MATHEMATICS:

ALGEBRA
(Am)n = Amn
AmAn = Am+n
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

Log a b = C b=ac

Log 10 X = log X Briggsian Logarithm

(Henry Briggs)

Log e X = Ln X Naperian Logarithm

Log a xy = Log a X+ Log a Y

Log a x/y = Log a X- Log a Y

Log a Xm = m(Log a X)

Log a b = 1/Log b a

X = a^(Log a X)

Log a A = 1

Log a b = Log c b/Log c a

HYPERBOLIC IDENTITIES
Sinh x = ex- e-x
2
Cosh x = ex+ e-x
2
Tanh x = ex- e-x
ex+ e-x
Rth Term of a Polynomial:
*find the 15th term of (x+y)12
where: r=15 & n = 12
Rth Term =nC(R-1) Xn-(R-1) Y(R-1)
Middle Term = (n/2)+1
Sum of Coefficients:
(3X+2Y-1)2
*just let all variables =1
(3(1) +2(1)-1)3 then subtract the constant 1
Sum of coef.=15
*expanded
9X2+12xy-6x+4y2-4y+1ignore the constant
9+12-6+4-2=15
DIGITAL/NO. PROBLEMS
3digit no. HTU=100H+10T+U
Sample: 345 = 3(100)+4(10)+5
MIXTURE PROBLEMS
+
=

Where:
X,Y amount of solute/solution in grams/liters
Z Final amount

% concentration of each X, Y and Z

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION-common
difference
Test: sequence (a,b,c,d)
AP =(d-c)=(c-b)=(b-a)
An =A1+(n-1)d
Sn = (n/2)(A1+An) = (n/2)(2A1+(n-1)d)
Arithmetic mean =(A1+ A2+ A3+An)/n
Harmonic Progression inverse of arithmetic
progression (1/a,1/b,1/c,1/d) same formula..
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION-common ratio
Test: sequence (a,b,c,d)
AP =(d/c)=(c/b)=(b/a)
An =A1rn-1
Sn = A1(1-rn/1-r)
Geometric mean =n(A1+ A2+ A3+An)
WORK PROBLEM
Rate x time =1

TRIGONOMETRY
#diagonals= (n/2)(n-3)
Sum of Interior angles =(n-2)*(180degrees)
Sum of Deflection angles =360degrees
Interior angle= 360/n
Sine Law
Sin a/A =Sin b/B
Cosine Law
C2=a2+b2-2abcos()
Area (rectangle)=base*height
Area (rhombus)=0.5d1d2
Area=a2sin()

Area (quadrilateral given diagonals)=0.5d1d2 sin()

Area (trapezoid)=0.5(B+b)h
BRAMAGUPTHAs FORMULA

Area= ((s-a) (s-b) (s-c) (s-d)-abcdcos())

S=(a+b+c+d)/2
=(A+C)/2 or (B+D)/2

Area= ((s-a) (s-b) (s-c) (s-d))

S=(a+b+c+d)/2

Area(quadrilateral) =rs =abcd

S=(a+b+c+d)/2
Areacircle=r2=0.25D2
Circumference=2r=d
Areasector=r2(radian)/2
Area of TRIANGLES at different cases
Area( ) = rs
S=(a+b+c)/2
Area(

) = abc/4r

Area(
)=r(s-a)
S=(a+b+c)/2
Ptolemys Theorem
ac+bd = d1d2
To form a triangle sides must satisfy:
a+b >c
b+c >a
a+c >b
***assumption to consider:

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY:
Distance Formula:
d=((X2 X1)2+(Y2 Y1)2)
Line GENERAL EQUATION:
Ax+By+C=0
M=slope= rise/run=Y/X=dx/dy=y
Slope intercept Form
Y=mx+b
Point Slope Form
Y Y1=m(X X1)
2point slope form
Y Y1=(
)(X X1)
Intercept Form
(x/a)+(y/b)=1
Parallel Lines
M1=M2
d=Ax+By+C
(a2+b2)
Perpendicular Lines
M1M2=-1
EQUATION OF BISECTOR
A1x+ B1y+C = A2x+ B2y+C
(a2+b2)
(a2+b2)
CONIC SECTIONS:
General Equation:
Ax2+Bxy+Cy2+Dx+Ey+F=0
Discriminant
b2-4ac=0
b2-4ac<0
b2-4ac>0
If b=0 and
A=C
ELLIPSE:

Eccentricity
e=1
e<1
e>1
e=0

Conic Section
parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbola
Circle

2a=major axis
2b=minor axis
a2=b2+c2
eccentricity=c/a<1
Latus Rectum =2b2/a
Apogee= a(1+e)
Perigee= a(1-e)
PARABOLA:
X2=4ay
+ opens upward
- opens downward
Y2=4ax
+ opens to the right
- opens to the left
HYPERBOLA
X2 - Y2 = 1
a2 b2

Y2 - X2 = 1
a2 b2

a-semitransverse axis
b-semi-conjugate
2a-transverse
2b conjugate
h&k are the coordinates of the center if not
located at the origin
(h-x)2 (k-y)2 = 1
a2
b2
(h-y)2 (k-x)2 = 1
a2
b2

Angle of Rotation:
=0.5arctan(B/(A-C))
Focus = ae= (a2-b2)
Directrix =a/e= a2/((a2-b2))

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

M(slope)=0 @peak and min value

dydistance
dxtime
y velocity
y acceleration
@ constant velocity the body is at point of
inflection or equilibrium
Point of inflection=centroid
= breakeven
= Equilibrium
ds/dt = velocity
dv/dt =acceleration
velocity=adt
S(distance)=vdt
MAXIMA/MINIMA
1. -draw the figure
2. -identify which variable to be
max/min
3. -formulate equations
&express to single variable
Y=f(x)
X=f(y)
4. differentiate then equate to zero
5. simplify
Maximum Product of two nos. with sum of Z
z/2 X= Y
*sample: find the max product of 2 nos.
whose sum is 100
100/2 therefore x=50 and y=50
Max product =2500
*sample: find the max product of 3 nos.
whose sum is 90
90/3 therefore x,y and z=30
Max product =27000
James Bond:

Maximum length of a ladder Z to surpass the

wall Y
Z2/3=Y2/3+X2/3 input then [shift] [calc]
BEST POSSIBLE VIEW OF PICTURE OR
CLOCK

STAKE:

X= d(H2)
(H1+H2)
**vice versa

INTEGRAL CALCULUS

WALLIs Formula
0/2 sin m cos nd

Area of polar curve =1/2r2d

limits from 1 to 2

=[(m-1)(m-3)(m-5).][(n-1)(n-3)(n-5)]*lpha
[(m+n)(m+n-2)(m+n-4)...]
..Until the difference reach 2 or 1
Alpha= /2 if both ma &n is even otherwise
alpha = 1

CENTROID OF PLANE AREA

AREA

BOUNDED

dA=
Area=

Ax=XcdA
A=YcdA
Using vertical strip:
dA=Ydx
Yc=Y/2
Xc=X
Ax=
(Y/2)dx

Ydx
f(x)dx
dA =
Area =

Xdy
f(y)dy

Using Horizontal strip:

dA=Xdy
Yc=Y
Xc=X/2
A=
xydy

POLAR CURVES/POLAR COORDINATES

X=rcos
Y=rsin

Area of sector = r2(radian)/2

r2=kcos2

r2=ksin2

Area =K

r2=kcos

r2=ksin

Area = 2k
3PETAL ROSE
r=kcos3
r=ksin3
Area=k2/4
4PETAL ROSE
r=kcos2
r=ksin2
Area=k2/2
CARJOID
r=k(1cos )
r=k(1sin )
Area= 3K2/

VOLUME GENERATED:
CASE I (PISO)
dstrip is above to the axis of revolution

Volume= Areabase*H
dV=y2dx
y2dx

V=

Rotated along Y
V=

X2dy

Rotated along X
V=

y2dx

CASE II (SINGKO)
dstrip is away to the axis of revolution

(Yup2-Ydown2)dx

CASE III: (TUBE):

2XYdy

V=

2XYdx

Rotated along X
= (Yup2-Ydown2)dx

W=(K/2)[X2] limits from X1 to X2

Volume= Areabase*H
V=(Yup2-Ydown2)dx

V=

Rotated along X

Pappus Theorem given Centroid

As=(radian)(C)(Length)
V=(radian)(C)(area)
=2
C-distance of the centroid
WORK PROBLEM:
W=Force*Distance
W=Fdx=Fdy
SPRING:
HOOKES LAW
Force is directly proportional to X
xstretch
F=KX
kstiffness/spring constant

Rotated along Y

dV=2XYdy
Rotated along Y