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ch.
Lily de Silva
(M.A., Ph.D., University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka)
CONTENTS
ch.
pg.
10b
12a
14a
The Infinitive.
15b
1
2
3
4
5
10
2b
3b
4b
5b
7a
9a
11
16b
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
18a
19a
21a
22a
23a
24a
25b
26b
28b
29b
31a
32a
33a
34a
35b
36b
37b
39b
41a
42b
32
33
pg. 1
pg.
43b
47
Lesson 1
VOCABULARY
1. Masculine nouns ending in -a
PRONUNCIATION
1) The Alphabet:
Pli is not known to have a special script of its own. In countries where Pli is studied, the
scripts used in those countries are used to write Pli: in India the Ngar, in Sri Lanka the
Sinhalese, in Burma the Burmese and in Thailand the Kamboja script. The Pali Text Society,
London, uses the Roman script and now it has gained international currency.
manussa
man, human
being
nara / purisa
man, person
kassaka
farmer
brhmaa
brahmin
putta
son
mtula
uncle
kumra
boy
vija
merchant
bhpla
king
the Buddha
friend
Verbs
bhsati
speaks
pacati
cooks
kasati
ploughs
bhujati
eats
sayati
sleeps
passati
sees
chindati
cuts
gacchati
goes
gacchati
comes
dhvati
runs
The vowels a, i, u are short; , , are long; e, o are of middle length. They are pronounced
short before double consonants, e.g. mett, khetta, koha, sotthi; and long before single
consonants, e.g. deva, sen, loka, odana.
2) Pronunciation
a is pronounced like u in cut
is pronounced like a in father
i is pronounced like i in mill
is pronounced like ee in bee
u is pronounced like u in put
is pronounced like oo in cool
k is pronounced like k in kite
g is pronounced like g in good
is pronounced like ng in singer
c is pronounced like ch in church
j is pronounced like j in jam
is pronounced like gn in signor
is pronounced like t in hat
is pronounced like d in good
is pronounced like n in now
Singular:
bhsati He speaks
pacati He cooks
kasati He ploughs
Plural:
bhsanti They speak
pacanti They cook
kasanti They plough
Lesson 2
VOCABULARY
1. Masculine nouns ending in -a
dhamma
gma
village
kukkura /
sunakha / soa dog
9. Kassak pacanti.
10. Manusso chindati.
11. Puris dhvanti.
12. Sahyako bhujati.
13. Tathgato bhsati.
14. Naro pacati.
15. Sahy kasanti.
16. Sugato gacchati.
odana
cooked rice
suriya
sun
canda
moon
vihra
monastery
patta
bowl
ycaka
beggar
va
pit
pabbata
mountain
sigla
jackal
rukkha
tree
harati
carries, take
away
harati
brings
ruhati
climbs,
ascends
oruhati
descends
ycati
begs
khaati
digs
vijjhati
shoots
paharati
hits, strikes
rakkhati
protects
vandati
worships,
salutes
rice
Verbs
Exercise 1
5. Translate into English:
1. Bhplo bhujati.
2. Putt sayanti :
3. Vij sayanti
4. Buddho passati
5. Kumro dhvati.
6. Mtulo kasati.
7. Brhma bhsanti.
8. Mitt gacchanti.
the doctrine,
bhatta
truth
9. Friends speak.
10. The farmer ploughs.
11. The merchant comes.
12. Sons cut.
13. Uncles speak.
14. The boy runs.
15. The friend speaks.
16. The Buddha sees.
Plural:
1. Putt nare passanti Sons see men.
2. Brhma mtule rakkhanti Brahmins protect uncles.
3. Vij kassake paharanti Merchants hit farmers.
Lesson 3
VOCABULARY
1. Masculine nouns ending in -a
Exercise 2
4. Translate into English:
1. Tathgato dhamma bhsati.
2. Brhma odana bhujanti.
3. Manusso suriya passati.
4. Kumr sigle paharanti.
5. Ycak bhatta ycanti.
6. Kassak ve khaanti.
7. Mitto gma gacchati.
8. Bhplo manusse rakkhati.
9. Putt pabbata gacchanti.
10. Kumro Buddha vandati.
11. Vij patte haranti.
12. Puriso vihra gacchati.
13. Kukkur pabbata dhvanti.
vehicle,
chariot
sakaa
cart
hattha
hand
pda
foot
magga
path
dpa
island, lamp
svaka
disciple
samaa
heaven
assa
horse
miga
deer
sara
arrow
psa
rock, stone
kakaca
saw
khagga
sword
cora
thief
paita
wise man
ratha
Exercise 3
4. Translate into English:
1. Buddho svakehi saddhi vihra gacchati.
2. Puriso puttena saha dpa dhvati.
3. Kassako sarena sigla vijjhati.
4. Brhma mtulena saha pabbata ruhanti.
5. Putt pdehi kukkure paharanti.
6. Mtulo puttehi saddhi rathena gma gacchati.
7. Kumr hatthehi patte haranti.
8. Coro maggena assa harati.
9. Kassako va oruhati.
10. Bhpl paitehi saha samae passanti.
11. Paito bhplena saha Tathgata vandati.
12. Putt sahyena saddhi odana bhujanti.
13. Vijo psena miga paharati.
14. Sunakh pdehi ve khaanti.
15. Brhmao puttena saha suriya vandati.
16. Kassako soehi saddhi rukkhe rakkhati.
17. Sugato svakehi saha vihra gacchati.
18. Ycako pattena bhatta harati.
19. Pait sagga gacchanti.
20. Kumr assehi saddhi gma dhvanti.
21. Coro khaggena nara paharati.
22. Vijo sakaena dpe harati.
23. Ass maggena dhvanti.
24. Sigl migehi saddhi pabbata dhvanti.
25. Bhplo paitena saha manusse rakkhati.
Lesson 4
VOCABULARY
1. Masculine nouns ending in -a
dhvara
fisherman
maccha
fish
piaka
basket
amacca
minister
upsaka
lay devotee
psda
palace
draka
child
saka
garment
rajaka
washerman
sappa
serpent
question
suka / suva
parrot
sopna
stairway
paha
skara /
varha
patati
falls
dhovati
washes
icchati
wishes,
desires
asati
bites
pucchati
questions
pakkosati
calls,
summons
khdati
eats
hanati
kills
otarati
descends
nikkhamati
leaves, sets
out
pig
Verbs
Exercise 4
4. Translate into English:
1. Cor gmamh pabbata dhvanti.
2. Drako mtulasm odana ycati.
3. Kumro sopnamh patati.
4. Mtul sake dhovanti.
5. Dhvar piakehi macche haranti.
6. Upsak samaehi saddhi
vihrasm nikkhamanti.
7. Brhmao kakacena rukkha
chindati.
8. Kumr mittehi saha bhpla
passanti.
9. Vijo assena saddhi pabbatasm
oruhati.
10. Ycako kassakasm soa ycati.
11. Sapp pabbatehi gma otaranti.
12. Amacc sarehi mige vijjhanti.
13. Coro gmamh sakaena sake
harati.
pg. 6
teacher
vejja
doctor
sha
vnara /
makkaa
lion
luddaka
hunter
aja
goat
monkey
lbha
profit
maca
bed
kuddla
hoe
hasati
laughs
labhati
gets, receives
pavisati
enters
dadti
gives
dadti
takes
kati
plays
nahyati
bathes
kahati
drags
pajahati
gives up,
abandons
Lesson 5
hermit
cries
VOCABULARY
tpasa
Verbs
rodati
pg. 7
Exercise 5:
4. Translate into English:
1. Vijo rajakassa saka dadti.
2. Vejjo cariyassa dpa harati.
3. Mig psamh pabbata dhvanti.
4. Manuss Buddhehi dhamma
labhanti.
5. Puriso vejjya sakaa kahati.
6. Drako hatthena ycakassa bhatta
harati.
7. Ycako cariyya va khaati.
8. Rajako amaccna sake dadti.
9. Brhmao svakna mace harati.
10. Vnaro rukkhamh patati, kukkuro
vnara asati.
11. Dhvar piakehi amaccna
macche haranti.
12. Kassako vijya rukkha chindati.
13. Coro kuddlena cariyya va
khaati.
14. Vejjo puttna bhatta pacati.
15. Tpaso luddakena saddhi bhsati.
16. Luddako tpasassa dpa dadti.
pg. 8
Lesson 6
1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)
Genetive case: The inflections of the genitive case are very similar to those of the dative
case.
The case ending -ssa is added to the nominal base to form the genitive singular.
The case ending -na is added to form the genitive plural.
Singular:
1. nara + ssa = narassa (of the man)
2. mtula + ssa = mtulassa (of the uncle)
3. kassaka + ssa = kassakassa (of the farmer)
Plural:
1. nara + na = narna (of the men)
2. mtula + na = mtulna (of the uncles)
3. kassaka + na = kassakna (of the farmers)
Exercise 6:
3. Translate into English:
1. Kassakassa putto vejjassa sahyena
saddhi gacchati.
2. Brhmaassa kuddlo hatthamh
patati.
3. Mig vehi nikkhamanti.
4. Vijna ass kassakassa gma
dhvanti.
5. Mtulassa mitto Tathgatassa svake
vandati.
6. Amacco bhplassa khaggena
sappa paharati.
7. Vij gme manussna piakehi
macche haranti.
8. Coro vejjassa sakaena mittena saha
gmamh nikkhamati.
9. Upsakassa putt samaehi saha
vihra gacchanti.
10. Ycako amaccassa saka icchati.
11. Mittna mtul tpasna odana
dadanti.
12. Dhvarassa kakacena coro kukkura
paharati.
13. Bhplassa putto amaccassa assa
ruhati.
14. Paitassa putt Buddhassa
svakena saha vihra pavisanti.
15. Suriyo manusse rakkhati.
pg. 9
Lesson 7
VOCABULARY
1. Masculine nouns ending in -a
nvika
sailor
ksa
sky
samudda
ocean, sea
deva / sura
deity, god
loka
world
loka
light
sakua
bird
kka
crow
nivsa
house
sappurisa
wicked man
kya
body
dta
messenger
goa
ox, bull
hiati
wanders
carati
walks
nisdati
sits
sannipatati
assembles
viharati
dwells
vasati
lives
jvati
lives
tihati
stands
uppatati
flies, jumps
up
tarati
crosses
(water)
uttarati
Verbs
becomes glad,
is pleased
with
Exercise 7:
4. Translate into English:
1. Brhmao sahyakena saddhi
rathamhi nisdati.
2. Asappuris corehi saha gmesu
caranti.
3. Vijo kassakassa nivse bhatta
pacati.
4. Bhplassa amacc dpesu manusse
rakkhanti.
5. Sugatassa svak vihrasmi vasanti.
6. Makkao rukkhamh vasmi
patati.
7. Suriyassa loko samuddamhi patati.
8. Kassakna go gme hianti.
9. Vejjassa drako macasmi sayati.
10. Dhvar samuddamh piakesu
macche haranti.
11. Sho psasmi tihati, makka
rukkhesu caranti.
12. Bhplassa dto amaccena saddhi
samudda tarati.
13. Manuss loke jvanti, dev sagge
vasanti.
14. Mig pabbatesu dhvanti, saku
kse uppatanti.
15. Amacco khagga bhplassa
hatthamh dadti.
pg. 11
Lesson 8
1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)
Vocative Case: The uninflected nominal base is used as the vocative singular.
The case ending - is added to form the vocative plural.
Singular:
1. nara (O man)
2. mtula (O uncle)
3. kassaka (O farmer)
Plural:
nara + = nar (O men)
mtula + = mtul (O uncles)
kassaka + = kassak (O farmers)
Plural
Nominative
phala
phal, phalni
Accusative
phala
phale, phalni
Vocative
phala
phalni
Vocabulary
Neuter nouns ending in -a:
Nara = "man"
Singular
Plural
Nominative
naro
nar
Accusative
nara
nare
Instrumental
narena
narehi (narebhi)
Ablative
nar, naramh,
narasm
Dative
nayana /
locana
puppha /
kusuma
eye
udaka / jala
water
flower
geha / ghara
house
sana
seat
paa
leaf
tia
grass
khra
milk
narehi (narebhi)
nagara
city, town
uyyna
park
khetta
field
narya, narassa
narna
bhaa
goods
sla
virtue,
precept
dna
alms, charity
Genitive
narassa
narna
rpa
object
dvra
door
vattha
cloth
Locative
nare, naramhi,
narasmi
naresu
Vocative
nara
nar
vivarati
opens
naccati
dances
nikkhipati
puts
uhahati
gets up
phusati
touches
anussati
instructs
ovadati
advises
saharati
collects
sicati
sprinkles
akkosati
scolds
bhindati
breaks
Verbs:
[In this table, the cases are listed in their traditional order; the Pali names for
the cases translate as first, second, third in relation to this schema (viz., 1st
= nominative, 2nd = accusative, 3rd = instrumental etc.). However, later in
the textbook, Dr. De Silva instead lists the Vocative after the nominative (viz.,
in the second position), as noted in lesson 18 --E.M.]
pg. 12
Exercise 8:
4. Translate into English:
1. Upsako pupphni harati.
2. Arae mig vasanti, rukkhesu
makka caranti.
3. Go tia khdanti.
4. Manuss nayanehi passanti.
5. Samao vihrasmi sane nisdati.
6. Rukkhamh pani patanti.
7. Vij gmamh khra nagara
haranti.
8. Bhplo kumrena saddhi uyyne
carati.
9. Kassako khettamhi kuddlena ve
khaati.
10. Mtulo puttassa bhani dadti.
11. Upsak samana dna dadanti,
slni rakkhanti.
12. Drak mittehi saddhi udakasmi
kanti.
13. Kassak vijehi vatthni labhanti.
14. Kumro uyynamh mtulassa
kusumni harati.
15. Brhmaassa aj goehi saha vane
hianti, tini khdanti.
16. Sho vanasmi rukkhamle (at the
foot of a tree) nisdati.
pg. 13
Lesson 9
1. The Gerund, the Absolutive or the Indeclinable Participle
The suffix -tv is added to the root of the verb or verbal base* with or sometimes without
the connecting vowel -ito form the gerund, absolutive or the indeclinable participle.
pac + i + tv
= pacitv
= having cooked
khd + i + tv
= khditv
= having eaten
gam + tv
= gantv
= having gone
han + tv
= hantv
= having killed
* The root is the simplest element of a verb without prefixes, suffixes or terminations.
These are normally given in Sanskrit in grammars by Western scholars. The base is formed
by adding a suffix to the root before a termination.
For example:
pac is the root
khd is the root
bhuj is the root
gam is the root
Exercise 9:
4. Translate into English:
1. Upsako vihra gantv samana
dna dadti.
2. Svako sanamhi nisditv pde
dhovati.
3. Drak pupphni saharitv
mtulassa datv hasanti.
4. Ycak uyynamh gamma
kassakasm odana ycanti.
5. Luddako hatthena sare dya
araa pavisati.
6. Kumr kukkurena saddhi kitv
samudda gantv nahyanti.
7. Vijo psasmi hatv
kuddlena sappa paharati.
8. Sappuriso ycakassa putte
pakkositv vatthni dadti.
9. Drako vamhi patitv rodati.
10. Bhplo psdamh nikkhamitv
amaccena saddhi bhsati.
11. Sunakho udaka pivitv gehamh
nikkhamma magge sayati.
12. Sama bhplassa uyyne
sannipatitv dhamma bhsanti.
13. Putto nahtv bhatta bhutv
maca ruyha sayati.
14. Vij dpamh nagara gamma
cariyassa gehe vasanti.
15. Rajako vatthni dhovitv putta
pakkosati.
= having come
= having taken
= having climbed
= having descended
Lesson 10
1. The Infinitive
The suffix -tu is added to the root of the verb or the verbal base with or sometimes
without the connecting vowel -ito form the infinitive.
pac + i + tu =
pacitu =
to cook
d + tu =
dtu =
to give
khd + i + tu =
khditu =
to eat
(Skt sth) h + tu =
htu =
to stand
gam + tu =
gantu =
to go
p + tu =
ptu / pivitu =
to drink
Lesson 11
VOCABULARY
1. Neuter nouns ending in -a
paa
shop, bazaar
pua
merit
ppa
evil, sin
kamma
deed, action
kusala
good
akusala
evil
dhana
wealth
dhaa
corn
bja
seed
dussa
cloth
cvara
robe
mla
root, money
rukkhamla
beak
wage, pay
paduma
lotus
gta
song
vetana
suvaa /
hiraa
sacca
truth
pnya
drinking
water
citta
mind
searches,
seeks
rabhati
begins
ussahati
tries
adhigacchati
understands,
gyati
attains
sings
gold
Verbs
pariyesati
upasakamati approaches
masati
touches,
strokes
bhyati
fears
cavati
departs, dies
uppajjati
is born
khipati
throws
vapati
sows
kakhati
hopes
sibbati
sews
pg. 16
Exercise 11:
4. Translate into English:
1. Pnya ycitv rodanto drako macamh patati.
2. Vatthni labhitu icchanto vijo paa gacchati.
3. Upsako padumni dya vihra gacchamno Buddha disv pasdati.
4. Sakuo tuena phala haranto rukkhasm uppatati.
5. Cvara pariyesantassa samaassa cariyo cvara dadti.
6. Arae hianto luddako dhvanta miga passitv sarena vijjhati.
7. Uyyne hiamnamh kumramh brhmao padumni ycati.
8. Rathena gacchamnehi amaccehi saha cariyo hasati.
9. Dna dadmn slni rakkhamn manuss sagge uppajjanti.
10. Dhaa kakhantassa purisassa dhana dtu vijo icchati.
11. Goe hanant rukkhe chindant asappuris dhana saharitu ussahanti.
12. Vihra upasakamanto Buddho dhamma bhsamne svake passati.
13. Rukkhamle nisditv gtni gyant kumr naccitu rabhanti.
14. Suvaa labhitu ussahant manuss pabbatasmi ve khaanti.
pg. 17
24. Having washed the bowl with water the hermit looks for drinking water.
25. Wise men who observe the precepts begin to understand the truth.
Lesson 12
1. Conjugation of Verbs
The Present Tense, Active Voice
So far only the present tense, active voice, third person singular and plural have been
introduced. This lesson gives the conjugation in full.
Singular:
3rd: (So) pacati = He cooks 2nd: (Tva) pacasi = You cook
Plural:
(Te) pacanti = They cook (Tumhe) pacatha = You cook
Lesson 13
1. Conjugation of Verbs
The Present Tense, Active Voice (continued)
Verbs which have the base ending in -e are conjugated somewhat differently from what
has been learnt so far. They can have two verbal bases, one ending in -e, the other ending
in -aya, as in coreti and corayati.
Base: Ki = to buy
Singular
Plural
3rd person (So) kiti
(Te) kianti
2nd person (Tva) kisi
(Tumhe) kitha
1st person (Aha) kimi
(Maya) kima
5. Some verbs similarly declined are as follows:
vikkiti
sells
suti
hears
minti
measures
gahti
takes
learns
jnti
knows
jinti
wins
uggahti
pputi /
pappoti
reaches
ocinti
picks, collects
pahiti
sends
N.B. It should be observed that the present tense verbal terminations remain constant.
Only the vikaraa suffix, or the conjugational sign in between the root and the
termination, shows variation.
preaches
cinteti
thinks
pjeti
honours,
offers
preti
fills
peti
oppresses
katheti
speaks
ueti
flies
udeti
(sun or
moon) rises
ropeti
plants
manteti
discusses,
manteti
takes counsel
addresses
nimanteti
invites
oloketi
looks at
jleti
kindles
chdeti
covers
mreti
kills
neti
leads, takes
away
neti
brings
hapeti
keeps
pteti
fells
pleti
rules, governs
parivajjeti
avoids
obhseti
illuminates
deti (dadti)
gives
Gerund / Absolutive
Infinitive
jnti
atv / jnitv
tu
suti
sutv / suitv
sotu / suitu
pputi / pappoti
patv / ppuitv
ppuitu / pappotu
gahti
gahetv / gahitv
gahetu / gahitu
7. The two verbs bhavati / hoti (to be) and karoti (to do) occur frequently in the
language.
Their gerunds and infinitives are as follows:
Present Tense
3. N.B. Gerunds / absolutives and infinitives from the above verbs are formed
retaining the -e in the base.
Gerunds desetv, cintetv, pjetv, pretv, etc.
Infinitives desetu, cintetu, pjetu, pretu, etc.
pg. 19
Gerund / Absolutive
Infinitive
hoti
bhavitv / hutv
bhavitu / hotu
karoti
katv
ktu
The verb atthi (to be) from root as and karoti (to do) from root k are special verbs of
frequent occurrence. They are conjugated as follows:
Lesson 14
Exercise 14
3. Translate into English:
1. So pabbatamh udenta canda passitu psda ruhissati.
2. Bhplo corehi dpa rakkhitu amaccehi saha mantessati.
3. Aha samudda taritv dpa ppuitv bhani vikkiissmi.
4. Tumhe vihra upasakamant magge pupphni vikkiante manusse
passissatha.
5. Udaka otaritv vatthni dhovanto kassako nahyitv geha gamissati.
6. Gme viharanto tva nagara gantv ratha nessasi.
7. Pua ktu icchant tumhe sappuris ppamitte ovadissatha.
8. Dhamma sotu uyyne nisdantna upsakna aha pnya dassmi.
9. Maya bhpl dhammena dpe plessma.
10. Rukkha ptetv phalni khditu icchanta asappurisa aha akkosmi.
11. Dna dadamn sla rakkhant maya samaehi dhamma uggahissma.
12. Dhvantamh sakaamh patanta draka disv tva vejja nesi.
13. Sacca adhigantu ussahanto tpaso Tathgata passitu kakhati.
14. Buddhe pasditv upsako devaputto hutv saggaloke uppajjati.
15. Udenta suriya disv brhmao geh nikkhamma vandati.
16. Dpa pappotu kakhamn maya samudda taritu nvika pariyesma.
17. Amaccassa dta pahiitu icchanto bhplo aha asmi.
18. Puakammni karontna vijna dhana atthi.
19. Maya gtni gyante naccante kumre olokessma.
20. Ppa parivajjetv kusala karonte sappurise dev pjessanti.
21. Sacca bhsant asappurise anussant pait upsak bhavissanti.
22. Tva dhaena patta pretv cariyassa dassasi.
23. Rukkhamle nisditv cvara sibbanta samaa aha upasakamissmi.
24. Aha sayantassa puttassa kya masanto macasmi nisdmi.
25. Uyynesu rukkhe ropetu sama manusse anussanti.
4. Translate into Pli:
1. Having learnt the dhamma from the Buddha I will live righteously (dhammena)
in the world.
2. I will advise the king to rule the island righteously with his ministers.
3. Keeping the garment on the seat the child will enter the water to bathe.
4. Having heard the doctrine you (pl.) will become pleased with the Tathgata. 5.
They who are walking in the forest collecting fruits will desire to drink water.
6. Farmers approaching the city will look at vehicles running on the road.
7. The rising sun will illuminate the world.
8. The trees in the park will bathe in the light of the moon.
9. You (sg.) will be pleased seeing your sons asking questions from the wise man.
10. The children will like to see the parrots eating fruits on the trees.
11. We are doctors coming from the island, you are teachers going to the island.
12. He will take money and go to the shop to buy goods.
13. Having filled the bowl with drinking water the child will give it to the beggar
Future
English
gacchati
gamissati
he will go
gacchati
gamissati
he will come
dadti
dadissati / dassati
he will give
tihati
hassati
he will stand
karoti
karissati
he will do
pg. 21
eating rice.
14. Men wishing to get merit will plant trees for people in the world.
15. Searching for wealth wicked men will oppress farmers living righteously in
villages.
16. There are fruits on the trees in the mountains.
17. Good men doing meritorious deeds will learn the dhamma from monks.
18. Wise men instruct kings governing the islands.
19. You will buy fish from fishermen coming from the sea.
20. Wishing to learn the dhamma we approach the Buddha.
21. Seeing the jackal coming to the park the children will get frightened.
22. They will go to see the king coming to the village with the ministers.
23. You are a good man who lives righteously.
24. I see a parrot picking a fruit with its beak.
25. We will become good men practising virtue.
Lesson 15
1. The Optative or the Potential Mood
The optative expresses mainly probability and advice, and ideas such as those conveyed by
if, might, would, etc.
It is formed by adding -eyya to the verbal base before terminations.
Exercise 15
4. Translate into English:
1. Sace tva dhamma sueyysi, addh (certainly) tva Buddhassa svako
bhaveyysi.
2. Yadi te gtni gyitu uggaheyyu, aha pi uggaheyymi.
3. Sace tva bjni pahieyysi, kassako tni (them) khette vapeyya.
4. Sace tumhe padumni ocineyytha, kumr tni Buddhassa pjeyyu.
5. Sace tva mla gaheyysi, aha dussa dadeyymi.
6. Yadi maya bhplena saha manteyyma amacc na gaccheyyu.
7. Sace tumhe rukkhe ropeyytha drak phalni bhujeyyu.
8. Sace maya sappuris bhaveyyma, putt pi sappuris bhaveyyu.
9. Sace bhpl dhammena dpe pleyyu, maya bhplesu pasdeyyma.
10. Sace kassako goa vikkieyya, vijo ta kieyya.
11. Sace manusse pent asappuris gma gaccheyyu aha te ovadeyymi.
12. Yadi amacc ppa parivajeyyu, manuss ppa na kareyyu.
13. Sace tumhe pabbata ruheyytha, hiante mige ca rukkhesu carante
makkae ca uente sakue ca passeyytha.
14. Sace tva pattena pnya neyysi pipsito (thirsty) so piveyya.
15. Kusalakammni katv tumhe manussaloke uppajitu ussaheyytha.
16. Sace so vejjo bhaveyya, aha ta (him) rodanta draka passitu neyymi.
17. Yadi putto ppa kareyya aha ta (him) ovadeyymi.
18. Sace amacco paita cariya neyya maya dhamma uggaheyyma.
If he would cook
If you would cook
If I would cook
If they would cook
If you would cook
If we would cook
It should be observed that the terminations of the second and first persons are similar to
those of the present tense.
pg. 22
Plural
3rd (Te) pacantu =
Let them cook
2nd (Tumhe) pacatha =
You cook
1st
(Maya) pacma =
Let us cook
It should be observed that the second person plural and first person singular and plural
have the same forms as in the present tense.
The prohibitive particle m is also used with the imperative.
Lesson 16
1. The Imperative
The imperative mood expresses a command, benediction, prayer or wish.
Base: paca = to cook
Paca, "to cook"
Singular
Plural
3rd person pacatu
pacantu
2nd person paca,pachi
pacatha
1st person pacmi
pacma
Singular
3rd (So) pacatu =
2nd (Tva) paca,pachi =
1st
(Aha) pacmi =
Exercise 16
3. Translate into English:
1. Bhpl dhammena dpa plentu.
2. M manusso bhyatu, sace so sacca jnti, bhsatu.
3. Tumhe ppa karonte putte ovadatha.
4. Sugato dhamma desetu, svak ca upsak ca vihrasmi nisdanti.
5. M te ppakammni katv manussalokamh cavitv narake (in purgatory)
uppajjantu.
6. M cor kassakna goe mrentu.
7. M tva sunakha mashi, so ta (you) aseyya.
8. Tumhe dpe jletv vihrasmi rpni oloketha.
9. Tumhe asappurise mantetv dhammena jvitu anussatha.
10. Putta, m tva ppamitte upasakama.
11. Sace tumhe saccam bhsitu ussaheyytha, tumhe sappuris bhaveyytha.
It should be noted that ain apaci, apacisu etc. is not a negative prefix.
It is the augment (optional) denoting the past tense.
Verbs whose bases end in -n are also conjugated in the past tense as above.
Conjugation of verbs with the base ending in -e
Base: core = to steal
Cora, "to steal" ["stole", etc.]
Singular
Plural
3rd person coresi, corayi
coresu, corayisu
2nd person coresi
corayitha
1st person coresi, corayi
corayimha
Singular
3rd (So) coresi, corayi =
2nd (Tva) coresi =
1st
(Aha) coresi, corayi =
Plural
3rd (Te) coresu, corayisu =
2nd (Tumhe) corayitha =
1st
(Maya) corayimha =
They stole
You stole
We stole
Lesson 17
1. The Past Tense
Conjugation of verbs with the base ending in -a.
Paca, "to cook" ["cooked", etc.]
Singular
Plural
3rd person apaci, paci
apacisu, pacisu
2nd person apaci, paci
apacittha, pacittha
1st person apaci, paci
apacimha, pacimha
Singular
3rd (So) apaci, paci =
2nd (Tva) apaci, paci =
1st
(Aha) apaci, paci =
Plural
3rd (Te) apacisu, pacisu =
2nd (Tumhe) apacittha, pacittha =
1st
(Maya) apacimha, pacimha =
He stole
You stole
I stole
He cooked
You cooked
I cooked
They cooked
You cooked
We cooked
pg. 24
Exercise 17
3. Translate into English:
1. Kassako khetta kasitv nahyitu udaka otari.
2. Uggahantna drakna dtu cariy kusumni harisu.
3. Upsak sanehi uhahitv dhamma desetu upasakamanta samaa
vandisu.
4. Nagaresu kammni katv vetane labhitu kakhamn nar gmehi
nikkhamisu.
5. cariyo sana dussena chdetv samaa nisditu nimantesi.
6. Kumro dvra vivaritv rukkhamh oruhante vnare passamno ahsi
(stood).
7. Paito goe coretv akusala karonte nare pakkositv ovadi.
8. Ycakassa putt rukkhehi patantni phalni saharitv paasmi vikkiisu.
9. Kassako dhaa minitv vijassa vikkiitu pahii.
10. Dhamma uggahitv samao bhavitu kakhamno amacco cariya
pariyesamno Buddha upasakami.
11. Sace tumhe gma ppueyytha mitte olokeyytha.
12. Paitamh pahe pucchitv sacca jnitu mtulo ussahi.
13. Psamhi hatv aja khdanta sha disv vnar bhyisu.
14. Rukkhamle nisditv gitni gyantna kumrna kyesu pani ca
pupphni ca patisu.
15. Tumhe dhana saharamn m samudda taritv dpa gacchatha.
16. paasmi bhani vikkiantassa vijassa ratho atthi.
17. Aha puttassa dtu dussa sibbanto gta gyi.
18. Skar ca sunakh ca khette ve khaisu.
19. Puris rukkhamle nisditv tpasena bhsamna suisu.
20. Luddakena saddhi vane hiante putte mantetv kassak akkosisu.
21. M tva suvaapatta vikkiitv khagge kihi.
22. So bhani ca khetta ca goe ca puttna dav geha pahya samao
bhavitu cintesi.
23. Dhammena jvant sappuris mige na mresu.
24. Aha sopna ruhi, te sopnamh oruhisu.
25. Sahyak udaka otaritv nahyant padumni ocinisu.
Lesson 18
1. Declension of feminine nouns ending in -
Vanit woman
Singular
Plural
Nominative
vanit
vanit, vanityo
Vocative
vanite
vanit, vanityo
Accusative
vanita
vanit, vanityo
Instrumental
vanitya
vanithi (vanitbhi)
Ablative
vanitya
vanithi (vanitbhi)
Dative
vanitya
vanitna
Genitive
vanitya
vanitna
Locative
vanitya, vanitya
vanitsu
[NB: The traditional order of the cases is given in the table for "nara" in lesson
8; however, from this point forward in the book, Dr. De Silva instead lists the
Vocative second, and the accusative third, presumably because she considers
it easier to learn in this order --E.M.]
pg. 25
nv
ship
amm
mother
pa
wisdom
sl
hall
bhariy
wife
sabh
assembly
kath
speech
lat
creeper
guh
cave
chy
shadow
vluk
sand
majs
box
ml
garland
sur
liquor
skh
branch
devat
deity
paris
retinue
saddh
faith,
devotion
gv
neck
jivh
tongue
pips
thirst
khud
hunger
sukha vindanti.
13. Sace tumhe nvya gaga tareyytha dpasmi vasante tpase disv gantu
sakkissatha.
14. Parisa parivretv psdamh nikkhamanta bhpla disv vanityo
modanti.
15. Kayo slya sannipatitv kumrehi saddhi sallapisu.
16. Khudya penta gilna ycaka disv amm bhatta adadi / adsi.
17. Guhya nilyitv sura pivant cor sha passitv bhyisu.
18. Varhe mretv jvanto naro gilno hutv dukkha vindati.
19. Vijassa pae majsya mla (money) atthi.
20. Sama manusse pp nivretv sappurese ktu vyamanti.
5. Translate into Pli:
1. The man stood on the road asking my mother the way to go to the monastery.
2. Having prepared rice with faith for the monks, the woman took it to the
monastery.
3. You can live righteously and seek wealth.
4. Sitting in the shade of the house the girls cut branches from the creeper.
5. Wicked men did not advise their sons who drink liquor.
6. Taking the basket and money the girl went to the market to buy corn.
7. If you light lamps the lay devotees will see the objects in the monastery.
8. O good men, you learn the dhamma and try to live righteously.
9. If you try, you can avoid evil and do good.
10. Having seen the lion sleeping in the cave the woman ran.
3. Vocabulary Verbs
sakkoti
can, is able
parivreti
accompanies,
nivreti
surrounds
prevents
anubandhati
follows,
chases after
kujjhati
gets angry
namassati
salutes,
worships
poseti
brings up,
nourishes
vyamati
tries
nilyati
hides
sallapati
engages in
modati
conversation
is happy,
enjoys
sukha vindati
experiences
joy
dukkha
vindati
experiences
suffering
prepares
pakkhipati
puts, places,
deposits
paiydeti
Lesson 19
1. The Past Participle
Past participles are mostly formed by adding -ta to the root with or without the
connecting vowel -i-
Exercise 18:
4. Translate into English:
1. Sace sabhya kayo katheyyu aham pi kathessmi.
2. Drikyo pupphni ocinitv slya nisditv mlyo karisu.
3. Vanit rukkhassa skhyo chinditv kahi.
4. Bhariy majssu vatthni ca suvaa ca hapesi.
5. Drik psdassa chyya nisditv vlukya kisu.
6. Bhariyya katha sutv pasditv kassako sappuriso abhavi.
7. Devatyo puni karonte dhammena jvante manusse rakkhantu.
8. Pabbatasmi guhsu vasant sh vlukya kante mige mresu.
9. Amm drikya kujjhitv hatthena pahari.
10. Vanityo saddhya bhatta pacitv vihra netv samana pjesu
11. Tumhe m sura pivatha, m giln (sick) bhavitu ussahatha.
12. Dhammena dhana saharamn paya putte posent nar manussaloke
pacati
bhsati
ycati
deseti
pjeti
gacchati
hanati
nayati / neti
pg. 26
pac + i + ta
bhs + i + ta
yc + i + ta
dis' + i + ta
pj + i + ta
gam + ta
han + ta
n + ta
= nta
= pacita
= bhsita
= ycita
= desita
= pjita
= gata
= hata
= led
= cooked
= spoken
= begged
= preached
= honoured
= gone
= killed
The past participle is also formed from some roots by adding -na.
chindati
chid + na
= chinna
= cut
bhindati
bhid + na
= bhinna
= broken
nisdati
ni + sad + na
= nisinna
= seated
tarati
t + na
= tia
= crossed
Verb
2. Past participles have a passive meaning when they are formed from
transitive verbs, but from intransitive verbs they have an active meaning.
They are declined in the three genders, as -a ending nouns in the masculine and the
neuter, and - ending nouns in the feminine.
Pacati, chindati, nimanteti are transitive verbs. Therefore:
pacito odano = the rice that is cooked (passive meaning)
chinna paa = the leaf that is cut (passive meaning)
nimantit ka = the girl who is invited (passive meaning)
But gacchati, patati, tihati are intransitive verbs. Therefore:
manusso gato (hoti) = the man has gone (active meaning)
puppha patita (hoti) = the flower has fallen (active meaning)
ka hit (hoti) = the girl has stood (active meaning)
Past Participle
Verb
kasita, kaha
pucchati
pucchita, puha
pacati
pacita, pakka
asati
daha
phusati
phuha
pavisati
paviha
masati
masita, maha
labhati
laddha, labhita
rabhati
raddha
bhavati
bhta
bhujati
bhujita, bhutta
vapati
vutta
vasati
vuttha
sicati
sitta
khipati
khitta
dhovati
dhovita, dhota
pajahati
pahna
vivarati
vivaa
pivati
pta
cavati
cuta
hanati
hata
nikkhamati
nikkhanta
jnti
ta
suti
suta
minti
mita
gahti
gahita
kiti
kta
pputi
patta
karoti
kata
tihati
hita
Past Participle
harati
haa
kujjhati
kuddha
dadti
dinna
pasdati
pasanna
(passati)
diha, (d)
mucati
mutta
Exercise 19:
5. Translate into English:
1. Ammya majsya pakkhitta suvaa drik na gahi.
2. Dhotni vatthni gahetv bhariy udakamh uttari.
3. Kassakehi uyyne ropitesu rukkhesu phalni bhavisu.
4. Buddh devehi ca narehi ca pjit honti.
5. Udakena prita patta gahetv vanit geha gat hoti.
6. Adhammena (unrighteously) dpa plentena bhplena pit manuss kuddh
honti.
7. Pakka (ripe) phala tuena gahetv uenta suva aha apassi.
8. Udento suriyo brhmaena namassito hoti.
9. Ammya jlita dpa daya putto vihra paviho hoti.
10. Vanitya dussena chdite sane samao nisditv sannipatitya parisya
dhamma desesi.
11. Kassakena khetta nt go tia khdant hiisu.
12. Vij majssu hapitni dussni na vikkiisu
13. Sace tva sacca jneyysi m putta akkosa.
14. Nvya nikkhant nar samudda taritv dpa ppuitv bhariyhi saddhi
kathent modanti.
15. Magge hite vijassa sakae aha kaya ntni bhani hapesi.
16. Dhammena laddhena dhanena putte posetv jvant manuss devathi
rakkhit honti.
17. Svakehi ca upsakehi ca parivrito Buddho vihrassa chyya nisinno hoti.
Past Participle
kasati
Verb
Past Participle
pg. 27
21. The thieves who were instructed by the monk became good men.
22. There were no fruits on the trees planted by the farmer.
23. Bitten by the dog the girl ran home and cried.
24. The minister is not known to the doctor.
25. Seated under the tree the girls played with sand.
26. Sons, do not drink liquor.
27. Mothers prevent children from evil.
28. I gave water to the dog oppressed with thirst.
29. Seeing the hunter coming we hid among the trees.
30. We prepared alms with faith and gave to the monks.
Lesson 20
1. Declension of Feminine Nouns ending in -i
Bhmi = earth, ground
Singular
Plural
Nominative
bhmi
bhm, bhmiyo
Vocative
bhmi
bhm, bhmiyo
Accusative
bhmi
bhm, bhmiyo
Instrumental
bhmiy
bhmhi, (bhmbhi)
Ablative
bhmiy
bhmhi, (bhmbhi)
Dative
bhmiy
bhmna
Genitive
bhmiy
bhmna
Locative
bhmiy, bhmiya
bhmsu
Feminine nouns ending in - are also similarly declined with the only exception being the
nominative and vocative singular which end in-.
2. Vocabulary
Feminine nouns ending in -i
aguli
finger
pg. 28
aavi
forest
ratti
night
doi
boat
yuvati
maiden
yahi
walking stick
asani
thunderbolt
ni
unit of
measure
rasmi
ray
iddhi
psychic
power
sammajjani
broom
nr / itth
woman
taru
young woman
bhagin
sister
vp
tank
pokkhara
pond
kadal
banana
brhma
brahmin
woman
gv
cow
rjin / dev
queen
kumr
girl
3. Verbs
vykaroti
explains
pattheti
aspires
vissajjeti
spends
roceti
informs
mucati
releases
nhareti
takes out
peseti
sends
paiccdeti
conceals
veheti
wraps
viheheti
harasses
Exercise 20
4. Translate into English:
1. Bhplo rjiniy saddhi nvya nadi taranto udake carante macche olokento
amaccehi saddhi katheti.
2. Pniya pivitv drikya bhmiya nikkhitto patto bhinno hoti.
3. Kassakna gviyo aaviya hiitv khetta gamisu.
4. Rattiy samuddasmi patit candassa rasmiyo oloketv taruiyo modisu.
5. Upsak iddhiy kse gacchanta tpasa disv pasann honti.
6. Bhaginiy saddhi pokkharaiy tre (bank) hatva so padumni ocinitu
vyami.
7. Nriyo vpsu nahyitu v (or) vatthni dhovitu v na icchisu.
8. Yuvatiy puha paha vyktu asakkonto aha tya (with her) saddhi
sallapitu rabhi.
9. Asappurisassa puttena kata ppakamma paicchdetu amm na ussahi.
10. Bhaginiy dussena vehetv macasmi hapita bhaa itth majsya
pakkhipi.
11. M tumhe magge sayanta kukkura vihehetha.
12. Sappuriso amacco dhana vissajjetv ycakna vasitu slyo gmesu karitv
bhpla rocesi.
13. Kumro suva hatthamh mucitv ta uenta passamno rodanto
rukkhamle ahsi.
14. Saddhya dna dadamn kusala karont sappuris puna(again)
manussaloke uppajjitu patthenti.
15. Kumro majsa vivaritv saka nharitv ammya pesesi.
2. The present participle feminine gender is formed by adding -nt / -mn to the
verbal base. e.g.:
paca + nt
= pacant
paca + mn
= pacamn
core + nt
= corent
coraya + mn
= corayamn
ki + nt
= kiant
ki + mn
= kiamn
When -nt is added, the present participle feminine is declined like feminine nouns ending
in -. When -mn is added it is declined like feminine nouns ending in -.
Declension of pacant:
Singular
Plural
Nominative
pacant
pacant, pacantiyo
Vocative
pacant
pacant, pacantiyo
Accusative
pacanti
pacant, pacantiyo
Instrumental
pacantiy
pacanthi (pacantbhi)
Ablative
pacantiy
pacanthi (pacantbhi)
Dative
pacantiy
pacantna
Genitive
pacantiy
pacantna
Locative
pacantiy, pacantiya
pacantsu
Exercise 21
4. Translate into English:
1. Khette phalni corent drik kassaka disv bhyitv dhvitu rabhi.
2. Buddhassa svakena desita dhamma sutv yuvati sacca adhigantu icchant
ammya saddhi mantesi.
3. Sayanta sunakha masant kumr gehadvre nisinn hoti.
4. Rjin nrhi puhe pahe vyakaront sabhya nisinn parisa mantetv
katha kathesi.
5. Aavi gantv rukkha chinditv skhyo kahantiyo itthiyo sigle disv
bhyisu.
6. Gehadvre nisditv dussa sibbant bhagin gta gyati.
7. Asappuriso ppakammni paicchdetv upsakehi saddhi sallapanto
vihrasmi sane nisinno hoti.
8. Sakena vehetv nilyita suvaa passitu kakhamn yuvati ovarakassa
(room) dvra vivari.
9. Sace tva mula vissajjetu iccheyysi, m vattha kihi.
10. Sace tumhe bhplassa dta pesetha amacce pi rocetha.
11. Kassako chinn sakhyo khettamh nharitv aaviya pakkhipi.
12. Pokkaraiy tre (bank) hatv kadaliphala khdant ka bhaginiy dinna
paduma gahi.
13. Amhka (our) hatthapdesu vsati (twenty) aguliyo santi.
14. Rattiy geh nikkhamitu bhyant ka dvra na vivari.
15. Sace tva yahiy kukkura pahareyysi so aseyya.
16. Maya sappuris bhavitu kakhamn samae upasakamma dhamma
sutv kusala ktu rabhimha.
17. Ppakammehi anubandhit asappuris cor niraye (purgatory) uppajjitv
dukkha vindanti.
18. M pua parivajjetv ppa karotha, sace kareyytha manussalokamh
cavitv dukkha vindissatha.
19. Sace tumhe sagge uppajjitv moditu patthetha puni karotha.
20. Sacca tu ussahant brhma sahyakehi saha mantayisu.
21. Nriy pajare (cage) pakkhitt suk kadaliphala khdant nisinn honti.
22. Goa vihehetu na icchanto vijo sakaamh bhani nharitva bhmiya
nikkhipitv kassaka rocesi.
23. Aaviya viharant mig ca go ca varh ca shamh bhyanti.
24. Sama saddhya upsakehi dinna bhujitv sacca adhigantu vyamant
slni rakkhanti.
25. Rattiy nikkhant doi nadi taritv pabhte (in the morning) dpa ppui.
26. Gehassa chyya hatv drikya bhmiya nikkhitta odana sunakho
khditu rabhi.
27. Bhariyya niy mita dhaa dya kassako paa gato hoti.
28. Uente kke disv vlukya ca udakena ca kant drik hasamn dhvi.
29. Ratha pjetu (to drive) uggahanto puriso dakkho (clever) rathcariyo
pg. 30
bhavitu vyami.
30. Vivaamh dvramh nikkhant kumr pajarehi mutt saku viya (like)
uyyna dhvisu.
Exercise 22
3. Translate into English:
1. Upsakehi sama vanditabb honti.
2. Majsya nikkhipitabba suvaa m macasmi hapehi.
3. Sappuris pjanye pjenti, asappuris tath (likewise) na karonti.
4. Bhplena rakkhitabba dpa amacc na samm (well) plenti.
5. Manussehi dhammo uggahitabbo, sacca adhigantabba hoti.
6. Kumrhi hani pupphni udakena sicitabbni honti.
7. Corena gahita bhaginiy dhana pariyesitabba hoti.
8. Uyyne ropit rukkh na chinditabb honti.
9. Dhotabbni dussni gahetv yuvatiyo hasamn pokkharai otarisu.
10. Samaehi ovaditabb kumr vihram na gamisu.
11. Kassakena kasitabba khetta vikkiitu vijo ussahi.
12. paesu hapitni vikkiitabbni bhani kiitu te na icchisu.
13. Amm khdanyni ca bhojanyni ca paiydetv drakna deti.
14. Manussehi dnni dtabbni, slni rakkhitabbni, puni ktabbni.
15. Gona dtabbni tini kassako khettamh hari.
16. Mig pnya udaka pariyesant aaviya hiisu.
17. Darikya dtu phalni paya v (or) khettamh v haritabbni honti.
18. Kathetabba v akathetabba* v ajnanto asappuriso m sabhya nisdatu.
19. Tumhe bhpl amaccehi ca paitehi ca samaehi ca anussitabb hotha.
20. Upsakena puho paho paitena vyktabbo hoti.
21. Bhplassa uyyne vasant mig ca sakun ca luddakehi na hantabb honti.
22. Kusala ajnitv ppa karont kumr na akkositabb, te samaehi ca
paitehi ca sappurisehi ca anussitabb.
23. Asappuris parivajjetabb, m tumhe tehi saddhi (with them) gme
hiatha.
24. Sur na ptabb, sace piveyytha tumhe giln bhavissatha.
25. Dhammena jvant manuss devehi rakkhitabb honti.
Lesson 22
1. The Future Passive Participle
The future passive participle or the potential participle as it is sometimes called, is formed
by adding -tabba / -anya to the base of the verb; -tabba is mostly added with the
connecting vowel -i-.
These participles are declined like a ending nouns in the masculine and neuter genders,
and like ending nouns in the feminine. They express ideas such as must,' should be' and
fit to be.'
pacati
bhujati
karoti
pacitabba / pacanya
bhujitabba / bhojanya
ktabba / karaya
pg. 31
Exercise 23
3. Translate into English:
1. Amm samaehi asappurise putte anusspesi.
2. Tumhe manusse pente core mantpetv ovadatha.
3. Vijo kassakena rukkhe chindpetv / chedpetv sakaena nagara netv
vikkii.
4. Samao upsake sanniptpetv dhamma desesi.
5. Mtulo kumrehi pupphni ca phalni ca ocinpesi.
6. Drik sunakha pokkharai otarpesi.
7. Amacco vije ca kassake ca pakkospetv pucchissati.
8. Kahi hani pupphni vanityo sicpesu.
9. Bhariyya ktabba kamma aha karomi.
10. Luddako mittena miga vijjhitv mrpesi.
11. Brhmao criyena kumri dhamma uggahpesi.
12. Amm drika khra pyetv mace saypesi.
13. Vij assehi bhani ghpetva vikkiitu nagara gamisu.
14. Vanit sahyakena rukkhassa skhyo kahpetv geha nesi.
15. Amm puttena geha gata samaa vandpesi.
16. Upsak samae sanesu nisdpetv bhojpesu.
17. Bhagin bhinnapattassa khani (pieces) masant rodant gehadvre ahsi.
18. Udaka haritu gacchantiyo nriyo sallapantiyo rukkhamlesu patitni
kusumni oloketv modisu.
19. Luddako tuena phala ocinitu vyamanta suva sarena vijjhi.
20. Sappurisena krpitesu vihresu sama vasanti.
4. Translate into Pli:
1. The wicked man gets his sons to shoot birds.
2. The lay devotees will get the monk to preach the doctrine.
3. Women get their children to honour the Buddha's disciples.
4. The young woman will get her sister to speak at the assembly.
5. The farmer caused the tree to fall into the pit.
6. You (pl.) will get the flowers sprinkled with water.
7. The king got his ministers to build a monastery.
8. The queen will live in the palace which the king got built.
9. The merchant got his wife to put the goods in boxes.
10. The brahmin got the Buddha's disciple to preach to his people.
Lesson 23
1. The Causative
Causative verbs are formed by adding -e / -aya / -pe / -paya to the root or verbal base.
Sometimes the vowel in the root is strengthened when the suffixes are added.
Verbal bases ending in -e / -aya invariably take the suffixes -ape / -paya to form the
causative.
pacati
pceti / pcayati / pacpeti / pcpayati
bhujati
bhojeti / bhojpeti
coreti
corpeti / corpayati
kinti
kipeti / kipayati
karoti
kreti / krpayati
dadti / deti
dpeti / dpayati
In sentences with causative verbs the agent carrying out the action is expressed by the
accusative or the instrumental case.
2. Examples in sentence formation
Amm bhagini bhatta pacpeti.
Mother gets the sister to cook rice.
Bhplo samae ca ycake ca bhojpesi.
The king fed the recluses and beggars.
Coro mittena kakaca corpetv vana dhvi.
The thief ran having got a friend to steal a saw.
Vejjo puttena paamh khra kipesi.
The doctor got his son to buy milk from the market.
Upsak amaccena samana vihra krpesu.
Lay devotees got the minister to build a monastery for the monks.
Yuvati bhaginiy cariyassa mla dpetv sippa uggahi.
The maiden got the sister to give money to the teacher and learnt an art.
Brhmao cora / corena sacca bhspetu vyami.
The brahmin tried to make the thief speak the truth.
pg. 32
Lesson 24
1. Declension of Feminine Nouns ending in -u
Exercise 24
4. Translate into English:
1. Vadh sassuy dhenu rajjuy bandhitv khetta nesi.
2. Amm ygu pacitv drakna datv mace nisdi.
3. Yuvatiy hattesu ca agulsu ca daddu atthi.
4. Maya aaviya carantiyo kaeruyo apassimha.
5. Itth yuvatiy bhatta pacpetv drikna thoka thoka vibhaji.
6. Tumhe vijjuy lokena guhyam sayantam sha passittha.
7. Yuvatiy hatthesu kumrehi dinn mlyo santi.
8. Vadh khette kssu patitni phalni sahari.
9. Brhmao Buddhassa dhtuyo vibhajitv bhplna adadi / adsi.
10. Vadh sassuy pde vandi.
11. Yuvatiy geham sammajjitabba hoti.
12. Devatyo sakala (entire) vihra obhsentiyo Buddha upasakamisu.
13.Aavsu vasantiyo kaeruyo skhyo bhajitv khdanti.
14. Aha rukkhassa chyya nisinnna dhenna ca gona ca tini adadi / adsi.
15. Itth magge gacchanti amma passitv rathamh oruyha ta vanditv rathasmi
ropetv geha nesi.
16. Vadh gehassa dvram thaketv nahyitu nadi upasakamitv yuvathi saddhi
sallapant nadiy tre ahsi.
17. Bhplo manusse vihisante core nsetv dipa plesi.
18. Amm asappurise bhajamne putte samaehi ovdpesi.
19. Sappurisena kiitv haehi bhaehi chaetabba natthi.
20. M tumhe gme vasante kassake vihisatha.
Dhenu cow
Singular
Plural
Nominative
dhenu
dhen, dhenuyo
Vocative
dhenu
dhen, dhenuyo
Accusative
dhenu
dhen, dhenuyo
Instrumental
dhenuy
dhenhi, (dhenbhi)
Ablative
dhenuy
dhenhi, (dhenbhi)
Dative
dhenuy
dhenna
Genitive
dhenuy
dhenna
Locative
dhenuy, dhenuya
dhensu
gruel
ksu
pit
vijju
lightning
rajju
rope
daddu
eczema
kaeru
cow-elephant
dhtu
mother-inlaw
vadhu
daughter-inlaw
3. Vocabulary Verbs
thaketi
shuts, closes
nseti
destroys
sammajjati
sweeps
obhseti
illuminates
bhajati
keeps
company
bandhati
ties
vibhajati
divides,
distributes
bhajati
breaks
mpeti
builds,
creates
vihisati
harms
chaeti
throws
pattharati
spreads
pg. 33
Lesson 25
1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -i
Aggi fire
Singular
Plural
Nominative
aggi
agg / aggayo
Vocative
aggi
agg / aggayo
Accusative
aggi
agg / aggayo
Instrumental
aggin
agghi (aggbhi)
Ablative
aggin / aggimh /
aggism
agghi (aggbhi)
Dative
aggino / aggissa
aggna
Genitive
aggino / aggissa
aggna
Locative
aggimhi / aggismi
aggsu
sage
kavi
poet
ari
enemy
bhpati
king
pati
husband,
master
gahapati
householder
adhipati
lord, leader
atithi
guest
vydhi
illness
udadhi
ocean
nidhi
(hidden)
treasure
vhi
paddy
kapi
monkey
ahi
serpent
dpi
leopard
ravi
sun
giri
mountain
mai
gem
asi
sword
rsi
heap
pi
hand
kucchi
belly
muhi
fist, hammer
Exercise 25
3. Translate into English:
1. Munayo sla rakkhant girimhi guhsu vasisu
2. cariyena saddhi viharanto kavi isi hoti.
3. Bhpati asin ari paharitv mresi.
4. Pati bhariyya paiydita odana bhujitv khetta agami.
5. Sappuris gahapatayo bhariyhi ca puttehi ca gehesu vasant sukha vindanti.
pg. 34
kassake passi.
40. M tuhme akusala karotha, sace kareyytha sukha vinditu na labhissatha.
Lesson 26
1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -
Pakkh bird
Singular
Plural
Nominative
pakkh
pakkh / pakkhino
Vocative
pakkh
pakkh / pakkhino
Accusative
pakkhina / pakkhi
pakkh / pakkhino
Instrumental
pakkhin
pakkhhi (pakkhbhi)
Ablative
pakkhin /
pakkhimh /
pakkhism
pakkhhi (pakkhbhi)
Dative
pakkhino / pakkhissa
pakkhna
Genitive
pakkhino / pakkhissa
pakkhna
Locative
pakkhini /
pakkhimhi /
pakkhismi
pakkhsu
It should be noted that this declension differs from the aggi declension only in the
nominative, vocative and accusative cases.
The rest agrees with it, the only exception being pakkhini in the locative singular, for
which there is no corresponding form in the aggi declension.
2. Masculine nouns ending in -
pg. 35
hatth / kar
elephant
sm
banker
sukh
one who is
happy
mant
minister
sikh
peacock
living being
dh
tusker
dghajv
bal
carpenter
srath
charioteer
kuh
leper
evil doer
ppakr
9. May the deities protect the good king governing the island righteously.
10. May all (sabbe) living beings live long happily.
Exercise 26
3. Translate into English:
1. Pakkh gyanto skhya nisdati.
2. Gvi rajjuy mucamn amm khette hit hoti.
3. Kayo sabhya naccantiyo gyisu.
4. Seh mahanta (much) dhana vissajjetv samana vihra krpesi.
5. Hatthino ca kaeruyo ca aaviya hianti.
6. Ppakr ppni paicchdetv sappuriso viya (like) sabhya nisinno sehin
saddhi kathesi.
7. Sappuris dghajvino hontu, putt sukhino bhavantu.
8. Vijo nagaramh bhani kiitv piakesu pakkhipitv rajjuy bandhitv
paa pesesi.
9. Srathin hae rathe vahak nisinno hoti.
10. Sabbe (all) pino dghajvino na bhavanti / honti.
11. Amm vahakin geha krpetv drikhi saha tattha (there) vasi.
12. Maya maayo vatthena vehetv majsya nikkhipitv bhariyna
pesayimha.
13. Muni ppakri pakkospetv dhamma desetv ovadi.
14. Balin bhpatino dinna kari oloketu tumhe sannipatittha.
15. Aha seh kuhi pakkospetv bhojana (food) dpesi.
16. Sace girimhi sikhino vasanti, te (them) passitu aha giri ruhitu
ussahissmi.
17. Bhpati sappuriso abhavi / ahosi; mantino ppakrino abhavisu / ahesu.
18. Balin krpitesu psdesu sehino putt na vasisu.
19. Sabbe pino sukha pariyesamn jvanti, kammni karonti.
20. Sm maayo ca suvaa ca kiitv bhariyya adadi / adsi.
21. Asanisadda (sound of thunder) sutv girimhi sikhino naccitu rabhisu.
22. M balino ppakr hontu / bhavantu.
23. Sappuris kusala karont, manussehi pua krent, sukhino bhavanti.
24. Kavi asin ari pahari; kavi paharitu asakkonto ari kuddho ahosi.
25. Kapayo rukkhesu carant pupphni ca chindisu.
Lesson 27
1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -u
Garu = Teacher
Singular
Plural
Nominative
garu
gar, garavo
Vocative
garu
gar, garavo
Accusative
garu
gar, garavo
Instrumental
garun
garhi (garbhi)
Ablative
garun
garhi (garbhi)
Dative
garuno, garussa
garna
Genitive
garuno, garussa
garna
Locative
garumhi, garusmi
garsu
bhikkhu
monk
bandhu
relation
taru
tree
bahu
arm
sindhu
sea
pharasu
axe
pasu
beast
khu
rat
ucchu
sugar cane
veu
bamboo
kaacchu
spoon
sattu
enemy
setu
bridge
ketu
banner
susu
young one
Plural
Nominative
vid
vid, viduno
Vocative
vid
vid, viduno
Accusative
vidu
vid, viduno
Singular
Plural
Instrumental
vidun
vidhi (vidbhi)
Ablative
vidun
vidhi (vidbhi)
Dative
viduno, vidussa
vidna
Genitive
viduno, vidussa
vidna
Locative
vidumhi, vidusmi
vidsu
eminent person
vada
philanthropist
attha
benevolent man
vi
wise man
matta
moderate or
abstemious man
Lesson 28
1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -u / -ar
Some masculine nouns have two bases ending in -u and -ar.
They express the agent or a relationship.
Exercise 27
5. Translate into English:
1. Bhikkhavo Tathgatassa svak honti.
2. Bandhavo amma passitu nagaramh gma gamisu.
3. Coro rae taravo chinditu pharasu dya gacchi / agami.
4. Sh ca dpayo ca aaviya vasante pasavo mretv khdanti.
5. Sappuris viuno bhavanti.
6. Bhpati manthi saddhi sindhu taritv sattavo paharitv jinitu ussahi.
7. Amm kaacchun drika odana bhojpesi.
8. Hatthino ca kaeruyo ca ucchavo kahitv khdisu.
9. Bhpatissa mantino sattna ketavo harisu.
10. Setumhi nisinno bandhu taruno skha hatthena kahi.
11. Uyyne ropitesu vesu pakkhino nisditv gyanti.
12. Sace pabhuno attha honti manuss sukhino gme viharitu sakkonti.
13. Sabba Tathgato dhammena manusse anussati.
14. Matta sappuris dghajvino ca sukhino ca bhaveyyu.
15. Vihi anussit maya kumr sappuris bhavitu ussahimha.
16. Maya ravino lokena kse uente pakkhino passitu sakkoma.
17. Tumhe pabhuno hutv dhammena jvitu vyameyytha.
18. Aha dhamma desenta bhikkhu jnmi.
19. Ahayo khavo khdant aaviy vammikesu (anthills) vasanti.
20. Vanitya sassu bhaginiy ucchavo ca padumni ca adadi / adsi.
pg. 37
Singular
Plural
Nominative
satth
satthro
Vocative
satth, sattha
satthro
Accusative
satthra
satthro
Instrumental
satthr
satthrehi, satthhi
Ablative
satthr
satthrehi, satthhi
Dative
satthu, satthuno,
satthussa
satthrna,
satthna
Genitive
satthu, satthuno,
satthussa
satthrna,
satthna
Locative
satthari
satthresu, satthsu
kattu
doer
gantu
goer
sotu
hearer
dtu
giver
netu
leader
vattu
sayer
jetu
victor
vinetu
disciplinarian vitu
knower
bhattu
husband
nattu
grandson
N.B. Though bhattu and nattu are nouns expressing relationships they are declined like
agent nouns such as satth, as in Sanskrit.
3. Masculine nouns expressing relationships such as pitu (father), and bhtu
(brother) are declined somewhat differently as follows:
Pitu / pitar = father
Singular
Plural
Nominative
pit
pitaro
Vocative
pit, pita
pitaro
Accusative
pitara
pitaro
Instrumental
pitar
pitarehi, pithi
Ablative
pitar
pitarehi, pithi
Dative
pitu, pituno
pitarna
Genitive
pitussa
pitna
Locative
pitari
pitaresu, pitsu
Singular
Plural
Nominative
bht
bhtaro
Vocative
bht, bhta
bhtaro
Accusative
bhtara
bhtaro
Instrumental
bhtar
bhtarehi,bhthi
Ablative
bhtar
bhtarehi,bhthi
Dative
bhtu, bhtuno
bhtarna
Genitive
bhtussa
bhtna
Locative
bhtari
bhtaresu,bhtsu
pg. 38
Singular
Plural
Nominative
mt
mtaro
Vocative
mtaro
Accusative
mtara
mtaro
Instrumental
mtar, mtuy
mtarehi, mthi
Ablative
mtar, mtuy
mtarehi, mthi
Dative
mtarna,
mtna,mtna
Genitive
mtarna,
mtna,mtna
Locative
mtari, mtuy,
mtuya
mtaresu, mtsu
11. Let good men become powerful ministers to govern the island.
12. The powerful kings were victorious.
Exercise 28
5. Translate into English:
1. Satth bhikkhna dhamma desento rukkhassa chyya nisinno hoti.
2. Puni kattro bhikkhna ca tpasna ca dna denti.
3. Sace satth dhamma deseyya vitro bhavissanti.
4. Bhpati dpasmi jet bhavatu.
5. Pit dhtara dya vihra gantv satthra vandpesi.
6. Vitro loke manussna netro hontu / bhavantu.
7. Bht pitar saddhi mtuy pacita ygu bhuji.
8. Bhatt nattrehi saha kanta kapi disv hasanto ahsi (stood).
9. Setu kattro veavo bandhitv nadiy tre hapesu.
10. Sindhu taritv dpa gantro satthi hat honti.
11. Bhariy bhattu sake rajakena dhovpesi.
12. Netuno katha sotro uyyne nisinn suriyena pit honti.
13. Dtrehi dinnni vatthni ycakehi na vikkiitabbni honti.
14. Rodantassa nattussa kujjhitv vanit ta (him) hatthena pahari.
15. Vinetuno ovda (advice) sutv bandhavo sappuris abhavisu / ahesu.
16. Gehesu ca aavsu ca vasante khavo ahayo khdanti.
17. Natt mtara ygu ycanto bhmiya patitv rodati.
18. Tumhe bhtarna ca bhaginna ca m kujjhatha.
19. Dpa gantrehi nvya sindhu taritabbo hoti.
20. Pubbak (ancient) isayo mantna (magic spells) kattro ca mantna
pavattro (reciters) ca abhavisu / ahesu.
21. Matta dt nattrna thoka thoka modake (sweets) dadisu / adasu.
22. Attha netro manusse sappurise karont vinetro bhavanti.
23. Mt dhtara ovadant ssa (head) cumbitv (kissed) bhu masitv
samasssesi.
24. Vada brhmao khudya pente ycake disv pahta (much) bhojana
(food) dpesi.
25. Srathin hae veavo gahetv vahak sla mpesi.
Lesson 29
1. Declension of Neuter nouns ending in -i
Ahi = bone, seed
Singular
Plural
Nominative
ahi
ah, ahni
Vocative
ahi
ah, ahni
Accusative
ahi
ah, ahni
Instrumental
ahin
ahhi, (ahbhi)
Ablative
ahin
ahhi, (ahbhi)
Dative
ahino, ahissa
ahna
Genitive
ahino, ahissa
ahna
Locative
ahini, ahimhi,
ahismi
ahsu
N.B. This declension is similar to the aggi declension except in the nominative, vocative
and accusative cases.
2. Neuter nouns ending in -i
vri
water
akkhi
eye
sappi
ghee
dadhi
curds
acci
flame
satthi
thigh
Plural
Nominative
cakkhu
cakkh, cakkhni
Vocative
cakkhu
cakkh, cakkhni
Accusative
cakkhu
cakkh, cakkhni
Singular
Plural
Instrumental
cakkhun
chakkhhi
(chakkhbhi)
Ablative
cakkhun
chakkhhi
(chakkhbhi)
Dative
chakkhuno,
chakkhussa
chakkhna
Genitive
chakkhuno,
chakkhussa
chakkhna
Locative
chakkhumhi,
chakkhusmi
chakkhsu
Exercise 29
6. Translate into English:
1. Geha pavisanta ahi disv ka bhyitv assni pavattent roditu rabhi.
2. Dpin hatya gviy ahni bhmiya vippakini honti.
3. Nadiy vrin vatthni dhovanto pit nahpetu putta pakkosi.
4. Tva sappin ca madhun ca sammissetv odana bhujissasi.
5. Maya khramh dadhi labhma.
6. Bhikkhu dpassa acci olokento aniccasaa (perception of impermanence)
vahento (developing) nisdi.
7. Ppakri luddako dhanu ca sare ca dya aavi paviho.
8. Sattu amaccassa satthi asn paharitv ahi chindi.
9. Aha sappin pacita odana madhun bhujitu na icchmi.
10. Natt hatthehi ca jahi ca gacchanta ycaka disv anukampamno
bhojana ca vattha ca dpesi.
11. Drni saharantiyo itthiyo aaviya hiant gyisu.
12. Ambmhi jtni padumni na ambun upalittni (smeared) honti.
13. Manuss nnkammni (various work) katv vasu saharitv puttadre
(children and wife) posetu ussahanti.
14. Bhatt mtuy akkhsu assni disv bhariyya kujjhi.
15. Pit khettavatthni puttna ca nattrna ca vibhajitv vihra gantv
pabbaji.
16. Pakkhhi khditna phalna ahni rukkhamle patitni honti.
17. cariyo sissna (pupils) sippa (art) vcento te anukampamno dhammena
jvitu anussi.
18. Bodhisatto samao mra (the evil one) parjetv Buddho bhavi / ahosi.
19. Buddha passitv dhamma sotu patthent nar dhamma caritu
vyamanti.
20. Sace sappurisna sabb patthan (fem. aspirations) samijjheyyu manuss
loke sukha vindeyyu.
21. Vydhin pit mt assni pavattent dhtuy geha gantv mace sayitv
ygu yci.
22. Mtara anukampamn dht khippa (soon) ygu paiydetv mtuy
mukha (face) dhovitv ygu pyesi.
23. Pitar puha paha bhatt samm (correctly) vibhajitv upamya (with a
smile) attha vykari / vyksi.
24. Luddako aaviy bhmiya dhaa vippakiritv mige palobhetv (tempting)
mretu ussahi.
25. Dhaa khdant mig gacchanta luddaka disv vegena (speedily)
dhvimsu.
bow
madhu
honey
assu
tear
ju / jau
knee
dru
firewood
ambu
water
vasu
wealth
vatthu
ground, base,
vitu
site, estate
bhattu
husband
nattu
grandson
knower
5. Vocabulary Verbs
anukampati
feels
vceti
compassionate
teaches
pabbajati
renounces,
becomes
ordained
vippakirati
scatters, (pp.
parjeti
vippakia)
defeats
anugacchati
follows
pattheti
fulfils,
succeeds
pavatteti
(assni)
sets in motion pavatteti
sheds tears
distributes,
analyses
sammisseti
vibhajati
mixes
3. There are tears in the eyes of the daughter who is a young girl.
4. The farmer sells ghee and curd to the merchants.
5. The flames of the lamps danced in the wind (vtena).
6. There is eczema on the feet of the enemy.
7. The bee (bhamara / madhukara) collects honey from flowers without hurting
them.
8. The woman bringing firewood from the forest fell into the river.
9. Planting trees in the fields and gardens men try to collect wealth.
10. The husband brought a gem for the wife from the city.
Neuter Gender
Ojavantu [adj.], "nourishing"
Nominative
guav, guavanto
guavanto, guavant
Vocative
guav, guava,
guavanta
guavanto, guavant
Accusative
guavanta
guavanto, guavante
Instrumental
guavat,
guavantena
guavantehi
(guavantebhi)
guavat,
guavantamh,
guavantasm
guavantehi
(guavantebhi)
Dative
guavato,
guavantassa
guavata,
guavantna
Genitive
guavato,
guavantassa
guavata,
guavantna
Locative
guavati, guavante,
guavantamhi,
guavantasmi
guavantesu
Ablative
Nominative
ojavanta
ojavantni
Accusative
ojavanta
ojavantni
Feminine Gender
Guavat / guavant and cakkhumat / cakkhumant are the feminine forms of the
adjectives ending in -vantu and -mantu. They are declined like kumr, i.e. feminine nouns
ending in -.
2. Adjectives ending in -vantu and -mantu
Masculine Gender
Guavantu [adj.], "virtuous"
Plural
Plural
The rest is similar to the declension of masculine adjectives ending in -vantu and -mantu.
Lesson 30
1. Declension of Adjectives ending in -vantu and -mantu
Attributive adjectives ending in -vantu and -mantu can be declined in all three genders.
They agree with the nouns they qualify in gender, number and case.
Singular
Singular
dhanavantu
rich
Bhagavantu
the Fortunate
one, the
yasavantu
Buddha
famous
kulavantu
of good
family
sotavantu
attentive,
having ears
slavantu
virtuous
saddhvantu
devoted
satimantu
mindful
balavantu
powerful
paavantu
wise
puavantu
phalavantu
fruitful
himavantu
Himalayas,po
ssessor of
vaavantu
snow
colourful
bhnumantu
sun, radiant
buddhimantu
intelligent
having
relations
bandhumantu
fortunate,
meritorious
Exercise 30
3. Translate into English:
1. Balavantehi bhpathi arayo parjit honti.
2. Maya cakkhhi bhnumantassa suriyassa rasmiyo oloketu na sakkoma.
3. Bhikkhavo Bhagavat desita dhamma sutv satimant bhavitu vyamisu.
4. Slavant upsak Bhagavanta vanditv dhamma sutv satimant bhavitu
vyamisu.
5. Paavantehi icchita patthita samijjhissati.
6. Kulavato bht Bhagavat saha mantento bhmiya pattharitya kilajya
(mat) nisinno ahosi.
7. Phalavantesu tarsu nisinn pakkhino phalni khditv ahni bhmiya
NB: Note the similarities of this declension to the declension of the present participle
masculine gender ending in -nta.
Adjectives ending in -mantu are declined as cakkhum, cakkhumanto etc.
pg. 41
ptesu.
8. Himavati bah (many) pasavo ca pakkh ca urag (reptiles) ca vasanti.
9. Slavant dhamma sutv cakkhumant bhavitu ussahissanti.
10. Guavato bandhu slavati paha pucchi.
11. Guavat yuvati sla rakkhant mtara posesi.
12. Yasavatiy bandhavo balavanto pabhuno abhavisu.
13. Dhanavantassa sappurisassa bhariy puavat ahosi.
14. Slavantesu vasant asappuris pi guavant bhaveyyu.
15. Silavatiyo mtaro putte guavante ktu ussahanti.
16. Buddhim puriso ppa karonte putte anussitu paavanta bhikkhu
pakkosi.
17. Kulavato natt slavat bhikkhun dhamma sutv pasditv geha pahya
bhikkhsu pabbaji.
18. Balavant pabhuno guavanto bhavantu.
19. Dhanavant balavant kadci karahaci (seldom) guavant bhavanti.
20. Himavantasm gato paav isi slavatiy mtuy uyyne atithi ahosi.
21. Dubbala (weak) slavati itthi disv anukampamn dhanavat ta (her)
posesi.
22. Himavati phalavant taravo na chinditabb honti.
23. Dhammassa vitro yasavant bhavitu na ussahanti.
24. Bandhum balav hoti, dhanav bandhum hoti.
25. Slavat rjin guavathi itthhi saddhi slya nisditv yasavatiy kaya
katha sui.
26. Guav puriso rukkhamh ojavantni phalni ocinitv vihre vasantna
silavantna bhikkhna vibhaji.
27. Balavatiy rjiniy amacc dhammena dpe manusse plesu.
28. Yasavantna nrna dhtaro pi yasavantiyo bhavissanti.
29. Paavantiy yuvatiy puho dhanav paha vyktu asakkonto sabhya
nisdi.
30. Bhnum suriyo manussna loka deti.
11. If a wise monk lives in the village, people will become virtuous.
12. May men of good families become virtuous and wise.
13. People will follow the rich and powerful.
14. The famous king defeated the powerful enemy who has many relations.
15. People with eyes see the radiant sun.
Lesson 31
1. Declension of Personal Pronouns
The first personal pronoun: amha
Singular
Plural
Nominative
aha (= "I")
Vocative
[n/a]
[n/a]
Accusative
amhe, amhka, no
(= "us")
Instrumental
may, me
amhehi, no
Ablative
may
amhehi
Dative
mama, mayha,
mama, me
amha, amhka, no
Genitive
mama, mayha,
mama, me
amha, amhka, no
Locative
mayi
amhesu
Singular
Plural
Nominative
tumhe (= "you")
Accusative
tumhe, tumhka, vo
Instrumental
tvay, tay, te
tumhehi, vo
Ablative
tvay, tay
tumhehi, vo
Dative
tava,tuyha, te
tumha, tumhka, vo
Genitive
tava, tuyha, te
tumha, tumhka, vo
Locative
tvayi, tayi
tumhesu
Exercise 31
3. Translate into English:
1. Mama cariyo ma vcento potthaka (book) likhi (wrote).
2. Mayha bhagin gilna (sick) pitara posesi.
3. Dtro bhikkhna dna dent amhe pi bhojpesu.
4. Tumhka dhtaro kuhi (where) gamissanti?
5. Amhka dhtaro satthra namassitu Veuvana gamissanti.
6. Amha kammni karont ds (servants) pi sappuris bhavanti.
7. Amhehi katni puni ca ppni ca amhe anubandhanti.
8. Tay ktni bhani tava dht majssu pakkhipitv hapesi.
9. Kulavant ca cal (outcasts) ca amhesu bhikkhsu pabbajanti.
10. Amhka uyyne phalavantesu tarsu vaavant pakkhino caranti.
11. Uyyna gantv tini khdant mig amhe passitv bhyitv aavi
dhvisu.
12. Amhka bhattro nvya udadhi taritv dpa ppuisu.
13. Amha bhpatayo balavant jetro bhavanti.
14. Tumhka nattro ca mama bhtaro ca sahayak abhavisu / ahesu.
15. Tumhehi hani cvarni mama mt bhikkhna pjesi.
16. Uyyne nisinno aha nattrehi kanta tava apassi.
17. Dhaa minanto aha tay saddhi kathetu na sakkomi.
18. Aha tava na kujjhmi, tvam me kujjhasi.
19. Mama dhanavanto bandhavo vi viduno bhavanti.
20. Dpassa accin aha tava chya passitu sakkomi.
21. Amhka bhpatayo jetro hutv psdesu ketavo usspesum (hoisted).
22. Bhtuno putt mama gehe viharant sippa uggahisu.
23. Tava duhit bhikkhuno ovde hatv patino kruik sakh (friend) ahosi.
24. Kusala karont netro sagga gantro bhavissanti.
25. Sace coro geha pavisati ssa bhinditv nsetabbo hoti.
26. Amhka sattuno hatthesu ca pdesu ca daddu atthi.
27. Slavant buddhimantehi saddhim loke manusssna hitasukhya (for welfare
and happiness) nn kammni karonti.
28. Sace susna vinet kruniko hoti, te sotavant susavo gunavant bhavissanti.
29. Maya khramh dadhi ca dadhimh sappi ca labhma.
30. Maya sappi ca madhu ca sammissetv bhojana paiydetv bhujissma.
Lesson 32
1. Declension of Pronouns
There are:
Relative pronouns,
demonstrative pronouns and
interrogative pronouns
of all three genders.
They are declined in all cases except the vocative. They become adjectives when they
qualify other nouns.
2. Masculine gender, singular number
Relative Pronoun
Demonstrative Pr.
Interrogative Pr.
Nominative
yo (= "he who")
so (= "he," "that")
ko (= "who?")
Accusative
ya
ta
ka
Instrumental
yena
tena
kena
Ablative
yamh, yasm
tamh, tasm
kasm, kism
Dative
yassa
tassa
kassa, kissa
Genitive
yassa
tassa
kassa, kissa
Locative
yamhi, yasmi
tamhi, tasmi
Relative Pronoun
Demonstrative Pr.
Interrogative Pr.
Nominative
ya (= "that")
ta (= "it", "that")
kim (= "which?",
"what?")
Accusative
ya
ta
kim
Relative Pronoun
Demonstrative Pr.
Interrogative Pr.
Nominative
y, yyo (= "they
who")
t, tyo (= "they",
"those")
k, kyo (= "who?")
ka
Accusative
y, y
yo t, tyo
k, kyo
tya
kya
Instrumental
yhi
thi
khi
yya
tya
kya
Ablative
yhi
thi
khi
Dative
yass, yya
tass, tya
kass, kya
Dative
ysa (ysna)
tsa (tsna)
ksa(ksna)
Genitive
yass, yya
tass, tya
kass, kya
Genitive
ysa (ysna)
tsa (tsna)
ksa(ksna)
Locative
yassa, yya
tassa, tya
kassa, kya
Locative
ysu
tsu
ksu
Relative Pronoun
Demonstrative Pr.
Interrogative Pr.
Nominative
y (= "she who")
s (= "she", "that")
k (= "who?")
Accusative
ya
ta
Instrumental
yya
Ablative
Demonstrative Pr.
Interrogative Pr.
Nominative
ye (= "they who")
te (= "they", "those")
ke (= "who?")
Accusative
ye
te
ke
Instrumental
yehi
tehi
kehi
Ablative
yehi
tehi
kehi
Dative
yesa(yesna)
tesa (tesna)
kesa (kesna)
Genitive
yesa(yesna)
tesa (tesna)
kesa (kesna)
Locative
yesu
tesu
kesu
Relative Pronoun
Demonstrative Pr.
Interrogative Pr.
Nominative
yni, ye (= "those
which")
tni, te (= "those")
kni, ke (= "which?")
Accusative
yni, ye
tni, te
kni, ke
pg. 44
9. Pronominal Adverbs
Relative Adverbs
Demonstrative Adv.
Interrogative Adverbs
yattha
where
tattha
there
kattha
where
yatra
where
tatra
there
kutra
where
yato
whence
where
tato
thence
therefore
kuto
whence
yath
how in what
tath
manner
in that
manner
katha
how
yasm
because
tasm
therefore
kasm
why
yad
when
tad
then
kad
when
yena
where
tena
there
[n/a]
yva
how long
tva
so long
[n/a]
Exercise 32:
11. Translate into English:
1. Yass so putto hoti s mt puavat hoti.
2. Yo ta dpa pleti so dhammiko bhpati hoti.
3. Kena ajja (today) nava (new) jvitamagga na pariyesitabba?
4. Sace tumhe asappuris loka dseyytha (pollute) kattha puttadhtarehi
saddhi tumhe vasatha?
5. Yad bhikkhavo sannipatitv slya kilajsu nisdisu tad Buddho pvisi.
6. Yasmi padese Buddho viharati tattha gantu aha icchmi.
7. Yya guhya sh vasanti ta pasavo na upasakamanti.
8. Yo dhanav hoti, tena slavat bhavitabba.
9. Sace tumhe ma paha pucchissatha aha vissajjetu (to explain)
ussahissmi.
10. Yattha slavant bhikkhavo vasanti tattha manuss sappuris honti.
11. Kad tva mtara passitu bhariyya saddhi gacchasi?
12. Yhi rukkh chinn tyo pucchitu kassako gato hoti.
13. Katha tumhe udadhi taritu kakhatha?
14. Kuto t itthiyo maayo harisu?
15. Ysu majssu aha suvaa nikkhipi t cor coresu.
16. Yo ajja nagara gacchati so tarsu ketavo passissati.
17. Yassa may ygu pjit so bhikkhu tava putto hoti.
18. Kuto aha dhammassa vitra paavanta bhikkhu labhissmi?
19. Yasm so bhikkhsu pabbaji, tasm s pi pabbajitu icchati.
20. Ya aha jnmi tumhe pi ta jntha.
pg. 46
List of Verbs
Prefixes and roots of verbs are given in Sanskrit within brackets
akkosati (a + k) : scolds
atthi (as) : is
adhigacchati (adhi + gam) :
understands
anukampati (anu + kamp) : feels
compassionate
anugacchati (anu + gam) : follows
anubandhati (anu + badh) : follows,
chases after
anussati (anu + s) : admonishes
kakhati ( + kk) : expects
kahati ( + k?) : pulls, drags
gacchati ( + gam) : comes
dadti ( + d) : takes
neti ( + n) : brings, leads
manteti ( + denom. mantra) :
addresses
masati ( + m) : touches, strokes
rabhati ( + rabh) : starts, commences
ruhati ( + ruh) : climbs, ascends
roceti ( + ruc) : informs
vahati ( + vah) : brings forth
sicati ( + sic) : sprinkles
harati ( + h) : brings
hiati ( + hi) : roams, wanders
icchati (i / p) : wishes
uggahti (ud + gh) : learns
uhahati (ud + sth) : stands up
ueti (ud + ) : flies
uttarati (ud + t) : crosses
udeti ( ud + i) : rises
upasakamati (upa + sa + kram) :
approaches
uppajjati (ud + pad) : is born
uppatati (ud + pad) : flies, jumps up
ussahati (ud + sah) : tries
usspeti (ud + ri) : hoist
ocinti (ava + ci) : collects, picks
Pli Vocabulary
(other than Verbs)
Abbreviations:
m = masculine;
f = feminine;
n = neuter;
adj = adjective;
ind = indeclinable particle;
adv = adverb
pron = pronoun
akusala, adj : demerit
akkhi, n : eye
aggi, m : fire
aguli, f : finger
acci, n : flame
aja, m : goat
ajja, ind : today
aavi, f : forest
ahi, n : bone
atithi, m : guest
attha, m : benevolent person
addh, ind : indeed, certainly
adhipati, m : chief
kusuma, n : flower
kuhi, adv : where
ketu, m : flag
khagga, m : sword
khaa, n : piece
khdanya, n : food
khippa, adv : soon
khra, n : milk
khud, f : hunger
khetta, n : field
Gang, f : Ganges river
gantu, m : one who goes
garu, m : teacher
gahapati, m : householder
gma, m : village
gv, f : cow
giri, m : mountain
gilna, m : sick man
gta, n : song
gv, f : neck
guavantu, adj : virtuous
guh, f : cave
geha, n : house, home
goa, m : ox
ghaa, n : pot
ghara, n : house
ca, ind : and
cakkhu, n : eye
cala, m : outcast
canda, m : moon
citta, n : mind
cvara, n : robe
cora, m : thief
chy, f : shade, shadow
ju / jau, n : knee
jala, n : water
jta, mfn : born
jivh, f : tongue
jetu, m : victor
taula, n : raw rice
tato, adv : therefore
tattha, adv : there
tatra, adv : there
sacca, n : truth
sattu, m : enemy
satthi, n : thigh
satthu, m : teacher
sadda, m : sound
saddh, f : faith
saddhi, ind : with
sappa, m : serpent
sappi, n : ghee
sappurisa, m : good man
sabba, mfn : all
saba, m : all knowing one
sabh, f : assembly
samaa, m : monk
samudda, m : sea, ocean
sammajjan, f : broom
samm, ind : well, right
sara, m : arrow
sassu, f : mother
saha, ind : with
sahya (ka), m : friend
skh, f : branch
saka, m : garment
sm, m : husband
srath, m : charioteer
sl, f : hall
svaka, m : disciple
sikh, m : peacook
sigla, m : jackal
sindhu, m : sea, ocean
sippa, n : arts and science
sissa, m : pupil
sgha, adv : fast
sla, n : virtue
ssa, n : head
sha, m : lion
suka, m : parrot
sukha, adv : happily
sukh, m : happy person
sugata, m : the Buddha
sunakha, m : dog
sura, m : deity
sur, f : liquor
pg. 50
suriya, m : sun
suva, m : parrot
suvaa, n : gold
susu, m : young one
skara, m : pig
sehi, m : banker
setu, n : bridge
soa, m : dog
sota, n : ear
sotu, m : listener
sopna, m : stairway
hattha, m : hand
hatth, m : elephant
himavantu, mfn : Himalaya
hiraa, n : gold