ndice

Introduction................................................................................................................................2
A preposition..............................................................................................................................3
Prepositions of Time: at, in and on,............................................................................................3
Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in...........................................................................................4
Prepositions of Time: for and since............................................................................................4
Conjunction................................................................................................................................4
Coordinating conjunctions.........................................................................................................5
Correlative conjunctions............................................................................................................5
Subordinating conjunctions........................................................................................................6
Article.........................................................................................................................................6
Definite article............................................................................................................................7
Indefinite article.........................................................................................................................7
A(An) vs. The.............................................................................................................................8
Partitive article...........................................................................................................................9
Conclusion................................................................................................................................10
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................11

Introduction
A preposition is a word that links a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to some other part of the
sentence. Prepositions can be tricky for English learners. There is no definite rule or formula
for choosing a preposition. In the beginning stage of learning the language, you should try to
identify a preposition when reading or listening in English and recognize its usage.
Many prepositions are used idiomatically with certain verbs (see the Writing Center handout
on Phrasal Verbs for a partial glossary of these idioms), most commonly prepositions provide
information about the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another part of the sentence in
which the prepositions appear. To remember the role of prepositions, notice that position
appears in the word preposition.

A preposition
A preposition describes a relationship between other words in a sentence. In itself, a word
like "in" or "after" is rather meaningless and hard to define in mere words. For instance, when
you do try to define a preposition like "in" or "between" or "on," you invariably use your
hands to show how something is situated in relationship to something else. Prepositions are
nearly always combined with other words in structures called prepositional phrases.

Prepositions of time:

Some Common Prepositions

after, around, at, before, between, during, from, on, until, at,

Prepositions of place:

in, from, since, for, during, within

above, across, against, along, among, around, at, behind,
below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, in,
inside, into, near, off, on, opposite, out, over, past, through,

Prepositions of direction/movement:
Prepositions of manner:
Other types of prepositions:

to, toward, under, underneath

at, for, on, to, in, into, onto, between
by, on, in, like, with
by, with , of, for, by, like, as

Example:

Prepositions of Time: at, in and on,

We use at to designate specific times.
The train is due at 12:15 p.m.
We use on to designate days and dates.
My brother is coming on Monday.
We're having a party on the Fourth of July.
We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year.
She likes to jog in the morning.
It's too cold in winter to run outside
Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in
We use at for specific addresses.
Grammar English lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham.
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We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.

Her house is on Boretz Road.
And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents).
She lives in Durham.
Durham is in Windham County.
Windham County is in Connecticut.
Prepositions of Time: for and since
We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years).
He held his breath for seven minutes.
She's lived there for seven years.
The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries.
We use since with a specific date or time.
He's worked here since 1970.
She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty.
Conjunction

Is a part of speech that connects words, sentences, phrases, or clauses. A discourse

connectiveis a conjunction joining sentences. This definition may overlap with that of other
parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" must be defined for each language. In
general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand
between the items in a conjunction. The definition may also be extended to idiomatic phrases
that behave as a unit with the same function, e.g. "as well as", "provided that". Conjunctions
may be placed at the beginning of sentences. "But some superstition about the practice
persists"

Coordinating conjunctions

Also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join, or coordinate, two or more items (such as
words, main clauses, or sentences) of equal syntactic importance. In English, the mnemonic
acronym FANBOYS can be used to remember the coordinators for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and
so.
Here are some examples of coordinating conjunctions in English and what they do:

For presents rationale ("They do not gamble or smoke, for they are ascetics.")

And presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) ("They gamble, and they smoke.")

Nor presents a non-contrasting negative idea ("They do not gamble, nor do they
smoke.")

But presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, but they don't smoke.")

Or presents an alternative item or idea ("Every day they gamble, or they smoke.")

Yet presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, yet they don't smoke.")

So presents a consequence ("He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to

celebrate.")

Correlative conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a
sentence. There are many different pairs of correlative conjunctions:
Either...or, not only...but (also), neither...nor, both...and, whether...or, just as...so, the...the,
as...as, as much...as, no sooner...than, rather...than
Examples:

You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office. (Either do, or prepare)
He is not only handsome, but also brilliant. (Not only A, but also B)
Not only is he handsome, but also he is brilliant. (Not only is he A, but also he is B)
Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well.
Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well.
You must decide whether you stay or you go.
Just as many Americans love basketball, so many Canadians love ice hockey.
The more you practice dribbling, the better you will be at it.
Football is as fast as hockey (is (fast)).
Football is as much an addiction as it is a sport.
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No sooner did she learn to ski, than the snow began to thaw.
I would rather swim than surf.

Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that join an
independent clause and a dependent clause, and also introduce adverb clauses. The most
common subordinating conjunctions in the English language include after, although, as, as far
as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even if, even though, every time,
if, in order that, since, so, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where,
whereas, wherever, and while.
Examples, the subordinating conjunctions.
As Sherri blew out the candles atop her birthday cake, she caught her hair on fire.
Sara begins to sneeze whenever she opens the window to get a breath of fresh air.
When the doorbell rang, my dog Skeeter barked loudly.

Article
article is a word that is used alongside a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by
the noun. Articles specify grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending
to volume or numerical scope. The articles in the English language are the and a/an, and (in
certain contexts) some. "An" and "a" are modern forms of the Old English "an", which in
Anglian dialects was the number "one" (compare "on", in Saxon dialects) and survived into
Modern Scots as the number "owan". Both "on" (respelled "one" by the Normans) and "an"
survived into Modern English, with "one" used as the number and "an" ("a", before nouns
that begin with a consonant sound) as an indefinite article.

Definite article

A definite article indicates that its noun is a particular one which is identifiable to the listener.
It may be something that the speaker has already mentioned, or it may be something uniquely
specified. The definite article in English, for both singular and plural nouns, is the.
The children know the fastest way home.
The sentence above refers to specific children and a specific way home; it contrasts with the
much more general observation that:
Children know the fastest ways home.
The latter sentence refers to children in general and their specific ways home. Likewise,
Give me the book.
refers to a specific book whose identity is known or obvious to the listener; as such it has a
markedly different meaning from
Give me a book.
which uses an indefinite article, which does not specify what book is to be given.
The definite article can also be used in English to indicate a specific class among other
classes:
The cabbage white butterfly lays its eggs on members of the Brassica genus.
Indefinite article
An indefinite article indicates that its noun is not a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the
listener. It may be something that the speaker is mentioning for the first time, or its precise
identity may be irrelevant or hypothetical, or the speaker may be making a general statement
about any such thing. English uses a/an, from the Old English forms of the number "one", as
its primary indefinite article. The form an is used before words that begin with a vowel sound
(even if spelled with an initial consonant, as in an hour), and a before words that begin with a
consonant sound (even if spelled with a vowel, as in a European).
She had a house so large that an elephant would get lost without a map.

A(An) vs. The

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The article A is used before singular, countable nouns which begin with consonant sounds.
Examples:

He is a teacher.

She doesn't own a car.

I saw a bear at the zoo.

Examples:

I need a phone. Not a specific phone, any phone

Mark wants a bicycle. Not a particular bicycle, a bicycle in general

Do you have a driver's license? In general

Use A(AN) when talking about a thing which is new, unknown, or introduced to a listener for
the first time. Also use A(AN) when you are asking about the existence of something.
Examples:

I have a car. The car is being introduced for the first time.

Tom is a teacher. This is new information to the listener.

Is there a dictionary in your backpack? Asking about the existence of the dictionary

Similarly, use A(AN) to introduce what type of thing we are talking about.
Examples:

That is an excellent book. Describing the kind of book

Do you live in a big house? Asking about the kind of house

I ate a thick, juicy steak. Describing the kind of steak

Remember: you cannot use a(an) with plural nouns because a(an) means "one" or "a
single".
Examples:

I saw a bears in Yellowstone National Park. Not Correct

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I saw bears in Yellowstone National Park. Correct

Partitive article
A partitive article is a type of indefinite article used with a mass noun such as water, to
indicate a non-specific quantity of it. Partitive articles are used in French and Italian in
addition to definite and indefinite articles. (In Finnish and Estonian, the partitive is indicated
by inflection.) The nearest equivalent in English is some, although this is considered a
determiner and not an article.
When the article 'some' appears before a plural noun it functions like an indefinite article:

He has some tickets for the game.

Some students decided not to attend the class.

However, when 'some' appears before a singular noun, it is being used as a partitive. This
means that a part of something is indicated, or a partial (or indeterminate) quantity is
referred to. It is often used after verbs of possession or consumption:

Do you have some free time this afternoon?

We're going to buy some milk.

I heard some bad news.

She has some money to spend.

Would you like some help ?

Note: After expressions of quantity, the partitive article is not used:

Students buy a lot of sweets.

Today people have more activities than before.

In negative expressions, the partitive article 'some' generally becomes 'any' (this change will
also occur in negative interrogatives):

She doesn't have any money.

They didn't have any milk.

Don't you have any money?

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Conclusion
Reached the end of this study conclude that Prepositions: link words and prayers alone do
NOT have syntactic function in the sentence have a semantic value. The function of the
preposition is to subordinate one end to the other. The combination, in addition to connect
words or sentences, gives an argumentative towards the text and establishes a semantic
relationship between the sentences.

Conjunctions can be:

coordinative, subordinating.

coordinating conjunctions Additive: idea sum, addition. Ex: I leave happy and come back
tired. (And, no, but ...) adversative: Opposing idea, contrast. Ex: I'll be home, but I will not
answer it. (But, however, however, however, however ...) Alternatives: toggle idea. Ex: If you
or I travel? (Or ... or, well ... well, either ... either Conclusive: the idea of concluding a
thought. Ex: She's new, so will not date. (Logo, so therefore it (after the verb) Eg. It is
Catanduvense is therefore good people.

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Bibliography

https://www.englishgrammar101.com/module-6/prepositions/lesson-1/prepositions-

and-prepositional-phrases. Acessado no dia 10/10/2016 as 14:50 min

http://www.insegnanti-inglese.com/grammar-1/articles1.html Acessado

10/10/2016 as 14:52 min

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar)#Definite_article Acessado no dia

10/10/2016 as 14:53 min

http://www.englishpage.com/articles/a-vs-an.htm Acessado no dia 10/10/2016 as

14:56 min
http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/conjunctions/subordinating-

no

dia

conjunctions/ Acessado no dia 10/10/2016 as 14:57 min

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