Strength of Materials

Forth Laboratory Report

Name: Mohammad Qais
ID#: 10162
DEP: ME

Name: _____M. Qais______

Subject: SOM (ME)

ID#:____10162___________

Date: 25/11/2015

Introduction:
We are about to test two plates with hole and different diameters also going to compare it with the
plate that we have been tasted and was without hole.
The most important point of this test is finding the value of k which is stress concentration and
making a table of values of k.
Background (Theory):
For comparing we are going to use the theory of the stress which is dividing the force over the net
area of the specimen but for testing value of k we are going to use from theory of book which is
dividing the maximum stress over the average stress. The maximum stress is in the areas near the
hole but the average stress is in the area without hole.
Materials Used in the Experiment:
We used from:
1: ruler for measurement of length
2: universal tensile testing machine for main part
3: a Vernier Caliper for measurement of diameter and some length.
4: two plates with holes for our test specimen.

Test Setup and Procedures:

First of all we got a plate with hole of 11mm diameter and measure the length of that then by
putting the plate into machine and then by preparing the computer for the test procedure we are
going to have our experiment. Doing the same procedure for both plates.
Data:
We have two plates here with the following data:
Plate one: is a plate with 100mm height, 40mm width, 2mm thickness and 8.5mm diameter hole.
Plate two: is a plate with 100mm height, 40mm width, 2mm thickness and 13mm diameter hole.

Results and Discussion:

By testing out plates with 100mm length, 40mm width, 2mm thickness and 8,5mm diameter or
13mm diameter we had an experiment with some differences which I am going to show that for
you and then finding the value of k (stress concentration).
The result and my conclusions are as follow:
Also all four graphs for my calculations are in the last page:

The calculations for plate one:

First we are going to find the net area for our plate:
A thickness x width
A 2mm x ( 40mm 8,5mm) 63mm 2 63 x 10 6 m 2

Then we are going to guess the force at the yield point and ultimate point from our test graph of
plate one:
Pmax y 2490 kgf x 9.81 24426,9 N
Pmax u 2750 kgf x 9,81 26977,5 N
3

Now it is time to find the stress in the specimen:

max y

Pmax y

max u

Pmax u

A
A

24426,9 N
387,73Mpa
63 x 10 6 m 2

26977,5 N
428,21Mpa
63 x 10 6 m 2

For percentage of elongation:

Percentage of elongation
POE

LB L0
x 100
L0

108,8mm 100mm
x 100 8,8%
100mm

For Modulus of Elasticity:

1500 x 9,81N
233,57 Mpa
63 x 10 6 m 2

1mm
0,01
100mm

2 1 387,73Mpa 233,57 Mpa 154,16

22,023Gpa
2 1
0,017 0,01
0,007

24426,9 N
387,73Mpa
63 x 10 6 m 2

1.7 mm
0.017
100mm

These calculations were for plate one with 8,5mm and now it is time for second plate
Plate two:
First of all net area is:
A thickness x width
A 2mm x ( 40mm 13mm) 54mm 2 54 x 10 6 m 2

Now we are going to guess the forces:

Pmax y 2100kgf x 9.81 20601N
Pmax u 2310kgf x 9,81 22661,1N

For finding the stress in the specimen:

max y

Pmax y

max u

Pmax u

A
A

20601N
381,5Mpa
54 x 10 6 m 2

22661,1N
419,65Mpa
54 x 10 6 m 2

For percentage of elongation:

Percentage of elongation
POE

LB L0
x 100
L0

106,3mm 100mm
x 100 6,3%
100mm

For modulus of elasticity:

1400 x 9,81N
254,33Mpa
54 x 10 6 m 2

0,5mm
0,005
100mm

2 1 381,5Mpa 254,33Mpa 127,2

21,2Gpa
2 1
0,011 0,005
0,006

20601N
381,5Mpa
54 x 10 6 m 2
1.1mm
0.011
100mm

The K Value:
The procedure for finding k requires the average stress which we have already tested that in our
second laboratory and the data are as follow:

avg y

Pavg y

avg u

Pavg u

A
A

2450kgf x 9,81
24034,5 N

300,43Mpa
6
80 x 10
80 x 10 6 m 2

3083kgf x 9,81 30244,23 N

378,05Mpa
80 x 10 6
80 x 10 6 m 2

These two stresses that we found is important for finding because it is the average stress for all of
our plates that are with hole, here we are going to find the value of k for tree plate with different
diameters one of 8,5mm the other one for 11mm and the last one for 13mm and at the end we will
have a list of values and we can also compare them.
As we know that there are three plates we calculated two plates of them here and the third plate
which is 11mm diameter we have been tested that in the third laboratory and the calculation of
that is briefly here:

max y

2220kgf x 9,81
21778,2 N

375,5Mpa
6
58 x 10
58 x 10 6 m 2

max u

2600kgf x 9,81
25506 N

439,76 Mpa
6
58 x 10
58 x 10 6 m 2

These were the informations that were necessary for us now we can find the values of k for three
plate in two points of forces which are yield and ultimate points.
For 8,5mm we have the value of k:
ky

max y 387,73Mpa

1,291
avg y 300,43Mpa

ku

max u 428,21Mpa

1,133
avg u 378,05Mpa

For 11mm we have the value of k:

ky
ku

max y
avg y
max u
avg u

375,5Mpa
1,25
300,43Mpa

439,76 Mpa
1,163
378,05Mpa

For 13mm we have the value of k:

ky
ku

max y
avg y
max u
avg u

381,5Mpa
1,27
300,43Mpa

419,65Mpa
1,11
378,05Mpa

The photos of our plates just after the test are as follow:

13mm diameter

11mm diameter

8,5mm diameter

Conclusion:
In Over all my progression I compared the plates with hole with plate without hole and knew that
the plate with hole is weak than the plate without hole.
The strains of them have differences.
The percentage of elongation is also different in all plates.
There are more differences between them.
We will compare all of them by making a table of values for them so we can see that what
happens when there is a hole in the plate and then see the differences between a small and a large
hole in our plate.
We will then see the value of k for our plates from the textbook and will compare them with our
real experience.
The following tables are for comparing
Table of Values of stress
max y
avg u

NO

Dia

avg y

8,5mm

11mm

13mm

300,43Mpa
300,43Mpa
300,43Mpa

378,05Mpa
378,05Mpa
378,05Mpa
7

378,05Mpa
375,5Mpa
381,5Mpa

max u

428,21Mpa
439,76Mpa
419,65Mpa

K(text book)
2,49
2,4
2,34

Table of values of K
K(yield)
1,291
1,25
1,27

NO
1
2
3

Dia
8,5mm
11mm
13mm

NO
1
2
3

Table of Values of POE & MOE

Dia
Percentage of Elongation
Modulus of Elasticity
8,5mm 8,8%
22,023Gpa
11mm 11,9%
22,6Gpa
13mm 6,3%
21,2Gpa

References:

Book of Mechanics of materials

Laboratory of Strength of materials

K(ultimate)
1,133
1,163
1,11