PROJECT REPORT

BASIC ELECTRONIC ENGNEERING

SUBMITTED TO:
SUBMITTED BY:

OBJECTIVES:
To make DC power supply having,
Output voltage=5V
Output Current=350mA
Steps of working :
Designing the circuit diagram.
Studying each block of circuit and it is working, input and output.
To construct the circuit and make improvements on it.
Introduction:
A power supply is a device that supplies electrical energy to one or more
electric loads.

 Regulated power supply:

A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or current
to a specific value; the controlled value is held nearly constant despite
variations in either load current or the voltage supplied by the power
supply's energy source. [1]
Simulation:

Component list:
Following are the components used in our power supply.
1. Step down transformer.
2. Full wave bridge rectifier.
3. Resistors.
4. Capacitor.
5. Voltage regulator.
6. Vero board.
Theory:
1- Source:

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The input source for our power supply is direct WAPDA electric line, which
usually have 220Vrms voltage and 50Hz frequency.
2- Step down transformer :
A transformer is a device which is used for transforming current from one
circuit to another. The working of the transformer is based on the magnetic
field to build around the conductor when current flows through it. This
principle is called as electromagnetic mutual induction. [1]
Selecting a suitable transformer is of great importance. The current
rating and the secondary voltage of the transformer is a crucial

factor.
The current

required for the load to be driven.

The input voltage to the IN4733A should be at least 3.4V greater than

rating

of

the

transformer

depends

upon

the

current

the required Voutput, therefore it requires an input voltage at least

close to 7V.
So I chose a transformer with current rating 1A and voltage rating

9V. (Since 9*2 = 12.72V).

3- Full wave bridge rectifier :
A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in
a bridge circuit configuration that provides the same polarity of output
for either polarity of input. When used in its most common application, for
conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into a pulsating direct
current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier.
Bridge rectifiers are rated by:
1- The maximum current they can pass. (In our circuit 800mA)
2- The maximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must be at least
three times the supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can withstand the peak
voltages).In our circuit we used 1N4007 general purpose diodes.
1N4007:
This is a simple, very common rectifier diode. [2] Often used for reverse
voltage protection, the 1N4007 is a staple for many power, AC to DC step
up, and breadboard projects. 1N4007 can easily withstand:

4-

Maximum repetitive peak reverse voltage VRRM of 1000 V.

Maximum RMS voltage VRMS of 700 V.
Maximum DC blocking voltage VDC of 1000 V.
Peak forward surge current IFSM of 30 A.
Resistors:

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The opposition to the flow of current is called resistance. The device

which is used to control the current by opposing its flow is resistor.

Fixed

Resistor:

The

resistor

whose

value

is

fixed.

Three

fixed

resistors are used in our power supply. Which are:

a) 12 5W
b) 15 5W.
Surge resistor:
A surge resistor is a resistor installed in a circuit to prevent a "surge"
when conditions arise where a surge might occur. Its purpose is to prevent
"too much current" electrical surge from flowing at a given moment so the
circuit can transition into a "normal operating mode" (where current flow
is more modest). In our circuit we used 1 ohm as surge resistor.
1 5W.
5- Capacitor:
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store
electrical energy temporarily in an electric field. The Filter eliminates
the fluctuations in the rectified voltage and produces a relatively smooth
DC voltage. The main purpose of it is to filter AC noise, suppressing
voltage transition applied to the regulator's input. [3]

In this circuit we used three capacitor of value 3300uf and 16V.

7. Voltage regulator:
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant DC
voltage level for variations in the input line voltage or in the load.

The Zener Diode Regulator:

Zener Diodes can be used to produce a stabilized voltage output with low
ripple under varying load current conditions. By passing a small current
through the diode from a voltage source, via a suitable current limiting
resistor (RS), the zener diode will conduct sufficient current to maintain
a voltage drop of Vout. We used 1N4733A in our supply. [4]

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8. Vero board :
Vero board is a brand of strip board, a pre-formed circuit board material
of copper strips on an insulating board .It was introduced as a generalpurpose material for use in constructing electronic circuits - differing
from purpose-designed printed circuit boards (PCBs) in that a variety of
electronic circuits may be constructed using a standard wiring board.
Working:
An AC 220VRMS 50Hz supply is step down to 9VRMS using step down transformer.
After transformer bridge rectifier is used which converts the AC voltage to
DC. Although the AC voltage is converted into DC but its not filtered so
to get filter waveform we have used capacitor. Now the waveform is filtered
.To

get

pure

DC

voltage

of

our

desire

is

achieved

by

using

Voltage

Regulator. Now we have to vary the resistance as to get our required output
voltage.
Soldering :
Soldering is a process in which two or more items (usually metal) are
joined together by melting and putting a filler metal (solder) into the
joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining
metal.
Calculations:
o

Input voltage:
VP=9vrms=9*2=12.7V

Input current:
Ip= 800mAIRMS = 800mA*2=1.13A

Peak value of rectified voltage:

VP

(rect)

=vp

(sec)

-1.4=12.7-1.4=11.3V

Average value of output:

2VP rect

Vavg=
o

Diode peak inverse voltage:

PIV=VP

=7.20V

(rect)

+0.7=12.00V

Rsurge:

Rsurge

V p ( rect )
I FSM

11.3V
.37
30

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Capacitor and ripple factor:

1
11.3V
V p rect
0.7V
fRLC
= 100 *15* 9900uF

Vr pp

1
1

VDC 1
V p rect
1

(11.3V ) 10.94V
2
fR
C
2
*100
*15*
9900
u

The resulting ripple factor is:

Vr pp
VDC

.754
.0689
10.94

The percent ripple factor is=6.8%.

o

Rregulator:

Rs

VS VZ
11.3V 5V

15.75
I LMAX I ZMIN 350m 50m
I total

VS VZ 11.3V 5V

400m
RS
15.75

In market 15.55 resistor is not available .So we used a 12 5W resistor.

Now current flowing through Rregulator is:

I total
o

VS VZ 11.3V 5V

525m
RS
12

Power Rating of Zener:

P VI 5V *.050 A .25W
We must always use a zener having rated power at least four times the
calculated values.

P .25W * 4 1W
So we used 1W zener.
o

Rload :

Rload

Vdc
5V

14.28
I load 350m

As, in market 14.28 resistor is not available. So we used 15 5W resistor.

Now the current flowing through Rload is:

I load
o

Vdc
5V

350mA
RLOAD 15

Power Rating of Resistor:

P VI 5V *.350 A 1.75W
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So we used 5W resistor to be on safe side.

Conclusion:
We solder our calculated components on Vero board and achieved following
output:

5.01V
350mA

_____________________________________________

References
[1 T. L.Floyd, "Electric Circuits Fundamentals," in 8th edition.
]
[2 J. S. B. G. R. Theodore F. Bogart, "Electronic Devices and Circuits (6th
] Edition)".
[3 capacitor. [Online]. Available:
] http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/capacitor-capacitance. [Accessed
friday february 2016].
[4 z. diode. [Online]. Available:
] http://www.futureelectronics.com/en/diodes/zener.aspx. [Accessed friday
february 2016].
[5 vishay. [Online]. Available: www.vishay.com/docs/85816/1n4728a.pdf.
] [Accessed friday february 2016].
[6 D. B. .. Albert Malvino, "Electronic Principles".
]
[7 Quirkyquantummechanic. [Online]. Available:
] http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_surge_resistor. [Accessed friday
february 2016].
[8 transformer. [Online]. Available: http://www.electrical4u.com/what-is] transformer-definition-working-principle-of-transformer/. [Accessed friday
february 2016].
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[9 1N4007. [Online]. Available: www.diodes.com/_files/datasheets/ds28002.pdf.

] [Accessed friday february 2016].

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