PROCEDURE

Mix thoroughly in a mortar and

pestle 0.5 gm of sugar and 1.0 gm
of cupric oxide. Transfer the
mixture to a big, dry hard glass test
tube. Clamp to an iron stand in an
almost horizontal position. Cover
the test tube with a stopper to
which is attached a bent glass
tube, its end dipping into a small
test tube containing 10 mL of clear
limewater. HAVE YOUR SET-UP
CHECKED
BY
YOUR
INSTRUCTOR. Heat the mixture
gently at first then strongly.
Observe what forms in the
limewater. Then remove first the
delivery tub from the limewater
before removing the burner.
Result with limewater:

RESULTS
EXPLANATION
A. TEST FOR CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN

(Set-up for the detection of

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen)

Carbon and hydrogen are detected

by heating the organic compound
with cupric oxide (CuO) strongly,
where carbon is oxidized to carbon
dioxide and hydrogen to water.
Carbon dioxide is tested by lime
water test, whereas water is tested
by anhydrous copper sulphate test.

By conducting this experiment, we

were able to detect different gases
that are involve in the reaction of
organic compounds. Moreover, we
gained knowledge on the products
created by the different reactions
that are involve in this experiment.

A milky white precipitate was

produced during the reaction.

The white precipitate is due to the

presence of carbon gas in the
reaction. Lime water turns milky as
the Calcium hydroxide reacts with
carbon dioxide to form Calcium
Carbonate which is insoluble in
water and thus forms a milky white
precipitate.

What gas causes this?

(Milky white precipitate)

CONCLUSION

Observe what collects on the

cooler end near the mouth of the
test tube.

The collected substance is blue

due to the formation of
CuSO4.5H2O (by water vapor) then
the compound contains hydrogen.

What is it?

(A blue substance was collected)

Write a balanced equation for the
reaction between:
a) Cane
oxide

sugar

and

cupric

C12H22O11 + 24CuO
12CO2 +
11H2O + 24Cu
Ca(OH)2 + CO2

b) Limewater +
produced in (a)

the

gas

CaCO3 + H2O

The products of the reaction are

passed over (white) anhydrous
copper sulfate and then bubbled
through lime water. If copper
sulfate turns blue due to the
formation of CuSO4.5H2O (by
water vapor) then the compound
contains hydrogen.

The reactants in Reaction A are

C12H22O11 and CuO while the
products are CO2, H2O and Cu.
When
substances
undergo
reactions, there are always
products. The reactions involve are
decomposition (Reaction A) and
The reactants in Reactant B are double displacement (Reaction B),
Ca(OH)2 and CO2 while the respectively.
products are CaCO3 and H2O.

PROCEDURE

RESULTS

EXPLANATION
B. TEST FOR NITROGEN

CONCLUSION

Mix in a mortar and pestle 0.5 gm

of urea and 1 gm of soda lime. Put
the mixture in a dry test tube and
heat. While heating, place a piece
of moistened red litmus paper at
the mouth of the tube.
(mixing urea and soda lime)

The reaction produced a horrid

smell. It stinks because of the
presence of ammonia. When the
moist red litmus paper was put
inside, it turned into blue.

The
presence
of
ammonia
indicates the presence of nitrogen.
Ammonia is a weak base. Hence,
the red litmus paper turned into
blue because of the presence of
ammonia in the substance tested.

The gas produced is ammonia.

Through the soda lime test, we

were able to detect nitrogen gas by
the presence of ammonia which
has a horrid smell and a basic
substance.

(Heating the mixture of urea and

soda lime) : : left
(A red litmus paper is placed inside
the test tube) : : right

Equation:

CH4N2O + 2NaOH
Na2CO3

2NH3 +

PROCEDURE

RESULTS

EXPLANATION
C. TESTS FOR HALOGENS

1. BEILSTEIN TEST
Heat a copper wire in the nonluminous flame until no further
color is imparted to the flame. Cool
the wire and dip in a few mL of
chloroform. Heat the moistened
wire in the flame. Repeat the test
using
iodoform
and
carbon
tetrachloride.

The copper wire is being heated at

the non-luminous flame.

(heating copper wire in the nonluminous flame)

CONCLUSION
The copper wire was introduced to
fire to form Copper (II) oxide or
cupric oxide. Then it was dipped to
the given sample and heated again
to test if the sample is a halogen. A
positive test is indicated by the
presence of green flame because
of the formation of copper halide.

A. CHLOROFORM
After heating the copper wire, it Since the flame produced turned
was dipped into the chloroform. into green, the sample is halogen
Then, the dipped copper wire was specifically Chlorine (Cl).
introduced to heat and it produced
a green flame.

B. IODOFORM
The same test was also done but The present halogen in the sample
instead of chloroform, we used is Iodine (I).
iodoform. It also produced a green
flame.

C. CARBON
TETRACHLORIDE
The same is also conducted but
the compound used is carbon
tetrachloride. Like the others, it
also produced a green flame.

Carbon tetrachloride is an organic

compound which is a halogen
because it became positive in
testing the presence of halogen.

When the silver nitrate was added

to the prepared solution, a white
precipitate was formed and the
color of the solution is white.

A white precipitate was formed in

the solution because of the
presence of chloride ion in the
solution. The silver nitrate test
indicates the presence of a certain
halogen in a given solution.

2. SILVER NITRATE TEST

Place 0.2 gm of soda lime in a dry
test tube and heat to redness.
Cool a little and add two drops of
chloroform. Heat again, cool a little
and add once more two drops of
chloroform. Allow to cool and add 5
mL of dilute nitric acid. Let it stand
for a few minutes. Pipet off the
clear the liquid and add three
drops of silver nitrate solution.

(Silver Nitrate Test)

PROCEDURE
1. Weigh 0.2 gm of egg
albumin,
05
gm
of
potassium nitrate and 0.5
gm of sodium carbonate.
Mix
the
three
solids
thoroughly in a mortar and
pestle. Put the mixture in a
crucible and heat strongly
until a gray or white ash is
formed. Allow to cool and
dissolve in 20 mL of water.
Acidify the solution with
nitric acid. Filter. Divide the
filtrate into two portions.

RESULTS
EXPLANATION
D. TEST FOR SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS

(Mixture of egg albumin,

potassium nitrate and sodium
carbonate)

(Heated mixture of egg albumin,

potassium nitrate and sodium
carbonate)

CONCLUSION

(White ash with dilute nitric acid)

(The filtrate is divided into two

portions)
2. To one portion, test for the
sulfate ion by adding 1 mL
of barium chloride solution.

(with Barium chloride)

3. To the other portion, test for
the phosphate ion by
adding
5
drops
of
ammonium of molybdate

If barium chloride solution is added

to a sample of water containing
A white precipitate was formed in sulfate ions, barium sulfate is
the solution when Barium chloride formed. Barium sulfate is insoluble
was added in the solution.
in water, and will be seen as a
white precipitate. By adding barium
chloride, we can test if the solution
contains sulfate ions.
A yellow precipitate is formed in When a solution containing
the reaction.
phosphate ions is heated with a
solution of ammonium molybdate
[(NH4)2MoO4] and dilute nitric acid

solution and 5 drops dilute

nitric acid. Warm gently and
then cool.
(with Ammonium molybdate and
dilute nitric acid)

a bright yellow precipitate of

ammonium
phosphomolybdate
[(NH4)3PO4 12MoO4] is formed.
The yellow precipitate is extremely
insoluble in nitric acid.