2.modul - Drive Test Analyst

Nubee Training Center (NTC)
DRIVE TEST ANALYST

Section 1 2G Drivetest Parameter
www.nubeesystem.com
PT. Nubee System

Mayapada Tower, 11th Floor
Jl. Jendral Sudirman Kav. 28
Jakarta 12920
http://campus.nubeesystem.com
Field Test
Customer Complaints
NMS
Field Tests
Very resource and time consuming
Restricted to specific areas
Supply in most cases only downlink
information
Represent an objective view of
network quality
Good to geographically locate
problems
No real customer view due to too high
quality equipment
Helps to adjust propagation models
Suitable for competitor analysis
Pinpoints coverage holes
Company Confidential
2
PT. Nubee System
Current Channel
Definitions:
1.
Time: It is system time of
computer.
2.
Cell name: It displays the name
of the sector which is serving
according to the cell file that is
loaded in TEMS.
3.
CGI : It stands for the Cell Global
Identity which is unique for every
sector of the site. It consists of
MCC,MNC,LAC,CI.
MCC: Mobile Country Code 0
999 (e.g. 404), MNC: Mobile
Network Code 0 99 (e.g. 98)
LAC : Location Area Code 0 65535 (e.g. 5101) CI: Cell Identity
0 65535 (e.g. 11001)
Example : 510 10 for TELKOMSEL IND
3
PT. Nubee System
Current Channel
4
PT. Nubee System
Cell GPRS Support: Tells sector is having

GPRS or not. Values are Yes or No
Band : It tells in which Freq. Band mobile is
operating e.g. GSM 900/ 1800.
BCCH ARFCN: It tells by which BCCH is the
mobile station getting served.
TCH ARFCN: On which Traffic Freq. call is
going on.
BSIC (Base Station Identity Code) : It is
combination of Network Color Code (NCC)
(0 7) & Base Station Color Code (BCC) (0
7). e.g. 62. It is decoded by mobile on
every Sync. Channel Message.
Mode: It is shows in which state is mobile
operating, Idle, Dedicated & Packet.
Time slot: On which time slot of current
TCH call is going on. Viz. time slot no. of
TRX.
Current Channel
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PT. Nubee System
Channel Type: Type of channel

mobile is getting now. Like BCCH /
SDCCH/8 + SACCH/C8 or CBCH /
TCH/F +FACCH/F +SACCH/F.
Channel Mode : Shows mode of
coding like Speech Full Rate of Half
Rate.
Speech Codec: It shows FR for Full
Rate, HR for Half Rate & EFR for
Enhanced Full Rate.
Ciphering Algorithm : It shows
ciphering algorithm used by the
system to protect data for privacy. E.g.
Cipher by A5/2.
Sub Channel Number: It is displayed
at a time when mobile is on dedicated
mode at time of call setup when it is
getting SDCCH at that time it shows
which SDCCH it is getting out of 8
available. E.g. 2.
Current Channel
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PT. Nubee System
Hopping Channel : It shows that

current sector is having hopping
feature or not. Values are Yes or No.
Hopping Frequencies : It displays no.
of freq. on which mobile is allowed to
hop. viz. MA List for hopping of that
sector.
Mobile Allocation Index Offset
(MAIO): It is the number which tells
from which freq. from given MA list for
sector hopping has to be started. E.g.
0 means sector will start from first freq.
to hop.
Hopping Sequence Number (HSN) :
Indicates sequence in which
frequencies are allowed to hop from
the MA List. 0- 63. 0 for Cyclic
Hopping, 1 63 random hopping
sequences.
Radio Parameter
7
PT. Nubee System
RxLev : Receiving level in terms of

dBm that mobile is receiving from the
site. Range of -30 dBm to -110dBm.
RxQual : Quality of voice which is
measured on basis of BER. Range of
RxQual 0 -7.
FER : Frame Erasure Rate it
represents the percentage of frames
being dropped due to high number of
non-corrected bit errors in the frame. It
is indication of voice quality in network.
BER Actual : Ratio of the number of
bit errors to the total number of bits
transmitted in a given time interval.
BER is a measure for the voice quality
in network.. Depending on BER
RxQual is measured. E,g, BER 0 to
0.2 % corresponds to RxQual 0. Max.
BER countable and useful is up to 12.8
% which corresponds to RxQual of
max. 7.
Radio Parameter
8
PT. Nubee System
SQI : SQI is a more sophisticated measure

which is dedicated to reflecting the quality of
the speech (as opposed to radio
environment conditions). This means that
when optimizing the speech quality in your
network, SQI is the best criterion to use. SQI
is updated at 0.5 s intervals. It is computed
on basis of BER and FER. For EFR 30, FR
21 & HR 17 are respectively ideal
values.
C/I : The carrier-over-interference ratio is the
ratio between the signal strength of the
current serving cell and the signal strength
of undesired (interfering) signal components.
It should be at least > 9 .
MS Power Control Level : Displays range
of power control from 0 to 8 depending upon
network design. E.g. 0 means no power
control and 1 means level that is defined by
operator viz. 2 dBm less acc.
Radio Parameter
9
PT. Nubee System
DTX : Discontinuous transmission

(DTX) is a mechanism allowing the
radio transmitter to be switched off
during speech pauses. This feature
reduces the power consumption of the
transmitter, which is important for MSs,
and decreases the overall interference
level on the radio channels affecting
the capacity of the network..
TA : Value that the base station
calculates from access bursts and
sends to the mobile station (MS)
enabling the MS to advance the timing
of its transmissions to the BS so as to
compensate for propagation delay.
Value of 0 means MS in radius of
550m. From BS.
Radio Parameter
10
PT. Nubee System
RL Timeout Counter (Cur) : This

parameter define the maximum value
of the radio link counter expressed in
SACCH blocks. Range of 4 64 in
step size of 4. it shows current value of
RLT. Decrease by 1 but increase by 2.
When it reaches zero it results in
normal DROP Call.
RL Timeout Counter (MAX) : This
parameter define the maximum value
of the radio link counter expressed in
SACCH blocks. Range of 4 64 in
step size of 4. it shows current value of
RLT. Normally 16, 20, 24.
MS Behavior Modified : This window
shows current settings for the mobile
station, for instance whether handover
is disabled or multiband reporting
enabled.
Serving + Neighbor
Cell Name : Name that describes the neighboring cell as per the
cellfile.
ARFCN : Channel number mobile receives as neighbor.
BSIC : BSIC of the neighboring cell.
RxLev : Receiving Level in dBm of neighboring cell.
C1 & C2 : These are the cell path loss criterion and cell reselection
criteria. Valid during idle mode of mobile station.
C31 & C32 : GPRS signal strength threshold criterion C31 and GPRS
cell ranking criterion C32. Valid both in packet idle and packet
dedicated mode.
11
PT. Nubee System
Example Showing Window
12
PT. Nubee System
End of Section
13
PT. Nubee System
DRIVE TEST ANALYST

Section 2 2G Network Review
www.nubeesystem.com
PT. Nubee System

Jakarta 12920
RF Specification
MS Transmission
Band : 890 915 MHZ
BS Transmission
Band : 935 960 MHZ
45 MHz
F1 F2 F1' F2'
Frequency
15
PT. Nubee System
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Year Introduced
1990
Access method
TDMA
Channel Bandwidth
200 kHz
Number of duplex
channels
125
Users per channel
Speech coding bit

rate
13 kbps
Data coding bit rate
12 kbps
Frame size
4.6 ms
DCS - 1800 Spectrum
1710
1785
1805
Uplink
1880
MHz
Downlink
Duplex spacing = 95 MHz
Range of ARFCN:
512 - 885
Guard Band
100 kHz wide
Fu(n)
1 2 3 4
n
Guard Band
100 kHz wide
Channel Numbers (n) (ARFCN)

200 kHz spacing
16
PT. Nubee System
GSM Logical Channels
Two types of logical channel are defined; traffic and control channels
Each is further sub-divided as shown:
Traffic
Control
TCH
BCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
DCCH
CCCH
FCCH
PCH
SDCCH
SCH
RACH
SACCH
BCCH
AGCH
FACCH
CBCH
NCH
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PT. Nubee System
Logical Channel
18
PT. Nubee System
Logical Channels - Downlink
Common
Channels
Dedicated
Channels
19
PT. Nubee System
BCCH
FCCH
SCH
PCH
CCCH
AGCH
DCCH
SACCH
FACCH
SDCCH
TCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
Logical Channels - Uplink
RACH
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
20
PT. Nubee System
CCCH
DCCH
TCH
Common
Channels
Dedicated
Channels
Logical Channels - Use

'off' state
Search for frequency correction burst

Search for synchronisation sequence
Read system information
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
idle mode
Listen for paging

Send access burst
Wait for signalling channel allocation
PCH
RACH
AGCH
dedicated
mode
Call setup
SDCCH
FACCH
Traffic channel is assigned

Conversation
Call release
TCH
TCH
FACCH
idle mode
21
PT. Nubee System
BCCH Carrier Characteristics

Each cell has a designated BCCH carrier carrying the control
physical channel and BCCH logical channel
All BCCH carriers transmit continuously on full power by filling all
timeslots with traffic, signalling or dummy bursts
BCCH carriers use maximum frequency re-use distance to reduce
interference
TS 0 of the BCCH carrier contains the cells physical control
channel
The physical control channel comprises a number of logical
control channels
Additional physical channels on the BCCH may be required for
extra control channel capacity.
Remaining physical channels on BCCH carrier carry traffic
channels
22
PT. Nubee System
Paging Procedures
Paging locates MS to cell Level for call routing
Three paging message types:
Type 1 - 2 MSs using IMSI/TMSI

Type 2 - 3 MSs (1xIMSI, 2xTMSI)
Type 3 - 4 MSs using TMSI only
Paging message requires 4 bursts (1 CCCH block)
Paging messages may be stored at BSS
Transmitted on PCH
If DRX is implemented MS listens only to
allocated paging group
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Timing Advance
24
PT. Nubee System
Timing Advance
Timing Advance value reduces the 3 timeslot offset between
downlink and uplink
0 1
2 3 4
5 6
Downlink
Delay
3 timeslots
0 1
2 3 4
Timing
Advance
0 1
2 3 4
Uplink
5 6
Uplink
5 6
Actual delay
TA value updates are sent to the MS on the SACCH

The Timing Advance technique is known as adaptive frame
alignment
25
PT. Nubee System
BCCH Allocation (BA) Lists
Contains a list of BCCH carriers available in a certain

PLMN region
Passed to MS and stored in the SIM during IMSI
Attach procedure
MS monitors all carriers in BA list for signal strength.
In Idle mode this is used to reselect cell whilst moving
In dedicated mode, the measured values of the six
best neighbouring cells are reported to the serving
BSC for handover purposes
26
PT. Nubee System
BCCH Carrier Measurements
BCCH carrier measurements are used for:

Idle Mode:
Cell Selection/Reselection
Dedicated Mode
Handovers
Power Control
Call Maintenance
27
PT. Nubee System
BCCH Carrier Measurements Idle Mode
85Bm RxLev
96dBm
RxLev / BSIC
28
PT. Nubee System
BCCH Carrier Measurement Idle Mode
Neighbouring Cells:
MS scans all carriers listed in the BA list and
identifies the 6 strongest
Signal level averaged over at least 5 measurements
Result stored in RXLEV (n) parameter
MS must attempt to decode the BCCH channel of 6
best neighbours at least every 30 seconds
Serving Cell
Measurements taken during allocated paging block
Measurements averaged over 5 consecutive paging
blocks or 5 seconds (whichever greater)
29
PT. Nubee System
BCCH Carrier Measurements Dedicated Mode
RxLev
RxQual
Measurement
Reports
RxLev / BSIC
30
PT. Nubee System
BCCH Carrier Measurement Dedicated Mode
MS measures neighbouring cells for:

BCCH Receive Signal Level (Rx_Lev)
MS measures serving cell for:
BCCH Receive Signal Level (Rx_Lev_Full)

BCCH Receive Signal Quality (Rx_Qual_Full)
Idle TCH Receive Signal Level (Rx_Lev_Sub)
Idle TCH Receive Signal Quality (Rx_Qual_Sub)
MS sends a Measurement Report to the BSC on

SACCH every 4 TCH Multiframes
BSC measures MS uplink Rx_Qual and Rx_Lev
31
PT. Nubee System
Cell Reselection Causes
C1 indicates that the path loss to the

serving cell has become too high
Downlink signalling failure
Serving cell has become barred
Better cell (in terms C2 value)
Random access attempts unsuccessful after
"Max retrans" repetitions
32
PT. Nubee System
End of Section
33
PT. Nubee System
DRIVE TEST ANALYST

Section 3 2G Signalling Flow
www.nubeesystem.com
PT. Nubee System

Jakarta 12920
Call Phases
35
PT. Nubee System
Signalling Charts
Basic call
36
PT. Nubee System
Signaling Chart with Triggering Points

TCH Radio Fail
37
PT. Nubee System
TCH Rf Old HO
Signalling Chart with Triggering Points

TCH Abis Fail Call
38
PT. Nubee System
TCH Abis Fail Call/ TCH LAPD Fail
Signalling Chart with Triggering Points

TCH A_if Fail Call
39
PT. Nubee System
TCH A_if Fail Old
End of Section
40
PT. Nubee System
GSM PERFORMANCE
MEASUREMENT
Section 4 Optimization Cases
www.nubeesystem.com
PT. Nubee System

Jakarta 12920
Outline
Problems Sysmtoms
Coverage Analysis
Drop Call Analysis
Call Setup Analysis
Handover Analysis
Speech Quality Analysis
Interference Reduction
Parameter Optim
42
PT. Nubee System
42
Concept for Optimisation
Status of the
Network
Decide further
Analysis Program
Alternatives
Analyzing
Programs
Coverage
Dropped Calls
Network
Snapshot
Call Setup Success
Handover Perf.
Speech Quality
Quick
Check
43
PT. Nubee System
General Check
Analysis Programs
Coverage:
Analysis for Fulfilment of

Coverage Requirements
(Urban, rural ... areas, outdoor,
in-car, indoor)
Dropped Call:
Analysis for Dropped Calls due

to Interference, SW/HW
failures, Transmission Network
Failures
Call Setup:
Analysis for Blocking and

Capacity
Limitations, Analysis for
Resource Allocation Procedures
Handover:
Analysis for Efficient Handover

Performance
Speech Quality:
Analysis for Interference
44
PT. Nubee System
Problem Symptoms
No service
High call drop rate

RF Network
No coverage
Interference
No coverage
Handover failure
No System Availability
Fixed Network BSS, SSS
Network Element Failures
Network Element Failure
Transmission Failures
Transmission Network Failures
Other networks
Mobile terminal
Low call setup success rate

RF Network
Poor speech quality
RF Network
No coverage
No coverage
Interference
Interference
Blocking
Poor handover performance
Network element failure
Blocking
Transmission network failure
Overload
Other networks
Other
Mobile Phone
45
PT. Nubee System
Coverage Analysis
46
PT. Nubee System
Signal Strength Case Possible Reasons

Shadowed Antenna
Antenna Direction
Antenna Height / down tilt
Output Power
Missing Neighbor Relation

Site Location
Faulty Hardware e.g. antenna
Cell is down
47
PT. Nubee System
Test Mobile Measurements

Consequences of poor RxLev:
Low RxQual
Vulnerable to interference
Limitation with drive tests:
Downlink only
Another method:
Statistical analysis
OMC or drive tests
48
PT. Nubee System
Signal Strength Case
Analysis
Shadowed Antenna
Faulty Hardware
Visit site
Check output power
Check antenna installation
Parameters
Check alarm & BTS Error

log
Is there a better antenna

position at same site?
BSPWRT - NON BCCH FREQ
Visit site
Height/down Tilt
BSPWRB - BCCH FREQ
Missing Neighbor
Site Location
Add reduce down tilt?
Is the call dragged?
Possible to move site?
Can antenna be placed

lower or higher to give
better coverage?
Is low SS due to missing

neighbor relations
New antenna location at

same site? Is it necessary
to expand and build a new
site?
49
Output Power
PT. Nubee System
Signal Strength Case Possible Solutions

Change parameter BSPWR , BSPWRT.
Add neighbor relation.
Physical changes:
Antenna direction
Antenna height, tilt or position

New site as last option.
50
PT. Nubee System
Link Budget Analysis
Check for link budget imbalance

Coverage Problem - Unbalanced Up- and Downlink
Uplink Power Budget - Downlink Power Budget = 0!
Link Power Budget is balanced!
downlink
uplink
P A o u tp u t p o w e r
d o w n lin k
c o m b in e r lo s s
c a b le lo s s d o w n lin k
R x S e n sitiv ity M S
n
a la
d
ce
Po
r
we
Bu
e
dg
BTS
R x S e n sitiv ity B S
c a b le lo s s u p lin k
a n te n n a d iv e rs ity g a in
u p lin k
M S Peak Pow er
51
PT. Nubee System
51
Link Budget Analysis
Coverage Problem - Unbalanced Up- and Downlink

Uplink Power Budget - Downlink Power Budget 0!
Link Power Budget is unbalanced!
RxLev/dBm
-55,00
35% Coverage Loss @ 3dB!

-65,00
RxLev for Indoor
Coverage(90%)
Links balanced
-75,00
3dB unbalanced
55% Coverage Loss @ 6 dB! 6dB unbalanced
Caused by wrong assumption for
Receiver Sensitivity
Diversity Gain
Propagation Environment
Link Balancing via
Optimization of Diversity
Tower mounted amplifier
High power amplifier
-85,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
Distance from BTS in km
0,80
52
PT. Nubee System
52
Drop Call Analysis
53
PT. Nubee System
Dropped Call Analysis
How to <easure
Drive Test
Repeated call setups (preferred)
Continuous calls
Statistic Review from OSS measurements
Reasons for Dropped Calls
Lack of coverage
Interference problems
Handover problems
Lack of synchronisation in network
Problems with other parts of the network
54
PT. Nubee System
54
Overview
Dropped calls abnormal disconnections during call

setup/conversation
Subscriber perception
TCH drop interrupt conversation
when SDCCH drop, user redial again
Analysis focus on TCH drop
55
PT. Nubee System
55
Overview cont.
TCH Drop
Excessive Timing Advance
Low Signal Strength
Bad Quality
Sudden Loss
Other reason
TxNDROP (x=F for full rate, x=H for half rate)

total number of dropped TCH connections
incremented when theres abnormally terminated connections
56
PT. Nubee System
56
Dropped Call - Excessive Timing Advance

Drop call due to excessive TA occurs when TA>TALIM . Counter
TxDISTA is incremented.
TxDISTA
T _ DR _ TA
100%
TxNDROP
Probable reason
Location : high site, site close to water - able to capture far away traffic
Parameters : 1) TALIM low TALIM gives the perception that more
dropped calls are due to excessive TA
2) MAXTA call release is TA>=MAXTA
57
PT. Nubee System
57
Excessive TA Troubleshooting
Check MAXTA & TALIM. Setting MAXTA & TALIM to a higher value
(MAXTA=63, TALIM=62) could help
If cell coverage is very large, can consider to reducing coverage by down
tilting, reducing antenna height, lowering output power
If site is in rural area and need to cover large area Extended Range feature
might be useful
58
PT. Nubee System
58
Dropped Call due to Excessive TA - Example

Top TCH Drop Call Reasons
25.00
2.5
Reason for excessive TA isolated high site
20.00
2
15.00
1.5
10.00
1
5.00
0.5
Tue 16/4/02
Mon 15/4/02
Sun 14/4/02
Sat 13/4/02
Tue 9/4/02
Mon 8/4/02
Sun 7/4/02
Sat 6/4/02
Fri 5/4/02
Thu 4/4/02
Wed 3/4/02
Tue 2/4/02
Low Signal Strength Downlink
Low Signal Strength Uplink
Low Signal Strength Bothink
Bad Quality Downlink
Bad Quality Upink
Bad Quality Bothlink
Excessive TA
Sudden Drop
Other Reasons
T_DR-S
59
Mon 1/4/02
Sun 31/3/02
0
Sat 30/3/02
0.00
PT. Nubee System
Dropped Call - Low Signal Strength

Dropped calls due to low signal strength can occur in downlink
(DL), uplink (UL) or bothlink (BL)
Reasons :
Isolated site
Antenna/Feeders too much downtilt, incorrect orientation,
hidden antenna, faulty antenna/feeders
Output power incorrect power settings
BSC Exchange property improper LOWSSUL/DL settings
Unforseen subscriber behaviour use MS in lifts, car park
Missing NREL
Obstacles building, hills, tunnel etc.
60
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60
Low SS Troubleshooting
Check power settings (BSPWRB, BSPWRT), power

balance
Check neighbour relations
i. use site position on map and manually determine
neighbour
ii. find suitable neighbour
iii. consistency check to find missing relations
BTS error log check for any hardware faults

indicating high VSWR
Perform drivetest
Check for missing neighbours, swapped feeders, probable
obstacles
61
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61
Low SS Troubleshooting cont.
LOWSSUL & LOWSSDL settings

The settings of LOWSSUL/DL influences the counter step
If LOWSSDL & LOWSSUL have same value, than STS would
probably indicate most of the low SS drop is on the UL.
Recommend to have LOWSSDL > LOWSSUL because
MS&BTS sensitivity different and SS on UL&DL are different
62
PT. Nubee System
62
Dropped Call due to Low SS Example 1

10.00
25
Reason : Island site with hilly and dense vegetation

surroundings
9.00
8.00
20
7.00
6.00
15
5.00
4.00
10
3.00
2.00
1.00
Tue 16/4/02
Mon 15/4/02
Sun 14/4/02
Sat 13/4/02
Tue 9/4/02
Mon 8/4/02
Sun 7/4/02
Sat 6/4/02
Fri 5/4/02
Thu 4/4/02
Wed 3/4/02
Tue 2/4/02
Bad Quality Upink
Excessive TA
Sudden Drop
Other Reasons
T_DR-S
63
Mon 1/4/02
0
Sun 31/3/02
0.00
PT. Nubee System
Dropped Call due to Low SS Example 2

70.00
16
Solution: Define NREL and new site
60.00
14
12
50.00
10
40.00
8
30.00
6
20.00
Tue 19/3/02
Mon 18/3/02
Sun 17/3/02
Sat 16/3/02
Fri 15/3/02
Thu 14/3/02
Wed 13/3/02
Tue 12/3/02
Mon 11/3/02
Sun 10/3/02
Sat 9/3/02
Bad Quality Upink
Excessive TA
Sudden Drop
Other Reasons
T_DR-S
64
Fri 8/3/02
0
Thu 7/3/02
0.00
Wed 6/3/02
Tue 5/3/02
10.00
PT. Nubee System
Dropped Call Bad Quality
Dropped calls due to bad quality can occur in downlink

(DL), uplink (UL) or bothlink (BL)
Reasons :
Frequency plan adjacent and co-channel interference
No dominant server low SS
Missing NREL MS is not able to connect to strongest server
Hardware problems antennas, feeders, connectors
Environment near open water
External other networks, microwave links, illegal transmitters
65
PT. Nubee System
65
Bad Quality Troubleshooting cont.
Perform drivetest
Can locate interferer by halting the effected cell &
performing freq. scanning to locate the interfering cell.
Can also use spectrum analyser
Check for missing NREL
QLIMUL & QLIMDL ensure correct settings.

Recommended QLIMUL/DL = 55 for hopping and
QLIMUL/DL = 45 for non-hopping
Reduce interference if cant change freq, then
consider downtilt/power down interferer
Use features IHO,DTX, Frequency hopping, MS/BTS
Power Control
66
PT. Nubee System
66
Dropped Call due to Bad Quality Example 1

300.00
250.00
20
Reason: External Interference
18
16
14
200.00
12
150.00
10
8
100.00
6
4
50.00
2
Tue 19/3/02
Mon 18/3/02
Sun 17/3/02
Sat 16/3/02
Fri 15/3/02
Thu 14/3/02
Wed 13/3/02
Tue 12/3/02
Mon 11/3/02
Sun 10/3/02
Bad Quality Upink
Excessive TA
Sudden Drop
Other Reasons
T_DR-S
67
Sat 9/3/02
Fri 8/3/02
0
Thu 7/3/02
0.00
PT. Nubee System

200.00
10
Reason: Faulty antenna
180.00
0.00
0
Tue 19/3/02
1
Mon 18/3/02
20.00
Sun 17/3/02
Sat 16/3/02
40.00
Fri 15/3/02
Thu 14/3/02
60.00
Wed 13/3/02
Tue 12/3/02
80.00
Mon 11/3/02
Sun 10/3/02
100.00
Sat 9/3/02
Fri 8/3/02
120.00
Thu 7/3/02
Wed 6/3/02
140.00
Tue 5/3/02
Mon 4/3/02
160.00
Bad Quality Upink
Excessive TA
Sudden Drop
Other Reasons
T_DR-S
68
PT. Nubee System

70.00
1.4
60.00
Reason : Co-channel interference
1.2
50.00
Solution: Change to cleaner frequency
40.00
0.8
30.00
0.6
20.00
0.4
10.00
0.2
Tue 19/3/02
Mon 18/3/02
Sun 17/3/02
Sat 16/3/02
Fri 15/3/02
Thu 14/3/02
Wed 13/3/02
Tue 12/3/02
Mon 11/3/02
Bad Quality Upink
Excessive TA
Sudden Drop
Other Reasons
T_DR-S
69
Sun 10/3/02
0
Sat 9/3/02
0.00
PT. Nubee System
Dropped Call Sudden Loss
Valid when none of the first 3 types of droppped calls

(i.e. excessive TA, low SS, BQ) are indicated and
locating procedure indicates missing measurement
results from MS
70
PT. Nubee System
70
Sudden Loss Probable Reason
Environment sudden drop in SS, such as when

subscribers enter into building, lift, tunnel etc.
Battery MS battery finishes during conversation, or
battery being pulled out
BTS/MS hardware fault
Transmission fault synchronization/ABIS link fault
Interference very sudden and severe occurrence of
interference or bad quality
71
PT. Nubee System
71
Sudden Loss Troubleshooting
RLINKT & RLINKUP check is correct settings.

Consider increasing for certain scenarios
Check synchronization and link faults
Check BTS error log
Check if its related to human behaviour
72
PT. Nubee System
72
Dropped Call due to Sudden Loss - Example

900.00
25
800.00
Reason : Co-channel interference
700.00
20
Solution : Change to less interfered

frequency
600.00
500.00
15
400.00
10
300.00
200.00
100.00
Bad Quality Upink
Excessive TA
Sudden Drop
Other Reasons
T_DR-S
PT. Nubee System
Wed 31/7/02
Tue 30/7/02
Mon 29/7/02
Sun 28/7/02
Sat 27/7/02
Fri 26/7/02
Thu 25/7/02
Wed 24/7/02
Tue 23/7/02
Mon 22/7/02
Sun 21/7/02
Sat 20/7/02
Fri 19/7/02
Thu 18/7/02
Wed 17/7/02
Tue 16/7/02
Mon 15/7/02
Sun 14/7/02
Sat 13/7/02
Fri 12/7/02
Thu 11/7/02
Wed 10/7/02
Tue 9/7/02
Mon 8/7/02
Sun 7/7/02
Sat 6/7/02
Fri 5/7/02
73
Thu 4/7/02
Wed 3/7/02
Tue 2/7/02
0
Mon 1/7/02
0.00
Dropped Call Other Reasons
TCH drops due to other reason than low SS, bad quality,
excessive TA and sudden loss.
Reasons :
No specific counters reasons for it occuring are subjective

Hardware faults BTS or MS
Transmission/link problems
Maintainence work affecting network service
Interference severe interference problems
74
PT. Nubee System
74
Other Reasons - Troubleshooting
Check BTS error log any HW faults

Check with O&M transmission problems,
maintainence work during the effected time period
Check if indicating uplink interference in cell
Check object type help find faulty devices
75
PT. Nubee System
75
Dropped Call due to Other Reasons - Example

300.00
250.00
3.5
Reason : Faulty TRU
Solution : Replace TRU
200.00
2.5
150.00
2
1.5
100.00
1
50.00
0.5
Tue 19/3/02
Mon 18/3/02
Sun 17/3/02
Sat 16/3/02
Fri 15/3/02
Thu 14/3/02
Wed 13/3/02
Tue 12/3/02
Mon 11/3/02
Bad Quality Upink
Excessive TA
Sudden Drop
Other Reasons
T_DR-S
76
Sun 10/3/02
0
Sat 9/3/02
0.00
PT. Nubee System
Call Setup Analysis
77
PT. Nubee System
MAXRETR
Slotted ALOHA mechanism: Several users may attempt to

access channel simultaneously
in case of collision new attempts are made
MAXRETR: Maximum no. of retries allowed
BTS
MS
E.g: MAXRETR = 2
78
PT. Nubee System
78
Call Setup Failure Analysis

Analysis-- Possible Reasons with Ranking
Low Signal Strength

Interference
High Congestion on SDCCH
High Congestion on TCH
Transmission Fault
Faulty TRU/Hardware
Central Processor Overload
Software File Congestion
Cell is not defined in MSC.
79
PT. Nubee System
Page - 79
Call Setup Failure Analysis

Analysis-- Possible Solutions
Low signal strength Signal strength analysis.

Interference Interference analysis.
High Congestion on SDCCH:
Define more SDCCHs.
Activate adaptive configuration of logical channel feature
and immediate assignment to TCH.
High Congestion on TCH:

Add capacity/Tune coverage array.
Activate assignment to worse cell.
80
PT. Nubee System
Page - 80
Failed Call Setup (Blocked Call) Example
Multiple Channel Requests.

Successful Random Access after the third try.
Congestion in SDCCH.
81
PT. Nubee System
Handover Analysis
82
PT. Nubee System
Handover Performance Analysis

When moving from one cell to another (neighbour cells) handovers are
necessary
Too many neighbours
Inaccurate handover
decision
Handover Failure &
Dropped Call
SIEMENS AG
MON MAR15 15:18:41
SCALE 1:2500
EqualPowerBoundary
Mutual Neighbour
Non-Mutual Neighbour
Missing Neighbour
Too many Neighbours
Missing Neighbour
definition
Handover Failure
Dropped Call
83
PT. Nubee System
83
Handover Parameters
Objectives:
mobile should be connected to
the bestcell
avoid unnecessary handovers
Consequence
good speech quality
less dropped calls
84
PT. Nubee System
84
Consequence of Missing Neighbours
Defined neighbours
Server
Missing neighbour
Interferer
f1
f1
Missing neighbour cells
Cell dragging
Congestion
Cell dragging
Poor RxQual
Poor RxLev
Interference
Exceeded distance
Poor PBGT
Dropped Calls
85
PT. Nubee System
85
Consequence of Many Neighbour Definitions
Only about 100 measurement samples are possible

during one measurement period for all defined neighbor
cells
Number of BCCH carriers
In BCCH Allocation
32
16
10
8
:
Number of samples per

Carrier in SACCH multiframe
3-4
6-7
10-11
12-13
:
Too many neighbour cells

Inaccurate signal level measurement
False handover decisions
(Rec. GSM 0508)
Problem:
Sites with too
large coverage
area
Dropped Calls
86
PT. Nubee System
86
Handover Measurements
Handover due to a better cell
(RxLev_1 > RxLev_Full)
Handover due to bad quality
Can also be analysed

by statistics
87
Nubee System
Handover Parameters
Fine-tuning of handover parameters

Moving cell boundaries in order to
Enhance success rate for critical handovers
Minimise local interference at the cell edge
Traffic load sharing between cells
Compared to other opimisation measures improvement

potential is limited
Affected by
Measurement averaging
Power control parameters
Neighbours
should in general
be mutual
88
PT. Nubee System
88
Radio Link Measurements
BTS measurements (Uplink):
Signal level
Quality
BS-MS distance
(Interference levels in idle time slots)
BSC
UL
DL
Neighbour
MS
BTS
89
PT. Nubee System
89
MS measurements (Downlink)
Signal Level
Quality
Signal levels of neighbouring cells (BCCH)
BSC
Strongest 6 are reported to the Network
UL
DL
Neighbour
MS
BTS
90
PT. Nubee System
90
BSC (In general)

Collects all data
BTS and MS send measurement reports every 480 ms
Makes handover decisions
BSC
UL
DL
Neighbour
MS
BTS
91
PT. Nubee System
91
Radio link measurements averaging

BTS (BSC) receives measurement samples from BTS + MS
every SACCH-Multiframe (480ms,104 TDMA frames)
Gliding Window
averaging Window size (max.31)
Window is cleared after call setup or handover
32 27 23 29 29 21 19 22 23 21
Average value = 24
92
PT. Nubee System
92
32 27 23 29 29 21 19 22 23 21
Measurement Values each

SACCH Multiframe (0.48s)
32 32 27 27 23 29 29 29 21 21
Average value = 27
93
PT. Nubee System
Handover Algorithm
Handover
Decision
IRQUAL
yes
Inter-cell HO
due to Quality
no
LEV
no
yes
Inter-cell HO
due to Level
no
DIST
no
94
PT. Nubee System
PBGT
IAQUAL
no
yes
Inter-cell HO
due to Distance
No handover
action
yes
yes
Inter-cell HO
Power Budget
Intra-cell HO
due to Quality
Handover Criteria
Handover Region (due to quality and level)

Rx_Qual
L_Rx_Lev_XX_IH
7
Intercell HO
due to quality
Intracell HO
due to Quality
L_Rx_Qual_XX_H
Intercell HO
due to level
L_Rx_Lev_XX_H
No handover
action due to
quality or level
63
Rx_Lev
95
PT. Nubee System
95
Handover Decision
Handover Types
Intercell HO
due to Quality
Decision Criteria
1. RXQUAL_XX > L_RXQUAL_XX_H
2. RXLEV_XX < L_RXLEV_XX_IH
3. XX_TXPWR = Min (XX_TXPWR_Max,P)
HO due to Level
1. RXLEV_XX > L_RXLEV_XX_H
2. XX_TXPWR = Min(XX_TXPWR_Max,P)
HO due to Distance 1. MS_BS_DIST > MS_Range_Max
HO due to
1. RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n)
Power Budget
+ Max (0,MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)-P)
2. PBGT(n) > HO_MARGIN(n)
Intracell HO
1. RXQUAL_XX > L_RXQUAL_XX_H
due to Quality
2. RXLEV_XX > L_RXLEV_XX_IH
96
PT. Nubee System
Level Handovers
Receiver limit sensitivity
L_RXLEV_XX_H (outgoing level HO)
L_RXLEV_XX_IH (inter HO
/ intracell quality HO)
RXLEV_MIN (incoming HO)
BTS
RXLEV_MIN
threshold for cell to accept incoming handover
L_RXLEV_XX_H
threshold for initiating outgoing handover due to signal
level
relation with RXLEV_MIN will determine hysteresis
L_RXLEV_XX_IH
threshold for initiating inter / intracell quality HO
97
PT. Nubee System
Power Budget Handover
Select cell with better signal level at given location

HO margin
Large enough to avoid ping-pong HO
Small enough to allow fast HO
BTS1
BTS2
Ping-Pong HO
1. RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) + Max(0,MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)-P)

2. PBGT(n) = RXLEV_NCELL(n)-(RXLEV_DL+PWR_C_D)
+Min(MS_TWPWR_MAX(n),P)-Min(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n),P)
> HO_MARGIN(n)
98
PT. Nubee System
98
Handover Case
INPUT
Large area DT
Post-Processing
Specific area DT
Analysis
Look for:
Repeated handover (Ping Pong)
Repeated Intra-cell handover

Handover failure,
Unrealistic handover
99
PT. Nubee System
Repeated Handover (Ping Pong) - Examples
100
PT. Nubee System
Repeated Handover (Ping Pong) - Possible Reason 1
Near-go-round Handover, Offset > Hysterisis
101
PT. Nubee System
Repeated Handover (Ping Pong) - Possible Reason 2

Offset only in one direction e.g A-B for Inter BSC relation
BSC 1
CELL A
A -> B OFFSET = -5dB
102
PT. Nubee System
BSC 2
CELL B
No B -> A OFFSET
Repeated Handover (Ping Pong) Other Possible Reasons
No dominant server
Locating penalty settings
Too small hysterisis setting
No dominant Server
103
PT. Nubee System
Page - 103
Repeated Handover (Ping Pong) Other Possible Reasons
Antenna direction
Antenna Tilts
Plan for new site
Change Locating Parameter e.g.
KHYST or LHYST
104
PT. Nubee System
Page - 104
Repeated Handover (Ping Pong) Possible Solution

Change Parameter, KHYST or LHYST
CELL A
Hysterisis
CELL B
Handover
From A to B
105
PT. Nubee System
Handover Case Handover Reversion
Check layer 3 message

Handover command BSC correct?
Check reason for handover SS, RXQUAL

Target cell?
106
PT. Nubee System
Handover Reversion Common Reason

Duplicates of BSIC BCCH combinations in neighboring list
Handover command?
610_12
606_33
610_31
610_31
Serving cell
Neighbor cell 2
Neighbor cell 1
608_32
608_32
Road
107
PT. Nubee System
Handover Reversion Other Reasons

Uplink interference in target cell
Downlink interference at MS
Solutions
Interference Investigation
Statistics
Scanning
108
PT. Nubee System
Handover Case Repeated IntraIntra-cell Handover

Possible Reasons
Wrong intra-cell handover settings
External Uplink Interference
Possible Solutions
Consider to change parameters:

SSOFFSETUL, SSOFFSETDL
QOFFSETUL, QOFFSETDL
A wrong setting of parameters will cause unnecessary IHO

Turn off Intra-cell Handover?
109
PT. Nubee System
Speech Quality Analisys
110
PT. Nubee System
Speech Quality Analysis

Parameters
RxQual
Frame Erasure Rate (FER)
Speech Quality Index (SQI)
Measurements
Drive test
Causes of interference
co-channel interference
adjacent channel interference
intermodulation
mainly on one link only
multipath interference
preferably continuous call
OMC statistics
Cause for poor quality

low signal strength (coverage
related
interference
low signal strength and
interference
111
Nubee System
Interfering cell of
base station
within GSM network
Base station
within GSM
Network
Downlink Interference Measurement
Typical requirement
speech: RxQual 4
data: RxQual 3
BER %
0.0 - 0.2
0.2 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.8
0.8 - 1.6
1.6 - 3.2
3.2 - 6.4
6.4 - 12.8
> 12.8
RxQual
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
With frequency hopping:

RxQual not a valid parameter
112
PT. Nubee System
112
Frequency Changes
Sometimes necessary to minimise interference
As network reaches capacity limit this becomes difficult
Other frequencies may be affected by the change
Can be done at either interfering cell or victim cell

Choice: Whichever happens to be easier to change
Existing plan may be entered into planning tool as constraints

search for optimum frequency allocation for a given cell
At a certain point the whole network e.g. in a city may have to be

re-planned
113
PT. Nubee System
113
Frequency Changes
BCCH/TCH swapping
Method sometimes used: Alternate between clusters
BCCH: 794
TCH:797
BCCH: 794
before
BCCH: 797
TCH:794
BCCH: 794
after
Effectiveness depends on TCH traffic load

BCCH / TCH sub-bands are mixed
Could be used as a temporary measure
while traffic load is low
114
PT. Nubee System
114
BSIC Optimisation
Base Station Identity Codes

Used by the MS to distinguish between cells using the
same frequency
Co-Channel cells must have different BSICs
f9
f9
f9
115
PT. Nubee System
115
Call Setup/Handover Mechanisms

20-25 dB street corner loss:
Fast handovers required
Micro-micro
Micro-macro
Fast measurement averaging

Carefully tuned handover
thresholds
Small handover margins
Short penalty timers
116
PT. Nubee System
116
Location Area Codes
Purpose
Identify location area
In incoming call is paged to all BTSs within LA
Large location area

Advantage: less location updates (reduced SDCCH load)
Disadvantage: more paging traffic
Boundaries should not cross high traffic areas

Cell reselection across LA boundaries
Parameter Cell_Reselect_Hysteresis (typ. 4 dB) used to avoid
unnecessary signalling due to ping-pong cell reselections
117
PT. Nubee System
117
118
PT. Nubee System
Power Control
Frequency Hopping
Discontinuous Transmission DTX
119
PT. Nubee System
119
Power Control
Quality-triggered PC
e.g. L_RXQUAL_XX_P = 4
Triggers a power increase at poor quality
e.g. U_RXQUAL_XX_P = 1
Triggers a power reduction at good quality
Virtually disabled by setting to highest RXQUAL value
Level criterion is more suitable for power reduction
Level-triggered PC
e.g. L_RXLEV_XX_P = 25 (-85 dBm)
Triggers a power increase at bad level
e.g. U_RXQUAL_XX_P = 35 (-75 dBm)

Triggers a power reduction at good level
120
PT. Nubee System
120
Power Control
RXQUAL
Power Increase
(bad quality)
L_RXQUAL_XX_P
Power Decrease
(Good Level)
Power Increase
(bad level)
L_RXQUAL_XX_P
Power Decrease
(good quality)
L_RXLEV_XX_P
U_RXLEV_XX_P
RXLEV
2*POW_RED_STEP_SIZE
121
PT. Nubee System
121
Frequency Hopping
Cyclic / Pseudo Random hopping

Baseband / Synthesized hopping
0 BCCH
0
SDCCH
Call 1
Call 2
f1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TDMA frame
(8 time slots)
122
PT. Nubee System
122
Frequency Hopping

0 BCCH
0
SDCCH
Call 1
Call 2
f1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TDMA frame
(8 time slots)
123
PT. Nubee System
123
Frequency Hopping

0 BCCH
0
SDCCH
Call 1
Call 2
f1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7
f6
f3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7
f4
f7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TDMA frame
(8 time slots)
124
PT. Nubee System
124
DTX
Goal: Reduce speech data rate from 13 kbps (user speaking) to
500 bps (enough to encode background noise)
reduce MS power consumption
reduce the interference in a cell
SBS parameter for DTX / VAS administration

DTXUL -> 0 : MS may use DTX (If possible)
1 : MS shall use DTX
2 : MS shall not use DTX
DTXDL -> FALSE : downlink DTX disabled at BTS
TRUE : downlink DTX enabled at BTS
PS! No gain for data communications

125
PT. Nubee System
125
Interference Case
TEMS
INPUT
Logfiles
Large area DT
Post-Processing
Specific area DT
Analysis
Identify areas with Rxqual > 5

Identify source using Map and STS
New drive test around problem area?
126
PT. Nubee System
Interference Case Logfile analysis

From logfile & map:
What channel group suffer from interference? HOP or Non HOP?
Check Current channel information in TEMS INV, hopping

channel and hopping frequency.
Where does the interference come from? Cell name?
Study map and logfile, look for co-channel or adjacent channel

interference.
Does the interference lead to lower SQI?
Look at SQI measurement during high RxQual.
127
PT. Nubee System
Types of Interference
Co - Channel interference
Adjacent Interference
CASE 1
BCCH 600
BCCH 595
CASE 2
High
site
BCCH 590
BCCH 590
BCCH 590
BCCH 590
128
PT. Nubee System
Page - 128
Interference Case Possible Reasons

Poor frequency plan
No dominant cell --> low C/I ---> increased Rxqual
Frequency Hopping is off
External interference e.g. jammer
Example of high Rxqual due

to low Signal Strength
129
PT. Nubee System
Interference Case Possible solutions

Enable Frequency Hopping or add frequencies to Hopping group.
Enable BTS Power Control, MS power control and make it less
aggressive.
Change frequency of interferer or interfered cell:
Possible to find new frequency by using TEMS Scanning.
Down tilt or change antenna of interferer.

Redo frequency plan.
Add new site.
130
PT. Nubee System
Page - 130
Capacity Enhancements
131
PT. Nubee System
Capacity Enhancements
Easy approach: Add TRXs

Problem: No more frequencies:
Options
Traffic load distribution

Interference optimisation features: FH, PC, DTX
Sectorisation: Increasing cell density
Cell splitting: Increasing site density
HCS
Dual band operation (e.g. GSM900/DCS1800)

Dual mode operation (e.g. GSM900/DECT)
Underlay / Overlay
Overlaid micro- and picocells
Half rate coding

Migration to 3rd Generation Systems
132
PT. Nubee System
132
Adding TRX
Congested cells found by OSS measurements
Sec TRX GOS 2% Week1 Week2 Week3 Week4 Week5 Week6 Week7
BTS1
1
3
14.9 10.53
9.66 10.21
9.88 10.54
9.97 10.37
BTS2
2
2
8.2
7.43
7.26
7.59
6.98
7.55
8.02
8.33
BTS3
3
3
14.9 11.92
11.4 12.12 11.82 11.75 12.02 12.15
Sector 2 will experience congestion

Sometimes percentage limit, e.g. 80%, of full load defined
Sector 3 is near that limit
Possible limitations of TRX extensions:

Need for changed hardware configuration costly
e.g. new BTS rack needed
Frequency Spectrum limited
133
PT. Nubee System
133
Interference Reduction Features

Frequency Hopping (FH)
Dynamic Power Control (PC)
Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
allow tighter frequency re-us
(already considered for 40-60 Erl./km2 in macrocell layer with 5 to 10 MHz)
3No additional sites or frequencies required

3Available, stable
3Implementation causes no disturbance of
network operation
7Little or no effect if available spectrum is very

limited (BCCH limitations)
134
PT. Nubee System
134
Traffic Load Distribution
Traffic in a cell related to cell coverage area

If sufficient overlap between cells:
reduce traffic by changing cell boundary
antenna downtilt
reduce power (PWRRED)
alter handover boundaries
Usually a temporary solution only
Default HO boundaries
Changed HO boundaries
135
PT. Nubee System
135
Call Setup/
Setup/H
Handover Mechanisms
Relieve macrocells from traffic
Umbrella type handover into microcells

Directed retry
Allows call setup In second-best server, shares traffic
resources between layers
136
PT. Nubee System
136
Hierarchical Cell Structures

Underlay/Overlay
Umbrella cells: Dominant site with large coverage area
low traffic - fast mobiles
Macrocells: Antenna above average rooftop level

normal traffic
Microcell: Antenna below average rooftop level

cover small high traffic areas
Picocell: Antenna
usually indoors
coverage to building
or parts thereof - e.g.
Business users
Ls
Indoor coverage
Outdoor Installation
Hotspot
Parking lot
Contiguous M icrocellular Coverage
Subway Coverage Extension
137
PT. Nubee System
137
Concentric Cells
C/I = 17 dB
C/I = 17 dB
C/I = 0 dB
f3
f1
f2
f3
Inner cell can use 1 x 3 reuse pattern

Special handover mechanisms between layers
Limited gains for uniform traffic distribution
138
PT. Nubee System
138
Overlaid Micro and Picocells
The smallest cells should absorb most of the traffic

in their coverage area
Larger cells for fast moving mobiles / areas not
covered by small cells
Macrocells
Microcells
Picocells
139
PT. Nubee System
139
Microcell Frequency Planning
Different resolutions required for different layers

flexibility of planning tool needed
Dedicated frequency bands for different layers

Reduce complexity of frequency optimisation task
Guard band may be needed to avoid adjacent channel
interference
Call Setup/handover strategy
Serving
BTS
reduce macrocell traffic

determine mobile speed
Fast handovers
Loss around street corner: 20 dB!
Micro BTS
140
PT. Nubee System
140
Speed Sensitive Handovers
Mechanisms to separate fast from slow mobiles

mobile class
today mostly same class is used (e.g. GSM900 class 4)
measurement of the timing advance delta

only works for direction away from site
cell type
try to keep handovers within same layer unless speed change
mean time between handovers
141
PT. Nubee System
141
Half Rate Coding / Dual Rate Operation
Has potential to double network capacity

Advantages:
No additional sites / frequencies required
Minimum investment for infrastructure upgrade
Disadvantage:
Speech quality degradation (reduction of speech bit rate from 13
kb/s to 6.5 kb/s)
Especially mobile-to-mobile calls
Gain depends on ratio full rate users / half rate users /

data traffic
142
PT. Nubee System
142
Cell Parameter Optim
143
PT. Nubee System
Cell Parameter Optimisation
Default parameter sets:

Standard setting suitable for most cases
Starting point for possible optimisation, however
more relevant after other optimisation activities
Different parameter standards may be used for

different area types
BTS types
etc.
Danger
many parameters easy to lose overview
inconsistencies
deterioration of quality
144
PT. Nubee System
144
Effect
Possible Network Optimization Measures
Fine tuning of antenna

orientation and tilt
Adding
TRX
Repeaters
Preamps
Frequency
Changes
Sectorisation
HR
Cell parameter
setting
Underlay/
Overlay
FH, PC, DTX
Dual band
Dual mode
Cost, Effort
145
PT. Nubee System
Cell spiltting
Overlaid
microcells
Increasing Network Capacity
The relationship between quality and capacity

In a congested network, quality can deteriorate very
quickly:
Congestion
Poor speech
quality
Extended call
setup times
Interference/
Noise
Unavailability
of service
Dropped
call
146
PT. Nubee System
146
End of Section
147
PT. Nubee System
DRIVE TEST ANALYST

Section 5 2G Drivetest Analyst Real Case
www.nubeesystem.com
PT. Nubee System

Jakarta 12920
Accesibility
149
PT. Nubee System
149
Accesibility
150
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Accesibility
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Accesibility
152
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Accesibility
153
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Accesibility
154
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Accesibility
155
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155
Retainability
156
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156
Retainability
157
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Retainability
158
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Retainability
159
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159
Retainability
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Retainability
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Mobility
162
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Mobility
163
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Mobility
164
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164
End of Section
165
PT. Nubee System

2.modul - Drive Test Analyst

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2.modul - Drive Test Analyst

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Nubee Training Center (NTC)

DRIVE TEST ANALYST

PT. Nubee System

PT. Nubee System

PT. Nubee System

PT. Nubee System

Cell GPRS Support: Tells sector is having

PT. Nubee System

Channel Type: Type of channel

PT. Nubee System

Hopping Channel : It shows that

PT. Nubee System

RxLev : Receiving level in terms of

PT. Nubee System

SQI : SQI is a more sophisticated measure

PT. Nubee System

DTX : Discontinuous transmission

PT. Nubee System

RL Timeout Counter (Cur) : This

PT. Nubee System

Example Showing Window

PT. Nubee System

PT. Nubee System

Nubee Training Center (NTC)

DRIVE TEST ANALYST

PT. Nubee System

PT. Nubee System

Users per channel

Speech coding bit

Data coding bit rate

DCS - 1800 Spectrum

Duplex spacing = 95 MHz

Channel Numbers (n) (ARFCN)

PT. Nubee System

GSM Logical Channels

PT. Nubee System

PT. Nubee System

Logical Channels - Downlink

PT. Nubee System

Logical Channels - Uplink

PT. Nubee System

Logical Channels - Use

Search for frequency correction burst

Listen for paging

Traffic channel is assigned

PT. Nubee System

BCCH Carrier Characteristics

PT. Nubee System

Type 1 - 2 MSs using IMSI/TMSI

PT. Nubee System

PT. Nubee System

TA value updates are sent to the MS on the SACCH

PT. Nubee System

BCCH Allocation (BA) Lists

Contains a list of BCCH carriers available in a certain

PT. Nubee System

BCCH Carrier Measurements

BCCH carrier measurements are used for:

PT. Nubee System

BCCH Carrier Measurements Idle Mode

PT. Nubee System

BCCH Carrier Measurement Idle Mode

PT. Nubee System