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Introduction.
Back in the years 1960 the author was challenged by a rather short
knowledge of the experimental handling of liquid propellant rocket engines in
this country. While authorities were requesting the development of such
propulsion systems for special purposes, the author initiated his proprietary
scientific program called A.D.D.A. for Analyses Dedicated to Development in
Astronautics at the Aviation Chair of Politehnica University in Bucharest. It
was a program for the development of small scale, low cost liquid propellant
rocket motors (LPRM), amidst with adequate computer prediction of
Lecturer Ph.D., Dept. Aerospace Sciences Elie Carafoli, University Politehnica of
Bucharest, ROMANIA
*
406
performances and led to the construction of a test stand and the series MRE-1
LPRM, which underwent the first static firing on April 9-th 1969. The
following main principles were used in the program.
407
For a reliable operation the following binary info was also chosen to be
displayed on the control panel:
1 low i.e. emergency propellant level in any of the main or auxiliary
propellant tanks;
2 on/off position of all electrical control valves;
3 flow indicators in the main points of the propellant feeding circuit;
4 flame gauge.
408
Ox
RV
Ox drain
Ox. purge
Nozzl
e
MRE-1B
Press.
gas
w
F.I
.
admission
Electric
motor
thermometer
thermometer
manomete
r
flow-rate meter
electric valve
check valve
>
Fuel
level gauge
RV
flow gauge
turning rate
meter
thrust transducer
Fuel drain
Fuel purge
W = water
pump
The operation of the test stand was intended to present two different
modes: a) manual operation and b) automatic operation. Two operators are
installed on the main remote control and surveillance panel and are able to
409
operate the desired start regime, sustained work and stop of the rocket engine.
For this purpose the flow rate of the two main propellant components of the
feeding system can be differentially modified during the run of the rocket
engine by proper choice if the rotating speed of the electric pumps. Both the
shafts turning speed and the actual flow rate of the components are monitorised
on the control panel. The ignition system is previously started with an auxiliary
hypergolic fuel pressure fed device. At a sound information (by an electronic
flame indicator) about the start of a stable combustion, the main electric valves,
arranged in groups of two with access/drain functions, are switched from drain
work to engine access work. This procedure avoids pressure shocks in the
propellant ducts during the start transient. Anyhow the small pressure shocks
are attenuated by the ducts themselves which are fabricated of a high density
polyethylene with proper elastic mechanical characteristics.
In the alternative of an automatic operation the propellant feed system
assures the starting sequence as given in the following table 1.
Table 1
Event
Circulation of cooling agent
Open of release valves (RV)
Start of electric pumps
Ox valves switch d/a
Igniting fuel admission
Detected combustion
Fuel valves switch d/a
Ignition delay
Effective combustion time
Draining Ox circuit
The first MRE-1B liquid propellant rocket engine of the series, capable
of delivering a 200 N low level thrust, was successfully hot run for 20 sec. on
April 9-th, 1969 [1] at the Politechnical University in Bucharest under the
evaluation of a special commission including academicians Elie Carafoli,
Nicolae Tipei and George Brnescu. That very first time the ADDA test
system proved reliable and the whole research program was thus started.
Considerable thermochemical performance computations were
previously performed by the author on an IBM-340-60 computer [2], based on
a proprietary set of computational methods and of high temperature
thermochemistry data about the combustion products. The main purpose of
410
H j0 (T ) a H , j a i , j i
[kJ/mol]
(1)
i 1
i 1
a i 1, j i
i
i 1
m 1
S j0 (T ) a S , j a1, j ln
[J/mol/K]
(2)
c p0 j (T ) ia i , j i 1
[J/mol/K]
(3)
i 1
m 1
a i 1, j
i 1
G 0j (T ) H 0j (T ) T S 0j (T ) a H , j a S , j a1, j (1 ln )
i 1 (4)
In the last formula which renders the Gibbs free enthalpy, the result is
given in units of kJ/mol.degK. The other units are already indicated above.
411
Starting with these values of the parameters for individual species, the
overall thermochemical functions of the multi-phase mixture of combustion
products (cp) are calculated with the following formulae:
n
H 0 (T ) G
cp
p
0
S cp
(T )
c 0p (T )
nG
p
nG
p
p H
j
j 1
0
j
(T ) n*j H 0j* (T ) ,
j 1
N
n
0
p
S
(
T
)
n*j S 0 (T ) R0 G
j j
j*
p
j 1
j 1
j 1
j 1
p
j 1
ln p j ,
p j c P0 , j (T ) n*j c 0j* (T ) .
Conclusions
412
R EF E R EN C ES
1. R. D. Rugescu, Cercetri teoretice i experimentale asupra motoarelor rachet cu combustibil
lichid, a IX-a
Conferin Naional de Mecanic Aplicat, Bucureti, 1969;
2. R.D. Rugescu, Proiectarea motoarelor rachet, Fac. Aeronave, Bucureti, 1975;
3. R. D. Rugescu, Al. Codoban et al., Studiul proprietilor termochimice ale substanelor
individuale cu aplicaii n realizarea de prototipuri destinate eliminrii importurilor,
Contract 40-1-2/10.03.81 I.P.B.;
4. R. D. Rugescu, Al. Codoban et al., Obinerea impulsului specific maxim al motoarelor prin
optimizarea recep-turilor asimilate care nlocuiesc importul, Contract 40-4-5/31.03.1984
I.P.B.;
5. V.E.Alemasov, A.F.Dregalin, A.P.Tiin, V.A.Hudiakov,Termodinamiceskie i teplofiziceskie
svoistva produktov sgoraniia, vol.I, Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Moskva, 1971 (in Russ.);
6. J.A.Algermissen, Fundamentals of Supersonic Combustion, Space Course, Paper 31, T.U.
Mnchen, 1993;
7. D.R.Stull, H.Prophet, JANAF Thermochemical Tables, II-nd ed., NSRDS-37, Washington
D.C., June 1971.
413
ANEXA
Table 2.
Coefficients of thermochemical functions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Product
AS
45.132459
O
42.713407
N
53.580544
CO
33..405966
H
46.100563
Pb
25.710482
Pb*
68.302094
CaOH
54.366617
O2
56.520606
NO
52.594129
N2
60.538696
NCN
51.846699
NH
53.519932
NH2
48.130913
NH3
54.243195
CO2
62.914986
CCO
71.987167
C3O2
53.756073
CN
66.003464
C2N2
79.895432
C4N2
43.654575
C
63.047966
C2
63.508472
C3
52.732780
CH
46.128860
CH2
50.547401
CH3
39.017040
CH4
54.597336
C2H
52.937721
C2H2
43.209522
C2H4
49.722607
CH2O
42.627319
C2H4O
53.636658
H2O
53.518711
HO
60.155087
HO2
56.544617
HNO
61.153099
HNCO
58.185177
HCO
53.573017
HCN
40.782818
H2
77.380833
Pb2
65.038895
PbO
24.029871
PbO*
27.793543
T>700 K
36.259441
T>1100 K
57.985397
PbH
59.778816
CaO
19.021046
CaO*
21.725731
T>1300 K
27.456743
T>2800 K
34.66922258
CaCO3**
T>1200 K 52.84775015
Ca(OH)2** 37.16402446
43.954060
Ca
20.818001
Ca*
AH
A1
A2
A3
A4
58.001248
111.51144
-28.29248
50.618435
45.379504
-0.8110017
-56.590758
-1.8734979
19.684874
-1.8988771
99.899703
78.963187
37.981100
-12.876453
-96.220813
65.682977
-26.492564
102.19345
70.242188
122.08303
169.41655
197.19819
193.71834
139.93027
90.264930
32.578010
-19.220580
111.66909
51.364867
10.783306
-29.287043
-14.369814
-60.051575
7.2768755
2.6308013
21.763594
-30.683578
-4.9555684
30.012260
-2.1547351
76.879246
9.3328916
-55.279168
-55.270441
-52.801004
54.621434
-16.382498
-154.72295
-155.36369
-145.09800
-294.02872
-300.90440
-241.60617
41.301941
0.45932001
5.3312489
5.0090461
5.9109829
4.9691658
4.1991448
6.8800024
1.0466590
5.6028969
5.9004890
6.1062170
8.0566367
6.9185405
6.6297474
4.6778097
5.7315591
8.1544307
10.527107
5.4687983
10.196981
14.672816
4.9168667
11.081515
6.9549458
7.1741465
4.6893398
5.9881763
1.1422195
6.4675405
7.5090068
0.89252411
2.5911521
-0.95815393
7.3632408
7.4969590
6.6871328
5.4732979
7.1660088
5.7250654
6.4661455
7.4762363
8.6429329
7.1693936
8.6795234
10.420155
15.500003
5.5778140
6.9710083
9.2040967
11.022246
16.000000
15.5646621
30.8370000
17.68402761
5.3972607
7.2
-0.38307114
-0.080426018
1.4642960
-0.00110472
1.8756505
-0.1085E-05
1.9021262
2.6623682
1.8189692
1.0383518
6.2538901
-0.41905502
1.6904025
6.4508560
6.9133413
4.7283677
12.328421
2.4675559
7.4072021
13.147358
0.12295654
-3.6481428
2.7658491
-1.1357397
5.0644746
5.5981372
12.497592
5.1122041
7.0628218
18.695305
10.455783
26.073830
0.48695143
-1.1557839
4.1497749
5.1599302
8.0184629
4.4386069
4.4137344
-1.1330154
0.51264775
1.7950504
3.8008396
1.8533372
-0.1982E-05
2.8151753
2.1375242
2.8426509
1.0023497
0
11.11082621
0
7.015972389
-0.93086041
0
0.22725486
0.073858494
-0.34195419
0.000585636
-2.0680017
0.15035E-06
-0.54278125
-1.3116178
-0.61849485
-0.056436035
-3.2988340
0.83183112
0.39317396
-1.6581037
-3.1709729
-1.8225997
-5.7156729
-1.2859221
-3.2002053
-5.9019556
-0.12042471
2.5134695
-0.72909406
1.6907533
-1.4190177
-1.0988624
-3.7881333
-2.2234297
-2.3690996
-7.2913120
-3.9362654
-11.243853
1.0164398
1.1906346
-1.6340398
-1.9807126
-3.3278169
-1.4728795
-1.4381559
1.0700343
-0.18402343
-0.95830505
0.050497700
-0.13996448
0.324232E-06
-1.4216842
-1.2184532
-0.74728400
-0.11548158
0
-2.637404705
0
0
0.95403528
0
-0.079472184
-0.034451548
0.022788050
-0.000184635
1.0857955
0.098625526
0.41637100
0.12471602
-0.076024041
1.0284026
-0.35309485
-0.33889398
0.24911301
0.90150159
0.45904208
1.6285385
0.46004431
0.86208270
1.6409467
0.054150986
-0.86869080
0,10751139
-0.70002167
0.21969028
0.027200666
0.67516595
0.67406512
0.54071857
1.8229994
0.92758484
3.0645796
-0.49495002
-0.45023099
0.42715970
0.47889758
0.88936243
0.29911768
0.30384540
-0.37527905
0.060823957
0.30272919
0
0
0
0.47599933
0.40369775
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.50388388
0
A5
0.016109267
0.0079954331
0.0061811671
0.0000376143
-0.25913496
-0.009905923
-0.075993931
-0.014000803
0.025035510
-0.18634834
0.073571579
0.084394571
-0.016179882
-0.15279147
-0.073605698
-0.27663086
-0.089484238
-0.14010654
-0.27360153
-0.010885304
0.16654582
-0.005444956
0.14226447
-0.014707457
0.028932674
-0.065046913
-0.12142264
-0.078605286
-0.28063193
-0.13269736
-0.50648022
0.10590095
0.088576775
-0.0696820
-0.070586494
-0.14573943
-0.035723534
-0.039746635
0.069808945
-0.011363291
-0.055253910
0
0
0
-0.091245453
-0.073506790
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.13521857
0
A6
-0.0016953691
-0.0008094395
-0.0013121140
-0.45958E-05
0.029079516
0.00051911771
0.0073166066
0.00075426717
-0.0031948975
0.018100498
-0.0077093368
-0.0095990836
-0.0002004094
0.014112090
0.0067064214
0.025613390
0.0087674122
0.012526828
0.024972822
0.0010467193
-0.016734280
-0.0004348557
-0.014517238
-0.0001951635
-0.0048979826
0.0026104958
0.011591523
0.0065486312
0.024110987
0.010518174
0.046091515
-0.011143811
-0.0089505386
0.0063542490
0.0057803407
0.013231528
0.0022539904
0.0029155331
-0.006711894
0.0011444370
0.0055205240
0
0
0
0.0091393280
0.0070630927
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.016353851
0
A7
0.000071759470
0.000029998805
0.000073906787
0.24639822E-06
-0.0012586244
-0.00001223938
-0.00028883229
-0.000012063901
0.00015083326
-0.00072751331
0.00032434055
0.00042320315
0.00005513585
-0.00054502976
-0.00026126856
0.00099251586
-0.00034250376
-0.00047204053
-0.00095690644
-0.000039500106
0.00068776405
0.000046298053
0.00059553182
0.000053637329
0.00025323626
-0.3790293E-06
-0.00045298050
-0.00023660316
-0.00088193077
-0.00035391191
-0.0017662407
0.00046805388
0.00036699396
-0.00024584606
-0.00020128711
-0.00050747454
-0.000055792853
-0.000091677345
0.00026221123
-0.000046914916
-0.00023011892
0
0
0
-0.00037208974
-0.00028079250
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00073085141
0