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Taif University
Laboratory 3
Hardness
Testing
_______________________
_____________
Objectives
Understanding the principles of hardness
testing, i.e., Vickers hardness tests.
Explaination variations in hardness
properties of selected materials such as
aluminium, steel and brass and explaination
of factors that might affects their hardness
properties.
Analysis the obtained hardness values in
relevant to the nature of each material to
be measured and use this information as a
tool for selecting suitable materials for
engineering applications.
1. Introduction
Hardness is one of the most basic mechanical
properties of engineering materials. Hardness test is
practical and provide a quick assessment and the
result can be used as a good indicator for material
selections. This is for example, the selection of
materials suitable for metal-forming dies or cutting
tools. Hardness test is also employed for quality
assurance in parts which require high wear resistance
such as gears.
Therefore, indentation hardness measurement
is conveniently used for metallic materials. A deeper
or wider indentation indicates a less resistance to
plastic deformation of the material being tested,
resulting in a lower hardness value.
The standard test methods according to the
American Society Testing and Materials (ASTM)
available are, for instance, ASTM E10-07a (Standard
test method for Brinell hardness of metallic
materials), ASTM E18-08 (Standard test method for
Rockwell hardness of metallic materials) and ASTM
E92-41 (Standard test method for Vickers hardness of
metallic
materials)
These
hardness
testing
techniques are selected in relation to specimen
dimensions, type of materials and the required
hardness information.
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c) Impression on Vickers
hardness test sample
VHN
=
2) =
D
Where
P
is
is
is
1.854
P
D
;(2)
diagonals = (d1+d2)/2) , mm
the angle between the opposite
faces of the diamond) = 136o
14.2
P
L
Mechanical Metallurgy
Laboratory 431303
T.
Udomp
hol
;(3)
9
Laboratory 2:
Hardness testing
Where P is
l
is
VH
N (0.1)N
3
where
is
VH
N is
n
is
;(5)
10
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Rockwell scale C.
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3RSCarbonAlloys steel
11
Superficial
Rockwell
1/16"
Ball
"N" Brale
Penetrater
Brin
ell
10 mm Ball,
3000 kgf Load
Brale
150
kgf
C
Sca
le
60
kgf
A
Sca
le
100
kgf
D
Sca
le
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
92
92
91
91
90
90
89
89
88
87
87
86
86
85
85
84
84
83
83
82
81
81
80
80
79
79
78
77
77
76
76
87
86
85
84
83
83
82
81
80
80
79
78
77
76
76
75
74
73
73
72
71
70
69
69
68
67
66
65
65
64
63
100
kgf
B
Sca
le
15
kg
Loa
d
15
N
97
96
96
95
95
94
94
93
93
92
92
91
91
90
90
89
89
88
88
87
87
86
86
86
30
kg
Loa
d
30N
92
92
91
91
90
89
89
88
87
87
86
85
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
69
45
kg
Loa
d
45N
87
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
79
75
73
72
74
70
69
68
67
66
65
63
62
61
60
59
57
56
55
Diam.
Of Ball
Impres
sion in
mm
2.25
2.30
2.30
2.35
2.35
2.40
2.45
2.55
2.55
2.60
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.75
2.75
2.80
Tensile
strength
Vick
ers
Hard
ness
Equivalent
1000 lb.
Sq.
Num
ber
In.
745
710
710
682
682
653
627
578
578
555
555
534
514
495
495
477
1865
1787
1710
1633
1556
1478
1400
1323
1245
1160
1076
1004
942
894
854
820
789
763
746
720
697
674
653
633
613
595
577
560
544
528
513
326
315
304
294
287
279
269
261
254
245
49
48
47
75
75
74
62
61
61
85
85
84
Mechanical Metallurgy
Laboratory 431303
T.
Udomp
hol
68
67
66
54
53
51
2.85
2.90
2.90
461
444
444
498
484
471
238
232
225
12
Rockw
ell
Diamon
d
Superficial
Rockwell
1/16"
Ball
"N" Brale
Penetrater
Brin
ell
10 mm Ball,
3000 kgf Load
Brale
150
kgf
C
Sca
le
60
kgf
A
Sca
le
100
kgf
D
Sca
le
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
18
16*
14*
12*
10*
8*
6*
4*
2*
0*
73
73
73
72
72
71
70
70
69
69
68
68
67
67
66
66
65
65
64
64
63
63
62
62
62
61
61
60
59
59
58
57
56
55
55
54
53
52
52
51
50
49
48
48
47
46
45
45
44
43
42
42
41
40
100
kgf
B
Sca
le
109
109
108
108
107
106
106
105
104
103
103
102
101
100
99
99
98
97
95
94
92
90
89
87
85
84
82
81
79
77
74
72
70
15
kg
Loa
d
15
N
84
83
83
82
82
81
80
80
79
79
78
78
77
77
76
76
75
75
74
73
73
72
72
71
71
70
69
30
kg
Loa
d
30N
65
64
63
62
61
60
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
42
45
kg
Loa
d
45N
50
49
48
47
46
44
43
42
41
40
39
37
36
38
34
33
32
30
29
28
27
26
24
23
22
21
20
Diam.
Of Ball
Impres
sion in
mm
2.95
3.00
3.00
3.05
3.10
3.10
3.15
3.20
3.25
3.30
3.35
3.35
3.40
3.45
3.50
3.55
3.60
3.65
3.70
3.75
3.80
3.80
3.85
3.90
3.95
4.00
4.05
4.10
4.15
4.25
4.35
4.40
4.50
4.60
4.65
4.80
4.80
4.90
5.00
5.10
5.20
5.30
Tensile
strength
Vick
ers
Hard
ness
Equivalent
1000 lb.
Sq.
Num
ber
In.
432
415
415
401
388
388
375
363
352
341
331
331
321
311
302
293
285
277
269
262
255
255
248
241
235
229
223
217
212
203
192
187
179
170
166
156
156
149
143
137
131
126
458
446
434
423
412
402
392
382
372
363
354
345
336
327
318
310
302
294
286
279
272
266
260
254
248
243
238
230
222
213
204
195
187
180
173
166
160
156
150
143
137
132
219
211
206
202
198
191
185
181
176
171
168
163
159
154
150
146
142
138
134
131
126
124
122
118
116
113
111
107
102
98
92
90
87
83
79
77
74
73
70
67
65
62
Mechanical Metallurgy
Laboratory 431303
T.
Udomp
hol
13
Rockw
ell
Diamon
d
Superficial
Rockwell
1/16"
Ball
"N" Brale
Penetrater
Brin
ell
10 mm Ball,
3000 kgf Load
Brale
150
kgf
C
Sca
le
60
kgf
A
Sca
le
100
kgf
D
Sca
le
100
kgf
B
Sca
le
68
65
15
kg
Lo
ad
15
N
30
kg
Loa
d
30N
45
kg
Loa
d
45N
Diam.
Of Ball
Impres
sion in
mm
5.40
5.50
5.60
Tensile
strength
Vick
ers
Hard
ness
Equivalent
1000 lb.
Sq.
Num
ber
In.
121
116
112
127
122
117
60
58
56
14
2.
3.
Test specimens
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Experimental procedure
3.1 Surfaces of aluminium, brass steel and weld
samples must be flattened and ground using
sand papers. Polishing of the metal surface is
required for only Rockwell and Vickers hardness
tests while Brinell hardness test requires only
flat and ground surfaces.
3.2 Hardness measurement is carried out using
Brinell, Rockwell and Vickers hardness testing
techniques on the prepared surfaces at 10
positions on each sample.
3.3 Hardness profile testing is conducted across
the weld sample at 10 positions and 1 mm
intervals using a Vickers hardness testing
machine.
3.4 Micro Vickers hardness testing is carried out
using the polished samples.
3.5 Summarize the experimental results on the
table provided and exhibit the results
graphically. Compare and discuss the obtained
results in order to relate hardness properties of
the metals to their microstructure. Give
conclusions.
15
4.
Results
4.1
Brass
Position 1
Position 2
Position 3
Position 4
Position 5
Position 6
Position 7
Position 8
Position 9
Position 10
Mean
Stdev
Table 2: Brinell hardness values of
aluminium, mild steel, brass and weld
16
17
Position 1
Position 2
Position 3
Position 4
Position 5
Position 6
Position 7
Position 8
Position 9
Position 10
Mean
Stdev
Table 4: Vickers hardness values of
aluminium, mild steel, brass and the weld.
18
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Brass
Position 1
Position 2
Position 3
Position 4
Position 5
Position 6
Position 7
Position 8
Position 9
Position 10
Mean
Stdev
Table 5: Micro Vickers hardness values of
aluminium, mild steel, brass and weld
19
20
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5. Discussion
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6. Conclusions
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7. Questions
7.1 Which metal does provide the highest
hardness values? Why?
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7.2
Explain why the hardness values in the
welded area are different from the hardness
values obtained in the base metal.
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8.
References
8.1
Dieter, G.E., Mechanical metallurgy,
1988, SI metric edition, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 007-100406-8.
8.2
Hashemi, S. Foundations of materials
science and engineering, 2006, 4th edition,
McGraw-Hill, ISBN 007-125690-3.
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