Beer Johnston DeWolf

Contents
Stress & Strain: Axial Loading
Normal Strain
Stress-Strain Test
Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials
Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials
Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity
Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior
Fatigue
Deformations Under Axial Loading
Example 2.01
Sample Problem 2.1
Static Indeterminacy
Example 2.04
Thermal Stresses
Poissons Ratio

Generalized Hookes Law

Dilatation: Bulk Modulus
Shearing Strain
Example 2.10
Relation Among E, , and G
Sample Problem 2.5
Composite Materials
Saint-Venants Principle
Stress Concentration: Hole
Stress Concentration: Fillet
Example 2.12
Elastoplastic Materials
Plastic Deformations
Residual Stresses
Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16

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Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member

forces and reactions which are statically indeterminate .
Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires
consideration of deformations in the member.
Chapter 2 is concerned with deformation of a structural member under
axial loading. Later chapters will deal with torsional and pure bending
loads.

2P P

2A A

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

2-2

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Stress-Strain Test

P
A
2

2L L

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2-3

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

2-5

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

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Edition

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

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2-1

Normal Strain

P
stress
A

normal strain
L

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Stress & Strain: Axial Loading

Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in
the structure as well as the stresses induced under loading. Statics
analyses alone are not sufficient.

Third
Edition

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Third
Edition

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

2-4

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2-6

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Third
Edition

Third
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

If the strain disappears when the

stress is removed, the material is
said to behave elastically.

Below the yield stress

E
E Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity

The largest stress for which this

occurs is called the elastic limit.

Strength is affected by alloying,

heat treating, and manufacturing
process but stiffness (Modulus of
Elasticity) is not.

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When the strain does not return

to zero after the stress is
removed, the material is said to
behave plastically.

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2-7

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Fatigue

From Hookes Law:

Determine the deformation of

the steel rod shown under the
given loads.

2 - 10

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Third
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D 1.07 in. d 0.618 in.

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SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
Divide the rod into components at
the load application points.
E 29 10 6 psi

With variations in loading, cross-section or

material properties,
PL
i i
i Ai Ei

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

E AE

Equating and solving for the deformation,

PL

AE

When the stress is reduced below

the endurance limit, fatigue
failures do not occur for any
number of cycles.

Example 2.01

From the definition of strain:

A member may fail due to fatigue

at stress levels significantly below
the ultimate strength if subjected
to many loading cycles.

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Deformations Under Axial Loading

Fatigue properties are shown on

S-N diagrams.

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2-8

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Third
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Third
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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior

Divide the rod into three

components:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Apply free-body analysis to each

component to determine internal forces,
P1 60 103 lb
P2 15 103 lb
P3 30 103 lb

Apply a free-body analysis on each

component to determine the
internal force

Evaluate total deflection,

i

Evaluate the total of the component

deflections.

Pi Li 1 P1L1 P2 L2 P3L3

Ai Ei E A1
A2
A3

60 103 12 15 103 12 30 103 16

1

0.9
0.9
0.3
29 106

75.9 10 3 in.

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2 - 11

L1 L2 12 in.

L3 16 in.

A1 A2 0.9 in 2

A3 0.3 in 2

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75.9 103 in.

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 2.1

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Third
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Free body: Bar BDE

Apply a free-body analysis to the bar

BDE to find the forces exerted by
links AB and DC.
Evaluate the deformation of links AB
and DC or the displacements of B
and D.

The rigid bar BDE is supported by two

links AB and CD.

Displacement of B:

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 2.1

B

PL
AE

60103 N0.3 m
500 10-6 m2 70 109 Pa

514 10 6 m

MB 0

Work out the geometry to find the

Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70
deflection at E given the deflections
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500
at B and D.
mm2. Link CD is made of steel (E = 200
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of (600
2
mm ).

0 30 kN 0.6 m FCD 0.2 m

FCD 90 kN tension

MD 0

0 30 kN 0.4 m FAB 0.2 m

FAB 60 kN compression

For the 30-kN force shown, determine the

deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.

B 0.514 mm

Displacement of D:
PL
AE

90 103 N 0.4 m
600 10-6 m2 200 109 Pa

300 10 6 m

D 0.300 mm
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2 - 13

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 2.1

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Third
Edition

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Structures for which internal forces and reactions

cannot be determined from statics alone are said
to be statically indeterminate.

BB BH

DD HD

A structure will be statically indeterminate

whenever it is held by more supports than are
required to maintain its equilibrium.

0.514 mm 200 mm x

0.300 mm
x
x 73.7 mm

Redundant reactions are replaced with

unknown loads which along with the other
loads must produce compatible deformations.

E E HE

DD HD

400 73.7 mm
E

0.300 mm
73.7 mm

Deformations due to actual loads and redundant

reactions are determined separately and then added
or superposed.

E 1.928 mm

L R 0

E 1.928 mm
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2 - 15

Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel

bar and loading shown, assuming a close fit at
both supports before the loads are applied.

Consider the reaction at B as redundant, release

the bar from that support, and solve for the
displacement at B due to the applied loads.

SOLUTION:
Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads with the redundant constraint released,
P2 P3 600 103 N

A1 A2 400 10 6 m 2

P4 900 103 N

A3 A4 250 10 6 m 2

L1 L2 L3 L4 0.150 m

L
i

Solve for the displacement at B due to the

redundant reaction at B.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Example 2.04

P1 0

SOLUTION:

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Third
Edition

Third
Edition

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Example 2.04

Pi Li 1.125 109

Ai Ei
E

Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant

constraint,

Require that the displacements due to the loads

and due to the redundant reaction be
compatible, i.e., require that their sum be zero.

P1 P2 RB

Solve for the reaction at A due to applied loads

and the reaction found at B.

PL
1.95 103 RB
R i i
E
i Ai Ei

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Beer Johnston DeWolf

Static Indeterminacy

Displacement of D:

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

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2 - 17

A1 400 10 6 m 2
L1 L2 0.300 m

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A2 250 10 6 m 2

2 - 18

Third
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Example 2.04
Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to
the redundant reaction be compatible,
L R 0

1.125 109 1.95 103 RB

0
E
E

RB 577 103 N 577 kN

Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the reaction at B

Fy 0 RA 300 kN 600 kN 577 kN
RA 323 kN
R A 323 kN
RB 577 kN

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