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ADDA ROCKET ENGINES RESEARCH PROGRAM :

PRINCIPLES AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA.


R. D. RUGESCU*

Key words : Thermochemistry, Propulsion, Rocket Engines.

Programul de cercetare ADDA a fost iniiat n 1962 cu scopul


de a creea o baz teoretic i experimental pentru realizarea
unui sistem original de motoare reactive. Se incepe aici
prezentarea acestui program i anume principiile programului i
datele termochimice ale produselor de combustie multifazice.
ADDA Research Program was initiated in 1962 with the aim
of creating a theoretical and experimental background for the
development of a genuine reactive engines system. Here begins
the description of this program, namely the program principles
and thermochemical data of multiphase combustion products.

Introduction.
Back in the years 1960 the author was challenged by a rather short
knowledge of the experimental handling of liquid propellant rocket engines in
this country. While authorities were requesting the development of such
propulsion systems for special purposes, the author initiated his proprietary
scientific program called A.D.D.A. for Analyses Dedicated to Development in
Astronautics at the Aviation Chair of Politehnica University in Bucharest. It
was a program for the development of small scale, low cost liquid propellant
rocket motors (LPRM), amidst with adequate computer prediction of
Lecturer Ph.D., Dept. Aerospace Sciences Elie Carafoli, University Politehnica of
Bucharest, ROMANIA
*

406

performances and led to the construction of a test stand and the series MRE-1
LPRM, which underwent the first static firing on April 9-th 1969. The
following main principles were used in the program.

Principles of the program.


To reduce costs and hazards, a low-pressure, volumetric-pump,
diergholic main propellant feeding system was selected. The following main
issues were targeted in the overall research program:
a) injector head efficiency and related thrust chamber optimal shape,
length and volume;
b) ignition delays and transients in a triple-component hypergholic- fuel
igniting system;
c) extensive testing of nitric acid and nitrogen tetroxide as oxid izer;
d) thermal transfer in the real cooling system and confrontation with the
computational model previously run on the computer;
e) behavior of the real rocket system as compared to the thermochemical model and related numerical simulations;
f) overall efficiency of the LPRM;
g) materials behavior and technology enhancements;
h) reliability of the liquid propellant rocket propulsion system, in parts
and as a whole;
To acquire the largest possible data quantity during the experiments, an
automated monitoring system was found necessary. Again to reduce costs as
much as possible, the following main set of engines parameters was
accordingly chosen to be remotely measured, recorded and displayed on the
control panel of the test stand :
1) turning rate of pumps shafts for oxidizer and fuel;
2) main propellant delivery pressure at exit of pumps;
3) main propellant flow rate at engine entrance;
4) feed pressure for the auxiliary starting fuel;
5) unsteady axial gasdynamical thrust;
6) pressure level in the thrust chamber;
7) ignition delay;
8) cooling water temperature.

U.P.B. Sci. Bull. Series D, Vol. 61, No. 3-4, 1999

407

For a reliable operation the following binary info was also chosen to be
displayed on the control panel:
1 low i.e. emergency propellant level in any of the main or auxiliary
propellant tanks;
2 on/off position of all electrical control valves;
3 flow indicators in the main points of the propellant feeding circuit;
4 flame gauge.

Fig. 1 - General view of the main module of the test stand

The overall structure of the remotely controlled test stand is depicted in


fig. 2 below., with suitable explanations in the incorporated legend. Due to the
unusual working conditions with which the diferent components of the system
were to be confronted (highly corosive environment, high working
temperatures, remote control for all devices and a high level of reliability
required a.s.o.), each of the subsystems had to be designed and built as a result
of proper genuine researches. As a consequence a series of separate R&D
programs were completed for each device of the test stand as follows:
a) liquid propellant workshop scale water-cooled stationary rocket
engines;
b) thrust frame with elastic capacitive force measuring transducer and
loop;
c) flame indicator of infrared photodiode type;
d) flow indicator of electro- mechanical type;
e) flow-rate inductive transducer and measuring chain;

ADDA Rocket Engines Research Program: Principles and Thermochemical Data

408

f) anticorosive electrical valves with maximal 12 bar working pressure,


two models;
g) pressurized gas tanks for corrosive propellants, four models;
h) liquid level indicators, three models;
i) anticorosive check valves;
j) safety valves;
k) volumic gear-type high concentration nitric acid pump;
l) turning rate meters and measuring chain.
w
admission
Electric
motor
w
Ign
.

Ox

RV

Ox drain

Ox. purge
Nozzl
e

MRE-1B

Press.
gas
w

F.I
.

admission

Electric
motor

thermometer
thermometer
manomete
r
flow-rate meter
electric valve
check valve

>

Fuel

level gauge

RV
flow gauge
turning rate
meter
thrust transducer

Fuel drain
Fuel purge

W = water

pump

Fig. 2. Block diagram of the MRE-1B test stand (1969).

The operation of the test stand was intended to present two different
modes: a) manual operation and b) automatic operation. Two operators are
installed on the main remote control and surveillance panel and are able to

U.P.B. Sci. Bull. Series D, Vol. 61, No. 3-4, 1999

409

operate the desired start regime, sustained work and stop of the rocket engine.
For this purpose the flow rate of the two main propellant components of the
feeding system can be differentially modified during the run of the rocket
engine by proper choice if the rotating speed of the electric pumps. Both the
shafts turning speed and the actual flow rate of the components are monitorised
on the control panel. The ignition system is previously started with an auxiliary
hypergolic fuel pressure fed device. At a sound information (by an electronic
flame indicator) about the start of a stable combustion, the main electric valves,
arranged in groups of two with access/drain functions, are switched from drain
work to engine access work. This procedure avoids pressure shocks in the
propellant ducts during the start transient. Anyhow the small pressure shocks
are attenuated by the ducts themselves which are fabricated of a high density
polyethylene with proper elastic mechanical characteristics.
In the alternative of an automatic operation the propellant feed system
assures the starting sequence as given in the following table 1.
Table 1
Event
Circulation of cooling agent
Open of release valves (RV)
Start of electric pumps
Ox valves switch d/a
Igniting fuel admission
Detected combustion
Fuel valves switch d/a
Ignition delay
Effective combustion time
Draining Ox circuit

The starting sequence.


Conventional time scale

The first MRE-1B liquid propellant rocket engine of the series, capable
of delivering a 200 N low level thrust, was successfully hot run for 20 sec. on
April 9-th, 1969 [1] at the Politechnical University in Bucharest under the
evaluation of a special commission including academicians Elie Carafoli,
Nicolae Tipei and George Brnescu. That very first time the ADDA test
system proved reliable and the whole research program was thus started.
Considerable thermochemical performance computations were
previously performed by the author on an IBM-340-60 computer [2], based on
a proprietary set of computational methods and of high temperature
thermochemistry data about the combustion products. The main purpose of

ADDA Rocket Engines Research Program: Principles and Thermochemical Data

410

these investigations was aimed to determine the relative propulsive efficiency


of different combinations of liquid rocket propellants, having in mind possible
applications in the construction of meteorological and sounding rocket systems.
As it will be presented in the next articles, the most interesting double liquid
propellant proved to be the NTO as oxidizer and ethanol as the fuel, able to
deliver high specific impulse with moderate combustion temperatures.
Thermochemical proprieties
Some 50 frequent chemical species were considered to be relevant in
the O-N-C-H-Pb-Ca system [3], [4] under numerical and experimental
evaluation. For a convenient handling of the thermochemical data tabulated in
the source [7], the very thermochemical proprieties were approximated by 7degree regression polynomials. The coefficients of these polynomials are
enclosed at the end of paper. It was found convenient to normalise the
temperatures and thus to reconstruct the thermodynamic functions with
T / 1000 by virtue of the following formulae:
m

H j0 (T ) a H , j a i , j i

[kJ/mol]

(1)

i 1

i 1
a i 1, j i
i
i 1

m 1

S j0 (T ) a S , j a1, j ln

[J/mol/K]

(2)

c p0 j (T ) ia i , j i 1

[J/mol/K]

(3)

i 1

m 1

a i 1, j

i 1

G 0j (T ) H 0j (T ) T S 0j (T ) a H , j a S , j a1, j (1 ln )

i 1 (4)

In the last formula which renders the Gibbs free enthalpy, the result is
given in units of kJ/mol.degK. The other units are already indicated above.

U.P.B. Sci. Bull. Series D, Vol. 61, No. 3-4, 1999

411

Starting with these values of the parameters for individual species, the
overall thermochemical functions of the multi-phase mixture of combustion
products (cp) are calculated with the following formulae:

n
H 0 (T ) G
cp
p

0
S cp
(T )

c 0p (T )

nG
p

nG
p

p H
j

j 1

0
j

(T ) n*j H 0j* (T ) ,
j 1

N
n
0
p
S
(
T
)

n*j S 0 (T ) R0 G

j j
j*
p
j 1
j 1

j 1

j 1

p
j 1

ln p j ,

p j c P0 , j (T ) n*j c 0j* (T ) .

A number of thermochemical computational methods was developed


for different applications in rocket engines thermochemistry [2],[4] and
simultaneous numerical and experimental data were collected, with interesting
results that will be eventualy presented.

Conclusions

From the very beginning of the researches devised to the ADDA


program it was stated that low cost technology of liquid propellant rocket
systems can be successfully used to further improve the knowledge in this
technology. An obvious usefulness was expected from the exploitation of the
thermodynamical database for the high temperature properties of the
combustion products of some compounds of lead and calcium, and really this
was the case.
The computational programs developed during some 20 years enabled
the clarification of high temperature behavior of the compounds of the O-N-CH-Pb-Ca system and related propulsive effects [4]. A proper extension of these
works was established in cooperation with some interested industrial partners,
like the Chemical Works in Fagaras and the results will be gradua lly reported.

ADDA Rocket Engines Research Program: Principles and Thermochemical Data

412

R EF E R EN C ES
1. R. D. Rugescu, Cercetri teoretice i experimentale asupra motoarelor rachet cu combustibil
lichid, a IX-a
Conferin Naional de Mecanic Aplicat, Bucureti, 1969;
2. R.D. Rugescu, Proiectarea motoarelor rachet, Fac. Aeronave, Bucureti, 1975;
3. R. D. Rugescu, Al. Codoban et al., Studiul proprietilor termochimice ale substanelor
individuale cu aplicaii n realizarea de prototipuri destinate eliminrii importurilor,
Contract 40-1-2/10.03.81 I.P.B.;
4. R. D. Rugescu, Al. Codoban et al., Obinerea impulsului specific maxim al motoarelor prin
optimizarea recep-turilor asimilate care nlocuiesc importul, Contract 40-4-5/31.03.1984
I.P.B.;
5. V.E.Alemasov, A.F.Dregalin, A.P.Tiin, V.A.Hudiakov,Termodinamiceskie i teplofiziceskie
svoistva produktov sgoraniia, vol.I, Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Moskva, 1971 (in Russ.);
6. J.A.Algermissen, Fundamentals of Supersonic Combustion, Space Course, Paper 31, T.U.
Mnchen, 1993;
7. D.R.Stull, H.Prophet, JANAF Thermochemical Tables, II-nd ed., NSRDS-37, Washington
D.C., June 1971.

U.P.B. Sci. Bull. Series D, Vol. 61, No. 3-4, 1999

413

ANEXA
Table 2.
Coefficients of thermochemical functions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

Product
AS
45.132459
O
42.713407
N
53.580544
CO
33..405966
H
46.100563
Pb
25.710482
Pb*
68.302094
CaOH
54.366617
O2
56.520606
NO
52.594129
N2
60.538696
NCN
51.846699
NH
53.519932
NH2
48.130913
NH3
54.243195
CO2
62.914986
CCO
71.987167
C3O2
53.756073
CN
66.003464
C2N2
79.895432
C4N2
43.654575
C
63.047966
C2
63.508472
C3
52.732780
CH
46.128860
CH2
50.547401
CH3
39.017040
CH4
54.597336
C2H
52.937721
C2H2
43.209522
C2H4
49.722607
CH2O
42.627319
C2H4O
53.636658
H2O
53.518711
HO
60.155087
HO2
56.544617
HNO
61.153099
HNCO
58.185177
HCO
53.573017
HCN
40.782818
H2
77.380833
Pb2
65.038895
PbO
24.029871
PbO*
27.793543
T>700 K
36.259441
T>1100 K
57.985397
PbH
59.778816
CaO
19.021046
CaO*
21.725731
T>1300 K
27.456743
T>2800 K
34.66922258
CaCO3**
T>1200 K 52.84775015
Ca(OH)2** 37.16402446
43.954060
Ca
20.818001
Ca*

AH

A1

A2

A3

A4

58.001248
111.51144
-28.29248
50.618435
45.379504
-0.8110017
-56.590758
-1.8734979
19.684874
-1.8988771
99.899703
78.963187
37.981100
-12.876453
-96.220813
65.682977
-26.492564
102.19345
70.242188
122.08303
169.41655
197.19819
193.71834
139.93027
90.264930
32.578010
-19.220580
111.66909
51.364867
10.783306
-29.287043
-14.369814
-60.051575
7.2768755
2.6308013
21.763594
-30.683578
-4.9555684
30.012260
-2.1547351
76.879246
9.3328916
-55.279168
-55.270441
-52.801004
54.621434
-16.382498
-154.72295
-155.36369
-145.09800
-294.02872
-300.90440
-241.60617
41.301941
0.45932001

5.3312489
5.0090461
5.9109829
4.9691658
4.1991448
6.8800024
1.0466590
5.6028969
5.9004890
6.1062170
8.0566367
6.9185405
6.6297474
4.6778097
5.7315591
8.1544307
10.527107
5.4687983
10.196981
14.672816
4.9168667
11.081515
6.9549458
7.1741465
4.6893398
5.9881763
1.1422195
6.4675405
7.5090068
0.89252411
2.5911521
-0.95815393
7.3632408
7.4969590
6.6871328
5.4732979
7.1660088
5.7250654
6.4661455
7.4762363
8.6429329
7.1693936
8.6795234
10.420155
15.500003
5.5778140
6.9710083
9.2040967
11.022246
16.000000
15.5646621
30.8370000
17.68402761
5.3972607
7.2

-0.38307114
-0.080426018
1.4642960
-0.00110472
1.8756505
-0.1085E-05
1.9021262
2.6623682
1.8189692
1.0383518
6.2538901
-0.41905502
1.6904025
6.4508560
6.9133413
4.7283677
12.328421
2.4675559
7.4072021
13.147358
0.12295654
-3.6481428
2.7658491
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5.0644746
5.5981372
12.497592
5.1122041
7.0628218
18.695305
10.455783
26.073830
0.48695143
-1.1557839
4.1497749
5.1599302
8.0184629
4.4386069
4.4137344
-1.1330154
0.51264775
1.7950504
3.8008396
1.8533372
-0.1982E-05
2.8151753
2.1375242
2.8426509
1.0023497
0
11.11082621
0
7.015972389
-0.93086041
0

0.22725486
0.073858494
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0.000585636
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2.5134695
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1.6907533
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0.324232E-06
-1.4216842
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-0.74728400
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0
-2.637404705
0
0
0.95403528
0

-0.079472184
-0.034451548
0.022788050
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1.0857955
0.098625526
0.41637100
0.12471602
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1.0284026
-0.35309485
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0.24911301
0.90150159
0.45904208
1.6285385
0.46004431
0.86208270
1.6409467
0.054150986
-0.86869080
0,10751139
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0.21969028
0.027200666
0.67516595
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1.8229994
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3.0645796
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0.42715970
0.47889758
0.88936243
0.29911768
0.30384540
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0.060823957
0.30272919
0
0
0
0.47599933
0.40369775
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.50388388
0

A5
0.016109267
0.0079954331
0.0061811671
0.0000376143
-0.25913496
-0.009905923
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-0.014000803
0.025035510
-0.18634834
0.073571579
0.084394571
-0.016179882
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-0.073605698
-0.27663086
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-0.27360153
-0.010885304
0.16654582
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0.14226447
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0.028932674
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0.10590095
0.088576775
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-0.035723534
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0.069808945
-0.011363291
-0.055253910
0
0
0
-0.091245453
-0.073506790
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.13521857
0

A6
-0.0016953691
-0.0008094395
-0.0013121140
-0.45958E-05
0.029079516
0.00051911771
0.0073166066
0.00075426717
-0.0031948975
0.018100498
-0.0077093368
-0.0095990836
-0.0002004094
0.014112090
0.0067064214
0.025613390
0.0087674122
0.012526828
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0.0010467193
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0.0065486312
0.024110987
0.010518174
0.046091515
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0.0063542490
0.0057803407
0.013231528
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0.0029155331
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0.0011444370
0.0055205240
0
0
0
0.0091393280
0.0070630927
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.016353851
0

ADDA Rocket Engines Research Program: Principles and Thermochemical Data

A7
0.000071759470
0.000029998805
0.000073906787
0.24639822E-06
-0.0012586244
-0.00001223938
-0.00028883229
-0.000012063901
0.00015083326
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0.00032434055
0.00042320315
0.00005513585
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0.00099251586
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0.00068776405
0.000046298053
0.00059553182
0.000053637329
0.00025323626
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0
0
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0
0
0
0
0.00073085141
0

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