PHILIPPINE HISTORY AND CULTURE

Chapter 4: The Spanish Era

Treaties aiming to solve conflicts during the Age of Exploration
Papal Bull/ Inter Caetera (May 3, 1493)
Issued by Pope Alexander VI,
Spanish zone of exploration should be
west of the imaginary line drawn north
to south, 100 leagues west of Azores
and Cape Verde Islands. All lands east
of the demarcation line should belong
to Portugal.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Spain and Portugal agreed to move the
demarcation line 370 leagues (1100
miles) west of Cape Verde Islands and
still be guided by the provisions of the
papal bull.
Treaty of Zaragoza (1529)
A new demarcation line was fixed at
297 leagues east of Moluccas.
Portugal gained the rights of ownership
over all the lands found on the west of
the line, while Spain gained the right of
ownership over all the lands found on
the east of the line.
King Philip II knew that the Philippines
belonged to Portugal by Virtue of
Treaty of Zaragoza. Nevertheless, he
instigated Legazpis 1565 voyage
originating from Mexico. (From Filipino
Americans: Transformation and Identity by
Maria Root)

Events that led to Magellans Expedition

Event
Effect
The Fall of Constantinople and the Closed the former trade routes to the
emergence of the Ottoman Turks
east.
Monarchs and navigators were forced to

King of Portugal (Manuel) refused to

give Magellan promotion, salary raise,
and sponsor or fund the proposal of
Magellan to travel a westward route to
the Moluccas.

find new routes to the east.

Magellan renounced his Portuguese
citizenship and went to Spain.

Magellans Expedition
Trinidad, Concepcion, Santiago, San
Antonio, and Victoria
Accompanying him were:
Fr. Pedro de Valderrama (Fleet Chaplain)
Antonio Pigafetta (Chronicler of the
expedition)
Duarte Barbosa (Magellans Brother-inlaw)
Enrique of Malacca (Malay slave;
interpreter)
Timeline
March 28, 1518 Contract of Magellans
expedition was signed
September 20, 1519 Magellan left
Spain
September 26, 1519 reached Canaries
September 29,
1519
reached
Pernambuco, Brazil
December 13, 1519 reached Rio de
Janeiro
March 1520 stayed and took shelter
from storms in Port San Julian (now in
Argentina)
August 1520 reached Strait of all
Saints (now Strait of Magellan)
March 6, 1521 reached an island he
named Islas Ladrones (Islands of
Thieves; present-day Marianas )
Magellan declined to return to Spain as Some officers took into command of
demanded by his men. Winter (climate) some of the expeditions ship and
made them ask for it. The fact that refused
to
recognize
Magellans
Magellan was a Portuguese made them authority.
ask for it.
Magellan named the southern sea In the next five months, the ship run
Pacific Ocean and underestimated its out of supplies. The crew ate sawdust,
size.
leather rope guards, and even rats.
Some men died of scurvy (vitamin c
deficiency; gum disease)
Fate of the Ships
Santiago smallest ship; destroyed by
a typhoon
San Antonio deserted the expedition
on November 20, 1520 and sailed back
Ships

Timeline

Post-Magellan Expeditions

to Spain. Its crew were imprisoned until

Sebastian El Canos return. They were
tried and convicted.
Concepcion intentionally burned.
Trinidad sailed back to Spain by
crossing the Pacific to Panama
Victoria sailed back to Spain by
crossing the Indian Ocean. The voyage
around the world lasted 2 years, 11
months and 16 days. 18 survived.
March 16, 1521 sighted Samar;
named it Islas de San Lazaro
March 17 landed on Humunu
(Homonhon)
March 18 met the people of Suluan
March 28 landed in Mazaua (could
either be in Limasawa, Leyte or Masao,
Butuan)
March 29 (Good Friday) Blood
Compact or Kasi kasi between Rajah
Kolambu and Magellan
March 31 (Easter Sunday) first
Christian Mass in the Philippines.
According to RA 2733, Limasawa in
Southern Leyte is the site.
April 7 Magellan together with Rajah
Kolambu landed on Sugbu (present-day
Cebu)
April 14 Mass on Cebu. Rajah
Humabon in attendance. Magellan
planted a huge wooden cross and gave
Queen Juana an image of the Child
Jesus as a gift.
April 27 Mactan was invaded. (Battle
of Mactan)
May 1 native warriors attacked the
Europeans on a banquet prepared by
Rajah Humabon.
November 8 landed in Tidore,
Moluccas
September 16, 1522 back home.
SPAIN
Captain Garcia Jofre de Loaysa (1525)
Sebastian Cabot (1526)
Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (1542)
- Named Mindanao Caesaria Caroli
(in honor of King Charles)
- Named Sarangani Antonia (in

honor of Viceroy Antonio de

Mendoza of Mexico)
- Named Leyte Felipina (in honor of
future King Philip II of Spain)
MEXICO (New Spain)
Alvaro Saavedra Ceron (1527)
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi(1564)
- Spent his own resources to
finance the expedition; thus, the
title adelantado (title given to
those who personally funded
their expeditions)
- Successful expedition that led to
the Spanish Occupation
Legazpis Expedition
November 19/20, 1564 left Natividad,
Mexico
February 13, 1565 anchored near the
island of Cebu
February 22 Legazpi and Urraos
Blood Compact. Met Bankaw
March 16 Legazpi and Sikatunas
Blood Compact
April 27 hit the shore of Cebu.
Challenged and defeated by the natives
headed by Rajah Tupas. Spaniards
retreated to the uplands.
April 28 Discovery of a Sto. Nino.
Legaspi viewed as a sign of Gods
approval. He named the first Spanish
settlement Ciudad del Santissimo
Nombre de Jesus (City of the Most Holy
Name of Jesus)
Accompanied by:
Fr. Andres de Urdaneta (survivor of
Loaysas expedition)
Cpt. Felipe de Salcedo (grandson of
Legazpi)
Guido de Lavezaris (survivor of
Villalobos Expedition)
Melchor de Legazpi (son of Legazpi)
How did Legazpi earn the respect or His brother, Tamuyan, convinced him.
acceptance of Rajah Tupas?
Daughter of Tamuyan was held captive
of Legazpis troop. In exchange of his
daughters freedom, he offered his
freedom. Legazpi declined. Tamuyan
realized Legazpis sincerity with his
Timeline

offer of friendship with the natives.

(p. 69)
The Spanish Conquest of the Islands
Spanish conquer the Policy of attraction return, rebuild your
homes, and live in peace
Christianization
In 1569, why did Legazpi transfer to Due to the insufficient food supplies in
Panay?
Cebu
In 1570, why did Legazpi sent his To punish the Moro pirates who
grandson, Juan de Salcedo, to Mindoro? plundered upon Panay villages.
What caused the armed clash between Rajah
Sulayman
accepted
the
Rajah Sulayman, chieftain of Maynilad, friendship offered by De Goiti. But he
and Martin de Goiti after their kasi kasi. refused to Spanish sovereignty and pay
tribute to the Spanish king.
Was Rajah Sulayman successful to No
defend their sovereignty?
Who was Lakandula?
He was the king of Tondo who readily
accepted
Spanish
authority
and
persuaded Sulayman to make peace
with the colonizers. This led to Legazpi
taking possession of Maynilad.
Who was Bambalito?
He was a warlord from Macabebe who
wanted to resist Spanish forces in
Maynilad by the time Lakandula and
Sulayman had made peace with the
colonizers. He died in the Battle of
Bangkusay.
Timeline
June 24, 1571 Legazpi proclaimed
Manila the capital of the Philippines.
August 20, 1572 Legazpi, the first
governor-general of the Philippines,
died and was succeeded by Guido de
Lavezaris.
How did the
Philippines?

Encomienda

Provincial Government

Government System
It is an administrative unit for the
purpose of exacting tribute from the
natives.
Cabeza de Barangay (former datu)
collected the tribute.
Alcaldia (Province) headed by AlcaldiaMayor
Corregimiento towns under military
rule for they were not entirely under
Spanish control yet.
Pueblo
(Town)
headed
by

Checks to Gubernatorial power

gobernadorcillo (open to Filipinos )

Barangay (Cabeza de Barangay)
Royal Audiencia (Supreme Court)
advisory body to the governor and
audited the expenditures of the
government
Residencia Judicial institution headed
by the incoming governor-general to
conduct a trial of an outgoing governorgeneral
Visitador investigator sent by the king
to check the behavior of the high
officials in the colony.

Spanish Policies and Institutions

Taxes paid by natives to their sovereign.
Equivalent to 8 reales or 1 peso, which
may be paid in money or in kind like
rice, honey, corn, and the like.
In 1851, it was increase to 12 reales or
one peso and a half.
In 1884, it was replaced by the cedula
tax
Polo/ Polo y Servicio
Forced labor; male between 16 to 60
years old
Falla (exemption fee)
Bandala
Assignment of annual quotas to each
province for the compulsory sale of
products to the government.
Union of Church and State
The friars, like the government officials,
exercised
political
and
economic
powers.
Reduccion
Resettlement of inhabitants in Spanishstyle poblaciones (town center) or at
least within hearing distance of the
church bells.
Galleon Trade
For 250 years, Spanish trading ships
sailed the Pacific Ocean bringing goods
from Manila in the Philippines to
Acapulco, Mexico
Obras Pias
Earliest banking institution in the
country
Indulto de Comercio
License to trade; the right to participate
in the galleon trade; issued to the
Alcalde Mayor or Corregidor.
Tribute

Social Class

Espaoles Peninsulares
Espaoles Insulares or Filipinos
Mestizo de Espaol
Mestizo de Sangley
Indio or naturales

Spanish born in the Spanish Peninsula

and living in the Philippines
Spanish born and raised in the colony
Children of an Espaol and Indio
Chinese Mestizo
Natives of the Philippines without
Spanish or Chinese ancestry.

Principalia social and political

aristocracy; prominent land-owning and
propertied citizens who could read,
write, and speak Spanish.
Education
Basic Education
Parochial
schools
for
religious
instruction
Subjects
taught
were
Catechism,
reading, and writing, arithmetic etc.
Higher Education
Established
for
Peninsulares
and
Insulares; Indios were only allowed in
these institutions after 200 years of
colonial rule.
Jesuits
Founded the first college for boys
Fray Miguel de Benavides / Dominican Established UST
Order
First College for Girls
College of Santa Potenciana
Oldest existing college for girls in the College of Santa Isabel
country
Art, Sciences, and Literature
The First Filipino Printer
He wrote the first published Tagalog
book titled Librong Pag-aaralan nang
manga Tagalog nang uicang Castila
(Book that the Tagalogs Should Study to
Learn Spanish)
Earliest book printed by Xylographic Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espaola
method, using engraved wood blocks
y Tagala written by Fray Juan de Oliver
Damian Domingo
Father of Filipino Painting
Jose De la Cruz
Huseng Sisiw
Pedro Bukaneg
Father of Ilocos Literature; wrote Biag ni
Lam-Ang
Francisco Balagtas
Florante at Laura
Vicente Puche
Wrote the First recorded drama which
was a comedia
Linamay (Moro-moro in Tagalog)
Depicted Christian victory over the
Muslims
Zarzuela
Spanish one-act opera with satirical
theme
Tomas Pinpin

Fr. Manuel Blanco

Fr. Marcial Funcia Ramos
George Oppel

Prince of Botanists who wrote Flora

de Filipinas
First iron printing press in the
Philippines
Introduced lithography in the country

Christianity in the Philippines

Most lasting legacy of the Spanish
missionaries
Retablo
Decorated medieval altar
Highest part inside the church
Popular images
Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage
(Our Lady of Antipolo)
Black Nazarene (Quiapo Church)
Representation of Jesus Christ
Santo Nio (child)
Nazareno (on his way to Calvary)
Santo Entierro (while placed inside a
sepulcher)
Cristo Resucitado (resurrected Christ)
Christmas
Birth of Jesus Christ; Misa de Aguinaldo
(simbang gabi); Misa De Gallo on
Christmas eve; Panunuluyan; Noche
Buena
Lent
Holy Week (Palm Sunday to Easter
Sunday)
Pasion; cenaculo (religious play on life
and death of christ); Moriones Festival
of Marinduque
Pahiyas Festival
Celebrated in Lucban, Quezon every
May 15 in honor of San Isidro Labrador,
Patron Saint of Farmers
Other events
Carabao Festival (Pulilan, Bulacan)
Obando Festival (Bulacan)
Peafrancia Festival (Bicol)
Flores De Mayo
Santacruzan
Spanish Culinary Specialties served Paella mixture of rice, chicken, and
after solemn rites and celebrations
shellfish
Arroz Valenciana rice and chicken
cooked in coconut milk
Lengua sauted ox-tongue
Christianity

Threat to Spanish Rule in the Philippines

Chinese (Sangleys)
Lim-Ah-Hong first Chinese threat in
the Philippines
British
First successful foreign invasion of the
Philippines (1762). Philippines was

restored to the Spain as stated in the

Treaty of Paris signed on February 10,
1763.