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On Chemical Kinetics
Contents
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Objective
4. Theory I (introduction)
5. Theory II (factors affecting
rate of
reaction)
6. Materials Required
7. Experimental Procedure
8. Observation
9. Calculations
10. Result and Conclusion
11. Precautions
12. Bibliography
OBJECTIVE
To understand the hydrolysis of methyl
ethanoate catalysed by HCL and
determine the order of the reaction and
rate constant by using the values
obtained by titrating it against a standar
base, NaOh.
by (i) Graphically,
(ii)Mathematically
THEORY:
INTRODUCTION
CHEMICAL KINETICS
Chemical kinetics deals with the experimental
determination of reaction rates from which rate laws and
rate constants are derived. Relatively simple rate laws
exist for zero-order reactions (because reaction rates are
independent of concentration), first-order reactions, and
second-order reactions can be derived for others. In
consecutive reactions, the rate-determining step often
determines the kinetics. In consecutive first-order
reactions, a steady state approximation can simplify the
rate law.
FACTORS AFFECTING
REACTION RATE
NATURE
OF THE REACTANTS
PHYSICAL
STATE
PRESSURE
CONCENTRATION
FREE
ENERGY
TEMPERATURE
EQUILIBRIUM
It determines the extent to which reactions occur. In a
reversible reaction, chemical equilibrium is reached when
the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
and the concentrations of the reactants and products no
CATALYSTS
MATERIALS AND
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
CHEMICALS
Methyl acetate
Hcl
Naoh
Oxalic Acid
Phenolphthalein
APPARATUS
Conical flask
Thermostat bottles
Reagent
Burette
Pipette
Ice
PROCEDURE
Step I: Standardization of NaOH using standard Oxalic
acid(0.1N)
1. 10ml of given 0.1N standard Oxalic acid is pipetted out
into a 100ml
conical flask.
2. This solution is titrated against the given unknown
concentration of
NaOH using phenolphthalein indicator until the end
point is colorless
to pale pink.
3. Tabulate the values and repeat the titration for
concurrent readings
and determine the unknown concentration of supplied
NaOH
solution
slope.
8. Report the theoretical and graphical value of rate
constant (k1).
OBSERVATIONS
Table corresponding to step I
Standardization of NaOH using standard Oxalic acid(0.1N)
S.No.
Vol.(oxalic acid)
in ml
Burette (initial)
in ml
Burette(final)
in ml
1.
2.
3.
Volume of NaOh
in ml
S.No.
Vol.(HCl)
in ml
Burette (initial)
in ml
Burette(final)
in ml
Volume of NaOh
in ml
1.
2.
3.
time
(min.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
CALCULATIONS
TABLE I
(HCOO)2N1 V1 = N2 V2
(NaOH)
TABLEII
(NaOH) N2V2 = N3 V3 (HCl)
TABLE III
CALCULATING THE RATE CONSTANT
(I) MATHEMATICALLY:
In the presence of an acid, this reaction should be of
second order, since two molecules are reacting. But, it is
found to be first order. This may be explained in the
following way :
The rate of the reaction is given by
dx / dt = k[CH3COOCH3] [ H2O ] ,
where k is the rate constant.
Since water is present in large excess, its active mass
(molar concentration) virtually remains constant during
the course of the reaction. Therefore, its active mass gets
included in the constant, and the above equation
reduces to :
dx / dt = k1 [CH3COOCH3]
Thus, the rate of the reaction is determined by one
concentration term only (that is, by a single power of the
concentration term only).
Hence, the reaction is first order. Such reactions are also
called pseudo first order reactions.
K1=2.303/t(logV-Vo/V-Vt)
S.N K1
o.
1.
2.
3.
4.
(II)GRAPHICALLY
In order to determine the rate law for a reaction from a
set of data consisting of concentration (or the values of
some function of concentration) versus time, make three
graphs.
[A] versus t (linear for a zero order reaction)
ln [A] versus t (linear for a 1st order reaction)
1 / [A] versus t (linear for a 2nd order reaction)
ZERO ORDER
FIRST ORDER
SECOND ORDER
RESULT &CONCLUSION
Hence the acid catalysed hydrolysis is a (pseudo) first
order reaction, verified graphically and mathematically
whose rate constant is :
PRECAUTIONS
1.Ethyl acetate is highly flammable. Harmful if swallowed
in quantity.
Vapours may cause drowsiness.
2.Hydrochloric acid is corrosive. In the event of skin contact, wash well
with water.
3.The dilute sodium hydroxide solution caustic,and one should not
handle them with hands
4.When diluting the hydrochloric acid, remember to add the
concentrated acid to water to avoid splattering. Take care in
handling the container as the dilution will generate heat.
5.Dissolving of sodium hydroxide generates heat. Take care in handling
the dilution container.
6. All solutions in this experiment should be disposed of in the proper
waste containers as provided in the laboratory.