bolt Length
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420
Degrees of Rotation
360
300
Rotational Capacity Test Req
240
180
RCSC Turn of Nut Req
120
60
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
Bolt Length
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420
Degrees of Rotation
360
300
Rotational Capacity Test Req
240
180
RCSC Turn of Nut Req
120
60
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
Bolt Length
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Up to and Inc 4D
>8D
480
420
Degrees of Rotation
360
300
Rotational Capacity Test Req
240
180
RCSC Turn of Nut Req
120
60
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
Bolt Length
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Up to and Inc 4D
>8D
480
420
Degrees of Rotation
360
300
180
240
180
120
120
60
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
Bolt Length
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Up to and Inc 4D
>8D
480
420
Degrees of Rotation
360
320
300
240
240
180
120
60
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
Bolt Length
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Up to and Inc 4D
>8D
480
420
Degrees of Rotation
360
300
Rotational Capacity Test Req
240
180
RCSC Turn of Nut Req
120
60
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
Bolt Length
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COATINGS
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or B except Twist-Off
F1941 Electrodeposited Coatings Group A Hex Only
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by geometric relationship
Oversized nuts have less proof load capacity, more importantly, the increase in
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stripping
Bolt tensile and nut proof load testing are performed with fixtures, the results
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Bolt
Grade 3
Washer
F1136
Grade 5
Nut
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BOLT REUSE
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Reuse
2.3.3 Reuse: ASTM A490 bolts, ASTM F1852 and F2280 twist-off-type tension
control bolt assemblies, and galvanized or Zn/Al Inorganic coated ASTM A325
bolts shall not be reused. When approved by the Engineer of Record, black
ASTM A325 bolts are permitted to be reused. Touching up or re-tightening
bolts that may have been loosened by the installation of adjacent bolts shall
not be considered to be a reuse.
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IS IT TOO TIGHT?
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Too Tight?
No
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PROBLEMS
Most projects go as planned, but
Problems
Here is a breakdown of typical construction problems according to ENR
Magazine.
65% from Insufficient, inappropriate or conflicting information
17% from human error
8% from weather
5% from poor workmanship
5% from materials failure
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Regardless of the scale of the project, the owner and end user expect to get
what they pay for. This means a safe, attractive, functional structure, which
performs throughout its service life with minimal risk and maintenance. Our job
as suppliers is simply to meet their expectations.
Being prepared to respond to quality and technical questions, having the
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Fatigue
Rust or Weathering
Coating Adhesion
Reamed Nut Threads
White Rust
Seams
Bursts
Poor Coating Thickness
Welded Parts
Storage and Handling Issues
Quench Cracks
Improper Washer Usage
Bolt Binding
Paint Adhesion
No Pre-installation Testing
Tensile Failure
Torsional Failure
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Hydrogen Embrittlement
Shank Out/Negative Stick-out
Low Tension
RC Test Failure
Inadequate Installation Tools
Lack of Installer Training
High or Low Hardness
Thread Stripping
No Control of Snug Tight
No Installation Clearance
Improper Mating Components
No Verification on Site
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A number of things
can go wrong, but
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Seam
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Head burst
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Quench crack
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Call Somebody!
Quench crack
Quench crack
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Other Problems
Bad threads or lack of engagement?
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Or Wrong Size?
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Misc. Problems
Coating Fixture Marks
Reamed Nut
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Workmanship
Bolt problem or hole problem?
Adhesion
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Bad Storage
Water
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Significant Corrosion
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Never Tightened
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Flatness
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ARBITRATION INSPECTION
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Arbitration Inspection
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Section 9.3 that bolts in pretensioned or slip-critical joints do not have the
proper pretension, the following arbitration procedure is permitted.
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Arbitration
(1) A sample of five bolt and nut assemblies of each lot in question shall be
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Arbitration
(2) A torque shall be applied to the pretensioned bolt. The torque that is
necessary to rotate the nut or bolt head five degrees shall be determined.
The arbitration torque shall be determined by rejecting the high and low values
and averaging the remaining three; and,
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Arbitration
(3) Bolts represented by the sample shall be tested by applying the arbitration
torque to 10 percent of the bolts, but no fewer than two bolts, selected at
random in each joint in question.
If no nut or bolt head is turned relative to its mating component by application
of the arbitration torque, the joint shall be accepted as properly pretensioned.
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Arbitration
If verification of bolt pretension is required after the passage of a period of
application of the arbitration torque, all bolts in the joint shall be tested. Those
bolts whose nut or head is turned relative to its mating component by
application of the arbitration torque shall be re-pretensioned by the Fabricator
or Erector and reinspected. The Fabricator or Erector, at their option, is
permitted to re-pretension all of the bolts in the joint and subsequently
resubmit the joint for inspection.
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Arbitration Commentary
Arbitration may be based upon an arbitration torque that is determined either
using bolts that can only be assumed to be representative of the bolts used
in the actual job or using bolts that are removed from completed joints.
Ultimately, such arbitration may wrongly reject bolts that were subjected to a
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CLOSING
fastener application
Bolts are not sold as matched sets in many cases
Thread lengths are very short, bolts tend to perform better with longer threads
Acceptance testing is frequently done in the field, which is often the 1st point of
assembly
There is no industry requirement for K Factor
Snug tight as it pertains to fully tensioned bolts is highly variable - operator,
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intent of fasteners.
Learn about bolt manufacturing steps
Become familiar with fastener terms.
Gain an understanding of functional attributes for
fasteners.
Learn about thread design and geometry
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verification testing.
Learn about common installation methods.
Learn about inspection requirements for different
installation and joint types.
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coatings.
Review common bolting issues.
Learn about bolt reuse.
Gain an understanding of nonconformance
handling.
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Good Reading
John H. Bickford, An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints.
Industrial Fasteners Institute, Fastener Standards. Industrial Fasteners
Institute.
Geoffrey L. Kulak, John W. Fisher, John H. A. Struik, Guide to Design Criteria
for Bolted and Riveted Joints.
Geoffrey L. Kulak, High Strength Bolts: A Primer for Structural Engineers,
AISC.
PCB Load & Torque Knowledge Library
Understanding Torque-Angle Signatures of Bolted Joints
Fundamentals of Torque-Tension and Coefficient of Friction Testing
Engineering Fundamentals of Threaded Fastener Design and Analysis
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Thank You!
Brent
Christina
Nancy
Tom
Thank You
Questions?
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8-Session Registrants
PDH Certificates
One certificate will be issued at the conclusion of
all 8 sessions.
8-Session Registrants
Quizzes
Access to the quiz: Information for accessing the quiz will be emailed to you by Thursday. It will contain a link to
access the quiz. EMAIL COMES FROM NIGHTSCHOOL@AISC.ORG
Quiz and Attendance records: Posted Tuesday mornings. www.aisc.org/nightschool - click on Current Course
Details.
Reasons for quiz:
EEU must take all quizzes and final to receive EEU
PDHS If you watch a recorded session you must take quiz for PDHs.
REINFORCEMENT Reinforce what you learned tonight. Get more out of the course.
NOTE: If you attend the live presentation, you do not have to take the quizzes to receive PDHs.
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8-Session Registrants
Recording
Access to the recording: Information for accessing the recording will be emailed to
you by this Thursday. The recording will be available for two weeks. For 8-session
registrants only. EMAIL COMES FROM NIGHTSCHOOL@AISC.ORG.
PDHS If you watch a recorded session you must take AND PASS the quiz for PDHs.
Thank You
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