ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

GENERAL AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that

regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function,
reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.
3 MAIN CHEMICAL CATEGORIES
PROTEIN/POLYPEPTIDE HORMONE
STEROID HORMONE
MODIFIED AMINO ACID HORMONE

Protein/Polypeptide Hormones

Protein Hormones or peptide hormones are made from polymers amino acids.
Many of these hormones stimulate other glands to make hormones. They are
also important in regulation of metabolism.

These include adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) from the pituitary, insulin from the
pancreas, and parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Hydrophilic

Steroid hormones

Are derivatives of cholesterol and include products of the adrenal cortex,

ovaries, and testes as well as the related molecule, vitamin D.

Steroid hormones help control metabolism, inflammation, immune

functions, salt and water balance, development of sexual characteristics, and
the ability to withstand illness and injury.

Hydrophobic

Unlike protein/polypeptide hormones, steroid hormones are not stored

in large amounts.

2 classes

Corticosteroid
Sex steroids

5 receptors which they bind

o

Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids)

Mineralocorticoids (corticosteroids)

Androgens (sex steroids)

Estrogens (sex steroids)

progestogens (sex steroids)

Modified Amino Acid Hormone

Amino acid these are hormones derived from amino acids. Many of the
amino acid hormones are neurotransmitters. The hormones derived from
amino acids are thyroid hormones and the hormones of the adrenal
medulla.
They include thyroid hormones and the catecholamines epinephrine and
norepinephrine.
Thyroid hormones - T3 or Triiodothronine hormones and T4 or Thyroxine
hormones stimulates the body oxygen and energy consumption. Increase
basal metabolic rates. They also promotes protein synthesis.
The hormones secreted by the adrenal
medulla - epinephrine and norepinephrine are also amino acid derived
hormones. These hormones are known as flight and fright hormones. These
hormones are also known as emergency hormones. They boost the supply of
oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles.

SUBMITTED BY: NORMALIJA USMAN

SUBMITTED TO: DR. EMERLIE OKIT