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HllllHIIWWWWWWWWWMI
3 ELDS 111E DLU

BERKELOUW BUUKDEALERS

GRAMMAR
OF THE

KAGURU

LANGUAGE,

EASTERN EQUATORIAL AFRICA.

BY'

J. T. LAST,
OF THE CHURCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY.

LONDON:
SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN-KNOWLEDGE,
NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, CHARING cnoss, W.(:.
1886.

PREFACE.

Tms language is spoken in U-Sagara. The Sagan-a

or Sagala tribe is large, comprising six or seven
sub-tribes, of which the Kagl'u'u is the chief, but
it is called Mgi by the neighbouring Masai and
Kwa, who belong to the quite distinct Nuba-Fulah
linguistic group, and have intruded themselves into
the region of the great Bantu family. Mr. Last
dwelt many years in the midst of this tribe, and

compiled large vocabularies and this Grammatical

Treatise, which is a great addition to our know
ledge, as nothing was known of it previously. This
language is noticed at page 352 of my Modern
Languages of Africa.

ROBERT oUsT,
Member of Committee of Church Missionary
and British and Foreign Bible Societies,
and Foreign Translation Committee of the
Societyfor Promoting Christian Knowledge.
Lonnon,

July, 1885.

OUTLINES OF THE GRAMMAR

OI THE

KAGI'IRU LANGUAGE.

THE ALPHABET.
THE letters and combinations of letters composing
the Kagi'iru alphabet may be divided into four groups,
as(1)vowels; (2 consonants; (3) compound con
sonants; (4) dipht ongs.
These groups are shown in the following tables :
Vowels

consonants.

52321331111?-

$11212;

B, 1), F, G, H,

Ch, D, Dz, K, Ng,

Bl

J, K, L, M, N,

Nd, Ng, Ny, P,

an

I
O
U

P, R, S, T, V,
W, Y, Z.

Sh, Th, T, N.

ei
oi

The letters are pronounced as given below :

n

2 '

THE ALPHABET.
Examples of the use of
the letters.

A is pronounced as a in father.

Baba, father. '

B
Ch

Ku-bena, to break.
Chilalo, madness.

,,
,,

b in broad.
ch in chest.

D is pronounced as d in date.
D, an aspirated d.

Ku-dega, to rend.
Ndwiga, a girae.

Dz, a compound consonant.

Medzi, water.

E is pronounced as a in gate.

Ku-leka, to leave.
Ifulu, a nest.

,,

fint.

,,

g in gate Igana, a hundred.

(never soft).

,,

h in home

Ku-hera, to nish.

(always aspirated).
I
,,
i in ma- lsi, an hyena.
chine.
J
,,
injump.
Ku-jibila, to im
merse.
'
K
,,
k in kite.
Uki, honey.
K is a strongly aspirated k.
-Kali, erce.
L is pronounced as l in let.
Ku-longa, to say.
M

,,

m in many.

N
,,
n in none.
Nd.
Ng.
Ng.
Ny.
O is pronounced as o in Italian
P
i ,,
p inneg.
pare.no.
P, an aspirated p.

R is, pronounced as
S
,,
Sh
,,
T
,,
Th
,,
' ,

Mbuli, an a'air.

Soni, shame.
Luanda, a lake.
Ngea, small-Apox.
Ngombe, an ox.
Kinyefu, a shadow.
Ku-doda, to rot.
Ku-puluka, to y.
Mpusi, a nut.

r in ring.
s in sight.
sh in shout.
t in tall.
th in thee.

Mmera, malt.
Ku-seh'a, to laugh.
Ishagilo, a broom.
Itundu, a hill.
Nthinge, an ant.

run ALPHABET.

T, an aspirated t.

Nfembo, ivory.

U is pronounced as oo in fool.

I/ua. a spot.

,,

z: in vine-

Vinolo, cakes.

V
Y

,,
,,

yard.
w in want.
y in yard.

Wanhu, people.
Yetu, our.

,,

z in zeal.

Uzungu, ingenuity.
Uai, ex. of con
tradietion.
Uhai, witchcraft.
Nsau, riches.

Ai.
Au.

Ei.

Igeiro, name of dis

trict.
Woi ! interjection
of surprise.

'
Oi.

Tas Accsur.

The accent is almost invariable on the penultimate,

or last syllable but one. When otherwise, the accent
is marked over its syllable, as in mehe'kulu, a married

woman.
When suffixes are added to a word, the accent is
generally shifted so as to beon the last syllable but

one.
Many words are the same
language. In Swahili many
vowels. In most instances of
r has been dropped. In Kagl'lru
replaced.

as in the Swahili
words end in two
such words an I or
we lind these letters

SWAHlLI.
Pua

KAGIIRU.
SWAHILI.
KAGI'IRU.
Mpula, a nose. . Mvua
Ztfvula, rain.

Ku-kaa

Ku-kala, to sit.

N/"la

Mala, hunger.

(4)

PARTS OF SPEECH, ETC.

THERE are eight parts of speech in the Kaguru

language :
I. THE Noon on SUBSTANTIVE. These are gene
rally simple roots, with appropriate prexes, by
which the number and class is denoted ; as mu-nhu,
a man ; wa-nhu, men.

II. THE ADJECTIVE. Regular adjectives are gene

rally simple roots. These are made to agree with
nouns by prexing the appropriate syllables to
denote number and class; as mu-nhu mwtali, a tall

man.
'
. III. THE PRONOUN. Pronouns are generally ex
pressed by the use of particles prexed to the verb;
as na-kata, I dig. Also by the use of particles
bearing appropriate prexes; as in the possessive,
munhu wa-ngu, my man, and in the demonstrative,
u'a-nhu wd-dia, those men.
IV. THE VERB.

The innitive, from which all the

other parts of the verb can be formed, contains the

root an -a sufxed, and the syllable ku- prexed; as,
ku-kat-ahu-, sign of innitive, kat-, root of verb, -a,

stem formative-to dig.

V. ADVERBS. Pure adverbs are very few
number.

These

are

often used

in

as enclitics; aa

huhatamno, to dig very much, or very hard. Other

mars or SPEECH, ETC.

adverbs are formed with the help of substantives,

verbs, and adjectives.
VI. PREPOSITIONS. These are few in number, but

the deciency is supplied by using the applied form

of the verb; as ku-ambikila, to cook for, from kuam
bika', to cook. A set of prexes, ha-, mu-, and Au, are

used to denote locality.

VII. THE CONJUNCTION. These also are few in
number. The want is supplied by the use of the
syllable -ka- prexed in its place, to the verb; as

-a-ka-m-gamb-ila, and he told him.

VIII. INTERJECTIONS. There are many interjec
tions. Of these the intonation and use can hardly
be acquired except by much and frequent inter
course with the natives. The word is often made
to express several meanings simply by varying the
tone in which it is spoken.
SUFFIXES, Pnsrrxss, AND GENDER.
Substantives, adjectives, and pronouns take pre
xes to denote number and class.

Verbs take both prexes and sulxes.

Gender is not expressed by the form of the word,
but by the use of the adjectives -ume, male, and Joe,
female.
These forms are sometimes used as en
olitics; as wcinalume, men, for.waana waume, men;
and mwan- mine, women, for mwana muke, women.
CONTRACTIONS.

When two vowels come together, one is often

absorbed by the other. The remaining vowel often
becomes long.
The vowel a before e or i generally becomes long e;
at before i becomes w; as kwitila, for ku-itila, to pour

out; i before another vowel becomes 3;.

SU BSTANTIVES.
Tun substantives of the Kagru language are divided
into eleven classes.
The gender is not expressed by the form of the
substantive; sometimes special. words are used.
Generally the adjectives -ume, male, and Joe, female,
are used in connection with human and all other
animate beings.
There are two numbers, singular and

plural.

These are generally expressed by the initial prex ;

as ki-mela, a rey; vi meta, reies.

The class to which a substantive belongs is deter

mined (a) by its initial prex, (B) by whether it
denotes an animate being or not, (7) by whether
it takes a prex to form the plural or not.
There is no distinction of cases in the Kaguru
language by using varying forms of the substantive.
The case can almost invariably be determined by
the sense of the context.
The subjective or nominative case, and the objec

tive or accusative case of substantives are always the

same.
The genitive case is expressed by the use of the
possessive pronoun. or of the preposition -a, of; as
numba. zangu, my houses; tembe dya 'mudewa, the
chief's tembe.

SUBSTANTIVES.

The dative and ablative cases are expressed some

times by prepositions, but generally by the use of
the applied form of the verb; as ku-m-sek-elela mgeni
wangu, to give pleasure to my guest.
The vocative case is expressed by a contracted
form of the second person singular and the plural of
the personal pronoun: agwe, thou ; anyie, ye.
The number of those nouns (Class III.) which do
not change to form the plural is generally expressed
by the prex taken by the pronouns or adjectives
used in connection with them; as numba za-ngu, my

houses. Here the syllable za- is the prex used with

pronouns and adjectives in connection with substan
tives of Class III., to denote the plural number.
It is most important to observe carefully the class
prex of each substantive, as all pronouns and

adjectives depend on the substantival prex for the

form of all their prexes.
CLASS I. Nouns beginning with 'm-, m-, mu, and
mw-, being the names of living beings. These form
the plural by changing m-, etc., into TI,-The
different forms of the singular prex all represent the
syllable mu-, which is the prex most generally used.
Muntu, a man ;
Mudala, an old woman ;

Wantu, men.
Wadala, old women.

M/ilelo, a soldier;
Wajilelo, soldiers.
Mfugwa, a slave;
Wafugwa, slaves.
The singular prex mu- before a vowel changes
the -u- into w-, and so becomes mw-.

When the -a

of the plural prex wa- comes before another a-,

they almost coalesce and are hardly distinguishable.
When -a- comes before e- or i-, it is changed into a
long e sound.
Mwenyieji, a native;
Wenyieji, natives.
Mzvaniki, a youth;
Wddniki, youths.

sUBsrANrrvEs.

CLASS II. Nouns beginning with m-, m-, mu-, and

mw-, which are not the names of animate or living
beings. These form their plural by changing m-,
etc., into mi-.

When the -u- of mu- comes before

the vowel o-, the u.- is dropped.

Mgunda, a garden ;
Mkono, a hand;

Migunda, gardens.
Mikono, hands.

Muti, a tree;
Muhingo, an ebony tree-;

Miti, trees.
Mihingo, ebony trees.

llIwezi, the moon;

Miezi, moons or months.

Mwoko, the lower arm;

Moto, re ;

Mioko or moko, lower arms.

Mioto, res.

CLASS III. These are of two kinds: (a) those which

do not change to form the plural;
those which
prex the syllable zi- to the form of the singular to
make their plural. Those of the latter kind are few
in number.
(a) Those which do not change to form the plural.
Numba, a house;
.
Ngombe, an ox ;
Nguruwe, a wild boar;

Numba, houses.
Ngombe, oxen.
Nguruwe, wild boars.

Ntemo, a billhook;
Mbuli, an affair ;

Ntemo, billhooks.
Mbuli, affairs.

(,8) Those which prex the syllable zi- to the form

of the singular.
Sengo, a hatchet ;
Sanga, a guncap;

Zisengo, hatchets.
Zisanga, guncaps.

Isi, the land;

Ziisi or zisi, lands.

Mbeyu, seed ;
Ngoma, drum ;

Zimbeyu, seeds.
Zingoma, drums.

Perhaps it is immaterial whether the prex zi- is

used or not.

SUBSTANTIVES.

CLASS IV. Those which take the prex ki-, chi-,

cha-, or cho-, in the singular. The plural is formed
by changing the singular prex into vy- before a.
vowel, and into vi- before a consonant; as
Kimeta, a rey;
Kitongi, a clod ;

Vimeta, reies.
Vitongi, clods.

Chihaga, a spoon ; .
O'higwaso, a peg;
Chali, a child ;
Ch'aongo, brain ;

Vihaga, spoons.
Vigwaso, pegs.
Vyali, little children.
Vyaongo, brains.

Chono, loin;
Chuma, iron;

Vyono, loins.
Vyuma, pieces of iron.

Names of things are brought into this class when

it is necessary to speak of them as being small.
Nouns having prexes lose their own prexes and
take those of this class.
Kinumba, a little house;

Vinumba, little houses.

Kipeeni, a little goat ;

Vipeeni, little goats.

Kipando, a little stick ;

Vip'ando, little sticks.

CLASS V. (a) Those which form their plural by

prexing the syllable ma- to the form of the sin
gular.
Many words of this class, beginning
with the letter 01- in the singular, lose that letter
in forming the plural.
(a) Singo, a neck ;
Masingo, necks.
Soki, a bad spirit;
Tumo, a pit;

Masuki, bad spirits.

Matumo, pits.

Lengi, a pumpkin;
Malengi, pumpkins.
(B) Those which remove n- before prexing the
syllable ma- to 'form the plural.
Ntembo, an elephant ;
.Nkh6, a banana;
Ndoto, a basket;

Matembo, elephants.
Mak, bananas.
Madoto, baskets.

Nsige, a locust;

Masiga, locusts.

l0

SUBSTANTIVES.

(7) Those words beginning in 6-. These form their

plural by removing the i-, and prexing the syllable

ma-.
Ituli, a pounding-mortar; Matuli, pounding-mortars.
Itoja, the liver;

Matoja, livers.

Itwe, a head;

Matwe, heads.

Ifufu, an oxs hump;

Mafufu, humps.

CLASS VI. Those nouns which (a) take the prex

m- in the singular, and form the plural by changing
it into ma-.
Those substantives in u- which
change the u- into ma- to form the plural.
(7) All
abstract nouns in u-.
(5) All collective nouns
in u
(a) Those in m- in the singular change m- into
ma- to form the plural.
Mpim', a storm ;
Mapiri, storms.
Mpando, a walking-stick ; .Mapando, walking-sticks.
Mpula, a nose;
Mapula, noses.

(/3) Those in u- which change u- into ma- to form

the plural.
Uyoga, a mushroom;

Mayoga, mushrooms.

Udasi, a lie;
Utam, a disease;

Madasi, lies.
Matam, diseases.

(7) All abstract nouns in u-.

Ubwarata, folly.
Ukali, erceness.

Uoga, fear.

(8) All collective nouns in u-.

Usagi, our.
Ulongo, clay.
Ufu, cud.

suiasnN'rlvss.
CLAss VII. All nouns in 1i-.

11
These form their

plural by changing Ii into ma-.

Ligembe, a hoe;
Magembe, hoes.
Lirunde, a cloud;
Likala, a cinder;
Ligoda, a stool;

'Mavunde, clouds.
Makala, cinders (charcoal).
Magoda, stools.

CLASS VIII. Those nouns in lu- which change

lu- into ma- to form the plural.
Lubavu, a rib ;
Luseko, laughter;

Mabavu, ribs.
Maseko, laughing.

Lukolongo, a river;
Lusinga, a log of wood;

MaIcolongo, rivers.
Masinga, logs of wood.

CLASS IX: Those in lu- which form their plural

by changing Iu- into (a) zi-; (,8) su-; ('1) either
su- or ny-, ai- and m - together.
(a) Those in lu- which take zi- to form the plural.
Lusigi, a loop ;
Zisigi, loops.
Lunyolo, a chain ;

Zinyolo, chains.

(B) Those in lu- which take su- to form the plural.

Lugha, a plot of ground ;

Suglla, plots of ground.

Luii, a shaft, handle;

Suti, shafts, handles.

) Those in Iu- which take either su- or my- to

form the plural.
Luzi, a string;
Lumo, a razor;

Suzi or nyuzi. strings.

Sumo or nyumo, razors.

(8) Those in 1u- which take both si- and ny

together to form the plural.
Luimlm, a song ;
Sinyimbu, songs.
There are comparatively few words belonging to
this class.

12

SUBSTANTIVES.

CLASS X. The word hantu, a place. This word is

peculiar, as requiring the syllable ha- to be prexed
to all pronouns, adjectives, and verbs used in con
nection with it.
~
Hantu, a place;

Hantu, places.

Hantu haswamu, a good

place ;

Hantu haswamu,
places.

good

CLASS XI. The innitives of verbs used as sub

stantives.
These, when so used, answer to the

English verbal substantive in ing.

is the same as the singular.

The plural form

It differs from the

third class in requiring the syllable ku- to be pre

xed to all words used in connection with it.

Ku-kata, digging or diggings.

Ku-bagabaga, exploring or explorings.
Ku-ambika, cooking or cookings.
LOCATION.

There are three prexes used, all having reference to

locality.
Ha-, denoting nearness (at, by, near, etc.).
Mu, denoting within, (to or from a place within).
Ku-, denoting to or from a place at a distance.
Hakayrt, near the village.
Mumgunda, in the garden.
Kumbagu, to the forest.

Munumba mwangu, in my house.

Hanumba hangu, at my house.
Kunumba kwangu, to my house.
Kunjila, on the road.

Munjila, in the road.

Haluanda, at the river.

Kukwidza, in coming.

(13)

ADJEOTIVES.
AnJEcrIvEs- (as in Swahili) follow the substantive
they agree with.
Mtomondo mkulu, a great hippopotamus.
Regular adjectives are made to agree with sub
stantives by prexing to them the initial letter or
letters peculiar to the class of substantives they are
required to agree with.
Ki-goli ki-swamu, a good girl.
Vi-goli vi-swamu, good girls.
'Mbuguma muswamu, a good cow.
Ma-buguma maswamu, good cows.

Adjectives of any class, if used in connection with

substantives denoting the names of living beings,
may take prexes proper to the rst class of sub
stantives.
Ki-goli mu-swamu, a good girl.
Vi-goli wa-swamu, good girls.
Lumbu mu-lefu, a tall sister.
Mpeni wa-kulu, large goats.
It is equally proper to prex to the adjective the
sign proper to the class of substantive with which
the adjective agrees, though the substantive is the

name of a living being.

14

ADJECTIVES.

Ma-joka ma-kulu, large snakes.

Vyali 'lJi-dOdO, little babies.
Chanike ki-tali, a tall boy.
Itulwa ikali, a erce wild cat.

Adjectives beginning in a vowel require, wherever

possible, a prex ending in a consonant.
Vyanike vy-eha, bad boys.
Igoda yeha, a bad stool.
When a. prex ending in a vowel comes before an

adjective beginning with a vowel, the vowel of the

prex is generally absorbed by the vowel of the
adjective; as
Muniu keha ll muntu ka-eha, a bad man.
wanlu wa-eha, ba'l men.
Wantu weha
matuli ma-eha, bad pounding-mortars.
Matuli meha
numba zi-eha, bail houses.
Numba zeha

The following is a table of the prexes required

by adjectives when used in connection with the
ditferent classes and numbers of SllbStantlVes.

Class
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,

I. Sing. mu- and m-.

II.
III.
1V.
V.
VI.
VlI.
VIlI.
1X.

,,

,,

XI.-

Plur. wa-.

,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,

mu- and m-.

n- and i-.
chi- and ki-.
di- and i-.
mu- and m-.
li-.
lu-.
lu-.

,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,

mi-,
zi-.
vi- vy-.
ma-.
n1a-.
ma-.
ma-.
zi, some

,,

ha-.

,,

ha-.

,, ku-.

times n-i

,, ku-.

ADJECTIVES.

15

The following table shows how the adjectives are

formed and used :
I. Sing. Muntu muswamu, a good man.
Plur. Wantu waswamu, good men.
II. Sing. Mugunda muswamu, a beautiful
garden.
Plur. Migunda
miswamu,
beautiful
gardens.

Class
,,

,,

III. Sing. Numba nswamu, a ne house.

Plur. Numba ziswamu, ne houses.

II

IV.

Sing. Ki-meta kiswamu,

rey.

a handsome

Plur. Vi-meta. viswamu, handsome re

5,

,!

ies.
.
. Sing. Kana diswamu, a clean garner.
Plur. Makana maswamu, clean garners.
VI. Sing. Mpando mswamu, a ne stick.
Plur. Mapando maswamu, ne sticks.

VII. Sing. Ligembi liswamu. a good hoe.

Plur. Magemln' maswamu, good hoes.
VIII. Sing. Lukoa luswamu, a useful strap.
Plur. lllakoa maswamu, useful straps.

,,

IX. Sing. Lumo luswamu, a good razor.

Plur. Sumo or nyumo ziswamu or nswamu,
good razors.

X.

,,

,,

Sing. and Plur. Hantu haswamu, a good

place or places.
XI . Sing. and Plur. Kwija kuswamu, good
coming or comings.

The words -ose, all, and -enyi, having or with, take

the same prexes as pronouns.

Class
H
H

I. Wanlu wose, all men.

II. Migunda yose, all gardens.

III. Numba zose, all houses.

16

ADJECTIVES .

Class
,,
,,

IV. Vimeta vyose, all reies.

V. Makrmu goes, all garners.
VI. Mapando gose, all sticks.

,,

VII. Magembe gose, all hoes.

,,

VIII. Makoa gose, all straps.

,,
,,
,,

IX. Sumo zose, all razors.

X. Hantu hose, all places.
XI. Kwija kwose, all comings.

The word -eni, having or with, is formed as

follows :
Class
I. Sing. Munbu mweni ngombe, a man
having oxen.
Plur. Wantu weni ngombe, men having
oxen.
II. Sing. Muyunda mweni vifuko, a. garden
,,
having weeds.
Plur. Migunda yeni mlfuko, gardens
having weeds.
,,

III. Sing. Numba yem' ikwi, a house having

Plur. Numba zeni ikwi, houseshavingdirt.

IV. Sing. Kimeta cheni ilua, a rey having

dirt.

a spot.
Plur. Vimeta vyem' malua, reies
having spots.
V. Sing. Kanu dyeni chidio, a garner having
food.
Plur. Makanu gem' chidio, garners having
food.
VI. Sing. Mpando gleni mapugu, a stick
having knots.
Plur. Mapando geni mapugu, sticks
having knots.

,,

VII. Sing. Ligembe leni chipini, a hoe having

a handle.

ADJECTIVES.

17

Class VII. Plur. Magembe gem? vipini, hoes having

,,

VIII. Sing.
Plur.

,,

IX. Sing.
Plur.

,,

handles.
Lukoa. lweni chifunga, a strap
having a buckle.
Makoa geni mI/ungo, straps having
buckles.
Lumo lwem' ikolakanga, a razor
having rust.
Sumo zeni ikolakanga, razors having
rust.

X. Sing. Hantu heni misongi, a place having

huts.

Plur. Hantu hem misongi, places having

,!

huts.
XI. Sing. Kwija kweni ngufu, coming having
force.
Plur. Kwija kweni ngufu, comings having
force.

The following table shows the forms taken by

-mwe, one, and -e'ngi, many :

Class

I. Sing. Muntu muswamu yumwe, one good

man.
Plur. Wanlu waswamu wengi, many good
men.
,,

II. Sing. Mugunda muswamu umwe, one good

garden.
Plur. Migunda muswamu mengi, many
good gardens.

,,

III. Sing. Numba nswamu imwe, one good

house.

Plur. Numba ziswamu zingi, many good

,,

houses.
IV. Sing. K-imeta kiswamu kimwe, one good
rey.

xAor'mU.

//

18

ADJECTIVES.

Class
,,

,,

,,

,,

,,

IV. Plur. Vimeta viswamu vingi, many good

reies.
V. Sing. Kanu. diswamu dimwe, one good
garner.
Plur. Makanu maswamu mengi, many
good garners.
VI. Sing. Mprmdo mawamu umwe, one good
stick.
Plur. Mapando maswamu mengi, many
good sticks.
VII. Sing. Ligembe liswamu limwe, one good

hoe.
Plur. Magembe maswamu mengi, many
good hoes.
VIII. Sing. Lukoa luswamu lumwe, one good
strap.
Plur. Makoa maswamu mengi, many
good straps.
IX. Sing. Lumo luswamu lumwe, one good

razor.
Plur. Sumo ziswamu zingi, many good

razors.
,,

,,

X. Sing. Hantu hasuamu hamwe, one good

place.
Plur. Hantu haswamu hangi, many good
places.
XI. Sing. Kwija kuswamu kumwe, one good

coming.
Plur. Kwija Ituswamu kwengi, many good

comings.
The word other is expressed by the syllable
-nge, preceded by the appropriate pronominal prex.
Class I. Sing. Muntu yunge, another man.
Plur. Wantu wange, other men.

ADJECTIVES.
Class
H

,,

,,

,,

II. Sing.
Plur.
III. Sing.
Plur.
IV. Sing.
Plur.
V. Sing.
Plur.
VI. Sing.
Plur.
VII. Sing.
Plur.
VIII. Sing.

19

Mugunda unge, another garden.

Migunda minge, other gardens.
Numba inge, another house.
Numbe zinge, other houses.
Kimeta kinge, another rey.
Vimeta vinge, other reies.
Kanu dinge, another garner.
Makanu mangi, other garners.
Mpando nnge, another stick.
Mapando menge, other sticks.
Ligembe linge, another hoe.
Magembe mange, other hoes.
Lukoa lunge, another strap.

Plur. Makoa mange, other straps.

IX. Sing. Lumo lunge, another razor.
Plur. Sumo zinge, other razors.
Sing. and Plur. Hantu hange, another
X.
I
place or places.
XI. Sing. and Plur. Kwija kunge, another
,,
coming or comings.
It must be remembered that the plural prexes of

,,

the ninth class, su- and ny-, are interchangeable and

used optionally.
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.

The number of regular adjectives in the Mgi

language is comparatively few.
There are, however, many other forms which can
be used as adjectives.
1. The place of the adjective is supplied by the

use of a verb in the present-perfect tense ; as

Mp'ando ugoloka, the stick is straight.
Mp'ando ugonja, the stick is bent.

Libiga limema, the water-pot is full.

2O

ADJECTIVES.

2. By a substantive connected with the substan

tive qualied by the preposition a, of.
Muntu wa ukoba, a greedy man.

Muntu wa ubala, a cunning man.

Muntu wa mizungu, a wonderful man.
Medje ya munyu, salt water.
3. By the use of the verb kuwa-na, (kwi-na), to
have; as
Kena (for Kat'na) ugufu, he is strong.
Kena ikwi, he is dirty.
Kena ukoba, he is greedy.
4. By the use of negative forms of kwi-na, to have,
with the present tense of a verb ; as

Hena ugutwi zihulikile, He has not ears which hear = 4

He is deaf.

Hena mpula zinusile, He has not a nose which smells=

He cannot smell.
5. By the use of -eni, having or with.

Muntu mwem' nsao, a man having riches = a rich man.

Wantu weni ngufu, strong men.
lkunjugulu dyeni malua, a spotted buttery.
Mp'ando yeni mapugu, a knotted stick.
6. By the use of -eni, having or with, with the
innitives of verbs; as

Mweml kulima, a gardener.

Mweni ku-tija, a fugitive.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.

The comparison of adjectives is expressed:

1. By a simple statement; as

ADJECTIVES.

21

Muntu ayu muswamu, yndia keha, This man is good,

that man is bad = This man is better than that. A
lhiki adi ditali didia diguhi, This tree is tall, that
tree is short = This tree is taller than that.
2. By the use of ku-pitia, to surpass; as
Munhu ayu muswamu ampitila mwiagwe, This man is
good, he surpasses his companion = This man is
better than his companion.
Msdwenda mtali ampz'tila Malundo, Msawenda is tall,
he surpasses Malundo = Msawenda is taller than
Malundo.
Mbuguma yangu. aeleka waana kupitila yako, My cow
bears calves surpassing yours = My cow bears
more calves than yours.
3. By the use of ku-hila, to increase.
Ibiki adi dihila kueleka, This tree has increased to
bear = This tree bears more now than it did

formerly.
Am'e nhuhila kwija ausiku, I shall increase my coming

to-morrow = I shall come more quickly to-morrow.

4. A comparison with an unexpressed object is

denoted by the use of muno or -mno, as an enclitic,

very.
Mugunda au mukulumno, This garden is very large.
Muntu ayu mtali muno, This man is very tall.
Wantu wadia wakalimno, Those men are very erce.
The superlative degree is expressed by the use of
the simple adjective in an absolute sense, or by the
use of -ose, all, together with ku-pitila, to surpass.

1.~ Adjective in absolute sense.

Mabiki maswamu ya hoki ? Where are the best trees?

22

ADJEC TIVES.

Maboko maswamu ya hoki? Where are the best

bananas?
2. By the use of -ose, all, together with kupitila, to

surpass.
Ytidia keha apitila wose, That man is the worst of all.
Mabike aya maswamu, yapz'tila yose, These trees are
the best of all.

(23)

N UMERALS.

THE following are the cardinal numbers :

1 = Mo85.

2
3
4
5
6

=
=
=
=
=

Kaidi.
Kadatu.
Kane.
Kasano.
Mtandatu.

7 = Mfungati.
8 = Mnana.
9 = Kenda.

10 = lkumi.
11 = lku'mi na dimwe.

12 =
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

,,

,, kaidi.

=
,,
,,
=
,,
,,
=
,,
,,
=
,,
,,
=
,,
,,
=
,,
,,
=
,,
,,
= Makumi
=
,,

kadatu.
kane.
kasano.
mtandatu.
mfungati.
mnana.
kenda.
maidi.
,,
na dimwe.

22 =

,,

,,

,, kaidi.

23

,,

,,

,, kadatu.

24

NUMERA LS.

24
25
26
27
28
29
30

= Makumi maidi na kane.

=
,,
,,
,, kasano.
=
n
,,
,, mtcmdatu.
=
,,
,,
,, mfungati.
=
,,

,, mnana.
=
,,
,,
,, kenda.
=
,,
madatu.

40 =
50 =
60 =

,,
,,
,,

mane.
masano.
mtandatu.

70 =

,,

mfungati.

80 =
90 =

,,
,,

mnana.
kenda.

100 = I-gana.
101 =

,,

na dimwe.

110 =
120 =

,,
,,

,, ikumi.
,, makumi maidz'.

130 =

,,

,,

,,

131 =

,,

,,

,,

,,

na, dimwe.

135 =

,,

kasano'

madam.

200 = Magana maidi.

250 =
,,
,,
na makumi masano.
555 =

,,

masano na makumi masano na kasano.

1000 = Magana makumi or kidole.

1882 = Magana mak-umi na mnana na makumi mnana
m1 kaidi.

It is very seldom that numbers beyond a hundred

are used by the natives.
When speaking of a given number of tens, the
word milongo, tens, is used instead of makumi.
The number always follow the substantive with
which it is connected; as-

Muntu yumwe, one man.

Wantu wasano, ve men.

Magoda mfungati, seven stools.

NUMERALS.

25

When a noun qualied by a number takes an

adjective, the number comes last.
Muntu muswamu yumwe, one good man.
Wantu weha wadatu, three bad men.

Magembe madodo mtandatu, six small hoes.

The ordinal numbers are expressed by the use of
the preposition a, of.
M'untu wa kulongola, the rst man.
Ibiki dya kaidi, the second tree.
Kimeta cha kadatu, the third rey.
The ordinal numbers are as follows :

First

-a kulongola.

Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth

-a
-a
-a
-a
-a

Seventh
Eighth

-a mfungati.
-a ntnana.

Ninth
Tenth
Etc.
Last

-a kenda.
-a ikumi.
-a etc.
-a.

km'di.
kadatu.
lame.
kasano.
mtandatu.

Numerals take the following forms when used in

agreement with substantives :

mmfungati
fungati
mfungati
mmtandatu
6
mtandatu
tmtandatu
andatut.u 7
kimwe
imwe
dimwe
1
hamwe
lumwe
limwe
umwe
yumwe
kumwe
umwe
Mugunda
SNumba
Muntu
Kimeta
Mp-ando
Kanu
uLigembe
bLukoa
Hantu
Lumo
Kwija
stan-

Migunda
SMakanu
Wantu
Vimeta
Numba
Map'ando
uMagembe
Sumo
Makoa
bIIantu
Kwija
stan-

wmidatu
3
ndatu
madatu
adatu
ndatu
hadatu
kudatu minne
5
viszmo
wasano
hasano
sano
kusano
mamsasanaono
vinne
nne
4
hanne
nne
wanna
kunne
manne
manne misano
wmiidi
viidi
mbili
maidi
2
aidi
haidi
mbili
kwidi vidatu

8
mmnana
mnana
nmnana
ana. kkenda
10
ikumi
ikumi
ikumi
9
kenda
enda
kenda
kenda . ikumi

2
1
CLASS
4
3
6
5
'11
17O
9
8

I-

Sing.

tives.

Plur. . tives.

NUMERALS.

27

Adverbial Numbers.

These are expressed by prexing the syllable ka

to the root of the cardinal numbers.
The adverbial for once takes the root -mwe, in
stead of mosi.

They are shown in the following table :

Once
Twice
Three times
Four
,,
Five
,,
Six
,,

kamwe.
kedi for kaidi.
ka-datu.
ka-nne.
ka-sano.
ka-mtandatu.

Seven
Eight

,,
,,

ka-mfungati.
ka-mnana.

Nine
Ten

,,
,,

ka-kenda.
ka-kumi or ka-dikumi.

How many times ?

Many times, often

ka-ngaihi?
ka-ngi.

There are no words in the Kagliru language by

which to express correctly fractional parts.
The word mgailo, plural migailo, is used to denote
parts of anything, or shares, which may be many or
few, and not necessarily equal in quantity.
Dihindi is used to denote one part of an object
which has been divided into two pieces or parts.
It is not necessary that the two parts should be
equal or exact halves.

When numbers are used as substantives, they

take the prex ma- ; as
Makumi maidi, two tens.

Magana 'mdne, four hundreds.

When used with some unexpressed substantive as

28

NUMERALS.

an object, the numeral takes the prex proper to

the class and number to which the unexpressed
substantive belongs ,' as
Wamwe wose (wantu), all one, (men) all of one kind. '

Mamwe gose (mapando), (sticks) all of a sort.

(29)

PRONOUNS.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

THE full forms of the personal pronouns are as

follows :
I, anie.
We, ase.
Thou, agwegwe.
You, anyie.
He or she, yuyu, aye.
They, wao.
The second person singular is often contracted
into agwe and gwe.
The second person singular is always used when
only one person is referred to.
There are no special forms to denote it or they
when referring to inanimate objects.
The objective ease of the personal pronoun is the

same as that given above as the subjective case.

The possessive case is generally expressed by the
use of the possessive pronoun ; as

Ligembe liangu, my hoe.

Mabuguma yao, their cows.
Numba zakwe, his houses.

Sometimes by use of the preposition -a, of; as

Migunda ya ase, our gardens.
Ngombe w anyie, your oxen.

30

PRONOUNS.

The possessive pronouns -akwe and -ao, which are

used with words denoting animate beings may also
be used with words denoting inanimate things.
The distinctive syllable proper to the class of sub

stantives with which the pronoun agrees must

always be prexed ; as
Mudio diyakwe ibiki, the trees fruit.
Manyasi yao migunda, the gardens grass = the grass
of the gardens.
The possessive pronoun is formed by prexing
the preposition -a-, of, to a special form of the

personal pronoun.
W-a-ngu-, mine.
W-a-ko-, thine

W-etu for wa-etu, ours.

W-enu, w-a-enu, yours.

W-a-kwe-, his, her, or its.

W-a-o-, theirs.

The preposition ha, and or with, is often prexed

to a shortened form of the personal pronoun to
express and or with me, you, he, etc.

Na-nie, and or with me. Na-se-, and or with us.

Na-gwe, ,,
,, thee. Na-nyie, ,,
,,
you.
Na-yu,
,,
,, him Na-o-,
,,
,,
them.
or her.

The objective case takes the same forms as above;

so they may also mean and I or and me, and thou
or and thee, and he or and she, or with him or her.

The following prexes are used in conjugating

the verb, to denote the nominative or subjective

case of the personal pronoun :

Ni-, 'n-, I.
U-, z42-, thon.
A-, yu-, ka-, he, she.

Ohi-, ch-, we.

Mw-, m-, you.
Wa-, they.

These prexes are used to denote animate beings

only.

PRONOUNS.

31

The objective or aceusative forms of the personal

pronouns denoting animate beings are as follows:
-ni-, -n-, me.

-chi-, -ch-, us.

-ku-, -kw-, thee.

-wa-, you.

-m-, mw-, him, her.

-wa-, them.

The rule for the use of these prexes is, that those

ending in a vowel are used with a word or syllable

beginning with a consonant; and those ending in a

consonant are used before words or syllables begin

ning with a vowel.
When two vowels of the same kind come together,
the former is absorbed by the latter, which becomes
a long vowel.
U- before i is often changed into w-.
The following prexes are used in connection
with words expressing inanimate things, to denote

the personal pronoun :

SUBJECTIVE CASE.

Class Sing.
II. U-, w-.
III. I-, y-.
IV. Ki-, ch-.

Plur.
I-, y-.
zi-, z-.
vi-, vy-.

V. Di-, d-.
VI. U-, w.

ga-, g-.
ga-, g-.

OBJECTIVE CASE.

Class
II.
III.
IV.

Sing.
Plur.
-u-.
-i-.
-i-.
-zi-.
-ki-, chi-. -vi-.

V. -di-.
VI. -u-.

-ga-.
-ga-.

-ga-.

VII. Li-, I-.

ga-, g-.

VII. -ti-.

VIII. Lu-, lw-.

ga-, g-.

VIII. -lu-.

-ga-.

IX. Lu-, lw-.

X. Ha-.

zi-, z-.
ha-.

IX. -lu-.
X. -ha-.

-zi-.
-ha-.

XI. Ku-, kw-.

ku-, kw-.

XI. -ku-.

-ku-.

In the above tables ya- and -ya~ are used instead

of ga- and -ga-, by people who are little acquainted
with the traders from the coast.

32

PRONOUNS.

The following table shows the use of the objective

prexes :
Class
I. A-ni-gula, he buys me.
A-n-ambaza, he sells me.

A-ku~gula, he buys you.

A-kw-ambaza, he sells you.
A-m-gula, he buys him.
A-mw-ambaza, he sells him.
A-chi-gula, he buys us.
A-ch-ambaza, he sells us.

A-wa-gula, he buys you.

A-w-dmbaza, ke sells you.
A-wa-gula, he buys them.
A-w-dmbaza, he sells them.
,,

II. A-u-gula, he buys it (mugunda, a garden).

A-w-dmbaza, he sells it.
A-i-gula, he buys them (migunda, gardens).
A-y-ambaza, he sells them.
III. A-i-gula, he buys it (numba, a house).
A-y-ambaza, he sells it.

A-zi-gula, he buys them (numba, houses).

A-z-dmbaza, he sells them.
H

IV. A-chi-gula, he buys it (kimeta, a rey).

A-ch-dmbaza, he sells it.
A-vi-gula, he buys them (vimeta, reies).

A-vy-ambaza, he sells them.

A-di-gula, he buys it (lamu, a garner).
A-d-dmbaza, he sells it.
A-ga-gula, hebuys them (makemu, garners).
A-g-dmbaza, he sells them.
,,

,,

VI. A-u-gula, he buys it (mpando, a stick).

A-w-dmbaza, he sells it.
A-ga-gula, he buys them (mapando, sticks).
A-g-ambaza, he sells them.
VII. A-li-gula, he buys it (ligembe, a hoe).

iv

PRONOUNS.

3.)

Class VII. A-li-ambaza, he sells it (ligembe, a hoe).

A-ga-gula, he buys them (magembe, hoes).

A-g-dmbaza, he sells them.
.
,, VIII. A-lu-gula, he buys it (lulcoa, a strap).
A-lw-ambaza, he sells it.

,,

A-ga-gula, he buys them (makoa, straps).

A-g-dmbaza, he sells them.
IX. A-lu-gula, he buys it- (lu'mo, a razor).
A-lw-ambaza, he sells it.

A-zi-gula. he buys them (nyumo, razors).

A-z-ambaza, he sells them.

X. Yu-ha-gula, he buys it (hantu, place).

,,

Yu-h-ambaza, he sells it.

Yu-ha-gula, he buys them (hantu, places).

Yu-h-ambaza, he sells them.

XI. A-ku-gula, he buys it.
,,

A-kw-ambaza, he sells it.

A-ku-gu-la, he buys them.

A-kw-ambaza, he sells them.
Ku-ambaza=Swa. ku-tembeza, to hawk goods about.

The syllable denoting the subject of the sentence

is always the rst prex, and so the rst syllable

of the word containing the verb. The tense syl
lable follows next; then comes the objective prex,
which always immediately precedes the verb; as
N-a-zi-dim-aga, I am herding them (ngombe, cattle). '
N-hu-ga-gula, I shall buy them (magembe, hoes).
Chi-ku-vg-ambaza, we shall sell them (vimela, reies).
N-a-m-wenda, I love him.
'

Often the full forms of the personal pronouns are

used for emphasis, together with the proper objec
tive and subjective prexes; as
Anie n-a-kwtogola agwc, I, I indeed love you.

Agwegwe u-ni-kwenda am'e, you do indeed love me.

Yuyua-wa-lig-ila wadia, he insulted them very much.

KAGI'IRU. .

34

rnonouus.

The objective prex of the personal pronoun is

always used wherever in English the object of the
sentence is expressed by a pronoun; as
lV-hu-m-koma, I will kill him.

Wa-vi-kol-ila, they caught them (vimeta, reies).

Chi-ku-m-toa, we will beat him.

The objective prex is used where in English the

denite article is used; as
N-hu-u-kata mugunda, I will dig the garden.
Ch-a-zi-dim-aga mpeem', we are herding the goats.
A-ku-ya-dzimula mabiki, he will out the trees.
The indenite article is denoted by the omission
of the objective prex.
N-hu-koma muntu, I will kill a man.

Wa-amkizila wantu mtandatu, they fed six men.

POSSICSSIVE PRONOUNS.

The possessive pronoun always follow directly

after the substantive denoting the thing possessed;

as
Igoda diyangu, my stool.
Magoda yao, their stools.
The rst syllable varies in order to agree with
the class and number of the substantive with which
it is connected.

Muntu wangu, my man.

Numba zang'u, my houses.
Vimeia vyangu, my reies.

The following are the unchangeable forms of the

possessive pronoun ;
-angu, my.

-etu, our.

-ako, thy.
-akwe, his, her, or its.

-enu, your.
-ao, their.

PRONOUNS.

35

The -a- of -angu, -ako, -akwe, and -ao represents

probably the preposition -a, of, devoid of the charac

teristic initial letter.
The -e- of -etu and -enu is a contraction of the pre
position -a- and -e- into -e-.
The true roots of the possessive pronouns are
-ngu, my.

-etu, our.

-ko, thy.

-enu, your.

-kwe, his, her, its.

-o, their.

The forms -akwe and -ao are used for its and
their for all classes of substantives.
All the foregoing forms are used as enolitics,
especially with common words: as mama, mother;
baba, father; mwana, a child; mbwia, friend; mwia,

a companion.
When the nal letter of the substantive is -a, it

is generally absorbed by the initial vowel of the

enclitio.
Mamangu, my mother.

Babako, thy father.

Mwanakwe, his or her child.
Mwietu, our companion.
Mbwienu, your friend.
Babao, their father.

The initial letters of the possessive pronoun

proper to each class and number of substantives

are as follows :
Class
I. Sing. w-.

Plur. w-.

II

w'-

y"

,,

III.

,,

y-.

,,

z-.

' ,,

IV.

,,

ch-.

,,

vy-.

'n

dy"

g_'

as

VI.

,,

y_'

g"

,, VII.

,,

li-.

,,

.g-.

36

PRONOUNS.

Class VIII. Sing. 1w-.

,,
IX.
,,
lw-.
,,
X.
,,
h-.
,,

XI.

,,

Plur.
,,
,,

kw-.

,,

g-.
z-.
h-,
kw-.

Substantives put into the locative cases by the

use of the prexes ha-, ku-, and mu- require special
forms of the possessive pronoun.
The locative prex ha- requires h- with the
possessive pronoun; ku- requires kw-; mu requires
"MD-

The following table shows the use and various

forms of the possessive pronouns :
Class

I. Muntu wangu, wako, wakwe, wetu, wenu,

wao.
Wantu wangu, wako, wakwe, wetu, wenu,

wao.
,

II. Mugunda wangu, wako, wakwe, wetu, wenu,

wao.
Migzmda yangu. yako, yakwe, yetu, yenu,
yao.
III. Numba yangu, yako, yak-we, yetu, yenu,
yao.
Numba zangu, zako, zakwe, zetu, zenu,

zao.
IV. Kimeta changu,

chako,

chakwe,

chetu,

,,

Q,

chenu, chao.
Vimeta vyangu, vyako, vyakwe, vyetu,
vyenu, vgao.
V. Kanu dyangu, dyako, dyakwe, dyctu,
dyenu, dyao.
Makanu gangu, gah'o, gakwe, gem, genu,
,gao.
VI. Mpando yangu, yako, yakwe, yetu, yenu,
yao.

PBONOUNS.

37

Class

VI. Mapando gangu, gako, galcwe, getu, genu,

,,

VII. Legembe lyangu, lyako, lyakwe, lyetu,

lyenu, lyao.
Magembe gangu, gako, gakwe, gem, genu,

gao.

gao.
,,

,,

,,
,,

VIII. Lukoa lwangu,

lwenu, lwao.

lwako,

lwakwe, lwetu,

Makoa gangu, gako, gakwe, getu, genu,

gao.
IX. Lumo lwangu, lwako, lwakwe, lwetu, lwenu,
lwao. _
Sumo zangu, zako, zakwe, zetu, zenu, zao.
X. Hzntu hangu, hako, hakwe, hetu, henu,
a0.
XI. Kwija kwangu, kwako, kwakwe, kwetu,
kwenu, kwao.

hangu, hako, hakwe, hetu, henu, hao.

Ha-

The

Ku-

locative

Mu-

forms

kwangu, kwako, kwakwe, kwetu, kwenu,

kwao.
mwangu, mwako, mwakwe, mwetu, mwe

nu, mwao.
Sometimes the personal pronouns are used directly
after the possessive pronouns, for the sake of giving
emphasis.
Magoda getu ase, our own stools.
Migunda yangu zinie, my own gardens.
Numba yakwe yugu, his own house.
The owner of a thing is denoted by the use of
the preposition -a, of, which takes the initial letters
or letter proper to the class and number of the
substantive with which it is connected.
Numba ya mndewa, the chiefs house.

Mugunda wa Msdmwenda, Msamwendas garden.

38

ruonouns.

Lukwilo lwa. itunda, the mountain's path.

Mabiki ga Muzungu, the Europeans/trees.
When it is necessary to point out very particularly
the owner of anything, the proper possessive pronoun
is used, instead of the preposition -a, of.
Igoda dyakwe Mndewa, the chiefs own stool.
Chidio chao wantu 'wddia, those mens own food.

Nyumo zakwe Malundo, Malundos own razors.

Luzi lwao Wahumba, the Humba peoples own string.
Personal pronouns are sometimes used where in
English a possessive pronoun is employed.
A-m-dumulila mutwe, he cut off his head.
Uhi-m-temila mutwe, we cut his head.
- Wa-wa-temila mioko, they cut their hands.
N-hu-ku-tema mwoko, I shall cut your hand.
The preposition -a, of, takes the following forms
when used in agreement with the several classes and
numbers of substantives :+
Class
I. Sing. wa.
Plur. wa.
,,
,,
,,

II.
III.
IV.

,,

V.

,,
,,
,,

wa.
ya.
cha.

,,
,,
,,

ya.
za.
vya..

,,

dya.

,,

ga.

ya"

ga

,,

VII.

,,

lya.

,,

ga.

,,
,,

VIII.
IX.

,,
,,

lwa.
lwa.

,,
,,

ga.
za.

,,

" X.

,,

ha.

,,

ha.

,,

XI.

,,

,,
,,

Locatlve cases

,,

kwa.
ha.
kwa.
mwa.

kwa.
ha.
kwa.
mwa.

,,

PRONOUNS.

39

REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS.

The reexive pronoun is expressed by the use of

the following forms :
.
1. By the use of the prex -ki-. This syllable, as
it takes the place of the ordinary objective prex,
immediately precedes the verb ; as

N-a-m-bulaga, I wounded him.

Ni-ki-bulaga, I wounded myself.
2. By prexing the vowel -i- (Swa. -ji-) before the
verb; as

Ku-baka, to paint.
Kwi-baka, to paint ones self.

lVhen -i- forms the rst letter immediately after

-u- in ku-, the -u- is changed into -w-; as
Kw-i-ga, to scratch ones self. '
Ku-golola, to stretch.
Kw-i-golola, to stretch ones self.

3. By the use of the words munda, belly; mtima

and moyo, heart; as

Namanya munda yangu, I myself know.

Namanya mumtima mwangu, 'I know in my heart = I
myself know.
Mioyo yetu, ourselves.
Munda mwetu, ourselves.

Munda mwqko, thyself.

Mtima wangu, myself.
Mtima wao, themselves.

4. The word enecho, self, takes the following forms

in agreement with the several classes and numbers
of substantives :
Class I. Munta mwenecho, the man himself.
Wantu wenecho, the men themselves.

4O

rnououns.

Class

II. Mugunda mwenecho, the garden itself.

Migunda yenecho, the gardens themselves.

,,

III. Numba yenecho, the house itself.

Numha zenecho, the houses themselves.

,,

IV. Kimeta chmecho, the rey itself.

Vimela vyenecho, the reies themselves.

,,

,,
,,
,,

V. Kanu dyenecho, the garner itself.

Makanu genecho, the garners themselves.

VI. Mpando wenecho, the stick itself.
Mapando genecho, the sticks themselves.
VII. Ligembe lyenecho, the hoe itself.

Magembe ge-necho, the hoes themselves.

VIII. Lukna lwenecho, the strap itself.
Malroa genecho, the straps themselves.
IX. Lumo lwenecho, the razor itself.

,!

,,

Nye-mo zenecho, the razors themselves.

X. Hantu henecho, the place itself or places
themselves.
XI. Kwija kwenecho, the coming itself, or
comings themselves.
Mwenecho, my, thy, him. or herself.
Wenecho, our, your, or themselves.

The two words -waieka and -humweni denote the

idea of only, above, by myself, etc.
These take the prexes of the personal pronoun.
Generally the full form of the personal pronoun is
used before them; as :

'

Anie niwaieka, by myself, I alone, or I only.

Agwe uwaieka, by thyself, etc.
Yuyu awaieka, by himself, herself, etc.
Ase chiwaieka, by ourselves, etc.

Anyie mwaieka. by yourselves, etc.

Wao wawaiclaa, by themselves, etc.

rnououns.

41

The word -humweni- takes the same prexes.

Am'e nhnm-weni, by myself, etc.

Agwe uhumweni, by thyself, etc.

Ynyu ahumweni, by himself, etc.
Ase chihumweni, by ourselves, etc.

Anyie muhumu-eni. by yourselves, etc.

Wao wahumweni, by themselves, etc.

DEMONSTRA'IIVE Pnononns.

There are four classes of demonstrative pronouns.

The-rst class refers to things near at hand.
Class

I. Muntu ayu, this man (aye).

Wantu wawa, these men.

,,

II. Mugunda am, this garden.

Migunda ai, these gardens.
III. Numba ai, this house.
Nlunba azi. these houses.
IV. Kimeti achi, this rey.
Vimela am. these reies.

V. Kanu adi, this garner.

H

Makanu aya or aga, these garners.

V1. Mpando au, this stick.
,,

,,

Mapando aya or age, these sticks.

VII. Ligembe ali, this hoe.
Magembe age or aga, these hoes.
VIII.

Lulma alu, this strap.

Makoa aya or aga, these straps.

,,

IX. Lumo alu, this razor.

Nyumo azi, these razors.

X. Hantu baha, this place.
,,

Bantu, baha, these places.

XI. Kw'ija aku, this coming or these comings.
!

42

PRONOUNS.

The second class of demonstrative pronouns denote

things at a distance.
That and those (things at a distance).
Class
I. Muntu ytidia, that man.
Wantu wddia, these men.
,,

II. Mugunda zidia, that garden.

,,

Migunda idia, those gardens.

III. Numba z'dia, that house.

,,
,,

,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,

Numba zidia, those houses.

IV. Kimeta chidia, that rey.
Vimeta vidia, those reies.
V. Kanu didia, that garner.

Makanu yoidia or gcidia, those garners.

VI. Mp'ando tidia, that stick.
Mapando yo'tdia or gddia, those sticks.
VII. Ligembe lidia, that hoe.
Magembe yddia or gddia, those hoes.
VIII. Lukoa laidia, that strap.
Makoa yddia or gddia, those straps.
IX. Lumo l1idia, that razor.
Nyumo zidia, those razors.
X. Hanlu hadia, that place.
Hantu hadia, those places.
XI. KwzI/a lmtdia, that coming.
Kwzja kudia, those comings.

The third class of demonstrative pronouns denote

things at a. short distance away.
That and those (not far away).
Class
I. Mimtu yuno, that man.
Wantu wano, those men.

,,
,,

II. Mugunda uno, that garden.

Migunda ino, those gardens.
III. Numba ino, that house.
Numba zino, those houses.

PRONOUNS.
Class
,,

,,

,,

43

IV. Kimeta chino, that rey.

Vimeta vino, those reies.
V. Kanu dino, that garner.
Makanu gano, those garners.
VI. Mpando uno, that stick.
Mapando gano, those sticks.
VII. Legembe lino, that hoe.
Magembe gano, those hoes.
VIII. Lukoa limo, that strap. ,
Makoa gano, those straps.

,,

IX. Lumo luno, that razor.

Nyumo zino, those razors.

,,

,,

X. Hantu hano, that place.

Hantu hano, those places.
XI. Kwija kuno, that coming.
Kwiia kuno, those comings.

The fourth class of demonstrative pronouns refer

to things mentioned before.
That and those (things mentioned before).
Class

I. Muntu yuyo, that man.

Wantu wawo, those men.

!!

II. Mugunda uo, that garden.

Migunga iyo, those gardens.
III. Numba iyo, that house.
Numba zizo, those houses.

IV. Kemeta chicho, that rey.

Vimeta vivo, those reies.

',

. Kaiu dido, that garner.

Ma'canu gago, those garners.
VI. Mpando uo, that stick.
Map'ando gago, those sticks.
VII. Ligembe lilo, that hoe.
Magembe gago, those hoes.

44

PRONOUNS.

Class VIII. Lukoa lulo, that strap.

Makoa gago, those straps.
,,

IX. Lumo lulu, that razor.

,,

Nyumo zizo, those razors.

X. Hantu baho, that place.
Hantu baho, those places.

,,

XI. Kwij'a kuko, that coming.

Kwtja kuko, those comings.

The distance at which an object is may often be

denoted by the manner in which its demonstrative
pronoun is spoken; as
Muntu ywidia. that man.
Muntu yzididd, that man there.
Muntu yhdiddd. that man there, far away.
The more the voice is raised to a falsetto, and the

longer the stress is on the nal vowel, so'much the

more is the distance denoted.
Sometimes the demonstrative is doubled, in order
to point out an object more distinctly. It then has
the meaning of just that, those very or same.
Muntu yzidiayhdia, that same man.

Mabiki yddiayddiu, those very trees.

Mbuli zidiazidia, just those atfairs.
Zidiazidia, those very.

Zidiazidia, just those, no more, and no others.

Ntavint'avi, just like this, just in this manner.
Akua/cu, just to there (at a little distance).
Sometimes the rst syllable of the rst set of
demonstratives is prexed to the doubled form of the
second set; as

Bahddiahddia, just there.

Numba azidiazidia. those very houses.
Wantu awddiawddia, those very men.

rnououus.

45

The following form is used when chasing a fugi

tive, man or beast :
Ayu, ayu ; yuyu, yuyu ; yuyu, ayu, There he is, there
he is.

it.

There is a set of demonstratives denoting this is

It is as follows :
Nhoneni anie, it is I.
Nhogwegwe agwe, it is thou.
Nhoyuyu ayu. it is he or she.
Nhosese ase, it is we.

Class
II.
III.
IV.

Nhonyie anyie, it is you.

Nhoao wao, it is they.
Sing.
Plur.
Nhouu au
)
Nhoii ai
1
Nhoii ai
Nhozizi azi
Nhochichi achi
Nhovivi avi

v. Nhodidi adi
VI. Nhouu an

v11. Nholili ali

VIII. Nholulu alu
IX. Nholulu alu
X. N hobaha. aha
XI. Nhokuku aku J

ait,is Nhogaga
aga
Nhogaga age

thisit. is Nhogaga
Nhogaga aga
t
aga
Nhozizi azi
Nhohalia aha
Nhokuku aku)

.t ,.

1h
8
they

8
tire
63/-

The negative of the above forms is made by si ,

as
Sididi, it is not it ;
Silulu, this is not it ;

Sigaga, those are not they.

Sizizi, these are not they.

RELATIVE Pnonouus.

The relative pronoun is expressed in three di'erent

forms :
I. By a set of proper particles appropriate to the
several classes and numbers of substantives.
II. By the use of the direct sentence.

III. By the use of the demonstrative pronouns.

46

raonouns.

I. The set of particles are as follows :

Class
I. Sing. no, ye, who. Plur.
,,
II.
-o.

-o
-yo.

,,

III.

-yo.

-zo.

,,

IV.

-oho.

-vyo.

,,
,,
,,

V.
VI.
VII.

-do.
-o.
-lo.

-go.
-go.
-go.

,,

VIII.

-lo.

,,

IX.

-lo.

-zo.

,,

X.

-ho.

-ho.

,,

XI.

-ko.

-ko.

-go.

The principal uses of these particles are

1. As the last syllable of the fourth set of de

monstrative pronouns.
2. In the form and or with it or them; as
Na-cho, with it;
Na-go, with them.

3. As the last syllable of a form to denote it

which is, etc. ; as

Uhicho kiswamu, it which is good.

Vivo viha, they which are bad.

The following is a table showing the use of the

relative particle with not :'
Glass
Sing.
Plur.
I. na-ye 01 nayu, and
o1' with him.

II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.

na-o, and or with them.

na-wo
na-yo
na-yo
na-zo
na-cho
na-vyo
na-do I
na-go
na-Wo and or with na-go
na-lo
it.
na-go
na-lo
na-go
na-lo
na-zo
na-ho
na-ho

XI. na-ko

na-ko J

.
and or with
them.

rnonouns.

47

4. Use of relative particles.

Class

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
1X.
X.

Sing.

Plur.

ano, he who is.

nwo )
iyo
kicho
dido
nwo
zt- Zhwh

wano, they who are.

iyo
zizo
vivyo
gago
gago
they which are.

lilo
lulo
lulo
haho J

gago
gago
zizo
haho

'

By the last table it will be seen that the sub

stantive verb To be is not expressed in such forms as
it which is, they which are, etc.

Generally, in other

dialects, the verb To be is expressed by the syllable

-li, as in Swahili

Kitu kilicho chema, it which is good.

Mtu aliye mwema, the man who is good.

But in Kaguru we see

Ki-chokiswamu, it which is good.
Magembe gago geha, hoes which are bad.
II. The relative pronoun expressed by the direct
sentence.

The direct sentence as a relative is used chiey

with the present tense of the verb; as
Muntu anyenda, the man, he loves me = the man who
loves me.

Wantu, wa-kwija, the men, they come = the men who

come.
Mabiki, yagwa, the trees, they fall = the trees which
fall.

48

PRONOUNS.

III. The relative is generally expressed by the

help of demonstrative pronouns.
When the relative is the subject of the sentence,
the demonstrative pronoun agreeing with the subject
of the sentence is placed between the noun denoting
the subject and the verbal word. \Vhen the verb is
in the present tense, the following form is used :
Muntu ayu akwija, the man who comes.
Wantu wawa wanyenda, the men who love me.

When the verb is in the imperfect tense, the latter

syllable of the demonstrative pronoun i suExed
to it.
Muntu ayu akutiidyw, the man who is eeing.
Mabiki gaga gakugwdga, the trees which are falling.
When the verb is in the perfect tense, a special
form of the verb is used, and also the demonstrative

pronoun. The nal -a of the simple verb is changed

into -ile ; as ku-tija, perfect tense with relative tigile'.
Mimtu ayu atijlle, the man who ed.
Wantu wawa uatijile, the men who ran away.
When the relative is to be expressed with a verb
in the future tense, a special tense prex is used

(this special tense prex is used only when the'

relative is the subject of the sentence) ; as
Muntu ayu ka-ya-tijdyu, the man who will run away;
Wantu wawa wayatijdo, the men who will run away.
When the relative is the object of the sentence,

the set of demonstratives denoting this is he, these

are they, etc., are used directly after the subject; as
Muntu nhoyuyu ayu chi-mw-endile, the man whom we
loved.

PRONOUNS.

49

ilhe present tense with the relative as object is as

follows :
Muntu nhoyuyu, ayu chimwinga, the man whom we
drive away.
Wantu nhowawa awa, chiwainga, the men whom we

drive away.
The imperfect tense with relative as object takes
the demonstrative -yu as a suix to the verb; as
Muntu nhoyuyu ayu ndmwenddyu, the man whom I am
loving.
Wantu nhowawa awa, chawawingao the men whom
we are sending away.
Zimbeyu nhoziziazi mwazihanddyu, the seeds which ye
are planting.
The objective relative with the verb in the perfect
tense is as follows :
Muntu nhoyuyu ayu chi-m-komile, the man whom we

killed.
Wantu nhoao wao, wawawingile, the men whom they
drove away.
Lumo nholulu alu nilu hidjile, the razor which I stole.
Vimeta nhovim'avi yavionile, the reies which he

saw.
When the relative is the object of a sentence with
a future verb, the ordinary future tense sign Jcu- is
used.
Muntu nhoyuyu ayu chikumkoma, the man whom we
shall kill.
Wantu nhoyuyu ayu m'wakoma, the men whom we

shall kill.
Chali nhochiclli achi chikukienda, the children whom

we shall love.

KAGI'JRU.

50

PRONOUNS.

The particles denoting place, ha, mu, and law, are

used as follows :Ka baho hakaia, he is there near the village.
Ka mumo mukaia, he is there in the village.

Ka kuko kukaia, he is there at the village there.

Ka a baho hakaia
Ka u mumo mukaia
Ka u kuko kukaia

in the same sense as above.

The relative with a. negative is expressed as

follows :(1) The personal pronoun in the subjective
case agreeing with its substantive; (2) the nega
tive sign -si, followed by the simple form of the
verb; as
A-si-kwiia, he comes not, he who comes not.
Zi-si-moka, [houses] which falls not, has not fallen,
will not fall.

Sometimes the verb having the relative-perfect

ending is used to express the perfect tense with
relative and negative.

Wasitigile, they who did not run away.

Chisiwingilwe, we who were not driven away.
Mwasigendile, ye who did not go.
Asimkomile mwiagwe, he who did not kill his com
panion.
In most of the cases where the relative is to be
expressed with a negative, the proper demonstrative
pronoun may be used before the sign of the personal

pronoun; as
Numba zizo zisimoka ausiku, those houses which will
not fall to-morrow.

Where in English the relative is used with a

preposition, the demonstrative in who is used before
the verb, and also with the preposition; as

rnonouns.

51

Mlmtu nhoyuyu ayu nigendile naye, the man whom I

went with.
Wantu nhowawa awa chilutile mm, the men whom we
went with.

Often the force of the preposition is expressed in

the verb.
Niko endaile, where I went to.
Ni ko-lutile, where I came from.
Wakolutile, where they went to.
Zikomoka numba, where the houses fell down.
Sometimes the relative is expressed by -eni, having.
Muntu mweni kaia, the man whose village it is.
Wantu weni ngombe, the man whose oxen they are.
Mabuguma geni waana, the cows which have young

ones.
The verb kuwa na, or kwina, to be with, is used
to denote possession. Generally the relative sign is
suffixed to the na; as-

Ngereza nina na-yo, the knife I have.

Numba una na-zo, the houses you have.
Magembe naniwa na-go digalo, the boes which I had
yesterday.
Vimeta waniwa na-vyo katala', the reies which they
had a long time ago.
Mp'ando nhuwa na-wo ausiku, the stick I shall have
to-morrow.

Sometimes the m1, takes the verbal personal prex,

and is followed by abbreviated personal pronoun.
Gena nie, I have them (hoes).
Zena yuyu, he has them (guncaps).

52

rnosouus.

INTERROGATIVE, AND oruas PRONOUNS.

There are ve interrogatives which do not vary

in form:
Nani ? who?
Ohoni ? what?
Milaki 7 when?
Ntani ? how ?
Hoki ? where or which?

-ni is often sufxed to the preposition mwa-, of, to

express of, or from whom or what ; asWachoina mwani, They get it from whom?
Wahi, denoting where, is often used instead of
hoki; as
Hantu hako ha wahi, Which or where is your place?
The following are examples of the ordinary use
of the above unchangeable interrogatives :
Nani ywdia ? Who is that man?
Wantu wa 'nani wddia ? Whose are those men?
Akukwija milaki? When will he come?
Wale milaki ? When did they die? = How long ago
since they died?
Choni achi? What is this?
Wana choni? What have they? = What is the matter
with them?
Kagolosa choni ? What has he done?
Chatendwa ntani ? How is it done?
Wakukigolosa ntani ? How will they do it? 1
Akuhanda hoki ? Where will he plant?
Where ? and Which ? are represented by hoki t
This is preceded by the preposition -a, of; as (the
substantive verb is represented by the preposition
-a, of)
Muntu wa hoki ? Which man ?
Wantu wa hoki ? Where are the men?

PRONOUNS.

Class

I. Sing. ,Ya hoki ? Which (man)?

,,

II.

,,

Wa hoki ? Which (garden) ?

,,

III.

,,

Ya hoki? Which (house)?

,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,

IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.

,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,

C'ha hoki ? Which (rey)?

Dya hoki ? Which (garner) ?
Wa hoki ? Which (stick)?
Lya hoki? Which (hoe)?
Lw hoki ? Which (strap)?
Lw hoki ? Which (razor)?

Class
,,
,,
,,

53

I. Plur. Wa hoki ? Which (men)?

II.
III.
IV.

,,
,,
,,

Ya hoki? Which gardens) ?

Za hoki? Which houses)?
Vya hoki ? Which (reies)?

,,

V.

,,

Ga hoki ? Which garners)?

,,
,,

VI.
VII.

,,
,,

Ga holci? Which sticks)?

Ga hoki ? Which (hoes)?

,,
,,

VIII.
IX.

,,
,,

Ga hoki? Which (straps)?

Za hoki ? Which (razors) ?

How many is expressed by -engahi. preceded by

the prex proper to each class of substantives.
Class
,,
,,

I. Wengahi ? How many (men) ?

II. Mengahi ? How many (gardens) ?
III. Zengahi 7 How many (houses)?

,,

IV. Vyengahi ? How many (reies)?

V. Mengahi ? How many (garners)?

VI. Mengahi ? How many (sticks)?
VII. Mengahi? How many (hoes)?
,,
VIII. Mengahi? How many (straps)?
,,
IX. Zengahi l How many (razors) ?
,,
,,
X. Hengahi ? How many (places) ?
Yea hoki ? Where is he?
a,
,,

Kalongaki yzidia ? What does that man say ?

VERBS.
THE innitive mood of all verbs in the Kugi'iru
language ends in -a; as ku-luta, to go; ku-koma, to
kill; ku-bena-bena, to destroy.

The simplest form of the verb is found in the

second person singular of the imperative mood ; as
Tiga! run away!
Luta ! go l
Seka ! laugh!
Jumpa ! jump!

Often the nal -a is changed into -e; as

Kome ! kill!
Kolese ! hold back l

Bene ! break!
Kale ! stay !

When a verb is doubled to give emphasis, the

imperative mood takes the imperative ending both

times; as

Benebene! break it entirely!

Komekome! kill (him) quite !
Tifatija ! run quite away!
Lutaluta ! go away at once l

The second person plural is formed by adding mi

to the second person singular. When the singular
takes -e, it is retained in the plural. The nal -a in
the singular is generally changed into ac, and -ni

suixed.

VERBS.

55

Tzjeni ! run ye away! Luteni ! go ye away!

Komeni ! kill ye !
Sekeni ! laugh ye !
Tajenitiieni ! run ye Luteniluteni ! depart ye at
away!
once!

Often the subjunctive mood is used as an impera

tive, even in the second persons singular and plural;

as
U-mwianange ! you call him !
Mwa-toa ! strike ye them!
U-ya-dumule ! you cut them down !
Mm'kole! catch ye them !
There are two conjugations, airmative and
negative, in which the person, tense, number, mood,

subject, and object are denoted by prexes and

suixes.

These altogether form one word ; as

Wa-ku ya-ddmula, they will them out = they will

cut them.
Chi-nk'a-mw-ona, if we had seen him.

Wa-si-ku-litta deyero, they will not go to-day.

A-ni-zi-bena, I have broken them.
Indenite Tense.
There is an indenite tense used without any
distinction of number, person, or time. It is formed
by prexin g 7oa- to the simple form of the verb ; as
Ka-luta, he is, has, or will go, they went, etc.
Ka.-bena, he broke, some one broke or will break.

Denite Tenses.
The common order of the particles denoting
person, tense, etc., is as follows :

1. The subjective personal prex, which alone

denotes the person, number, and. subject.

56

VERBS.

2. The tense prex, or a prex denoting a state.

3. The objective prex. This alone denotes person,
number, and object. Sometimes a prex denoting
place, may be required by the verb; this is put

between the tense sign and the objective prex.

The objective prex always immediately precedes

the verb.
Sometimes the tense is denoted by a change in
the termination of the verb, or by the use of the
words denoting time-as katali, a long time ago;
digulo, yesterday ; deyero, to-day; ausiku, to-morrow;

mitondoidia, the day after to-morrow or beyond.

Take, for instance, the sentence, He will cut the
trees, the equivalent Kagi'iru is formed as follows :
1. A-, prex denoting personal pronoun, subjective
mood, third person singular.

2. Ku-, tense prex denoting future time.

3. Ga-, prex agreeing with the fth class of sub
stantives, denoting objective mood, plural number.

4. Dzimula, the verb (minus the sign of the in

nitive lcu-), which denotes to cut.
Thus we get the word, A-ku-ga-dzimula, He will cut

them.

The noun denoting the object of the sentence

follows the verb; so we have, A-ku-ga-d1imula mabiki,

He will cut the trees.

In the following sentence, the tense is denoted

by a change in the verb z-Wa-zi-dimaga mpeeni,

'l'hey herd the goats. Here the subjective prex
is followed directly by the objective sign, agreeing
with the third class of nouns. This is followed by
the verb, the nal -a of which is changed into
aga, to denote a continuous imperfect state.
Again, time is denoted by a separate word.
Ka-luta deye'ro, he went to-day.
Ka-luta sambiya, he goes at once.

VERBS.

57

Wa-eja digulo, they came yesterday.

Wa-eja ausiku, they come or will come to-morrow.
INDICATIVE Moo1).
Present Tense.

This tense is formed by simply prexing the

syllable denoting the personal pronoun in the sub

-jective case. It answers to the common English
present tense, I come, I love, I want, etc.
Class

Sing.

Plur.

I. Ny-end-a, I love.
O'h-end-a, we love.
W-end-a, thou lovest. Mw-end-a, you love.
Y-end-a, he or she W-end-a, they love.
loves.
II. W-end-a)
Y-end-a 1
III. Y-end-a
Z-end-a

IV. C'h-end-a

Vy-end-a

9? $41.25;. it love 51:23:: they 1ow

VII: Ly-end-a L 1.1:.
VIII. Lw-end-a

1 es

G-end-a

1.:

Ga-end-a

. 1 6'

IX. Lw-end-a
X. H-end-a

Z-end-a
H-end-a

XI. Kw-end-a )

Kw-end-a. j

It will be observed that all the syllables denoting

the personal pronoun are contracted in this tense ; as
ny, ni; w, u; y, ya; ch, chi; mw, mu; w, wa; z, zi;
9, ga, etc.

The above form is also used as a perfect tense,

denoting a complete action at present time; so Ni
mw-end-a may mean I love him or I have loved him;
Ni-zi-gul-a may mean I buy them or I have bought them.

58

vEnBs.

When a consonantal prex comes between the

vowel verb and personal prex, the full form of the
personal prex is used ; as see above.
Imperfect Tense.
This tense is formed by prexing sign of the per
sonal pronoun to the verb, as in the present tense,

and changing the nal -a of the verb into -aga; as

Ni-dim-aga mpeeni, I am herding goats.

This tense

denotes an action incomplete at the time of speak~

ing; as Ni-ga-di'tmul-tiga ma-pando, I am cutting
walking-sticks (implying that I have not yet
nished cutting them); A-zi-dim-aga mpeeni, He
herds the goats (implying that it is his work to herd
the goats always).
Class
Sing.
I. Ny-end-aga, I am
loving.
W-end-aga, thou art
loving.
Y-end-aga, he or she
is loving.
II. W-end-aga 1
III. Y-end-aga
IV. Ch-end-aga
V. Dy-end-aga
VI. W-end-aga l it is
VII. Ly-end-aga Iloving.

VIII. Lw-end-aga
IX. Lw-end-aga
X. H-end-aga
X1. Kw-end-aga)

Plur.
C'h-end-aga, we are
loving.
Mw-end-aga, you are
loving.
W-end-aga, they are
loving.
Y-end-aga ]
Z-end-aga
'Vy-end-aga
G-end-aga
G-end-aga
they are
G-end-aga
loving.

G-end-aga
Z-end-aga
H-end-aga
Kw-end-aga)

The personal prexes are here contracted as in

VERBS.

59

the present tense, being followed immediately by a

vowel verb.
Perfect Tenses.
There are three forms denoting a complete
action :a present-perfect, answering to the English
tense with, have; the past-perfect, denoting an action
completed some time ago-as I bought it yesterday,
Na-ni-chi-gul-a digulo; a relative-perfect, a form used
when persons or things are required to be expressed
in a relative state with a verb in a perfect tense.
The present-perfect is the same as the present
tense.

The past-perfect is formed by prexing na- or a

to the form of the present: A-chi-luta, we went.

Class
Sing.
I. Na-ny-end-a, Iloved.

Plur.
Na-ch-end- a, we loved.

Na - w - end - a, thou
didst love.

Na-mw-end-a, you loved.

Ka-y-end-a,

Na-w-end-a, they loved.

he or

she loved.
- Ill.
II.'A-w-end-a
A-y-end-a )

A-y-end-a
A-z-end-a

IV. A-ch-end-a
V. A-dy-end-a
VI. A-w-end-a

it

A-vy-end-a
A-g-end-a
A-g-end-a

loved.

A-g-end-a iloved.

VII. A-ly-end-a
VIII.
IX.
X.
X1.

A-lw-end-a
A-lw-end-a
A-h-end-a
A-kw-end-a

they

A-g-endra
A-z-end-a
A-h-end-a
A-kw-end-a)

The relative-perfect tense is formed by prexing

the personal pronoun to the simple verb, and

60

VERBS.

changing the nal -a into -ile; as Ni-lut-ile, I who

went; Chi-wa-kom-ile, We who killed them.

Class
Sing.
I. Ny-end-ile, I who
loved.
W-end-ile, thou who
didst love.
Y-enrl-ile, he or she

who loved.
Il. Wend-ile 1

Plur.
Ch-end-ile, we who
love.
Mw-en-dile, you who
love.
W-endrile, they who
love.
Y-end-ile )

IlI. Y-end-ile
IV. Ch-end-ile
V. Dy-end-ile

Z-end-ile
Vy-end-ile
G-end-ile

the

v1. W-end-ile

it which

G-end-ile

VII. Ly-endile

loved.

G-endh'le , Yld

VIII. Lw-end-ile

G-end-ile

IX. Lw-endrile
X. H-end-ile

Z-end-ile
H-end~ile

XI. Kw-end-ile

Kw-end-ile)

11h

The full form of the demonstrative pronoun is

generally used preceding immediately before this
tense; as Yuyu a-tig-ile, He who ed. When the
relative is the object of -the verb, the double form of
the demonstrative pronoun is used; as C'hi-mw-ona
yuyu ayu atij-ile, we saw him who ed. Sometimes
the single form of the demonstrative is used as a
suffix, as Yuyu a-tij-ile ayu, a-kw-i-hon-a, He who ran

away, will save himself, will escape.

Future Tense.

This tense is formed by the personal pronoun,

followed by the tense prex -ku-. To these is added

VERBS.

61

the simple form of the verb; as Wa-ku-zi-ben-a, They

will them break or spoil = They will spoil them
(nyumo, razors).

Glass

Sing.

I. N-hu-end-a, I shall love.

W-kw-end-a, thou Wilt love.
A-kw-end-a, he will love.
II. Wwkw-end-a
III. Ya-kw-endra
IV. Chi-kw-end-a
V. Di-kw-end-a
VI. Wa-kw-end-a
it will love.
VII. Li-kw-end-a
VIII. Lu-kw-end-a
IX. Lu-kw-end-a
X. Ha-kw-end-a

XI. Ku-kw-end-a J
Class

Plur.

I. Chi-kw-end-a, we shall love.

Mu-kw-end-a, you will love.
Wa-kw-end-a, they will love.

II. Ya-kw-end-al
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

Zi-kw-end-a
Vi-kw-end-a
Ga-kw-end-a
Ga-kw-end-a
Ga-kw-end-a
Ga-kw-end-a
Zi-kw-end-a
Ha-kw-end-a
Ku-kw-end-a

they will love.

The 70- of ku- in the rst person singular, class

1., is changed into h- thrcugh the inuence of .the

62

VERBS.

letter n-. The -u- of the ku- in all the other persons,
classes, and numbers, is changed into 40- because

immediately followed by the vowel e- of the verb.

When the relative is expressed with a future verb,
sometimes the syllable -ya- is used instead of Jcu- to
denote the future.
Narrative Tense.
In relating a narrative, telling a. story, or communi

cating any affair, a verb in the perfect tense is rst

used, then all the remaining verbs are put into what
is called the narrative tense. This is formed by

inserting the syllable -ka- between the sign of the

personal pronoun and the verb.
force of the conjunction and.

The -ka- has the

Class
Sing.
I. N-ga-end-a, and I loved.

II.
III.
1V.
V.
VI.

U-ka-end-a, and thou didst love.

Ya-ka-end-a, and he or she loved.
Wa-Ica-end-a
Ya-ka-eml-a
Chi-ka-end-a
Di-ka-end-a
Wa-ka-end-a
d .t l
d

VII. Li-ka-end-a

a 1 6 ~

VIII. Lu-ka-end-a
IX. Lu-ka-end-a
X. Ha-ka-end-a

XI. Ku-ka-end-a J
Class
Plur.
I. Ohi-ka.end-a, and we loved.

M-ka-end-a. and you loved.

Wa-ka-end-a, and they loved. .

-vanes.

Class
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.

63

Plur.
Ya-ka-end-a
Zi-ka-end-a
Vi-ka-end-a
Ga-ka-end a
Ga-ka-end-a

VIL Ga_ka_end_ rand they loved.

VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

Ga-ka-end-a
ZiJca-end-a
Ha-ka-end-a
Ku~ha.-end-a

Often the particle -u- is used instead of -ka-; as

in A-wa-lut-a wa-u-m~tamil-a, they went and told
him; A-wa-hidz-a wa-u-lew-an-a wa-u-tij-a, they stole,
fought, and ran away. -U- thus used has, like -ka-,

the force of the conjunction and.

Conditional Tenses.
There are three conditional tenses.
First. This is formed by the verb kwina, to have,
having, and the present tense of the verb; as
Kwina nyenda, having I love = if I love, since, when
I love.

Class

Sing.

I. Kw-in-a ngend-a, if I love.

Kw-in-a w end-a, if thou lovest.
Kw-in-a yvend-a, if he or she loves.
II. Kw-in a w-endr'a

III. Kw-ina y-enda

IV. Kw-in-a ch-end-a

VI; g1ain-a dy-endra

.
w-in-a w-end a
VII. Kw-in-a ly-end-a

VIII. Kw-in-a lw-end-a

IX- Kw-in-a lw-e'nd-a
X. Kw-in-a h-end-a

XI. Kw-in-a kw-end-a

'
It w1 love"

64

VERBS.

Class

Plur.

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

Kwin-a ch-end-a, if we love.

Kw-inra mw-end-a, if you love.
Kw-in-a w-end-a, if they love.

Kw-in-a y-end-a 1
Kw-in-a z-endra

Kw-in-a vy-end-a
Kw-in-a g-endra
Kw-in-a g-end-a
Kw-in-a g-end-a
Kw-in-a g-end-a

if they love.

Kw-in-a z-end-a
Kw-in-a h-end-a
Kw-in-a kw-end-a

Second conditional tense.

This is formed by the
prex kija being inserted between the subjective
personal pronoun and the objective sign, if one; if
not, it immediately precedes the verb; as Wa-kija
end-a, even if they love.

Class
Sing.
I. Ni-kijasw-end-a, even if I love them.
U-kija-w-end-a, even if thou, eto.
A-kiia-w-end-a, even if he or she, etc.

II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
,VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

U-kija-end-a '
I-kija-end-a
Ghi-kija-end-a
Di-kija-end-a.
U-kija-end-a
even if it loves.
Li-kija-end-a
Lu-kija-end-a
Lu-kija-end-a
Ha-kija-end-a
Ku-kiia-end-a

[I

VERBS.

Class

65

Plur.

I. Ohi-kiga-w-end-a, even if we love them.

Mwa-kija-w-end-a, even if you, etc.
Wa-kija-w-end-a, even if they, etc.
II. I-kija-end-a
III. Zi-kija-end-a
IV. Vi-kija-end-a

V. Ga-kija-end-a
. gillsgizgi
- z - -

- they love.
even if

VIII. Ga-kija-end-a
IX. Zi-kija-end-a
X. Ha-kija-end-a

'

XI. Ku-kija-end-a

-Kija, preceded by the subjective personal pro

noun, is used as even if I, thou, he, etc.

When used

separate from the following verb, the second verb

takes subjective and objective signs as usual ; as Ni
kig'a si-ku-wa-lek-a, When I come, I shall not spare
them = Even if I shall not spare them.
The prex Jtija is probably from the verb kwija,
to come, -ki- being a prex denoting time or condition.
Ni-kija, when I come, I coming, if, I come, even if
I come, etc.

Third conditional tense. This is formed by insert

ing the prex nkha (-nka) between the subjective
prex and the verb. The tense is equivalent to the
Swahili tense in -nga-. It is used to denote both
a condition and the result of the condition; as in
the sentence Ni-nkha mw-(m-a ni-nkha-mw-end-a, Had

I seen him, I should have loved him. Sometimes the

Jcija- prex is used in the second verb; as Anie
ni-nka-luta, ni mugima, ni-kija-wa-to-a, I, if I had
been well and had gone, I should have beaten them.

xxeunu.

66

VERBS.

Class
Sing.
I. Ni-nka-end-a, had I loved or if I did.
U-nka-end-a, hadst thou, etc.

A-nka-end-a, had he, etc.

II. U-nka-end-a
III. I-nka-end-a

IV. C'hi-nka-end-a
V. Di-nka-end-a
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X,

U-nka-end-a
Li-nka-end-a
Lu-nka-end-a
Lu-nka-end-a
Ha-nk'a-end-a

had it loved, etc.

XI. Ku-nka-end-a
Class
Plur.
I. Ohi-nka-end-a, had we loved or if we had.
Mwa-nka-end-a, had you, etc.
Wa-nka-end-a, had they, etc.
II. I-nka-end-a

III. Zi-nka-end-a
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

Vi-nkwend-a
Ga-nkarend-a
Ga-nka-end-a
Ga-nka-end-a
Ga-nka-end-a
Zi-nka-end-a
Ha-nka-end-a
Ku-nka-end-a

had they loved, etc.

There is a tense formed by the use of the prex

-nati.

This follows the subjective prex, and denotes

the idea of still, yet, again; as Ya-nati-tonya, It is

still raining.

Generally the innitive is used after

it: then -nati with the personal pronoun becomes a

separate word; as C'hi-nati kw-end-a, We are still
loving.

vanes.

Class

67

Sing.

- I. Ni-nati kw-end-a, I am still having.

U-nati kw-end-a, thou art still, etc.

A-nati-kw-end-a, he is still, etc.

II. U-nati kwend-a ) (Used also as an interro
gative; as Has he yet
.
I
III. I-nati kw-end-a
IV. Uhi-nati kw-end-a

loved ? etc.)

V. Di-nati kw-end-a
it is still, yet, etc.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
, IX.
X.
XI.

U-nati kw-end~a
Li-nati kw-end-a
Lu-nati kw-end-a
Lu-nati kw~end-a J
Ha-nati kw-end-a
Ku-nati kwend-a

Class

Plur.

I. Chi-nati kw-end-a-, we are still loving.

Mwa-nati kw-end-a, you are still, etc.
Wa-nati kw-end~a, they are still, etc.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.

Ku-nati kw-end-a)
I-nati kw-end-a
Zi-nati kw-end-a
Vi-nati kw-end-a
Ga-nati kw-end-a l

VII. Gwmm- kmend I} they are still, yet, etc.

VIII. Ga-nati kw-end-a
IX. Ga-nati kw-end-a
X. Zi~nati kw-endea

XI. Ha-nati kw-end-a)

When an objective prex is used, it is generally
put between the sign of the innitive and the verb;

as-

68

VERBS.
A-nati ku-mw-end-a, he is still loving him.

Wa-nati kw.-end-igwa, they are still being loved.

Wa-nati weja, they are still coming.

IMPERATIVE Moo1).

The second person singular of the imperative

mood is the simplest form of the verb. It is formed
by changing the nal -a of the verb into -e ; as
Late! Be of1'!
Bene ! Break !

Tije ! Flee!
Gende! Go!

The second person plural is formed by changing

the nal -a of the verb into -e, and adding -ni ; as
Luteni ! Be ye oil 1
Benene ! Break ye!

Tijeni ! Flee ye!

Gendeni ! Go ye!

See more fully page 54.

. Smnoncrrvn Moon.

There are two tenses in the'subjunctive mood, a

present and an imperfect.
The present tense is used with three di'erent
meanings, (1) as subjunctive, (2) as imperative, (3)
as an interrogative. The subjunctive is the only

form which can be used as an imperative in the rst

and third persons.
The subjunctive mood is used to express object or
purpose, as in English, that I may, etc.; as

M-tamile, a-ku-tas-e, Tell him to help you = Speak to

him, that he may help you.
Ni-tend-a-chi ? What can or may I do?

VERBS.

69

Present Subjunctive.

This tense is formed by changing the nal -a of

the verb into -e, and prexing the sign of the sub

jective personal pronoun.

Class
Sing.
I. Ny-end-e, that I may
love.
W-end-e, that thou
mayst love.
A-end-e, that he may
love.

II. W-end-e
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.

Plur.
Oh-end-e, that we may
love.
Mw-end-e, that ye may
love.
W-end-e, that they
may love.

Y-end-e 1

Y-end-e
Ch-end-e
D -end-e
WIend-e
thslilt
Ly-end-e I lovgr

VIII. Lw-end-e

'

IX. Lw-end-e
X. H-end-e
XI. Kw-end-e

Z-end-e
Vy-e'nd-e I
G-end-e
G-end-e
that they
G-end-e
may love.

G-end-e

Z-end-e
H-end-e
Kw-end-e

Often the syllable -ka- is prexed to the sub

junctive mood, to express the conjunction and. This
is especially used with double imperatives; as Lut-a

ka-m-tas-e, Go and help him; or as Tijeni ka-i-s

eni, Flee ye and hide yourselves; Wa-lut-e ka-wa
tamil-e, That they may go and tell them.

Imperfect Subjunctiue.
This tense is formed from the simple verb by
changing the nal -a- into -age, and prexing the
sign of the subjective personal pronoun.

'

70

VERBS.

Sing.
I. Ny-end-age, that
might love.

Plur.

Class

O'h-encl-age, that we

W-end-agc, that thou,

etc.
A-end-age, that he, etc.

Nw-end-age, that you,

might love.
etc.

W-end-age, that they,

etc.
Y-end-age 1
Z-end-age l
Vy-end-age
G-end-age
that
G-end-age } they
might
G-end-age
love.
G-end-age
Z-end-age
H-end-age I
H-end-age
Kw-end-age )
Kw-end-age
This tense is used in two senses. First, as a sub
junctive, denoting Imight do this or that. Second, as
an interrogative, denoting what could I, thou, he,
etc. ; as -A-nka-ii-a, ni-tend-age? If he came, what
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

W-end-age 1
Y-encl-age
Chi-end-age
Dy-end-age
W-end-age
Ly-end-age
Lw-end- age
Lw-end-age J

could I do? A-lim-age-chi 1 How could he hoe ?

INFINITIVE Moon.

This is formed by prexing ku- to the verb.

There are two innitives in the active voice, the
rst denoting present and perfect tense, the second
denoting a continuous imperfect.
The present-innitive (and perfect) add ku- to
the simplest form of the verb, as Icu-luta, to go;
Ku-tij a, to ee.
Ku-ben-a, to break.
Ku-s-a, to hide.
Ku-dim-a, to herd.
The imperfect innitive is formed by adding the

VERBS.

71

syllable ku- to the verb in the imperfect tense,

active voice; as

Ku-dim-aga, to be herding (cattle).

' Ku-lim-aga, to be hoeing.
Ku-gend-aga, to be going.
Both forms of the innitive are also used as a
participle, corresponding to the English participle
in -ing ; as
.
Ku-ben-a, breaking.
Ku~seg-a, laughing.
Ku-togol-a, admiring.
Ku-tas-a, helping.
Ku-gend-aga, continually going.
Ku-togol-ana, mutual loving.
The -u of You-becomes -w' before another vowel.
Kw-end-a, to love.

Kw-ink-a, to give.

Kw-ogos-a or kogos-a, to

Kw-oh-a or koha, to

twist.

bind.

Ku-uma or kum-a, to hurt.

Kw-im-a, to stand.

NEGATIVE CONJUGATIONI

Most verbs in the Kagiiru language may be made

to express the reverse of their affirmative meaning,
by the use of proper negative prexes.
The negation is generally expressed by the use of
the syllable -si-, which follows after the sign of the
personal pronoun.
When the -i- of si- comes before another vowel, it

is generally absorbed by it.

Negative Present.
This tense is formed by prexing the personal pro
noun followed by -si- to the present innitive of the
simple verb.

72

VERBS.

Class

Sing.

1. Ni-si-kw-end- a, 1 do not love.

U-si-kw-end-a, thou, etc.
A-si-kw-end-a, he, etc.
11. U-si-kw-end-a 1
III. Lsi-kw-endu
IV. Ohi-si-kw-end-a

Dy-si-kw-end-a
VI.
VII.
V111.
IX.

XI.
Class

U-si-kw-end-a
Li-si-kw-end-a
Lu-si- kw-end-a
Lu-si-kw-end-a
Ha-si-kw-end-a
Ku-si-kw-end-a

it does not love.

Plur.
cibi-si-kw-end-aa we do not love.

M-si-kw-end-a, you, etc.

Wa-si-kw-end~a, they, etc.
Zi-si-kw-end-a
II. I-si-kw-end-a
III.
IV. Vi-si- kw- end- a
V. Ga-si-kw-end-a
VI. Ga-si-kw-end-a l they do not love.
vn . Ga-sikw-end-a
VIII . Ga-si-kw-end-a
IX. Zi-si-kw-end-a
X. Ha-si-kw-end-a
X1. Ku-si-kw-end-a

Negative Imperfect.
This tense is formed by prexing the personal
pronoun, followed by the syllable -si-, to the imperfect
form of the verb; as Wa-si-zi-dim-aga, They do not

herd them (mpeeni, goats).

vsnns.

Class

43

Sing.

I. Ni-si-kw-end-aga, I do not love, I am not

in the habit of loving.

U-si-kw-end-aga, thou, etc.
A-si-kw-end-aga, he, etc.

II. U-si-kw-end-aga
III. I-si-kw-end-aga

IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
"III.
IX.
X.
XI.

Chi-si-kw-e'nd-aga
Di-si-kw-end-aga
U-si-kw-end-aga
#it does not love.
Li-si-kw-end-aga
I/w-si-kw-end-aga
Lu-si-kwlend-aga
Ha-si-kw-end-aga
Ku-si-kw-end-aga J

Class
Plur.
I. C'hi-si-kw-end-aga, we do not love.

M-si-kw-end-aga, you, etc.

Wa-si-kw-end-aga, they, etc.
II. I-si-kw-end-aga 1
III. Zi-si-kw-end-aga

IV. Vi-si-kw-end-aga
V. Ga-si-Icw-end-aga
VI. Ga-si-kw-end-a a

VII. Ga-si-kw-end-aga Ithey do not love'

VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

Ga-si-kw-end-aga
Zi-si-kw-end-aga
Ha-si-kw-end-aga
Ku-si-kw-end-aga

This tense is used to denote that the person or

thing is not in the habit of doing what is expressed
-by the verb Ghi-si-wa-kw-end-aga, We are not in the
habit of loving them.
Vowel verbs generally take the sign of the inni
tive -ku-,for the sake of euphony. Consonantal verbs

74

VERBS.

exclude the ku-; as Ni-ai-gend-aga, I am not in the

habit of going.
Negative Past.
This tense i 3 used both as a. present-perfect and a
past-perfect. It is formed from the relative-perfect
by inserting the negative sign -si- after the personal
pronoun. Vowel verbs take the sign of the innitive
for euphonys sake.
Class
Sing.
I. Ni-si-kw-end-ile, I did not love.
U-si-kw-end-ile, thou, etc.
A-si-kw-end-ile, he, etc.
U-si-kw-end-ile
I-si-kw-end-ile
Ohi-si-kw-end-ile
Di-si-kw-end-ile
U-szikw-end-ile
'it did not love.
Li-si-kw'endrile
Lu-si-kw-end-ile
Lu-si-kw-end-ile
Ha-si-kw-end-z'le

II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI. Ku-ti-kw-end-ile)
Class

Plur.

I. Ohi-si-kw-end-ile, we did not love.

M-si-kw-end-ile, you, etc.
Wa-si-kw-end-ile, they, etc.

II
III
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

I-si-kw-end-ile 1
Zi-si-kw-end-ile
Vi-si-kw-end-ile
Ga-si-kw-end-ile
Ga-si-kw-end-ile
%they did not love.
Ga-si-kw-end-ile
Ga-si-kw-end-ile
Zi-si-kw-end-ile
Ha-si-kw-end-ile

Ku-si-kw-end-ile)

v snes.

75

This tense has three meanings: (a) negative

present-perfect; (,8) negative past-perfect; (7)
negative relative. So Ni-si-kw-end-ile may mean
(a) I have not loved, (,8) I did not love, (y) I
who did not or have not loved. When used in a
relative sense, generally the appropriate person or
demonstrative pronoun is used preceding the verbal
form.
Negative Future.
This tense is formed by inserting the negative
sign -si- between the personal pronoun and the sign
Jcu- of the future. Vowel verbs retain the sign of
the innitive for euphony; as in Ni-si-ku-kw-end-a,

I shall not love; Ni-si-ku-luta, I shall not go.

Class
Sing.
I. Ni-si-ku-kw-end-a, I shall not love.
U-si-ku-kw-end-a, thou, etc.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.

A-si-ku-kw-end-a, he, etc.

U-si-ku-kw-end-a )
I-si-ku-kw-end-a
C'hi-si-ku-kw-end-a
Di-si-ku-kw-end-a
U-si-ku-kw-e-nd~a Vt .11

v11. Li-si-ku-kw-end-a (1 w " t1 "'

VIII. Lu-si-ku-kw-end-a
IX. Lu-si-ku-kw-end-a
X. Ha-si-ku-kw-end-a

XI. Ku-si-ku-kw-end-a)
Class
Plur.
I. Uhi-si-ku-kw-end-a, we shall not love.
M-si-ku-kw-end-a, you, etc.
Wa-si-ku-kw-end-a, they, etc.

76

VERBS.

Class
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.

Plur.
I-si-ku-kw-end-a
Zi-si-ku-kw-end-a
Vi-si-ku-kw-end-a
Ga-si-ku-kw-end-a
Ga-si-ku-kw-end-a

VIL Ga_8i_ku_kw_end_a
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

Ga-si-ku-kw-end-a
Zi-si-ku-kw-end-a
Ha-si-ku-kw-end-a
Ku-si-ku-kw-end-a)

they will not love.

Generally, in the negative tenses, the sign of the

rst person singular is omitted; as si-'ku-kw-end-a for
ni-si-ku-kw-emi-a.
Negative Present-Perfect or Not Yet Tenses.
The rst is formed by prexing the personal pro
noun to the word kali. This is followed by the
innitive of the verb; as Wa-kali ku-lut-a, They have

not yet gone. This denotes, probably, that the action

implied by the verb has not taken place, and is not
likely to happen.
Class
Sing.
I. N-kali kw-end-a, I have not yet loved.

II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.

U-kali kw-end-a, thou hast not, etc.

A-kali kw-end-a, he has not, etc.
U-kali kw-end-a
I-kali kw-end-a
Chi-kali kw-end-a
Di-kali kw-end-a
U-kali law-and-a
.

VH- Li_k.ah. kw_end_a fit has not yet loved.

VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

Lu-kali
Lu-kali
Ha-kali
Ku-kali

kw-end-a
kw-end-a
kw-end-a
kw-end-a

VERBS.
Class

77

Plur.

I. Chi-kali kw-end-a, we have not yet loved.

M-kali kw-end-a, you, etc.
Wa-kali kw-end-a, they, etc.

II. I-Icali kw-end-a

III. Zi-kali kw-end-a
IV. Vi-kali kw-end-a
V. Ga-kali kw-end-a

2212.25: jzziz3j

they have not yet loved.

VIII. Ga-kali kw-end-a

IX. Zi-kali kw-end-a
X. Ha-kali kw-end-a
XI. Ku-kali law-end-a

This tense is used as an interrogative as well as

an assertion; as Wa-kali kw-iia I Have they not yet
come? Answer: Wa-kali kw-ija, They have not yet

come (and are not likely to come).

It is sometimes used when the action denoted by
the verb is like to take place. The force of the
negation is strengthened by adding ndawa.

Second Not Yet Tense.

This tense is formed from the corresponding

airmative Yet tense by inserting the negative sign
-si- after the personal pronoun. ,
This form is chiey used when the action denoted
by the verb is likely to take place.
Class

Sing.

I. Ni-si-nati-kw-end-a, I have not yet loved.

U-si-nati-kw-end-a, thou, etc.

A-si-nati-kw-end-a, he, etc.

78

VEMS.

Class

Sing.

II.
III.
IV.
V

U-si-nati-kw-end-a 1
I-si-nati-kw-end-a
Ohi-si-nati-kw-end-a
Di-si-nati-kw-end-a
U-si-nati-kw-end-a
it has not yet loved.
Li-si-nati-kw-end-a
Lu-si-nati-kw-end-a
IX. Lu-si-nati-kw-end-a
X. Ha-si-nati-kw-end-a

vI'.
VII.
VIII.

XI. Ku-si-nati-kw-end-a J

Class

I.

Plur.
Ohi-si-nati-kw-end-a, we have not yet loved.

M-si-nati-kw-end-a, you, etc.

Wa-si-nati-kw-end-a, they, etc.

II. I-si-nati-kw-enrl-a
III . Zi-si-nati-kw-end-a
IV. Vi-si-nati-kw-end-a

V.
VI .
VII .
VIII .
IX .
X.
XI .

Ga-si-nati-kw-end-a
Ga-si-nati-kw-end-a they have not yet
Ga-si-nati-kw-end-a
loved.
Ga-si-nafi-kw-end-a l
Zi-si-nati-kw-end-a
Ha-si-nati-kw-end-a

Ku-si-nati-kw-end-a J
Conditional Tenses (Negative), Present.

There are two negative conditional tenses.

These are formed from the airmative tenses by
inserting the negative prex -si- after the personal
pronoun.

VERBS.

79

Sing.

Class

. Kwina si-kw-end-a, since I love not.

Kwina u-ai-kw-end-a, since thou, etc.
Kwina a-si-kw-end-a, since he, etc.

II. Kwina u-si-kw-end-a 1

III. Kwina i-si-kw-end-a
IV. Kwina chi-ai-kw-end-a
. Kwina
Kwina
Kwina
Kwina
Kwina
. Kwina

VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.

di-si-kw-end-a
u-si-kw-en la I
}since it does not love.
li-si-kw-end-a
lu-si-kw~end-a
lu-si-kw-end-a
ha-si-kw-end-a

XI. Kwina ku-si-kw-end-a J

Plur.

Class

Kwina chi-si-kw-end-a, since we do not love.

' Kwina m-si-kw-end-a, since you, etc.

Kwina wa-si-kw-end-a, since they, etc.

II Kw'ina i-si-kw-end-a 1

111'.

IV.
V.

Kwina zi-si-kw-end-a
Kwina vi-si-kw-end-a

Kwina ga-si-kw-end-a
VI. zz-Z: 32325233233 lrsince they do not love.
VII.
VIII. Kwina ga-si-kw-end-a
IX. Kwina zi-si-kw-end-a
X. Kwina ha -si-kw-end-a
XI. Kwina ku-si-kw-end-a)
The above might be called a negative present
conditional tense, as it is used almost exclusively
with present time; as
Kwina nisimmanya, si-ku-luta, ausiku, Since I do not
know him, I shall not go to-morrow.

Kwina wa-si-lima, si-ku w-inka chidio diyero, As they

do not cultivate, I shall not give them food to-day.

80

VERBS.

Negative Past Conditional Tense.

This tense is formed from the corresponding
airmative tense by inserting the negative prex
-si- after the sign of the personal pronoun; as
Si-nk'a-mw-end-a, si-nk'a-lut-a diyero, If I had not
loved him, I should not have gone to-day.
Class

Sing.

I. Si-nka-end-a, if I had not loved.

U-si-nka-end-a, if thou, etc.
A-si-nka-end-a, if he, etc.

II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
Class

U-si-nka-end-a 1
I-si-nk'a-end-a
C'hi-si-nka-end-a
Di-si-nka-end-a
U-si-nka-end-a
Li-si-nka-end-a
Lu-si-nk'a-end-a
Lu-si-nka-end a
Ha-si-nka-end-a
Ku-si-nka-end-a

Pf it had not loved.

Plur.

I. Chi-si-nka-end-a, if we had not loved.

M-si-nka-end-a, if you, etc.
Wa-si-nka-end-a, if they, etc.
II. I-si-nka-end-a ]
III. Zi-si-nka-end-a
IV. Vi-si-nka-end-a
V. Ga-si-nka-end-a
VI. Ga-si-nka-end-a if they had not loved.
VII. Ga-si-nka-end-a
VIII. Ga-si-nka-end-a
IX. Zi-si-nka-end-a
X Ha-si-nka-end-a
XI Ku si-nk'a-end-a)

VERBS.

81

When this or the former negative conditional

tense is used in a. contingency the rst branch of the
contingence may take the same verbal form: but if
the second branch is in the future, the future tense of
the verb may he used; as Wa-si-nka-mw-inka mpeeni,

a-si-ku-lond-a-chidio, Because they did not give him

a goat, he will not take food.

Negative Imperative.
This is generally expressed by the use of the
negative subjunctive, Mu-si-lut-e, Go ye not.

There are three forms to express the present

negative subjunctive.
The rst is formed by inserting the syllable mka
after the sign of the personal pronoun, and changing
the nal -a of the verb into -e; as

Mwa-nka-lut-e deyero, go ye not to-day.

The second is formed by the use of the verb ku
luka, to let alone, to leave; this is followed by the
innitive of the verb.

Class

Sing.

I. N-dek-a kw-end~a, let us not love.

U-lek-a kw-end-a, do not thou, etc.

A-lek-a kw-end-a, let him not, etc.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
1X.
X.
lmeimu.

U-lek-a k-w-end-a
Llek-a kw-end-a
Chi lek-a kw-end-a
Di-lek-a kw-end-a
U-lek-a kw-end-a
let it not love.
Li-lek-a kw-end-a
Lu-lek-a kw-end-a
Lu-lek-a kw-end-a
Ha-lek-a kw-end-aj
a

82

vnsss.
Class

Plm'.

I. C'hi-lek-a kw-end-a, let us not love.

II.
III.
IV.
V.

M-lek-a kw-end-a, you may, etc.

Wa-lek-a kw-end-a, they may, etc.
I-lek-a kw-end-a
Zi-lek-a kw-end-a
Vi-lek-a kw-end-a
Ga-lek-a kw-end-a

VI. Ga-lek-a kw-end-a Hot them not love.

VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.

Ga-lek-a kw-end-a
Ga-lek-a kw-end-a
Zi-lek-a kw-end-a
Ha-lek-a kw-end-a J

When the pronoun ni- or n- is immediately

followed by the consonant -b-, the -l- is changed into
-d- ; as in ku-leka, to leave; n-deka, I leave.
The third form of the subjunctive negative
closely follow the corresponding form in the Swahili
language.
It is formed by inserting the negative sign -si- after
the personal pronoun, and changing the nal -a of
the verb into -e.
Class
Sing.
I. Ni-si-kw-end-e, I may not love.
U-si-kw-end-e, thou mayest, etc.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

A-si-kw-end-e, he may not, etc.

U-si-kw-end-e
I-si-kw-end-e
Chi-si-kw-end-e
Di-si-kw-end-e

VI. U-si-kw-end-e
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.

Li-si-kw-end-e
Lu-si-kw-end-e
Lu-si-kw-end-e
Ha-si-kw-end-e

X . Ku-si-kw-end-e J

it may not love,

let it not love.

VERBS.
Class

83

Plur.

I. Chi-si-kw-end-e, we may not love.

II.
III.
IV.
V.

M-si-kw-end-e, you, etc.

Wa-si-kw-end-e, they, etc.
I-si-kw-end-e
Zi-si-kw-end-e
Vi-si-kw-end-e
Ga-si-kw-end-e

VI. Ga-si-kw-end-e ' they may not love,

VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

Ga-si-kw-end-e
Ga-si-kw-end-e
Zi-si-kw-end-e
Ha-si-kw-end-e
Ku-si-Icw-end-e /

let them not love. -

The rst form of the present negative subjunctive

is the same as the third airmative conditional
tense, having the, nal -a changed into -e. It is
the tense generally used as negative subjunctive.

PGfGct Negative subjunctive.

This tense is formed by the use of the verb hw-ija,
to come. The personal pronoun, followed by the
negative sign -si, is prexed to the innitive form
kw-ija, the nal -a of whichis changed into -e. This
compound is then followed by the innitive of the
verb required.
Class
Sing.
I. Ni-si-kwije kwenda, I might not, etc.
Usikwije kwenda, thou, etc.
Asikwije kwenda, he, etc.
II. Usikwije kwenda
.
.(r
.
III. Isikwije kwcnda
i It mlawhz ilot Ewe

1v. Oln'sikwije kwenda I

>6 ("e -

84

var. as.

Class
Sing.
V. Disikwije kwenda ]
VI. Usikwije kwenda
VII. Lisilcwi 'e kwenda
-

VIII. Lusikw'ije kwenda Pt mgitlftlhav"

IX. Lusikwije kwenda

ye 0 e '

X. Hasikwije kwenda
XI. Kusikwije kwenda J
Class
Plur.
I. Chisikwije kwenda, we might not, etc.
Msik'wije kwenda. you, etc.
Wasikwije kwenda, they, etc.
II. Isikwije kwenda 1
III. Zisikwije kwenda
IV. Visikwije kwenda
V. Ganikwije kwenda
VI. Gasikwije lcwenda they might not have
VII. Gasikwije lcwenda
yet loved.
VIII. Gasikwije kwenda
IX. Zisikwije kwenda
X. Hasikwije kwenda
XI. Kusikwije kwenda
This tense may be translated in many ways; as
I might not have loved; I would not have loved ; before
I had loved; I had not yet come to love; I might not
yet have loved ; before I could have loved, etc.
PASSIVE VOICE.

The passive voice is formed by inserting a. -w- before

the nal vowel of the verb, as follows.

Generally no other change whatever is required

beside that mentioned above; as-

Kwenda, pass. kwendwa, to be loved.

Nyenda, pass. nyendwa, I am loved.

VERBS.

85

Nyendaga, pass. nyendagwa, I am being loved.

Nisikwenda, pass. nisikwendwa, I am not loved.
Nink'aenda, pass. ninkaendwa, had I been loved.

One tense, the relative perfect, requires a special

verb-ending to form the passive. The verb-ending
-ile, of the active voice, is changed into -igwa to

form the passive; as

Nyendile, pass. nyendigwa, I who was loved.
Chendile, pass. ehendigwa, we who were loved.

Nilutile, pass. nilutigwa, I who was sent.

Wakomile, pass. wakomigwa, they who were loved.

The negative relative perfect-passive is formed in

the same way ; as
Wasikomigwa, they who were not killed.
Wasitoigwa, they who were not beaten.
Nisikwendigwa, I who was not loved.
Asikwendwe, let him not be loved.
Asilekwe, let him not be left alone.

DERIVATIVE VERBS.
There are six forms which can be made from most

verbs in the Kagl'u-u language.

'

I. The Applied Form.

This form is used wherein English we use a
preposition. It is formed by changing the nal -a
of the verb into -ela or -ila; as
Ka-golosa, to do;
Ku-lewa, to ght;
Ku-lima, to hoe;

Ku-golosela, to do for.
\
Ku-lewila, to ght for or with.
Ku-limila, to hoe with or for.

Ku-gala, to bring ;

Ku-galila, to bring for, to.

86

vsmzs.

II. The Causative Form.

This is made by changing the nal -a into -sha or

-lisa ; as

Ku-golosa, to do;

Ku-golosha, to make to do.

Kw-aka, to be on re;

Kw-asha, to set on re.

Ku-hungula, to lessen ;

Ku-hungulisa to make to be
less. '
Ku-galisa,tomaketobring.

Ku-gala, to bring ;

III. The Neuter or Quasi-passive Form.

This is made by changing the nal -a into -ka;

as
Ku-bena, to break ;

Ku-beneka, to be broken.

Ku-gubula, to uncover;

Ku-gubuka, to he uncovered.

Ku-fuga, to keep ;
Ku-londa, to take;

Ku'fugika, to be kept.
Ku-londeka, to be taken.

IV. The Reexive Form.

This is generally made by prexing the vowel 4'
to the root of the verb, just as -ji- is prexed to the
Swahili verb; as
Kw-enda, to love ; , . Kw-ienda, to love ones self.
Ku-baka, to paint;
Kwibaka, to paint ones self.

Ku-toa, to strike;
Kwitoa, to strike ones self.
Ku-homa, to stab ;
Kwihoma, to stab ones self.
Many verbs in their simplest form are reective;

as
Kwinka, to give.
Kwiiga, to scratch.
Kwima, to stand.

IDvERBs

87

V. The Reciprocal Form.

This is made by changing the nal -a of the verb
into -ana; as

Kwenda, to love ;

Kwendana, to love mutually.

Ku-tija, to ee;

Ku-tijana, to ee together.

Ku-luta, to go;

Ku-lutana, to go together.

Ku-lewa, to ght; Ku-lewana, to ght together.

VI. The Strengthened Form.

This is made by doubling the verb; as
Ku-bena, to break;

Ku-benabena, to break up.

Ku~longa, to say;
Ku-sega, to laugh;
Ku-dzirnula, to out;

Ku-longalonga, to speak much.

Ku-segasega, to laugh much.
Ku-dimmladdmula, to cut all
about.
Ku-anangaananga,
to
seek
everywhere.

Ku-ananga, to seek ;

ADVERBS.
There are but few regular adverbs in the Kaguru
language. They generally follow the words they
qualify; as-
Longa mno, speak out.
Muswamu mno, very good (man).
Adjectives are used as adverbs by prexing the
syllable vi- ; as
Ku-tenda 11iha, to do badly.

Kn-longa viswamu, to speak well.

88

PREPOSITIONS.

Verbs and substantives are sometimes used as

adverbs.
They then take the word kwa before
them ; as

Kwa ubala, cunningly.

Kwa 'nguzu, by force.
Kwa kwenda, lovingly.

Many English adverbs are expressed by the Kagi'iru

mno. This word is used whenever it is intended to
intensify the force of the word with which it is
used ; as

Bena mno ./
Tija mno !

Break it to pieces I
Flee quickly!

PREPOSITIONS.
There are but two or three regular propositions in
Kagi'iru.

These are na, with; Iowa, for.

Prepositions are expressed(1) By the use of

the variable -a, of; (2) by the prexes denoting
location, mu-, ku-, and ha-; (3) by the use of the

applied form of the verb; (4-) often the preposition

is implied in the simple form of the verb; as
(1) Wa-, cha-, etc., of.

(2) Ku-, mu-, ha-, at, from, of, to, in, etc.
(3) Ku-lima, to hoe; ku-limila, to hoe for, with,
etc.

(4:) Kuinka, to give to.

comuncrroxs AND IN'IERJECTIONS.

89

CONJUNCTIONS.
There is probably but one regular conjunction.
This is the word na, and.

The place of regular conjunctions is supplied by

1. The syllable -ka-, which may be used with
several tenses and moods of the verb ; as Kwima

kalonga. Stand up and speak.

2. If, since, etc., are expressed by the -nka- tense
of the verb ; as Ni-nka-kwija, If I had come, etc.

3. In order that, and several other conjunctive

forms, are expressed by the simple use of the sub

junctive.
Nyende, in order that I may love.

INTERJECTIONS.
There are many interjections in the Kagi'iru lan

guage.

Of these many are far more easy to

pronounce than to write.

In fact, interjections

must be learnt from the natives, both for the sake

of acquiring the proper sound and also for rightly

applying them.
Ch6o- (with variations in the sound and expression),
surprise.
Woi (with variations), anger, deance, etc.
Udi, contradiction.

(9)

ENGLISH-KAGI'JRU VOOABULARY.
ALL verbs are written in the innitive mood. This
is expressed by the prex ku-, as ku-tija, to ee.
The plural prexes are given after each substantive.
Regular adjectives are written in the simple root,
free of all prexes, as -gutu, that.
Abduetion, Ku-londa,ku

gala,

Abaek, to be taken, Ku

eleka kumgongo
Abandon, Ku-leka
Abandonment, Uleko
Abase, to, Kubesa
Abasement, Ubesa

Abash, to, Ku-inga soni

Abate, to, Ku-hungula

Abatement, Kuhungula
Abbreviate, to, Ku-hun

gula
Abdicate, to, Ku-tamla
mbuli ya uleki, ku
leka, kutaga,
leka undewa

Abdicator, Yudia
leka undewa

Abdomen, Inda, ma

ku

aka

kwa nguvu,

kwa ubala, Kusola

kwa nguvu
Abet, incite, Ku-wigilisa
Abhor, to, Siwenda chi
ni-hila,
ki-me-ni
chukia
Abide, to, Ku-ikala

Abiding, xed, Hautu ha

kwikala
Abject, Mkiwa, wa
Abjure, to, Kulema li
baga
Ablaze, Kuaka

' Able, adj, -daha

Able, to be, Ku-daha
Abolish, to,
Kulasha
mbuli

Abominate, Si-wendi

ENGLISH-KAGLIRU VOCABULARY.

Aborigines, Wantu

wa

way,

Ku-sindikisa,

ku-genda naye, ku

kali
Abortion, Ifu dilawa
Abound, to, Ku-mema
About, Kama, fana
Above, Kulauga,
ku

changa
Wantu
wemanyima
kukhando
Abroad, Ku-hungula
Abscess, Ki-londa,
Ilonda, ma

andamila
Accomplice, Ka-tasa,

Accomplish,
ku-togola

Accord, to, harmony, Ku

waliganaligana
To grant, Kwinka

vi

Account, to make up, Ku

tala, utatala

Absence (he is absent),

Khahali

Accurately,
weru

Absolute, -waeka.
Absolve, to, Ku-leka
Absorb, to, Ku-nwa
Abstain from, to, Ku-be

Accursed,

guka
Absurd, -a ubwarata

Abundance, Luganu
Abuse, Maligo, ku-liga
Abusive man, Kena ma

ligo
Abyss, Igengigengi
Accede, Ku-togola, kwi
nka

Accelerate,
Kwigilisa,
ku-togoma
Accept, Ku-hokela
Accliminate, to, Ku-zoela
Acclivity, Chitunda,
to,

Kumala,

According, Kwa ligana

ligina

Abreast, Kukanda

Accommodate,

91

Ku

togola, kw-enda
Accompany, part of the

-liganacha
to

be,

Ku

Accusation, Mbuli
Accuse, Ku-igala',

ku

logigwa

longela
Falsely to,
nga

Ku-twa

Accuser, Mwigalile
Accustom, to, Ku-zowela
Ache, to, Ku-tama
Achieve, to, Ku-tenda,
ku-golosa, ku-mala
Acid, -kwawa

Acknowledge, to, Ku
togola, ku-lumba
Acquaint, to, Ku-tamila

Acquaintance,

Mbwia

id.
Acquire, to, (by force),

Ku-londa kwa ngu

vu

92

ENG LISH-KAG one VOCABULARY.

By cunning, Ku-louda
kwa uhala

By

right, Ku-londa

kwa viswamu
Acquit, to, Ku-leka

Aequitted, to be, Kulekegwa.

Acrid, -kwawa
Across, to put, Ku-kiga
mika
Act, to, Ku-golosa
Action, Ki-tendo, vi
Active, Mujolojolo, wa
Activity, Ujolojolo
Actor, Mlusekuseku
Actress, Musegu
Actual, -a -ehaweru
Acute, -kali

Admirable, ~swamu, ka

nitogolesa (he is
pleasing to me) = I
admire him
Admire, to, Ku-togola,
kw-enda

Admirer, Ka-togola
Admiringly,
desa

Kwakwen

Admit, to, Ku-ingisa

Admonish, to, Ku-inka
mbuli
Admonition, Mbuli

Adopt, to, Ku-sagula

Adoration, Ku-chenda
Adore, to, Ku-togola, kn.

Add, to, Ku-ongeza, ku

chenda
Adorn, to, Ku-hamba,
kw~alula
Adormnent, Uswamu

Adrift, to go, Ku-fume

Adapt, Ku-tanganisa
yongeza, ku-wala

Add up, to, Ku-tala

Adder,
Ipili
I
Address, to speak to, Ku
tamila
Address, a composition,

Mbuli
Adept, -bala
Adieu, Ikalaga
.Adjacent, Chi hahabehe

Adjoin, K wihakana
Adjourn, to, Ku-leka
hatta
Adjure, to, Ku-luga
Adjust, to, Ku-tanganisa
Administer, to, Ku-inka

ra, -mafungi chaka Adult, Mzereru, wa

Adulterate, to, Ku-han

ganisa
Adulteration, Uhanga
nisa
Adulterer, Mkilangawa-,
muliabwasi, wa-, we
ne ihabwa, kena iha
bwa
Mkilanga,
Adulteress,

wa
Adultery, Uwandani

Adultery, to commit, Ku
galula, ku-godosa

ENGLISH-merino VOCABULARY.
Advance,

an,

Ku-lon

gola
Advance, to, Ku-longola
Advance, to (on money
or goods), Ku-kopa.
Advantageously,
Kwa
ku-lusalusa k i ntu
ki kulu
Advent, Kwija kwakwe
Adventure, an, Kugesa
kwakwe
Adventure, to, Kugesa

gesa
Adversary, Kena chilon
1 to be, Ku-gom
Advegrse,

Alict, Ku-tisha
Aliction, Utisho
Afuent, Kukolongo, vi

A-ord, to, Ku-daha, ku

gulu

Ali'ray, Kondo
A'ront, to, Ku-liga
Afoot, Ku-genda.
Afore, Kumwandi
Aforehand, Ku-longola Afraid, to be, Ku-ogoha
Afraid, to make, Ku-inka

uoga
Afrcsh, -shia, keeli

After, Ku-nyuma
After

bagomba
Adversity, Ukiwa

93

he

was

gone,

Kafulusa kugenda
After-birth, Mufa, ifungu

Advice, Mbuli
Advise,
to,
Ku-inka
mbuli
Adviser, Aninkile mbuli
Advocate, an, Ku-ombela

After-crop, Manyota
Afternoon, Kutengula
Afterward, Ku-nyuma

Advocate, to, Ku-lewera

Again, Keeli
Against, to speak, Ku

Adze, to, Ku-songola

longela
Age, Miaka. yakwe
Aged, Magosi (mudala)

Afar, Kutali

Agent, Mwejumbe, wa

A'air, Mbuli

Aggress. to, Ku-tula

Agile, Mjololo
Agitate, Ku-jungunja
Agony, Usungu
Agree, to, Ku-togola,

Adze, Chiwidzo

Affect, -to, Ku-lumisa

Affection, Kwenda
A'ectionate, wa-kwenda
Affinity, Ndugu, lukolo

ma
Airm, to, Ku-longa na
ukani
Alx, to, Ku-ohakoha

kulumba,

kwienda,

ku-vana
Agree with, to, Kuliga
nlsa

94.-

ENGLISH-KAGIIRU VOCABULARY.

Agreeable, -swamu
Agreement,
Mwivano
mi-iv
Agrieulturist, Mlimi, wa
Ague, Utam wa ku-ka
kama
Ah, aha, Cho ; also ha,
ha, ha

Ahead, to go, Ku-longola

Aid, to, Ku-tasa
Aim, Kigelo, kitalo, vi

Air, Mpeho
Akin, Undugu
Alarm, Uoga
Alarm, to, Ku-inka noga
Albino, Mugeru, wachwe
chwe

Alert, Jolojolo
Alert,

to

be,

Ku-ina

meso
Alien, -geni
Alike, -fanana

Alive, -gima.
All, -ose
Allay, to, Ku-ngamasa
Alleviate, to, Ku-hun

gula usungu
Alliance, to make an, Ku
tanganila

Allot, to, Ku-laga, ku

gawa
Allow, to, Kwinka
To give permission,
ku-lekela

Allowance, to give, Ku
gaiila

Allude,

to,

Ku-tamila,

ku-gambila
Allure, Ku-geza, ku-kola

na mizungu
Ally, v. and n., Ku-tanga
nila, udugu
Almighty, Adahile yose,
Mwene ngufu yose
Almost, -cha. behi na, kuhera
Alms, -cha chaka
Alms, to give, Ku-inka
mkiwa
Aloe, Kole

Aloft, Ku-chanya
Alone, -waieka, ~mweni
Along, to go, Ku-longola
Alongside, to go, Kudu
mila, kugend'a, ndu

u
Aloud,

Ku-longalonga,

ku-joja
Already, Ku-fulusa
Also, Kaeli
Alter, Ku-bidula

Altogether, Wose wa
hamwe
Always, Madjua yose Amaze, Ku-jumila
Ambassador,
Mtume,

mwejumbe wa, wa
Ambuscade, to make, Ku

goja kumbagu
Amen, Amina, utaivyo
Amend, Ku-golosa ku
lundu

ENGLISH-meow VOCABULARY.

95

Amid, Kagati, ku-, mu

Annually, Mwaka kwa

Amiss, to do, Kuwavu,

kugolosa. vibi, mwa

mwaka.
Anoint, Kwibaka.

Ammunition, Baluti, etc.

Another, Yungi -ngi

Answer, Ku-itula, ku

Among, Ha-mwe na
Ample, Ruganu

Antagonist, Mwahi, wa

wavu

Amputate, to, Ku-senga

ku-dumula.
Kisamaki, vi-; chiman

ga, vi
Amulet, Isango, ma.
Amuse, to, Ku-hembula.

Amusement,

Mshego,

mi
Ancestor, Magono, wa
Ancient, Katali
And, Na
Angel, Maliiika
Anger, Masuho
Angle, Mulukasi, mi
Angry, adj., Ka-suha.

Animal (wild), Nyama,

mkala, ma

Animate, to,
ugima

Ku-guma.

Ankle, Mbwegeri, mi
Anklet (small), Lutindi,

ma
Annex, to,

Ku-sahila,

kulonda.

Annihilate,

nuga

Ants (mchwa),

Muswa,

ma
Small ying
Nwera,ma

ants,

Siafu, Ifulafu, ma

Sungusungu, Isalasa,
ma
Chungu, Nthingi ma
Antidote, Muti, mi
Anus, Lukundu, ma

Anvil, Lupondo, ma
Anxiety,

Mugelageso,

ma
Anxious, Kwibusa, kuge
lagela
Apart, to

put, Ku-ika

aiho-aiho
Ape, Nyani, ma.
Aperient, Muti

)-anua

kunda
Aperture, Ihengeli, ma
Apoplexy, Utam wa mu

lungu, ku-tuntuka,
ku-dumuka

Ku-bena

bena.
Announce, Ku-tamila

Annoy,

tula.

Ku-kunugaku

Apostle, Mwijumbe, we
Appal,
Ku - ogohaku
tisa.

Apparel, Mwenda
Apparent, Ku-oneka

96

EnoLrsn-KAoU-nU vocsnurxnv.

Appeal (call), Ku-inanga,

ku-uza
Appear, Ku-oneka

Artisan

Appoint (chagna), Ku
sagola,
ika

(tia),

Artful, Mbala-mpapala,
wa

ku

Approach, Ku-segela
Appropriate, Ku-londa
Approve, to, Ku-enda,
ku-togola
'
Apron, Iguni, ma-, ben
dera, mulegu, mi
Arab, Mwalabu, wa
Archer, Kadaha kukwe

(blacksmith),

Mpozi, wa
As, -fanana, kit'ana
Ascend, Ku-kwila
Ascertain, Ku-uza,

kn

manya
Ashamed, Kwina soni
Ashes, Ivu, ma-i
Aside, Nkhanda

To lay, Ku-ika Nkha

nda

Ask, Ku-uza, ku-manya .

Asleep, to be, Kena nto~

Architect, Mujengi, wa
Arid, Nyala, kugutu
Arise, Ku-ima
Arm, Mkono, mi
Arm, to, Ku-kola (uta,

etc.)
Armlet, Isango, ma
Armpit, Kwaha, ma- .
Arms, Vintu vya kule
wela, uta, futi, etc.

ngoya kusisila
Asp, Njoka, ma

Aspire (tamaa), Utungu

kuchenda, ku-auan-

ga
Ass, Ngoendogoe, ma- ;
mangoe

Arrange, Ku-sungulusa

Assassin,
Ka-koma,
Mkomi, wa
Assassinate, Ku-koma
Assemble, to, Ku-lunda
Assembly, Chilundo
Place of, -deha

Arrive, Ku-ingila

Assent, Ku-fumilisa, fu

Army, Mjilelo, wa
Arouse, Ku-inusi

Arrow (club headed),

Isagi, ma-, (of wood)

milisa,
mbuli

ku-togola

lushobeta, ma-, (of

Assert, Ku-longa

iron) muvi, mi

Assess, to, Ku-lamba

Assist, Ku-tasa
Assistant, Mwenyi kuta

Arson, Ku-suma moto

Artery (veins, tendons),
Ukundi, id.

sa, yudia yenkutasa

ENGLISH-KAGI'IRU VOCABULARY.

97

Associate, Mwa

Avarice, Ukobo, ko

Assort, Ku-sagala

Avaricious (man), Mko

Assume, Ku-londa, kwa

bo, wa

ubala, kwa-ngul'u
Assure,

Ku-longa

Avenge, Ku-mala mbuli

cha

Avert, Ku-nkinda
Avoid, Kwi-enega

weru
Asthma, Lu-humu, utam
wa nkololo
Astonish,

Await, Ku-goja
Awake, v., Kwinuka

Ku-juma,

Awake,

ku-ona milogo
Astray, Ku-aga njila
At, Mu-, ku
Atone, Ku-fupila,

Away, Ku-tali

ku

Atonements, Ukombolo

Kulewa,

ku

baninila
Attend, Ku-peta,

ku

ngoja,

ku-andama,

ku-hulika

Attendant,

Ku-ina

Awaken, Ku-inusa, ku
ndusa, kisunduka

kombola muhji
Attack,

adj,

meso

Longula,

Away, go, Hindi kuluta '

Awe, Ihofu
Awful, -a, uoga, ihofu
Aw], Chipoko, vi

Awning, Cheringo mpe

ho, vi
Axe, Ntemo
Aye, Hee, Ntaisho

mwendeza,
mwe
gale, wa
Attire, n. and z1., Ku-va
la; Mwendami
Attract, Ku-kwega

Azure (faint blue), Nje

Audacious,

Babe, Chali, vy-ae

Bachelor, Mwegani, we

Mungufu,

Mdeidia, waAugment, to, Ku-on

geza
Aunt, maternal,

Maii,

wail

Austere, Keha, weha.

Authority, Ngufu
.Avail, Ku-nyagila, ku
togla
KAGI'IRU.

runjeru

Baok, Mgongo, mi
Backbone, Iguha
mgongo, ma

dya

Baokward, to

Ku

go,

sengela nyuma
Bad, -eha

Man, Munhu keha

WVords, Maligo
H

98

ENGLISH-KAGI'IRU VOCABULA RY.

Badness, Usakila, uwafu

Bale (cheka), Ku-seka,

(zwia), ku-dinga
(large nutting-),
Mkwiji ma-; (large
corn), ndoto ikanda,
ma- ; (small), kig
wiji, vi
Bait, v. n., Chambilo, vi
ya-

Bag

Bake, Banika ku-anika,

ku-somela
Bald, -pala

Bald-headed (man), Kena

ipala
Bale, Ikanda, mi
Ball, Ipirimba, ma

Bamboo, Mgwami, ma
Banana, Nkho
Wild, Mkweja, mi

Fruit, Ikweja, ma
Band,
Lukoa, Mkoa,
ma
Banish, Ku-winga
Bank, _Ikiga,

mwambo,

m1- ma
On that side, Luandi
Bankrupt, Mkiwa, wa
Banner, Bindera, id.

Baobab, M para mi

Baptism, Ujibisi
Baptist, Mjibisi
Baptize, Ku-jibisa
Baraza, Kibuga, vi- ; ide
ha, ma-, ki-; luko

mela, kipenu

Barb, Mushwe, enge

rema, nyanganya
Barbarian, -shenzinga
heri, mangaheri
Barber, Mtakugeta
Bare, Chaka
Bark, -gome, ma

Like a dog, Ku-bwaka

Barn, Kanu
Barrack, Isepo, ma

Barrel, Itipa
Barren, (person, animals)
Mgumba; (country),
Isi nkugutu
Barter, Ku-sakanya, ku

gulanya
Basin, Lupeyu, ma-; nta
ngulu, ki-,
ndoto, ma

Basket

ma-;

(small round),

Segi, ma
Bastard, Mwana wa mba

gu, wa
Bat, Mpulabuti, ma
Batehelor, Mwijalelo, wa
Boy, eight to twelve,
Mwaniki, wa

Bathe, Kwi-hofuga
Battle,

to

go to,

Ku

lewana
Battle, a, Ulevi
Bead, Lusalu, Salu
Beads, black, Sungu
sungu
Beads, string
timba

of,

Lu

99

ENGLISH-KAGIIRU VOCABULARY.

Beforehand, Kulongola

Beak, Mlomo, ma

Beam, Mgamba,
Mahalagwe
Bean, Kundi, ma

Beg, Ku-tasa
Beggar, Mkiwa, wa
Beget, Ku-eleka

mi- ;

Bear (to carry), Ku-gala ;

(to bear with), Ku
nyamalila ;

Begin, to, Ku-konga, ku

andusa, kwa-luha
Beginning, Kongo, ku

(bear

mwandi na
Begone, Hendikoni

children), Kwieleka
Beard, Kidevula, vi-; lu
levu, ma.
Beast, Mkala, ma
Beat (piga ,
Ku-toa ;

Behalf, on his, Kwa unto

wakwe
Kumdumula,
Behead,
itwe
.

(shinda , ku-huma
Beautiful, -swamu

Behind, Ku-nyuma

Beauty, Uswamu
Because, Kwa, with de
monst. pron.

Behold, Ku-langa
Believe, Ku-huwila
Bell, Mkoa, ma

Beckon, Ku-konyeza.
Become, Ku-wa
Bed, Nkingo, ma
Bedding, Mwenda, id.
[The cloth worn by
day is used as a
covering at night]

Hand, Kwangala, vi
Large, Mudosho, mi-;
mumanga, mi
Small, for wearing on
legs, Birili, ma
Bellows, Bolobo
Belly, Kinda

Beloved,
Mwendeswa,
wa
Below, -hasi

Bedridden, Mutamu ku

doka.
Bedstead, Ulili, ma
Under the, Kufungu

Belt (womans bead), Ko

ndavi, ma-; (shan
gazi), Guni, ma- ;

Legs of, Kisumbi, vi

Sides of, Lusaga, ma

Bee, Njuki, ma
Beehive, Mzinga, mi
Beef, Nyama ya ngombe
Beer, Ugimbi
Beetle, Ngnoyo, ma
Before, Ya longola

(strap), Mkoa, ni-,

lukoa, ma

Bend, Ku-gonjeza, ku
lemuka

Berry, Mi'ldio,
i

mwana,

waana wamabiki

100

ENGLISH-KAGIIRU VOCABULARY.

Beseech, Ku-tasa muno

Blame, Ku-kalipa, ku

Beside, Haka'nda
Betroth, Ku-tola

Blaspheme, Ku-liga

longela

Between, Hagati
Beware, Ku-langisa
Bewiteh, Ku-loga

Blasphemy, Uligo, nia

Witch, Muhai, wa
Witchcraft, Uhai
Beyond, Ku-mbele, ku
tali

Bleed, Ku-lawa sakami

Bibi, Mke mkulu

Bless, to, Ku-hungigwa

Bible, Malongo ga Mu

Blessing, Ihungo, ma

lungu

Bier, Mwangu, mi
Big, Kulu
Bile, Isangu
Rising of, Isangu ku
gea
Bill, Ntemo, id.
Bin, Ndonga, ma

Blaze, Kwaka
Bleat. Ku-lapa
Bless, to, Ku-hunga, ku

mota, Ku-nyungila,
ku-hungila

Blind, Mdula meso, wa

To be, Kutulika meso,

wa
Blink, Ku-konyakonya
Blister, to, Ku-gauka
Blister, the, Ilengilengi,

ma
Block, Isinga, ma

Bind, Ku-opa, ku-oha

Blood, Sakami, ma

Bird, Idege, ma

Blossom, Ku-bulika
Blot, Idola, ma
To, Kn-guma, madola

Birdlime, Ulimbo

Birth, Uleko, uweleshi

Bitch,
Ibwamwana
muki, ma
Dog, Ibwa, ma
Bite, Ku-uma
Black, -titu

Berry, Msega, ma
Blackberry tree, Msega,

m1
Blacksmith, Mposi, mpo
ndi

Bladder, Ikweju, ma
Bladc, Kilnaji, vi

Blow, (with mouth) Ku

pulitila,(wind) Ku
boa
Blue, -kwani pwani, lu
kaholo

Blunt, -hiriengereza i
hiri, husina ukali
Blush, Kwina soni
Boa (chatu), Nehatu, ma

Boar, Nguluwe
Board, lbanti
Body, Mtu

101

ENGLISH-KAGIIRU "OCABULARY.

Bog, Ikohoga
Boil, v., (Ku-sirushwa),
kn-amibika, ku~te
leka.
Boil, n., Ilonda, ma

Bold, Mngufu
Bone, Iguha, ma
Book Barua,

Boy, Mwaniki, wa
Bracelet, Chidanga, vi

Brackish, Meji ya muny

(salt-water)
Braid, v., Ku-bota

Brain, Chaongo
Bran, Mpumba

Booty (goods), Kisalula,

vi-; (people), mkoli,

Brand, Ku-guma
Brass, Isango yeru, ma
Copper, lkundu

Braw, Mu-kali, mu-ngufu

Bread, Kinolo, vi
Breadth, Uhana
Break,
'lopoka, ku
bena,
ku-beneka,

id.
Bore, z1., Ku-kelela
Borrow, Ku-asima
Bosom, Chifa, vi

Both, Wose weli

Bother, Chefu, kenachefu
Bottle, Mkomba

Bottom, Hasi
Bough, Tambi,

ku-tulika,

ku-du

muka
W'ind, Ku-fula

ma- ;

kungu, ma

Boundary, Mlaga, mi
Bow, Nta, mi
Bow down, to, Kufugama

Breakfast, Chidio cha

ausiku
Breast, (male) Ohifa,

(female)

itombo,

1113'

Bow, to draw the, Ku

kwega uta
Bow-legs, Imbeti mam
beti
Bow-string, Lugi, sugi

Breath, Muye, id.

Breathe, Ku-keha. kuhila

Bowels, Itumbu, ma

Breeze, Mpeho

BowLof pipe, Nyana, ma

Bowman, Mkwega uta,
wa
Box (Kisembe, Isembe,

Brew, Ku-ambika

,ma-), Sanduku, ma

Round lindo, Sandu

ku, ma

(breathe quickly)
Upon, or in, Kuputi
lela muye

(usi

mbi)
Bride, Katoligwa, wa
Bridegroom, Katola, wa
Bridge, Vlalo, Iloko, ma
To build, Kwika ulalo
Bright, to be, Ku-ngala

102

sneusn-xxer'mu VOCABULARY.

Bright, adj., -jeru

Builder, Muzengi, wa

Brim, Msingo, mi-, ku

Bulb (large red crimson),

Kindibu, vi-, inya
gesi
Bull, Nkhambaku, id.

songeza,

ku-hem

bula
Bring, Kwi-gala,

ku

londa, ku-galila
Down, Ku-hulumusa
Brink, Igengi, ma-, lu
ngirito, ma

Bullet, Mbwewe, id.

Bullock, Ndafu, id.
Bully, to, Ku-sula
,

Bundle (of corn), Ipuli

ma-, nkhesi, id.

Bristle, Ijoiya, ma
Broad, -zalamu, -hana
Broil, Ku-anika
To make a, Ku-gomba

Burden, Mtegulu, mi~

To be a burden to, Ku
lemela

Brooch, Mpasi, ma
Brook, Chikolongo, vi
Broom, Ishagilo, ma

Burn, Ku-lungula
To be consumed, Ku

Broth, Mujuho, ma

Brother, (elder) Mdugu

mkulu ; (younger),
mwenetu, wa-, mdu

gu mlume
Brother-in-law

(shan

gazi), Mkwawi, wa- ;

Mulamu, wa
Brown, -titu
Bruise,
to,

Ku-duga,

ku-kobadika, ku-nu
nula
Bruise, a, Iduga, ma
Brush, Ishagilo, ma
Bud, a, Chitula, vi-, lu~

hungu, ma
To, Ku-tula
Bu'alo, Mbogo, ma

lakala
Burst, Ku-bena, ku-be
neka
Bury, Ku-taga, ku-singa,

ku-golcsa mtu
Bush, Isukusi, ma-; ibi
kibiki, ma
Business, Mulimo, mi
Busy, to be, Kwina mili

mo
But, Nthavi, ka
Butcher, Ku-hinja
Butter, Matalasi

Buttercup plant (leaves

eaten),

mi
Buttery,
ma

Pumbwiji,

Ikunjugulu,

Bug, Nkhunguni, id.

Buttock, Itako, ma
Button, Chifungo, vi

Build, Ku-zenga

Buy, Ku guba

ENG LISH-KAG (,IRU VOCABULARY.

Candle, Salaka, ma

For, Ku-gulila

Back (redeem), Ku

To light, Njuju, id.

Cane, z1., Kipando,

kombola

Large, long, Mphando,

Buzz, Ku-buma

By-and-by, Hakali -kali

By-path,

103

Lufumefume,

ma

m1
Cane sugar, Mugwa, mi
Canister, Kibongi, vi
Canoe, Iloko
Canvas, Mwondu mkho

golo ,
Cap (red fez), Turuki zi

Cage (ca're cour), Mtama

Cage, Ivundu, ma
Cake, Kinolo, vi

Calabash,

for

water,

Ibuyu, ma

For milk, Chiba, vi-;

Imala,

vi- ;

Kin

ga, vi
Caldron (for food), Luiga,
ma
Large, Msungi, mi
Calf, Ndama, id.

Of leg, Kijurubula or
Ichafu, vi

Calico, Mwenda
Call (by name), Ku-ma
nga
Calm, -eingeri-tebu
To be, Ku-chikwilila,

Kuibula

F.
Captain, Sungnla, id.
Capsize, Ku-bundula
Captive, Wasaluliva
Slave, Mfugwa
Captivate, Ku-kola
Carpenter, Msongolo, wa

Carrier, Mpagala, wa
Carry, Ku-igala
Lift up, Ku-mula
Off sport, Ku-londa
Caravan, Ntambo, ma
Care, Ku-kolesa
To
take,
Kwikiza,

kulangisa
To take care of nets,
Ku-lnasa, kugono
lesa

Careful, -mgaruga
Careless,

-mwandimwa

ndi

Camp, Ibanda, ma
Can (tobe able), Ku-duka
Canal, Musiri, mi

Caress, Ku-swamula

Cancer, Ilonda, ma

Cartrate, Ku-futwa

Candle, Lumuli mamuli

Cask, Itipa, ma

Carrion, Ifa chaka

ENGLISH KAGI'JRU VOCABULARY.

104

Cast, Ku-taga
Eyes at, Ku-komge
sha

At, Kugumila
Castor-oil, Nyemba, ma

Cat, Nyao, ma
Catch in a trap, Ku-heta
To be in time to meet,
Ku-heta

In hand, Ku-kola
Catterpillar,l\Igonyo,ma
Cattle, Ngombe
Cave, Mphangu, ma
Cease, to, Ku-mgamata

Chasm, Mpanga, ma- ;

Monjogera, ma
Chastise, Ku-towesa
Chat, Ku-longalonga
Cheat,
Ku-danghidza,
dandahidza
Cheek, Tunda, ma
Cheese (mtuidi), Ibongo,
ma-; Masusu

Chest (Kifwa), Kifa

Chew, Ku-dia

Ceiling, Mkalama, mi
Cemetery, Chilalo, vi

Chickens, Vikuhu, Vido

doge
Chief, 'Mndewa, wa
Child, Chati, vy
Male, Chaniki or Vya

Centipede, Ngelusige, id.

Centre, -mu-gati

nika, Chana-chilume
Chill, Mbeho ikuni i

Certain, Cheru-chaweru

ngila

Certainty,
Certainly,
- Chawdu
Cha', Mpumba

Chin bone, Lugula, ma

Chain, Mjolo, ma
Chair, Ligoda, ma

g1
Choke, Kakama,

Chalk, Ilita (four miles

east of Idm Hills)
Chamber, Ibuka, ma
Chameleon, Iji, ma
Change, Ku-sakania

To change mind, Ku
gelagela. kunda
Charcoal, Likala, ma
Charm, Endasumi, Mp

wegu, ma
Chase away, Ku-winga
Animals, Ku-birimisa

Chin, Kilevala, vi
Chisel, Mbajo, Ndari, id.,

ku

kwawa

Choke, Ku-fwa, kakaka'

ma
Irritation of throat,
Ku-kima
By weeds, etc., Ku

saga, Gagiwa
Cholera, Lusangu

Choose, Ku-sagula
Chop (cut), Ku-tema
Cut in pieces, Ku-du
muladumula

ENGLISH-KAGI'IRU VOCABULARY.

Cut (trim with axe),

Kusongola
Christ, Masiya
Cinder, Likala, ma
Circumeise, Ku-dumula,
ku-gwisa, ku-gwila
Civet cat, Mwachinye
mba, Ifulwa, Ukka
nu, Muyenge, ma

Clap (the hands), Ku

bowa, Vuaganja
Clarionet (zomari), Msi
mate, mi

Clasp, Kn-kola
Claw, Ikombijera, ma
Cleanse, to, Kwsunha,
ku-hofuga

105

Cloth, Mwenda, Luke

Old, Mwenda, Mgono

Piece of, Nhaso, id., or

ma
Clothes, Mwenda, za- ;
Ku-vala
Cloud, Li-vunde, ma
Clove, (Mkalafu) Mka
lafu

Club, Mpuw, ma-, or chi

pulo, vi-

Coarse, -kulu, -iha

Coax, Kufwumsa, Msyai
Cob, Itama, ma
Cobweb, ltandaboi, ma

Cock, Ijogolo, ma

Clay, Ulongo

Cockroach, Nyengi, ma
Coin, or grave dress,

Clean, Ku-beba (corn)

House, Numba yera

Cold, (extreme), Mbeho

Person,
vera

Munhu

mi

Clean, -era

Cleave, to one another,

Ku-kolonya
To unite and to divide,
Ku-basa, ku-baninila
Clitoris, Ligi
Climb, Ku-kwila

Cloak, Luke ukulu ya

kugububika
Cloke, to, Ku-gubikisa
Clod, Kitonge, vi
Close, to, Ku-hinda
Clot of blood, Sakami
igona, ma.

Mwenda ya kuzikila
ya nyoba
Become cold, Mpeho,
ku-hola

Collar-bone, Mulingobi,
m1
Collect, Ku-lunda
Colony, Muji, mi-; Ikaia,

ma
Comb, to, Ku-swamula,
Ki-kusa
Come, impen, Nyagula,
-isa

Down, Kudulika, ku
pumlnka

To, Ku-idza, ku-gulisa

Out, -ga,-ijeni ku-lawa

Excuse-moons VOCABULARY.

106

Comet, Myaridzi ina iki

laikila
Comfort, v. and n., Ku
kwera, Ku-kunya
masa
Command, v. and n., Ku
tamila

Commence, Ku-konga
Commission, to, Kwi-gala
Commit, Ku-tenda, ku

golosa
Adultery,

Ku-kola
mbuli
Common, -a, -ose, -ngi
Companion, Mwia, id.
Company, Ilundo, ma
Compare, Ku-banila

Congratulate, Ku-funda
Congeal, Ku-gona
Conjure, Ku-tenda-miti
Connect, Ku-hanlila

Conquer, Ku-sumwa
Conscience, Moyo, mi
Consent, Ku-vumila

Consider, Ku-gelagela
Constipation, Ka-hinde
la, Kunda
Construct, Ku-genga
Consult, Ku-uza

Contagious, Kulakala
Contain, Ku-londa

Contend, Ku-lewana
Continue, Ku-kala, ku
shinda

Compassion, Ubasi
Compel, Ku-dindilisa
Complete, v. and adj.,
Ku-hera, ku-mela

Contrast, Ku-hungula
Contradict, Ku-kanya,
ku-longela

Complete, to be, Ku-si

Conceal, to, Ku-sa

galuka
Cooking-pot,
ma-ny

Conch, Ulili, ma

Cook, v. Ku-tiga, ku-son

gwa

Concubine,
Mwanda

Sungula,

Condemn, Inda, id.

Coney, Inaugwa
Confess, Ku-fumila, ku
lumba

Conde in, Ku-swesa

Conne, Ku-oha
Conscate, Ku-londa
Confound, Ku-hanganya
Confuse, Ku-futaka

Convert, Ku-bidula, ku

Nyungu,

ga ugali
Cook, n. Kuambika, mun
hu akwaiubika

Cooking grain, Nkandi

masaja

Coop (cool), Ku-hola, ku

holesa

Copper, Chima, chijeru,

v1
Copper-wire, Ku-lomba,

ku-londa

ENGLISH-KAGCRU VOCABULARY.

Cord, small, Lusigi, ma

Large, Lutalambu, ma

Cork, Chigubiko, vi
Corn, Indian, Mutama
Millet, Uhemba.

Cover, to, Ku-gubika

Cow, Mbuguma ya ngo

mhe, ma

Coward, Mwoga, waoga

Cower, Ku-ogoha

Small millet, Uwele,

Crab-land, Igalu, ma

Nkande, id.
Parched, Mabuli

Crack, Ihengeli, ma

Corner, Kumleru, ma-;

Ibuka, ma
Corpse, Ilnba, ma

To throw a corpse into

the forest, Ku-baga
imbamumhagu
Correspond with, Ku
liganisa
Correct, Ku-lunda
Corrupt, Kubana

Cotton-tree,
Mpahaga,
m1
Fibre, Pahaga
Cloth, Merikano

Cough, Lukohola, ma
To, Ku-kohola
Council, to meet in, Ku

deha

107

Cramp, Ikulaneli, Ineta,

uneta

Crawl, Ku-tambala
Crazy, Kena, ehilalo
Cream, Isusu

Create, to, Ku-umba

God created all the
world, Mulungu e
yaumba. isi yose
Credit, Ku-pasa
Creditor, Mwene ku
pasa
Crest (of birds, etc.),
Mkunguluvuni
Cricket, Mcholota, ma
Crime, Ubi, Kihia
Crippled, to be, Ku-chen
kulia
Croak, to, Ku-lapa

Count, Ku-tala, ku-wasa

Croak, a, Lulapo

Country, Isi, zi

Croaks, the frog, Ibula.

Courage, Ngufu

ikulapa
Crocodile, 'lomondo, ma

Course,

Ipimbili, ma- ;

Kidage, vi-
Cousin (Mfuna), Ndugu,
Wandugu
Covenant, Mwivano, mi
To make a, Ku-lagana
(lover, Igubiko, ma

Crooked, to be, Ku-gonja

Cross (ladder), Luegu,

pl. Segu
Cross, to, Ku-gelakela,
ku-bananila
Crotch, Mpanda, mi

108

ENGLISH-KAGIIRU VOCABULARY.

Crotched pole, Muti wa

luegu

Croup, Chifa cha kutama

Curdle, Ku-gona
Cure, Ku-honya
Curl, Ku-bota

Crow, Ihoi, ma
To, Ku-lapa

Curse, Ku-ligita

Crowd, Ki-lundi

ginisa mwenda
Custom-dues, Mgeseni,
Nonga, Muloko
Cut, to, Ku-tema, ku
senga, ku-ngenya
To cut holes in the

Curtain o, to, Ku-nin-.

To, Ku-lundanya
Crucify, Ku-tungika mu
luegu
Cruet, Munhu mukali
Crumb, Kitukotuko, vi- ;
Kimurungu, vi
Crush, Ku-fulisha, ku
benabena '
Cry, Ku-lila

usolo board, Ku-hu

ngenya
Cutlass, Lupanga, ma

A, Chililo, vi
Crystal, Myaredzi, id.

Cucumber

( wild

on

rocks), Itungututi,

ma
Cultivated,
ma

Itanga,

Dagger, Sime, Mmagi,

Ngola
Damsel, Kigole
Damage, Ubeweka

Cud, Ufo
To raise the, Ku-selula
ufo
Cuddle, Ku-hembula

Damp, Kimigemyi
Dampness, Ntulila, Man
tulila

Cu', Ku~angula

sengenya,
ku-tra,
Mangala
Dandy, Mwajilelo
Red Udongo, Shita
Danger, 'Kwiha-kwihill

Cultivate, Ku-lima

Cunning, Umahala
Man, Mumahala, wa
Cup, Chihampa, vi-; Chi
kombe
To, Ku-lumika

Cups for cupping, Ino

miko, ma
Curd, meri ga-gona

Dance,

Ku-vina,

ku

Dare, Ku-daha
Darkness, Luissa, Kuko

mela (?), Chilo

Darling, Chikwienda
Dart, Ki-guha

109

ENGLlSH-KAGCRU VOCABULARY.

Daughter, Mwana, Ki
gole
Little, Echana, Kike

Day,

midday,

L-djua,

Ijua dimwe

Dawn, daylight,
gingo

Mu

Daily, Najua yose, Adia

ijua, adia ijua.

Dazzle, Ku-lilulila
Dead, Afa, lufo

Dear (beloved), Mwa

namke = Mkewa
ngu, wa
Debility, Ku-tamwa ta
mwa
Debt, Nkokwe, id.
Debtor, Mwene
kwa

nkho

Demon, Isoka, ma
Den, Spanga, ma
Deny, Ku-kana.
Deride, Ku-sekela
Descend, Ku-humulusa,

ku-hulnluka
Wind rushing down,
Mbeho ku-tangula
Desert (sandy and bare),
Swela, ma.
To, Ku-leka
Desire, Kwenda
In a bad sense, Kena
giso, Kena lulanga,
Ku-londola, Ku-ha

nanga
Bad desires, Giso, Lu
langa
A, llema, ma

Decay, Ku-doda

Despise, Ku-besa

Deceive, Ku dandalisha
Decent, Ndandahizo.

Distress, Ku-lagaswa

Decide, Ku-mala, Mbuli

Dethrone, Ku-hamita. un
dewa

Declare, Ku-longa, Kwa

nguva
Decoy, v. and n.,

Ku

ngola na mezuugu
. Deep, hasi mno

Decrease, Ku-kungulas

Destroy, Ku-banabana

Devil, Isintu ikulu

Dew, Nhungwe,
Itungwe, ma
Devour, Ku-meza

Diarrhoea, Ku-faka sa

Defeat, Ku-huma

Defend, Ku-jogela
Delay (chelewa), Ku
ungila, ku-limuka
Delight, Ku-wendesa
Deliver, Ku-hona, ku
chcsa

id. ;

Die,

kami
Ku-potela,

ku

gwa, ku-fa, ku-sa

kapa
Dig, Ku-kala
Dip, Ku-siuta
Dine, Ku-dya

110

ENGLISH-KAGIIRU VOCAB ULARY.

Dirt, Uheha, Ikwi, Upa- Door, Luiji, Maiji

Post, Singi, ma
1o
Opening, Mlango, mi
A dirty person: Mwa
Lintel, Kisisilango, vi
fu, wafu
Sill,
Mpatahungwe,
Disciple, Mwanafundi,
mi
wa

Discover, Ku-ona

Double, to, Ku-bika

Disease, Utamu

Doubt, Ku-gelagela
Dove, Njiwa, id.
Down, -hasi
Bring, Ku-dulisa, ku
kwega

A sick person, Mu
tamu, wa
Dish, Ntangulu, id.
Distant, Ku-tali
Distress, Usungu
A man in, Mkwa, wa-;

Kasunga, wa
Dispute, Ku-gomba, ku
kana, ku-longela
Ditch, Kinolongo, vi
Water-course for irri

gating, Msisi, mi

Doze, Ku-sisila
Drag, Ku-egeta
Dream, Ku lota

A, Njozi, Jozi
Dress, Ku-vala, ku-vasa
Drink, Ku-nywa

Drive away, Ku-winga

Drum, Ngoma, id.

Divers, various, -a. pak

Drunk, Ku-koligwa

wepakwe, -a hakwe
hakwe
Divide, Ku-gai'la, ku-gai
gwa (pass)
Divine, -a mulungu

Drop, to, Ku-gwa

Division, Mgai'lo, mi
Divorce, Ku-leka
Do, to, Ku-golosa, ku-to

goma

Ntwentwe,

ma ;

Itwenge, ma
Or streak of water on
the wall, Musulugi,
masulugi

Dropsy, Ihendi
Drown, Ku-fuigwa mu
luanda

Done, to be, Ku-mala

Doctor, Mganga
Dog, Ibwa, ma

Dominion,

A,

Chilunga,

VI

Donkey, Ndogowe, ma

Drunkard, Mtowa nga

na
Dry, -nyala
To, Ku-anika

To become, Ku-nyala
Season, Chibwa

ENGLISH-KAGI'IRU VOCA BULARY.

Drought, Kihiwerwa ki
lasi
Duck, Iwata, ma
Dumb, Muchibubn, wa- ;

Kichibubu, vi
Dung, Mavi
Dusk, Mbuloga. nkhueni
Dust, Iluli, ma-; ehiluli,

vi- ; Sanga, ma
Dwarf, Mguhi, wa-; ki

gnhi, vi
Dwell, ku-kala
Dysentery, Lusangu lu
guleka

E
Eagle, Kipamba, Homo
mbo, ma
Ear, Ghutwe, ma
Ear of corn, Isu, Masu
Earache, Ihamba, ma
Early, Nausikusiku
Earring, Timbi, nia
Earth, world, or soil,

Ebor, Engob, Kuinji

Earth, Msanga, Ologwa
boge
Earthquake, Isrga, ma
East,

Tijua

likulalila,

Kusika
Eat, Ku-dia
Eat with, to be eatable,

Ku-hauga
Eaves, Lukinga(?), Ise~
tu(?), ma

111

Ebony, Muhingo, mi
Eelipse, the moon wants
to fall, Mwezi wning
mfa
Eclipse, Ifundi
Edge (of precipice), Chi
ge(?), Mpala, vi-,
-, mi

Egg, Itagi, ma
Eight, Mnama
Eighteen, Kumi na mna
na
Eighty, Milongo, minana
Elbow, Chingho
Elder (mzie), Mgosi, Mgi
ma, Anlikiza chalo
Elephant, Ntembo, ma
Eleven, Kumi na inswe
. Embrace, Ku-kola
Embryo, Ifu

Empale,
Ku-towalila,
' Imambo
Empty, Ku-ilila

End, Mphozo,Ku-muhezo
Or point,Chituwili, vi
Of a time, Ku-mphelo,
Mphelo
To, Ku-fulusa
Enemy, Mkonda, wa

Enough, to be, Kwi

gutisa
Ensnare, Ku-lega
Snare, Muhetu, mi
Enter, Ku-ingila
Entirely, -ngwe
Entrails, Utumbu

112

ENGLlSH-KAGIIRU VOCABULARY.

Entreat,

to, God,

Ku

tambila
Men, Ku-tasa
Entrap (by word), Ku
tekela
Envy, Vivu, Kena vivyu
Equal (sawasawa), Lete
letelele,

Viligana,

-eseka, -ose
To be, Ku-ligana, ku
fanana
Err, Ku-gilila
Escape, Ku-sumuka
Espouse of the man, Ku
kila
Of the woman, Kwi

Executor, Mkoma, wa
Exile, Mtiga, wa

Expel, Ku-winga,
birimisa

ku

Eye, Igiso, ma-'

Eyeball, Ijiro, ma
Eyebrow, Kombitu, ma
Eyelash, Igohi, ma

Eyelid, Igoma, ma

F
Fable, Faa- (Swa), Ku

agila,

Chinyagila

Kisimo
Face, Fumda

kilwa
Eternal, Madjua gose
Euphorbia, Mwasa, mi

Faggot, Ibilo dya ngodi-,

Eunuch, Mhasai, wa

Faint, Ku-sirika
Fair, Swamu
Faithful, Muiya, wa

Even, to make, Ku-tere

reza, ku-kisagira '
To be, Lugaluga
Evening, Hegulo, Hemi
simisi, Detengula
Yesterday, Digulu
Ever, Madjua gose
Ever and ever, Katali na
katali
Every, -ose
Evil, Wcha
Exalt, Ku-inula
Excite,
Ku-nyagulisa,
Ku-tenda chamwa
ndi
Execute, Ku-koma

Fail, Ku-swesa

Fall, to, Ku-gwa

False, -dasi

Family,

Waikala

W3.

numba imwe

Famiore, Ilogo, Njala

Fan, large, Isiro, ma
Small, to clean corn,

Kibangula, vi
Fanatic, Muntu kena ki~
lalo, wa
Far, Ku-vali, hali
Farther, and, Ku-vali

mno
Farewell, Ikalaga

113

ENGLlSH-KAGLIRU VOCABULARY.

Farm, Mgnnda, mi
Fast, Mwandi

Ferment, Ku-sala

For food, Ku-temela

Fasten, to, in, Ku-hoho
lesa, ku-hoha

Together,

Ku-holesa

hamonga
Fat, Mafuta

(possessor

of

slaves), Mtwa, wa
Father, Baba

Father-in-law,
wa

Mk we,

Fear, Noga
Fearful, a, person, Mwo

ga, wa
Frast, Ifugo, Lngota
Feather, Ijoiya
Feed, Idimilo, ma-; Ku
ankisa, ku-tisa

Feel, touch, Ku-tundisa

Perceive, Ku-ona (as

nakewna usungu)
Fell, to cut rewood, Ku

ngenya, Ngodi
Trees, Ku-tema
Female, Mke
Fen, Ite
Fence, Mululu, mi-, ma-,

Kisembe,

Sembe, vi-, Ki-siru

siru

moune.

File, Tupa
Fill, Ku-wema
Find, after being hidden,
Ku-ona, ku-tauga
Fine, -swamu

Finely, Viswamu
Finger, Kidole, vi

Favour, Uwendi
Favourite, Mwendi, wa

Mphaka,

Few, -kefu keva

Fierce, -Khali
Fife, Lulundi, ma

Fight, Ku-lewa

To become, Ku-wone
sha

Father

Ferrule, Knnyereti, vi
Fertile, Isi ibogola vinbu
Fever, Mpungo, mi

Middle, Kidole cha ha

gati
Little, Kidoli cha neni
Finger-nails,
Ikombi
gena, ma
Finish, Ku-hera,
ku
mala, ku-futura

Fire, Moto
To make by drilling
sticks, Ku-hegesa
Fireball, Utondo
Firey, Kimeta,
mwemwe, vi

Ku

Fireplace, Siko or Ki
kozo, ma
Firestone, Figa

Firewood, Ngodi
Load of, Bilo
First, -langola, Kwanda

Firstborn, Mwana, Mku

lu, Mwiangu
I

114

ENGLISII-KAGI'IRU VOCABULARY.

Fish, Ijoka dia medji

Flow, Ku-sarera

Fist, Ukondi

Flower, Itwa, Ugati,

Ugati, ma
Flute, Mululi, mi

Fit, man in a, A-kaisi

lika
Fit, v. and n. (Ku-faa-),
Kisilisi ku-agila, vi
Five, Sano

Fly, Nkhuri, ma- ; Ku

Fifteen, Kumi na sano

Fifty, Milongo, Misano

Fog, Ifunde dye lenyar

row, ma

Fix, Ku-koha uswamu

Flail, Kibiki, cha, Kupo
bite, Whemba
Flame, Lulija, Lulilija,
Lilimba, nyaia moto,

Fold, Ku-bika
Follow, Ku-hilika, Ku

Kwasa moto
Flat, -ligana
Flay, Ku-hinga, ku-vina
Flea, Usengo, ma

puluka, pululmka.
Fly-blow, Utendi, id.

andamila
Folly, Nbwarata
Food, Nkhande ; Chidyo,
Feddr, Ku-leta (grown

up) ;
(child)

Kuankiza

Lice, Usawa, ma-

Fool, Mbwarata, wa

Bug, Njuguni, id.

Flesh, Ngama

Foot, sole of, Ijayo

Footprint, Ijayo, Ifumba,
ma

Flint of gun, Swe dya

Footstep, Lunda, ma

Flee, to, Ku-tija

bundiki
Flock, Itewa
Flog, Ku-jola
Flood, Kamba

Lake, Ikwaji

Floor, Msanga (sand)

Floor threshing, Chuga,
ma
Flour, Usagi
Flourish, Luanda, Mku
sarera
About, Ku-muginera
(salaha)

For, Nthani,

Ku- and

Kwa. kwa nthani

Forage, Ku-ananga vidio

Ford, Mtuanda, Chiloko,
ma
To, Ku-loka

Forearm, Mwoko, Mko

no, mi
Forehead, Kihanga, vi
Front of, Lukanda,ma

Foreign, -geni
Foreigner, Mgeni
Forenoon, Misi

115

ENGLISH-KAGI'JRU vocABuLAnY.

Fulani, Funga, Miselegi,

Forest, Mbagu

Forge,

to,

Ku-panda

(chuma)
Forget, Ku-hinulwa
Forget-me-not, Mu-ha
,
nisimi'le

Forgive, Ku-leka
Former and formerly,
Kwanda, Katali, sati
Forsake, Ku-leka
Fortune, Mulungu, Wa

ngu

ma
Full, to, Ku-malagisa,

Kulfulusa
Fun, Mdus, Similisa, ma
Funeral, Mu-kutagi
Fungus, Nyoga, ma
Farrow, Musesi, ma
Fury, Nkali, ma
Future, Ku

Forward, Kumwandi

Foundation, Lufulula, lu
gelelwe
Four, Kanne
Fourteen,
Kunni

na

kanne
Fowl, Nkhukhu

Fox, Sungula
Large, Mbroiji, Ne
buga, ma
Fragments, Bitimdihindi
Friend, Mbwi augu and

Gag, Chigongo
To, Ku-hena, Ku-ho
ha-chigongo
Gain, to, Ku-tola
A, Kwokola

Gall, Isungwe
Bitter,

Itugutn

lia

usungu
Gallows, Usolo
'lo fasten to the gal
lows

tree, Ku-fui

it
Friendship, Ubuia
Frog, Bula

gwa
Game (animals and sport)

From, to come, Ku-lawa,

mu-, ku-, ha

Gangrene, Ula (Usuha)

Nyama-ikala

Froth, Ifulo, ma

Gap, Mululu
Gape, to, Ku-asama
Garden, Mgnnda

Frown, Ku-kunyahara

Garner, Kanu

Fruit, Mudio, mi

Gasp, to, Ku-keha

Fry, Ku-kasinga

Gate, Mulango

Fuel, Ngodi, ma

Gather

Front, in, Yalongola

Fugitive, Mtigi, wa

in

Ku-gola

harvest, to,

116

ENG LISH-KAGII liU VOCABULARY.

Gaze, to, Ku-lauga

Gazette, Chipala, Chi
jun
Generation, Kicleteo
Gentle, Tugaluga
Person, Mphola
Get, Kupata, ku-onala,
kumola
To, Ku-lasha.
Ghost, Myefu
Holy Ghost, Muye
Musuntrile
Giant, Igamba dya mun
tn

Gift, Xintu, cha-; ehaku,

v1
Ginger, Mbwiga, Mbaur
gwa
Giratle, Ndwiga
Girl, from ten to sixteen,
Mdere Kigoli

I Go down, Ku-telamuka
About, Ku-dulika

Of the sun, Ku-kukila,

Ku-eha
To, Ku-luta
Behind, Ku-helela
To stool, Ku-faka

On saying, Ku-gila
gila, ku-longa
Goat, Mpeeni, id.
Go-between, a (in good
sense) Kilingonya,
v1
In bad sense, Ku-ngwe
God, Mulungu
All-wise (the Disposer), Mbalo, Cho

mi
Guardian (Possessor),

Mdimi, Mbwa
Good, -swanue

Give to, Ku-ntrinkha

Good-day,

Give place, to, Ku-m-le

'Iukuluta, Kalageni
Good-day (parting salu

quka

To be given, Ku-kin

kigwe chaka
Given, to be, Itulo, ma

Gizzard, Fimingi, ma
Glad, to be, Ku-cheke
lela, kusekelela
Glean, Ku-salala, Salala

, Glory (Ulukufu), Ukulu,

Usakilu, Iwamu

Glutton, Mkudiza, Mka

mguhu, wa

Gnaw, Ku-wemga aodia

Good-night,

tation), Chikalagi
Good-will, Kwina, Kena
kwina, kwe Mwia

gwe
Man

with,

Musugu,

wasugu
Goods, Nsao
Goods keptindoors, Ugoli
Goose, Liwata, ma

Gourd, Lilengi, ma
Gout, Isondo, Mphambo

Govern, Ku-fugana isi

ENGLISH-KAGI'IRU VOCABULARY.

Governor, Mndewa, wa
Vice, Mwaniko
Grain (seed), Mpuli,
Huli
Plenty of food, Ullma,
Mbobo
Grandchild, Mjukuluwe
Grandfather, Kuku

Grandmother,

Mama

mkubwa

Grape,

Itogoni,

ma-;

Itela, ma
Mnyari,

Guest, -geni
Guide, Mlagiri, Ku-lon

gosa
Gulph (wind for the
north),

Ku-tenda

chilvli
Gum of tree, Manugu,
Ulimbo
Of birdlime, Usi
Gun, Bundiki, zi
Nipple, Kifali, vi
Ramrod, Mdengi, mi

Grasp, Ku-kola
Grass,

117

ma-;

Nyuju, ma
Grave, Kilalo, Chilalo, vi

Graze, Kudomila (skin)

Ku-dia, Mbagu
Grease, Mafuta
Great, ~kulu

Balls (Kisasi), Mbwe

we, ma

Stone, Iwe ya bundi

ki, ma

Pembi

for

powder,

Ipenbi, ma

Gunbarrel,
ma

Lukingeri,

Greedy, -guhu, -kobo

Guncap, Sanga, zi- .

Green, -kwani, -wani

Green trees (not dry),

Gunlock, Mt'ambo, mi
Gunpowder, Baluti

Majolo
Grey, Ya iefuifu
Grey hair of old age,
Nji, ma
Grief, Usungu
Grind, Ku-saga

Gunstock, Ihuyu, maGuttapercha-tree, Mbu

ngu, m1
Of gum, Teledyavi
bungu
Gutter, Msisi, mu

Groan, Ku-ngula

Grow (ku-ota, ku-kua),

Ku-ota, Viswamu

Grub, Ikoba, ma

Habit, Ilema, ma

Gruel, Upe

Hail, to, Ku-tonya mah

Guard, Ku-langa, kwi

milisa, ku-langisa

we ga mvula
Call, Ku-inanga

ENGLISH-KAGIIRU VOCABULARY.

118

Hailstone,
Ibwe
mvula, ma

Hailstorm, Mphili
Hair, Luvuile, Njuile

Half, Dihindi
Half-brother

or

Birima birima,
Mwandi
Hat, Nturuki, Koa.
Hatch, Ku-eleka.
Hatchet, Sengo, ma
Hate, Ku-suhila
Have, Kwina
Having, -engi

dya Haste,

sister,

Ndugu
Hammer, Mgundu, id.
Hand, Mkono, mi-; Mwo
ko, mi

Palm, Iganji, ma
To buy out of ones
hand, to overstep,
Ku-lusya
Handfull, lganja, ma
Handkerchief, Leso, id.

Handle, Muhini, Chihini,

Fimbo, id.
To, Ku-tundusa

Ofsword, Sananga, ma
Hang, Ku-tungika, Ku~
leka mumphando
Happen, Ku-fulunduka
Happened (it happened
thus),
Ifulunduka
nthaisho

Hawk, Kitema, vi

To, Ku-ambaza, Ku
gula
He, Yuyu, ayu
Head, Itwe
Heal, Ku-hona

Heap, of earth, Isugulu

Ashes, Ikusisi, ma
Hear, Ku-hulika
Hearken, Ku-hulika
Heart, Moyo, Mtuna, mi,

Clean, Mbima, Mwera

Fail for fear, Wamga
sa, Kwa-woga
Heartburn, Usungu, wa-;
Mtima

Heat, Ifuke (sweat) :

Meto, ma

Happiness, Luseko

Heaven, Ulanga

Happy, to be, Kwina

Heavy, -zeto

luseko
Hard, -kamu, -kugutu

Man Mukamu, Muku

gutu
Hare, Mangwa, ma
Harvest, Ngola, Mboto

To, Ku-gola, Ku-bena

uhemba

Hedge, Muhaka, mi
Hedgehog, Chamsegesi,
1' -

Heel, Kisinyagiro, vi

Height, Ubati
Heir, Muhala
Help, n., Mtaza
To, Ku-taza

ENGLISH-KAGI'JRU VOCABULARY.

Hem of garment, Kolo

dya kuku
Hen, Khukhu

Her, -m- (before the verb)

119

Hoist (sail, etc.), Ku

kwega kwisa, Ku
tungika

Herd, n., Ku-dima, Ite

Hold, to, Ku-kol

Back, Ku-dinga, dingi

wa, ma
Herdman, Mdiine, Musu
nga, wa

gwa
Hole, in path, Ikoinbo,
ma
In wall, Hengeli, ma

Here, Bahha

Hero, Munhu munkham

In

baku

Hiccough,

Holes, for posts, Kolongo

n.

and

v.,

Nkurkwi, id.

Hide, z:. and n., Nkingo,

ma
-High, Kulanga, -tali
Highwayman,
Ibugi ,
ma
Hill, Lukwilo, ma
Of lime, Fimbo
Hill-top, Kisungi
Him, -m- (before the
verb)
Hinder, Kn-nkhota

Hinge, Ibawka, ma
Hippopotamus, Mtomo
ndo, ma

usolo-board,

Lu

kongo, maHollow, -mwasi (open)

Holy (takalifa), -niya
Honey, Uki, ma
Honeycomb, Mbia, ma
Honour, v. and n., Uswa
mu, 1i Lewa
Hoof, Ibangho, ma

Hook (or bill), Seingo

Hop, Ku-chinkulila

Hope, Ku-togola
Horn, Mpombe, ma
Hornet, black, with red '
body, Fulwuduti

Host of warriors, Ma
lao

Hiss, n. and 4)., Ku-saka r Hot season, Bluvaho

House, Nganda, Nyum
(to drive away)
ba
History, Mbuli (affair),
How, -ki, -chi
id.

Hoard, to, Ku-lunda

Humble, to be, Ku wa
na kise kena kize
Humility, Kise

Hoe, Lyumbe

Humpbacked, Kena chu

Hit, to, Ku-towa.

Hive, Musiku

To Ku-lima, Ku-hatila

mbi

120

ENGLISH-KAGIJRU VOCABULARY.

Hundred, Chidole, Gana,

Kidore
Hunger, Chumbi, id.

In, ha-, mu, -ku-, gati

Hunt, Ku-kala
Hunter, Mkala, wa

bind)
Increase, Ku-tunila, ku

Hurry, Nwandi

tuna, Utuma, Ku-hita

Indeed, Chaweru
Independence,
Usiga,

Hurt, Ku-lumiza
Husband, Mlume, wa
Husk, Likombi, ma
Hut, Mukola, mi

Round, Cha mpanda

Small, in gardens, Ki
banda, vi
Hyena, Isi, ma
Hymn, Luimba, ma

Incline, -gonja
To,

Ku-inarna

(to

m1
Indian corn, Itama. or
Utama, ma
End of Indian corn
stalk, Mbuguni, mi

Indiarubber, Ibungo, 111a.

Stalk, Digagi, ina
Infant, Chali

Inrmity, Utam

Iname, Ku-garnila, Mo

I, Anie

1o

I stand, Kisitwa
Idiot,

Kena

Ingeniou
chilalo,

Mbwarata, wa

Idle (a. lazy man), Msoka,

-futi
Idleness, Ufuti

man, Munku,

kena ubala or Uzu

ngu
Ingenuity,

Uzungu,

Ignorance, Ubarata

Ubala
Inherit, Ku-londa.
Inheritance, Kuhala
Inheritor, Muhala, wa
Insert, Mungonyu, ma
Inside, Kundani, -gati

Ill, Mtamu, wa

Insolence, Utigo,

Immerse, Ku-jibita

digo
Instruct, to, Ku-funda

ldol (of a man), Kisi

munhu, vi
If, the -ki- tense of verb

Impose, (Ku-weka, ku

dangawya), Ku-ika,
ku-danhitiza

Imprison, Ku-hota, ku
ngirisa

Ma

Instruction, Mwenyi, ku~

fanda or kuku
Insult (kuchokoza), K11

tikoza, Ku-kunogisa.

mouse-merino VOCABULARY.

Intention, Chigilagila
Intentionally, Kolonga,
Vigil-agila
Intereede, Lu-tazila

Intestines (large), Inda,

ma
Small, Tumbu, ma
Into, ha, mu, ku
Invalid, Mtamu, wa
Iron, Chuma

Joint, Tundo, ma
Joist, Mkiki, Mgamba,
mi

Of ceiling, Mhipeko,
ma
Joke, to, n., Kutenda,
Ubani
Joy, Luseko

Judge, v. and z1., Ku-ta

A lump of, Chibongi

Iron-pot (Gogo), Nyun

guya chuma, id.

Is it? is (Hongo).
per. pron.

121

See

Itch, hand itches (Kun

yagela), Upele, Nti

po, ma
Itself, -enectro

Ivory, Ntimbo

mula, wa-; Meamu

si, wa

Judgment, Mamusi
Jug (a small calabash),
Kiha, vi

Jump, Ku-jumha
Just, Swamu
Man, Muswamu
Justify, Kufuga, ku-ka

mila, ku~golosa, vis

amu
Journey, Nthambo, ma

J
K
Jackal, Mbwiji, ma
Jacket, Nkhwapa

Jar, Kisiga (a small

' chungu), vi
Jaundioe, Isangu
Jawbone, Lujiji, ma
Jealous, -wifu
Jealousy, Uwifu
Jeer,' Ku-gomba, ku-liga

Jelly, Wanhu wa tungita

Jester, Munhu ya kus

lega
Join, Ku-tonga

Keep, Weka, Tunza fuga

kawisha, Ku-fuga,
ku-kawa, ku-kalisa,
ku-ika, ku-langisa

lugaluga
Kernel, Kanzu Msweka,
Muposi, ma
Key (lock), Ivakwa, Lu
songa (piece of

wood to fasten)
Kick. to, oxen, Ku-toa,
mindomi masera

122

ENGLISH-KAGLI RU VOCABULARY.

Men, Ku-toa nadiwa

la
Kidney, Figo, ma
Kill, Ku-toma

Kin (rare tribe), Mkango

go, ma
Kind (what), Futa
Ya nthani idia
Kindle, Ku-yasa moto

King, Mndewa
Kingdom, Kilunga
Kiss, v. and n., Ku-none

ra
Kitchen, Trikoso
Kite, Sumwewe, ma
Knave, Kena ulimi
Knee, Figameru, ma

Kneel, Ku-fugama, ku
fugainila

Knife, Ngereza; 3, Ki
magi

Knob, Mpholo
Knot (of a tree), Fundo,
Ipugu, ma

Knock (to knock at door),

Kutoa

Strike,

Ku-gon-gon

da

Know, Munda, \Vangu

Ones self, Ku-manya

mweneoho
Knowable, Ku-manya
(Fambuukana), Ku
manyikana
Knuckle, Mafundo ya

madole

L
Lad, Mwaniki, wa
Labour, Mirimo
Ladder, Luegu, Sega

Lady, Nyina (mother)

Lake, great, Itamba, ma

Small, Isiwa, ma
Lamb, Ghali oha nkholo

Lame, Munhu ya kuchen

kunta, Ku-magulcha

Lament, Ku-lila
Land, Isi
Lane, Lufumefume
Between houses, Ipo
dia, ma
Language, Inonga, ma

Large, Kulu
Last, Che-heldezi, Mplle
to
Late, to be, Ku-kalisa

Lath (building), Lusitu

Laugh, v. and n., Luseko,

ma
Law, Mbuli
Lay, Ku-gonesa, ku-ika,
ku-gomika
Lazy, ~futi, -soka
Leach, Ntandaili, id.
Lead, n., Mbwewe, id.

Leaf, Myagala, ma
Leak, Ku-sulula
Lean, to become, Ku
konda, ku-nyala

Upon, Ku-gamila

ENGLISH-KAGIJRU VOCABULARY.

Learn, Kn-funda mwe

necho
Leave, z1. and
leka

n., Ku

To (off work), Ku-go

loka

Leaven, to, Ilusu, Ku

sala

Leaves (of trees), Inya

gala, ma
Left hand, Mkono, wa
kumono
Leg, Mgulu
Calf of, Kijumbulu

123

Light, n. and adj, Ha

geru
A candle, Ko-kolesu,
Salaka
Lightning, Lumeme, ma
Like, to be, Ku-fananisa,

ma
To, Kwanda

Lily, Ichindibu
Lime (a white clay), Ili
la, ma
Line, to, Mdelela

To make a, Ku-dega,
Mdilila

Leglets, Segenki, ma
Length, Ubali, utari

Lintel, Kisisilangu, ki
Lion, Isimba, ma

Lengthen, to, Ku-tenda

utali
Lend, Ku-azuna, ku

Lip (upper), Mlemo wa

sika, ma

tasa (beg)
Letter, Luhahulo
Leprosy, Isango, Usondo
Level, adj. and v., -li
gana, ku-ligan'a
Liar, Mdasi, wa
Liek, Ku-nampha
Licken, Kn-fananisa
Leopard, Gui, ma
Lid, Kigubiko, vi

Liberate, Ku-holola, ku
lekela
Lie, Udasi

'l'o lie down, -kuigo

noza
Life, Unme, Ugima

Lift, Ku-inula

Listen, Ku-hulika
Little, -dodo, -ngeke

In quantity, -ngeke
Littleness, Nkiwa

Live, -kali, -gima

Liver, Itoga, ma
Lo, Choo.
(The ch is
expelled from the
mouth in a. loud
whisper.)
Load, Mbegulu, mi
Lock, v. and n.,

Ku- '

hinda
Loaf, Kinolo, vi

Locust, Nsigi, ma
Log, Lusinga, ma
Loin, Chono men ghe,
ma

124

ENGLISH-KAGIIRU VOCABULARY.

Long, -tati
Looking-glass, Kilole
Look, Ku-langiza
At earnestly, Ku-nlhu
lulila, vi
Loop, Chi-hote

Loose, Ku-legelesa
.Lord, Mudewa, Baba
Lose, Ku-angama, anga
misa; Ghagitila, ku
angamila ; Ku-aga,
ku-agilila.
Lot, Nufungulu
Loud, to be, Kujoja
Love, Ku-anda

Louse, Mphani, ma
Low, -hasi
Luck (Msumu), Ki-han
ga
Lump, Ki-tongi, vi
Lunacy, Mbwarata
Lunatic, -bwarata, Mu

havuasi
Lung, Iphata, ma
M
Madman, Kena kilalo
Madness, Chilala
Maggot, Ntende, ma
Maid, Mwali, wa
Maize, Mtama
Parched, Mbonho
Majesty, -ukulu

Make, Ku-tenda, ku-go

losa, ku-liganisa

Male child, -lume

Malice, Nwarn, cha
Malt, Mmera
Mamma, Mau, Wan
Man, Munku
Sick man, Mtaru

Manager, Ubangulu
Manliness, Ki-gosi ki
swamu
Mane,

Lungu,

Mkegi,

mi
Mangouste, Keninjulu
Mantis, Tulu myungu
Manure, Mbala, Kuika,
Kusisi, ma
Many, -ngi

Men, Kanku wengi

March, Ku-lutu, Kunkoda

Mark (aim). Kigou

To, Ku-ika, ki-tangilo,
nyolelo
Market, Igulila, ma
Married, to be, Ku-segu
lana
Marrow, Mupembe, maMarry, Ku-tola, Kurya
kwela

Marsh, Isumi vya meji

Mask, to, Ku-sa
Master, Mudewa

'

Mat, N keka, Ibinda, ma

A dried skin for
sleeping,
Ukingo,

ma
Matter, Mbuli, Nla
A'air, Usaha.

ENGLISH-KAGIJRU VOOABUL ARY.

Mattress, or skins used

as a mattress, Uki
ngo, ma
Mature, -kangala
Me, Anie

Meal (food and coarse

grass), Sembe
Measure, 11. and n., Kugi
da,Ku-hima,Mpimo,

Ngelo, Kihimo
Meat, Nyama
Mediate, Ku-tamila
Medicine,
Muti, mi-;

Mgoda, mi
Medicine man, Mganga,

wa
Medlars (wild), Shadda,
ma
Meet (together on the
road), Ku-tanganila,
Ku-lunda

Melon,

Tanga, Inugu,

wa- ; Ijaga, ma
Melt, Ku-lungalumka
Mend, Ku-sona
Merchant, Mwengikute
nda dizombi
Merciful, Munhu kena
mda, -iswamu
Mercy, Inda, Ubasi
Messenger,
Songola,

125

Salutation, Chiwandi,
Chiwandi '

Middle, Hagabi
Midnight, Kilo
Midwife, Mkaliza, wa
Milk, n. and v., Meli for
maeli
Ku-kama

Mill, Ilwala, wa- ; Kusogula

Millet, Uhemba

Millipede, Mgongolo
Mind, Munda, moya, ma
kala
Mire, Ikoboga, ma
Miscarry, Inda itenduka,
ku-tenduka,
mwe

nyi kulunda muko

bo

Miser (to hoard), Ku

lunda

Miss (getting anything),

Kukosa kntwa, ku
swela, ku-londa
Miss, v. and n. (Ku-swe

sa, Isweso, ma-), Ku

houya
Missionary, Mwejumbe,
wa
Mist, Ifundi, ma
Mistress, Nyina, Mama

Mwy- umbe, wa
Metal-pot, Luwiga, ma

Mix, Ku-hasa, ku~hanga

Metour, Kilakila enyare

Mock (Ku~ya, ku.maza),

K u-nyi giisa,
ku
fuma

dzi

Midday, Nusi

ny a

126

ENGLISH-K,AGI'IRU VOCABULARY.

Mock, Kusekela
Mole, Udimi, ma

Much, -ganu, -luganu

Molest, to, Ku-hodosa

Monkey, Tunbili, Figolo,

Mud, Isagata, Uthope,

Mucus, Ifua, ma

Mbega, id, Nyani,

id, Kima,
Livigula
Moon,

Mwesi,

Kindu,

ma
Mule (wild), Njowe
Multiply, Kuongeza

congregate, Kulunda,
Mlengi,

m1
Full moon,Mlunga ifu
mba
Moonlight, Mweze wali

ka, Mweze
mginve

nkai,

Month, Mwesi, mi

More, to have, Ku-suma

Morning, Ausiku
Mortar, Ituli, ma

Mosquito, Juguni, ma
Moth, Chi mungu, vi-;

Ikunjugulu, ma

Moths, (in clothes skins),

Ikuni, ma

Mother, my, Maii wangu

Thy mother, Nginako
His mother, Nyinakwe
Mountain,
Lukwilo,

idungo
Multitude,
Walundile,
Ilundo, ma
Murder, to, Ku-koma
(chaka
Murderer, Munhu ako
mile
Muses, Wati
Music, Ngoma
Musk-cat, Ifungu and
Ikanu, ma
Mushroom, Uyoga
Must, Suti
Mutilate, Ku-tematena,
ku-homa
Mourner, Ku-nungulika
My, -ngu

Mystery, Chinyeri, Mi
nJo
Mtama, Ntumba, ma

Ituda, ma

Mourn, Ku-lila, ku-gela

gela, kusinduke

Mouse, Ki-dangi, vi
Mouth, Mlomo, mi

Move (Ku-harna ku-jo

ngea),

-ku-sama,

ku-segela
Mow, Ku-dumula

Nail (claws), Nkombije

ra, ma
Of metal, Imambo, ma
mi

To, Kutow-alela
Naked,/-wasi, chaka

127

ENGLISH-KAGIJRU VOCABUL ARY.

Ninety, Milongo kenda

Name, Isina, Iagwa, ma
Nap, n. and v. Utongo, . Nip, Ku funya
Nippers, Ikwatu, ma
Ku-lambalala
Nipple, Nomo, id.
Nape, Singu, ma
Narrow, -sisiti

Nation, Kungugu, ma
Native, Mwena kaia, wa

Navel, Tuduo
Near, Behi

Near-sighted, Meso mati

butibu

No, Ndawa-ahno
Noise, Koyolela

To make a, Kujoja
None, Pachaka
Noon, Hamisi misi
Noose, Chihuli
To make, Kufundika

Neck, Singo, ma
Ornament, oirclet, Mw

North, Ukulume

zaka, ma
Need, Tru-ananga

Nostril, Ilanja, ma

Needle, Snydano, ma- 8.

Neglect, Ku-leka
Neighbour, Mzengi, wa

Number, Mtala

Neither, Watu, -aha

Nephew, Murma, Mju

Nose, Mpula, ma
Now, Sambia
To, Ku-tala

Nurse, Ku-ugusa,

Ku

hembula

Nut, Mphusi, ma

kulu, wa

l Nest, Ifulu, ma

Net, Luwafu, ma
Nettle, Igeni-, mi

Neuralgia, Itwi ikwinula,

na- mbasi

New, -sya kishya

Men, Wanku nasya
News, Sachilo, id.
Next, -a-kauli

Niece, Mjukulu, wa
Night, Kilo
Nightmare, Njosi -mato
ngo
Nine, Kenda
Nineteen, Kumi na kenda

Oath,

Likongi,

Sembi,

Kongi, Baga

To swear by, Ku-laha

Obey, Ku-hulika
Ochre (red clay), Kita
Odour, Ku-nunka
Of, -a
Off, Watali

OlfenceJkwalo-makwalo
O'end, Ku-gombela

O'er,Ku-inka,Ku-segelea
Often, Ke-ngi

128

ENGLISH-KAGL'IRU VOCABULARY.

Oil, Mai'uta
Plant, mpega,.ma
Ointment, Miti
Old (to become), Ku-laba ,

Not become, -i-si-lalaga

Of, Kabali
Man, Mgosi mkulu, wa

Omen, Ndegi ibana (bad

omen)
On, Ku-chawga
One -mue -mosi
Only, -waieka
Open -mwasi
To (mouth), Kugubula,
(door), Ku-kumula
Opposite (to be), Ku
alekela
Or, Baku aii
Ordeal, Baga gembi kongi
Order, Panga.-, Ku-panga,
Ku-golosa
To, Ku-tamila
Ore, Kibong
Ornament, -uswamu

Ostrich, Buguni, ma
Other, -ngi
Men, Wanhu wangi
Ought, Ku-agila, Kuaz~
ihsa
Our, -etu

Overfeed, Ku-fuhiwa

Overow, Ku-t'aluka
Overseer, Mwmbilisi
Overt-ake, Ku-bitamila
Overturn, Ku-bidula.
Owl, Ikungwe, ma
Owner, Mwenecho, wa

Ox, Ngombe

P
Paddle, Ku-kumngisa
Pain, to, Ku-bulaga
Paint, Kwibaka

Palm (of hand), Iganja

dya mkono
Lumbula
Palpitation,
ikulowa

Pant, Ku-chuhila,Kwhe
ha
Pap, Nkhomba, id.
Paper, Luhaholo, ma
Parable, Ifumbo, ma
Pardon, Uleke
Part, Mgailo, mi
To divide, Isetu, ma
Pass,to, Ku-lailakugenda
Pasture, Idimilo, ma
Path, Njila lufumefume,

Out, Kunje
Outside. Kunje
Oven, Mlangisisi

id.
Patience, Lugaluga, vi

Over, Ku-langa
Overawe, Ku-ila
Overcome, Ku-sama

nyamalita.
Paw, Mkono, mi
Pay, Ku-tiha

To

have, with,

Ku

129

ENGLiSH-KAGIJRU VOCABULARY.

Peace (to he at. to have),

-kuhona, -ligoia
Peal, Ku-kua.
Peg, Chigwaso, vi

People, Wanhu
Pepper tree, Mpibipile

Red, Pilipili
Perplexed, to be,'Ku-fu
Perspire, Ifuki ikatawa,
Mtwango
Pick, Chuma, Ku-bana
Chagwa, Ku-sagula
ku-dondolu

okota,

ku-tola
kmtu,

Plait, Ku-luka
Plant, v. and n. Ku-handa

Planter, Mbeyu
kuya, ma

tuka
Person, Munha

seize,

Place, Hantu

Plain (grassy), Liwela,

ma

Perhaps, Mayagi
Perish, Ku-potea

Up,

Pistol, Ki-bundiki, ki
futi
Pit, Tumo, ma
Pity (Mkwina), Mbazi
ubasi kusambasa

Knpola

id. changu,

id.
Piece, Khihindihindi
Of cloth, -nhaso, id., or

ma
Pierce, Ku-bulu

Pig, ngume
Wild, with large tusks,

engiri
Pigeon, Mjiwa manga, vi

mus

Plaster, Ku-kanda

Plate, Ntangulu kitunga

Platform, Chihala

Play, v. and 1a., Ku-sega

Please, Ku-togolesa, Ku

wena
Pledge, Ku-koza
Plenty, Lugano, Mtoto

Plot of ground (inside a

Sembi), Lugha
Pluck, Ku-bawa

Pod (fruit), Uhili

Point, or end, Chiswili
Of knife, Lufula, ma
.Point, v. and n. Ku-lota
Poison, v. and n. Muti
niha

Pinch, Ku-funya

Poke, Ku ngodioga, mi
Pole (middle of hut),
Mkola mi
Pole, Mti, mpando, mi

Pinnacle, Chiswili

Pond, Isima, ma

Pip (seed), Mptmsi, ma

Ponder, Ku-geragera

Pipe, Mpundi, mi

Poor, Mkwa, wa

Pimple, ki-heli, vi
Pin (pick up), Smgano
Pincers, Kiwatu, Kwatu

KAGURU.

1c

130

ENGLISH-KAGI'IRU VOCABULARY.

Porcupine, Inungu, ma
Porridge, Ngali, wa
Porter, Mpagasi, wa
Possible, to be, Kuda. hi
kana
Post, for building, Ki

sumbi, vi
Potato, Lindolo, ma
Pot,
Changu, jungu,
Mbungi, Libiga, Mi

ma
Potsherd, Isawi, or Zai,
sungi, ma

Preserve, Kulongisa
Press down, Ku-shinde
lula
Upon, Ku-funga, Ku

segelela
Prey, Makala
Price, Liombe

Pride, Mjono
Prince, Mwana wa mndc
wa

Potter, Mwumbi, wa

Princess, Ikwatu, ma
Proceed, Ku-luta.
Proclaim, Ku-bilikila
Prot, Ku-bola

Pottery (to make), Ku

umba

Promise, Ku-longa, Ku
togola

Pound, v.

Prop, v. and n., Mpanda

and

n.

Ku

bunda, Ku-twanga

gikoli
To, Kubola

Pound, in, Ku-gida

Pour out, Kwihla

Proper, -viswamu

Power, Ku-daba ngufu

Prostitute, v. and n., Kina

Have, over, Ku-daha

Praise, Ilosi, Ki-funula

Prostrate ones self, Ku

To God, Ku-longesa vi
suamu

kilanga muhabasi
gwila mijulu

Pray to man, by, Kutasa

Protect, Lunda, Ku-lim

da, Bunza, Ku-langa,

Prayer, Itamba malamba

Preach, Ku-longa longa
mbuli
Precede, Kulongola

Kinga, Ku-kwamba
Prove, Ku-kundisa
Provide, Ku-weka luga
luga

Pregnant, to be, Kina

inda
Prepare,
Ku-sankhula
sankhula
Present, a, Itulo, ma
To be, Ku-inka-nto

Provoke, to, Ku-suhila

Pudding, Ki-moto, vi

Pulse, Lugomo, ma~

Pumpkin, Lengi, ma
Punish, Ku-hodosa

Punishment, nyadosa

131

ENGLISH-KAGL'IRU VOCABULARY.

Purify, Ku-sunha
Purse, Mufuko, mi

Quit, Mdiko

Pursue, Fuata, Ku-anda

Quiver, v. and n. Ijaka,

mila, \Vmda, Ku
winga, Fuhuza, Ku
winga, 'lafula, Ku

hananga
Push together, Kwinga
Put, into, ku-guma ku
gida
Out, Ku-ibila

Putrid, to become, Ku

To quit, Ku-luta

ma
R
Rabbit, Pimbi mangwa
Ra-ler,

Majengo

pl.

Trisuiri, v1
Rag. Chitambala, vi

Old, Chitambala chi

lala, vi
Rage, Ikuo, Ukali
To be with, Ku-suka

doda

' Rail, v. and n., Ku-liga

Quail, Nkivali

Rain, Moula

Quake, Ku-tebema
Quantity, Kiri ganego, vi
Quarrel, to, Ku-gomba

To, Ku-towga
Season, Tika Sanglia
Rainbow,
lkundudya

Quarrelsome, -lewe ga

Imbisaa, ma
Raise,
Pandisha,
Ku
kwiza, Ku-imula

mbi
Quartz, Iwe, ma
Queen, Mndwa, Mwan

amke, Mindewa
Quell, (buliza)
mula

Ku-ta

Quench, Ku-sinya
Question, to, Ku-uza
Qllll-k, Mwandi

Quickly, biwandi
Quiet (to become), Ku
nyamala
To be, Mie kumya
To make, Ku-lamula

Quill, Njoiya, id.

Rank, Ki-pimo, kirigany,

v1
Ransom,
Ku-kombola,
chikambozi
Rap, Ku-bundusa, to feel
with

Slightly,

to,

Kugo

ngunda

Rash (small pimples),

Uheli
Rasp, Itupa, ma
Rat, mbuku

Of house, Igule, ma

132

Mensa-merino VOCABULARY.

Rattle, Ku-gogolosa
Ravage, Ku-galuta
Rave, Ku-jojajoja

Redemption, Ukombo

Raw, -visi
Razor, for shaving the
head, Lumo kisumo,

Refuge, Mkumbi ya ku

v1
Reaoh,Ku-ka, Ku-kula,
Read, Ku-soma
Ready, is the food, Mum

ba ma cha kudiai
Reap, Ku-tema, Ku-senga,
Ku-gola
Rear, Ku-lela

Reed, ldeli, ma
Reel, to, Ku-gala.

tigila
Refuse, v. and n., Iya
gala, ma
To give, Kwima, ku

mgesha
Reign, Ku-tema, Ku-la

mula

Reject, Ku-lema
Rejoice, Ku-sekela
Relate, Ku-lavya mbuli

Reason, Mbula

Release, Ku-leka

Rebel, Musugu, wa
Rebuke, Nenea, Ku-kan
ya
Recapture, Ku-kola kili

Remain, Ku-kalu, ku-is

gala
Remedy, Muti

gigwa, Twoa, Ku

Remember, Ku-gelagela
Remind, Ku-humbusa
Remove, Ku-segeza ku
hama

londa, Pokelea, Ku

Rend,

Receive, Pokea, Ku-po

kela, Pewa, Ku-mn

mkelela,
Kanbish,
Ku-nyufulisha
Reckon, Ku-tala
Recline, Ku-tambalaga
Recluse, Kabwarata
Recognize, Ku-tanga
Recollect, Ku-gelagela
Recover (get and got
over), Ku-ona, Ku

honya.
Red, -domgho
Redeem, Ku-kombola
Redeemer, Mkomboza

Ku-bahuta,

Ku

dega, Ku-bahuka
Renounce, Ku-lika

Rent, to, Ku-lemda

Repent, to, Ku-lamba

Reply, Ku-lula
Request, Ku-usa,Ku-taza
Rescue, Ku-londa
Resemble, Kwi-fana
Resist, Ka-lamerua
Rest, v. and n., Ku-bwi

hila Restore, Ku-yinza

Restrain, Ku-yinza

ENGLISH-KAGI'IRU VOCABULARY.

Retaliate, Ku-lihila nta

'
ntho
Retire, Ku-nya. kunijune
Retreat, Ku-bija
Return, Kugoloka, Ku

nya, Ku-niya koiya

Reveal, Ku-tamila ku
gubula
Revenge, Ku-lihila ubi
Revile, to, -ku-liga
Reward, Kwinka kibu
chachama
Rhinoceros, Mpera, ma
Ridicule, Ku-seka
Rib, Lubam, ma

River, Lukolongo, ma
Road, Ngila
Roar, to (wind, waves,
etc.), Ku-buma
Roast, Banika, Ku-uni
ka

Rob, Ku-ija
Robe, Mwenda mkulu

Rock, Mwamba, Kanga

lawi, ma-, Iwe iku
lu, ma

To, Ku-saga
Rod, Mp'ando, mi
Roll, v. and n., Pita, Ku
laila, ma

R-oof, Kano, ma
Room, Ibuha, ma
Root, Msisi, mi
Out, Ku-ngola

Rice, Mpunga
Cleaned, Masli

Rich,.Mgoli, wa
Riches, Usau, id.

Ride, Ku-kwila
mehanya

133

mjoe

Ridicule, \Vani
Rie, Bundiki

Right hand, Ukano wa-,

kulumi, mi_

Rind, Trambi, ma_

Ring, Mphete, Cha mwi
doli, ma_

Rope, Italambo, ma
Rot, Ku-doda, Ku-wola
Rotten, -doda

Rough, Ku-paluka
Round-about way, Njisa.
-ku zunguluke
To be, Ku-viringa
Row, Nkindo
To make a, Ku-joja

Ringdove, Hua, ma
Rip, Ku-dega

Royalty, Uzumbi, Nude

Ripen, Ku-ifa
Rise (of the sun), Poa,
Ku-kwila, Ondokea,

Rub, Paka, Ku-ibaka

wa
Rubbish, Manyagala
Rude, -bwaratu

Ku-muka, Simama,

Ruin, Ku-benabena

Ku-ima,

A, Ubambiso
Rule, Tri-himo, vi

Ku-leguka

Ondokea,

134

ENGLlSH-KAGIIRU VOCABULARY.

Rumble,

Ku - genda

guarda
He-goat, Moulata
Runaway, Atigile, wa

Run, Ku-birima, ku-ngu

na

Over (overow), Ku

Salvation, Uhongo
Same, Uho-chicho
Sanctify, Ku-sunha
Sand, Msanga, ma
Sandal, Ki-lubu, vi
Strap, Nkoa, ma

Sap, Medje

itika
Rupture, Ku-benabena
Rush,Mwandi, Kuwendu

Satan, Isunbu, mar, Soki,

Masoki

Rust, v. and n., Ikola

Savage, Mkali, wa
Saviour, Mp'honya, Nya
ponyile
Saw, Ku-kerigeta
Say, Kulonga
Scab, Khovu, ma
Scabbard, of wood, Cha

kanga, ma

S
Sabbath, Sabato, lidjua
lia kulongola
Sack, sackina, Ngungulu,
Ikugutu, Msumbisi
kamki, mi
Sackcloth, Sako, Itaso,
ma-, Ibemi, ma
Sacred, Kmbucha mu

lungu
Sacrice = Chihasa, M
ko, Mafuo, Ku-ko
ma, Ku-fuga, ma
Sad, Ku-tenda, ukali
To be, Ku-sinduka
Safe, -swamu

matua

Salute, 'lru-la

geta, vy

Scald, Ku-lakala
Scales, Mtangwe, mi
Scalp, Ku-kima ditwe

Scar, Khovu, ma
Scarce, -kefu

Scarf, Denli
Scare, Fukusa, Ku-mga,
Lumda, Ku-bwakan
deze

Scatter, people, Ku-mvva

ga
Seeds, Ku-nyaga (sow)
Scent, smell, Ku-susa
Scoop up, Ku-inga

Safely, Viswamu
Sake, Nkhani
Saliva, Imati
Salt, Munyu
Saltpetre, Munyu

Satisfy, Ku-gulisa

Scorch, Ku-lakala, mbaa

wa

Scorpion, Ingi, lid.

Scorn,

Kui-besa,

tharau

Ku

ENGLISH-KAGIIRU VOCAB ULARY.

Scour, Ku-sunha
Scowl, Ku-suha
Scrape, Ku-iga

Scratch, Ku-sala, Kupa

I 35

Servant, Mustogomi, wa

Serve (to serve up food),

Ku-tumkila,
ku
daikila

kula Kunwepa
Scream, Ku-bwaka
Scripture, Italo, ma
Scrub, Ku-sunha

To serve at work, Ku
togomela
Set (set up, weka), Ku
ika, kukungumala

Scum, Ifulo
Sea, Twanda

Seven, Mfungate

Seam, Lusono, ma
Search, Ku-hananga
Season, (tika), Isika

mfungate
Seventy, Milongo, mfun
gate

Seat, Igoda
Second, -a-kebi

Sew, Ku-Sona
Shadow, Kim'gefu
Shaft, Luti, Guti, vi

Secret, Kmbucha, kun

yela
Secrets, Mbuleza, kin
yale
Sediment, Masumbwi

See, Ku-langa
Seed, Mbeyu, zi
Seek, Kwananga
Seethe, Ku-ambika
Seize, by force, Ku-nyata,

ku-pola
Select, Sagula
Seldom, Kumwe, kum
we, du
Self, -eneeho

Sell, Ku-gula, Ku-amba

za
Send back, Ku-gomola
Sense, Migungu
Separate, Ku-lekana, ku

gundnkanya

Seventeen,

Kuni

na.

Shake, Ku-betema, ku
singira
O' dust, Ku-kungimta
Together, or down,

Kutingisiga, ku-tin
disa
Shame, Sani

Shamefacedness,

Kena

soni
Shank, Lugula, ma

Share, Mgaulo, mi
Sharp, -kale
Shatter, Ku-bena bena

Shave, Ku-geta
Shawl, Mwenda ya kwi
kubika

She, -m, -mw, a, ya, ka .

Shear, Ku-geta

Sheath, Yala, ma
To, Ku-someka, magi

136

ENG LISH-K AGIIRU VOCABULARY.

Shed, Chibanda, ku itila

Sheep, Ukolo, ma

Sheep-house, Numba ya
nkolo
Shelf, Ki-hala

Shell, Ikonji
Shepherd, Mudimi, wa
Shield, Ngula, ma
Shift, to, Ku-lazya

Shin, Mugalu
Shine, Ku-pulika

Fungisa, Ku-nya

Shy, Mbwarata
Sick, Utamu

To be, Ku-wa, Utamu

Shirt, (kanzu) Msweka,

mi
Shiver, Kutetewa

Shock. Ku-singisa
Shoe, Kitalu, fula, vi

Shoot, Ku-towa bundiki

Short, -guhi
Shorten, Ku-hungula

Shortly, Nnati, uk'ali

Shot, Mansaw
Shoulder, Qjega, ma

Shoulder-blade,
goti, mi
Shout, Ku-joja

Shule, Ku-kwega, nu
gulu
Short, Thundiki, Ku
egeka, Funga, Ku
hinda = Gubika,
Funba, Ku-kindisa,

Mew

Show, Ku-knnda

Shower, Manyungo ya
mbula

Shrewd, -va1a
Shriek, Kuboa mwano
Shrill, Luange
Shrink, Ku-mungala

Shroud. Ukingo ya ku
kubika ya le
Shrub, Kibiki, vi

Shudder, Ku-tetema

Side, Mbafu
The other, Mwambo
Of the road, Ku-ba

guka
Sift, (chunga), Ku-sun
ga, Ku-beta, Ku-su
kula
Sigh, Ku-keha, Ku-gela
g'ela
Sign, Kitangelo, Kisingi,
v1
Silent, Ku-nyamaza

Sill of door, Mpingo

Silly, Mbarata
Similar, to be, Ku-fa
nana
Simulate, Ku-golesa
Sin, v. and n., Ku-bana
Since, 'Iangila, Kitan

gila
Sincere, -ewarnu

Sing, Ku-imba
Singe, Ku-lakala
Sinner, Mu-sugu
Slope, to, Ku-gonja' Slug, Iko, ma

ENGLISH-KAGI'IRU VOCABULARY.

Slumber, Ku-sisila
Slur, Ku-guma, ikwe
Sly, Mbala, -bala
Smack in face, Ku-toa,
entri
Small, -dodo
Small-pox, Ngea

Son, Ghana, Chilume, vy

Son-in-law, Mkwe, wa
Song, Luimbu, li
Soon,
Kumwandim
wandi
Soot, Ilate, mi

Smelt, iron, to, Ku-fu-

Soothe, Ku-nyamusa
Sop, Nkodi
Sorcerer, Muhai, wa
Sorcery, Uhai
Sore, Ilonda, ma

guta
Smile, Ku-seka

Sorrel, Kombisasi
Sorrow, Mkwa

Smite, Ku-towa
Smith, Mposi

Sorry, Ku-namba

Swear, Kwi-baka
Swell, Ku-nusa
Smash, Ku-bena bena

137

Smoke, Mozi, Mosi, Diosi

Sot, Ka-gala, wa
Soul, Muzimu

Smooth
(mperuperu),
Kunyukwa
Path, Njila
Tongued, Ka-lutimi
Smother, Ku-fua

Sound, adj, -gima

Sound, v. and n., Lidjwe,
ma
Soup, Mujuho
Sour, -gona, -kali, -sung

Smoulder, Ku-yakala
Snail, Ikofi, ma

Source, Nchoko, id.

South, Itakama

Large, Njoka, Spili,

ma
Snake, Chihililya, vi

Sow, v. and n., Ku-ny

aga, Mbeyu

Snap, Ku-bena
Snare, _a, Mupetu, Ikubi,

Spade, Ligembi, dya ki

zurgu, wa
Span, Ligo, ma
Spare, Ku-lika
Spark, Chesi, ma
Sparkle, Ku-pulika
Sparrow, Idendwagule,
ma
Spawn, Malagibagi (ya
mab ula

1111
To, Ku-bega
Snarl, Ku-kelema
Snatch, Ku-hoka

Sneak, to sneak about,

Ku-tegelesa
Sneer, Ku-sindika
Solicit, Ku~tazataza

Sovereign, Mndewa, wa

138

ENGLISH-KAGI'IRU VOCABULARY.

Speak, against, Ku-longa,

Ku-twanga

Spear Mguha, mi
To, Ku-homa na mu

guha

wa
Speed (hasten), Ku-vi

1! ke-kabanya,

Mwigani, wa

Sprinkle,

Ku-nyagila,

Ku-nyagu
Sprout, Ohupuka, kung
uluka, chamea, ku

chamla

Spurn, Ku-toua na diwa

IIIlIa

Spider, Ibuile, Ibue'bu,

ma
Spill, Kivibita, Mwagu
ka

Spin, Ku-ogosa, Ku-bota

Spine, Iguha 1a lufufu,

ma
Spinster, Mwigani, wa
Spirit (Holy Spirit),
Mpeho, iha
Mate,
-mate

Spouse,

Spout, Nchoko

Speck, Ilua, ma
Speech, Mbuti, id.
Speechless, Kachibubu,

Spit,

Sport, Ku-ngola makala

Sport (game , Makala

ku-twela

la
Spy, Ku-helelesa
Squabble, Ku-longa, Ki
dondolesa
Squat, Ku-kata hasi
Squeeze, Ku-kamula
Squint, Kuwa na kingi

Squirrel, Limwegi, ma
Stab, Ku-homa
Stable, Luga suli, ma
Stack, Liwiwi, ma

Spite (chukia), Ku-nya

Sta', Mpando chi, mi

Stag, Sikilo, ma

nda, Ku-alika

Stagger, Ku-luwagira

Splash, Ku-siga, mumed

Z1

Stain, Ku-guma (chita)

Splice, Ku-fundika, ku

Stalk, Itua, ma

bandililar

Split up (Pasuapasua),
Ku-basabasa

Spoils of war, Ku-bana

bana
Spontaneous, -a mwen
ceho
Spoon, Ohihoga, vi

Stake, Ibike, ma
Stammer, Ku-gugunusa
Stand, Kurma

Together, Ku-hanga
Over, Ku-sungulila
Star, Myerezi, zi
Stare, Ku-sungulila
Start, Ondoka, Ku-luta,

Anza, Ku-anda

139

ENGLISH-KAGIJRU VOCABULARY

Up from sleep, Ku-sin

tuka
Starve, Ku-fana njala
State, Ku-longa killinga
Statue, Kisimunhu, vi

Stay, -ku-kala

Storm,

Mphni

bheku

kuhi, ma
Story, to tell, Ku-sumu

lila
Stout, -nen
Stove, Iwe

Steady, Lugaluga

Straddle, Ku-maguhila

Steal, Ku-hidja
Steam, Mose wa med
Steel, Pua

Straight, Ku-suma
Straighten,
Ku-goloka
kugolola

Steep, to, Ku-luwala

Strange, -geni

Steer, Ndnfu, id.

Stem, Ibua, ma

Strangle, Ku-bobotola

Step, Mudando, mi
Over, Ku-jnmpa
Stew, Ku-ambika luga

Stranger, Mu-geni
Strain, Ku-fumbula
Strap, Lukoa, ma
Straw, Munyagala, ma
Streak, Muwolewole, ma.

luga
Steward, Mulangisi
Stewardship, Ulangisi

Stream, Ki-kolongo, vi

Stick, Mpando, Kuhoma

Strengthen, Ku-tatamala

Strength, Ngufu

Stie, Ku-fua
Sti, -suma,

Stretch, Ku-golomola
Ones self, Kni-golola
Strike, against, Kukwala

Sting, v. and n., Ku-tuma

nanguki

String, Luzi
Stringed instrument, Li

Out, Ku-lntamza

Stink, Ku-munka iha

mbwalimbwa

Strip, Menya,

Ku-kua,

Stir, Ku-kologa, Ku-tiga,

ma
Stitch, Ku-kona
Stomach, Isile

Makombe
Strive, with, Ku-twanga
Stroke, Kwalabata

Stool, Igoda

Stubble, Isingho, ma

Stoop, Ku-funamana
Stopper, Kisito, vi

Stuff, to, Ku-komeka

Stumble, Ku-kinya

Store, Kuika, vis wamu

ukanu
Stork, Nyangiyangi, id.

Stump, Isukusu, ma
Stun, Ku-silika

Stutter, Ku-gugumisa

140

ENGLISH-KAGI'IRU VOCABULARY.

Surpass, Kugenda

Subject, Ku-winga
Submit, Ku-andamila
Succeed, Ku-daka, Ku
tenda, Mirimo
Succour, Ku-tasa, tasa

jumha, Ha ha ha
Surrender, Ku-inka, Ku
larya

Such, -kafana yudia

Suck, Ku-kongha

Surround, Kn-sunguluta
Sustain, Ku-kola

Suckle, Ku-inka litombo

Suspend, Ku-tungika

Sudden, Mwandi mwandi

Suddenly, Kamonga ha
mwe
Suffer, Ku-kuma
Sulce, Ku-panga, Ku

Swallow, to, Ku-meza,

kindebwa

fulusa

Sugar, Bungala
Cane, Nguaa, mi
Suicide, Ku-koma. mwe

necho
Suitable, Kuagila
Sullen, Munho kasundu

Surprise, v. and n., Ku

Swan, Nyangi yangi

Swarm, Ku-genda

Sway, Ku-yungayunga
Swear, Ku-ilaha
Sweat, Ifuku, ma
To, Ifuki ikulawa

Sweep, Ku-shagila
Sweet, -noga
Potatoe, Lindola, ma
Sweetheart, Mke, kaban

ya, wa

ka
Sultan, Mndewa, wa
Summer,
Ku-ambika,

Swell, v. and n., Ku-ln

ba

luga luga
Sun, Ijua

Swim, Ku-ogolea
Swine, Ngulue

Sunagogue, Ifumba, ma

Swing, Kurninginisa

Sunder, Kwipanga

Switch, Mkuo, mi
Sword, short, Mmagi, mi
Syrup, Uki
Synagogue, a meeting
place, Ifumbi

Sunrise, Ikulawanisa

Sunset, Ijua, lichwa

Supper, Chidyo cha he
gula

Supplicate, Ku-taza taza

T

Support, Ku-igala
Suppose, Kugelagela
Sure, -lugaluga

Table, Isero-ma
Shelf, Chipala, vi

Surmount, Kisungi, wa

Tadpole, Ki-somba, vi

141

ENGLISH-KAGIIRU VOCABULARY.

Tail, Muse
Take, Ku-conda
Care of, Twikiza
Tale (to tell tales), Ku
nonosa wuzungu ya
wagono
Tale-bearer, Munonosi
Tall, -lefu -tali

Tempt, Ku-geza
Ten, Kumimlongo- (a) ten
Tent, Ihema, ma
Terror, Noga
Tether, v. and n., Ku-sha,
masugi luge

Thank (to give thanks),

Viswamu ku-longela
migunda

Talon, Ikombijera, ma

Tamarind (fruit), Mu
kwaju, ma
Tree, Mkwaju, mi

Thank you,
ahsanti

That.

Migunda,

See demon. pron.

Tame, to, Kifuga

Tap, v. and n. Ku-gon
gonda

Thatch, v., Ku-tima ma

Target, Uk'oso, id.

Tarry, Ku-limuka
Task, Muruno

Their, -a.o

Taste, v. and n., Ku-luma

Tattoo, Ku-tema isari
Tax, Ku-lamba, ku-tosa
Tax-collector,
Muhon
gizi, wa
Tea, Mfundu,wa-; mfun

The.

wyasi
See pron.

Them.

See pron.

Then, Whohaha
Thence, Kudia
There, Bao-akuno
Thick, -nene

Thief, Muhidji, wa
Thigh, Ihaja, ma

Teacher, muhunga

Thin, -sisite
Thin cloth, Ohohaiia
Thing, Kintu, vi
Think, Ku-gelagela

Tear, Isozi, ma

Thought, Igelagela, ma

Tease, Ku-liga
To, Ku-dega,ku-tabula

Third, Munhu wa kadatu

Thirst, Ku-maluka nkilo
Thirteen, Kumi na datu
Thirty,
Makunu,
or

deo wafundeo
Teach, Ku-funda

Teat, Namo

Tell, Ku-tamila, tamila

Temper, Mayo
Bed, Mayo wa mchanya
Temples
(of heads),
Mando

milon go midahi
This, -a yu. See demon.
pron.
Thither, baha

Enouse-moune VOCABULARY.

142

Thong, Luksa, ma

Tomb, Ohilalo, vi

Thorn, Mua miwa

To-morrow, Ausiku
Day after, Itondo idia

Thou, agwe gwegwe

Though, Hagabi
Thoughts, Ibongi, ma ;
magelagela ma
Thousand, Kidole
Thrash, Ku-bona
Thread, Uzi
Three, Datu
Threshold, Kisisi lango
Thrive, Ku-bintima
Throat, Kungumeru

Tongue, Kilo cha diyero

Too, Mno
Tool, Kmbu cha murimu
Tooth, Gego, ma-, or Ino

memo
Toothache, Magego

ya

ku-tama

Throw, Ku-guma

Top, Ku-chawya
Top of, tembe (inside),
Mwigego
Torch (of nyamba), Molo

Thumb, Idoli ikulu, ma

Tortoise, Ifulogobe, ma

Thunder

Torture, Ku-kombulaga

(nguroma),

Ikudidima, ma~

With the head, Ku

Thus, Utari
Thy, -ko

hamila
Toss, Ku-kwamba

Tick, Ipahase, igurr, ma

Touch,

To

(Ku-gongonda),

Uguha, ma

Ku-nyalabata ;

Ku-wunisa, ku-tun

disa, kugutu

Tickle, Ku-tikiza

Toward, Kunewandi

Tie, Kuoha
Timber, Miti mabiki

Town, Ikaid, ma

Tower, Idungwe

Time, Milaki sambiya.

Tin (pot or can), Chi
bongi, vi
Tired, Ku-soka

Toy, Kmbucha ku-segita

Trader, Munhuwarigusi

Toad, Ibula, ma

Traitor (mlausi), Munbu

Tobacco, Ikondi, ma
Toddy, Dyrero
Of, Mkindo, musala
Toe, Ndohdya mgulu,ma
Together, Hamwe

Tolerate, Ku-vogamalita

Train up (lea-), Ku-he

mbula
w1 mizungu

Trample, Ku-tuata
Translate, Ku-bidula

Trap, Muhebu
A pit trap, Luka ibu
mo; Muhebu

143

ENGLISH-KAGIJRU VOCABULARY

Travel, Ku-tamba
Traveller (man), Mun
hu
mbambaga ;
(woman), Mehe kulu
mbambaga

Tub, Itipa
Tuck in clothes, Ku-fu_

Tread, Ku-luata
Treasure, Usau
Treat, Ku-tenda. vika ;

Turban, Kelemba, vi
Turn, Pasa, ma

Ku-tenda viswamu
Tree, Ibiki, ma

Tremble, Ku-tetema
Trench, Msisi, mi
To, Ku-kata misisi

Tribe, Lu-kolo, ma
Trick, Mbala

Trickle, Ku-tweka
Trim (tengeneza)
sungulusa

Ku

Triumph, Ku-suma

Trouble, Usungu ku-tu

bika

To be put in, Ku-ana

usungu, ku-ingila ;
Usungu ku-tubika.
ku-nigisa
Trousers,

Mwenda

tila

Tumble, Kwenda kuba

dika

Around, Ku-sungulusa
Aside, Ku-baguka, ku
sumbita
To, Ku-bidula
Turns, Lutiso, ma
Turtle dove, Npwa
Tusk, Utmbo, ma
Tweezers, Ki-kwatu, vi
Twelve, Kunu na meti

Twenty, Makumi meli

Twice, Keli
Twig, Ku-sukusi
Twine, Luzi su-, nj-, ny
Twirl, Ku-sunguluka
Twist, Ku-ogosa
Two, Keli

Tyrant, Mkali

wa

migulu lu-shatu, ma

True, Chaweru

Truly, Ligoya vema

In question, Kati
Trunk, Isina, ma
Of fallen tree, Isogo,

ma
Trust to, Ku-togola
Truth, Chaweru

Try, z)., Ku-giza gisa

Udder, Nomo-tombo
Ugly, -bi, cha.
Ulcer, Londa, ma
Umbar, father, brother,
Baba, mdogo
Umbrella, Musuli, mon
zuri, mi
Unbar, Ku-kumula

144

ENGLISH-KAGURU VOCABULARY.

Uncle, Koro, mtwa

Unclean, Kina likwe
Person, Mwafu, wafu

Unclothe, Ku-hambula,
mwenda
Uncover, Ku-gubula
Under, Kusi, hasi
Underground, Kusi, ya
msanga
Undergrowth, Masukusi
Underneath, Kusi

Understanding, Ubulu
Undress, Ku-hambula
Unfasten, Ku-kumula

Unfold, Ku~golola
Unite, Ku-fuga
Unity, Umwe
Unpack, Ku-swamula
Unscrew, Ku-hola
Until = Langa, use of
subjunction
Unto, Hatta
Untruth, Udasi, ma
Up, Kuchanya
Upon, Applied form of
verb
Upper room, Idungwe
Upright, Muswamu

Uproar, Kunjojela
Upset, Ku-bidula
Urge (sakuma), Ku-ku
noglsa
Us, Asi

Use, Kukunuga
To be of use, Ku-agila
Uterus, Nimi

V
Vagabond, Mchilalu, msa
kila
Vagina, Nkuma, id.
Vain, to be, Ku-balaluka
Valley,

Ku-sika ; ltolo,

ma
Value, Liombi, ku-wenda,
ku-togola
Vanish, Ku-aga
Vapour, Mosi ya, medzi

Various, Wa-hakwe ha
kwe, pakwe pakwe
Vary, Kwbidula
Vegetable, Mboga
Veil, to, Ku-gubika
Vein, Nkundi ya, sakami
Vanquish, Ku-vinna

Vengeance, to do, Ku
tendelambuli nkulu
Venom, Usungu, ma
Verandah,
Lukomela,
setu, ma

Vermine, Mpani, ma
Very, Mno
Vessel, Kujungu, vi
Vex, Kuhodoka
I Vice, Keha, ubi
Victim, Mpune wa kufu

gela, muzima
Victuals, Ohidio = Vidio
'| Vile, Ubi
i Vine, ltogoni itumbulu
Viper, Nyoka

Virgin, Mveli chigoli, vi

145

ENGLISH-KAGIJRU VOCABULARY.

Vision, to have a, Ku
lotu, njosi

Warm, Ku-kasa, moto

Visit, Kuluta ku langa

Wart, Lunjuya, ma
Wash, Kwi-oga
Wasp, Ibosa, ma
Waste, Ku-tagataga
Watch, (secretes) Ku
hena, Ku-langisa
To, Ku-dumita

Vizir, Wamampala, wa

gose
Voice, Ledjwe, ime, ma
Vomit, n. and 11., Ku-deka

Vote (chagna), Ku-sagula.

Vow, v. and n., Ku-ika
kilapi, kilapiso, vi
Vulture, Ngawanga, ma

W
Wad, Ifunho, ma
Wade, Ku-loka

Wag, Ku-saka

Wages, Mfungulo
To pay, Ku-fungula
Wail, Ku-embeleza
Waist, Chono, vyo
W'aistcoat, Kisweka

Wait (ngoja), Ku-heta,

Kwlendu
At table, Ku-daikila,
-vyo
For, Ku-ngojela
Wake, Ku-inuka

Warn, Ku-tamba mbuli

Tower, Idungwe

Water, Meji
Waterfall, Msuluji, mi
Waterpot, Libuga
Wave, Ibingu, Tukanga,
ma

Wax (bees), Mbia, id.

Way, Njila, id.
We, Ase
Weak, Kachaka, ngufu

Wean, Ku-lemeza, mu
tomlo
Wear, Ku-vala
Weary, Ku-soka

Weasel (nguchiro), Chi

kwile, vi

Weave, Ku-ogosa
\Vedding,

Ku-basya,

Walk, Ku-gendagenda

muke
Weed, Ku-halila

About, Ku-lalumka
Wall, Liluka, ma

Weep, Kulila

Wander, Ku-gendagenda

Well, Isima

Want, Ku-hananga

Well, adj, Viswamu

Went on to say, Kugi
lagila
West, Lumwezi
L

War, Lewa, Ukondo

Ward, to, Ku-kwamba
Warm, Moto

KAGllRU.

Weigh, Ku-hima

146

ENGLISH-KAGIIRU VOCABULARY.

Wet, Medjimedji
What, Choni
Whatever, Waliyo wosi,
Wadia wose
When, Milaki? Uhoaku
Whonce, Ukulawa na

Window, Ihengeli, ma
Wine palm, Ugema
Wing, Ibawa, ma
Wink, Ku-komgesa, Ku
konya
Wipe, Ku-hamula

hoki
Where, Hoki
Whet, Ku-nola

Wise, Kena nuzunz

Whetstone, Inolo

With, Na
Without (per. neg. lease
of verb To be) Isioile,

Wish (taka), Kw-ananga

Witch, Msai, wa

Whey, Masusu ya meri

Whip, Shati
Whisper, Ku-nongonela

White, -jeru
Whittle, Ku-toa

mulu

s1
Who? Nani? Mwhani?
Mwanani
Whole, -zima
Whose, Kintuchawe
Why,

Uthani,

Ntani,

HakiWide, -hana

\Vidow, Mwigane
Width, Uhani
Wife, Mke
Wild, -ya mbagu
Wilderness, Nyika, (in

the wilderness) Ku
nyika
Will (taka), Ku-ananga,
en kwenda
Win (pata), Ku-pata
Wince, Ku-funya
Wind, Mpheo
To, Ku-siugilila

etc.
Witness, Mkola, wa
Wizard, Muhai, wa
Woe, Ukiwa

Woman, Mdala
Old, Mdala, mkulu, wa
Womb (Henena), Isambo
(idubulu mufa, not

used publicly)
Wonder, Ku-juma, mu

logo, mi
Wood, Ibiki, mabiki
Word, Mbuli
Work, Milimo, mi

To leave off, Kugotoka

Workman ,
miri mo

Katogom a,

World (nonza), Ohilunga

chosi
Worm, Ihyulolwe, ma

Worry (chokoza), Ku
kunogisa; Ku-tuma
gisa keungila; Ku

ingisa, ku mgisa

ENGLISH-KAGIJRU VOCABULARY.

147

Worship, Ku-fugila mu

Yarn, great, Ligonju, ma

tungu
Wound, z1. and n., Itanga
malangalanga
Ones self, Ku-ki-bula
ga, lulasi, ma

Yawn, Kurgolola

Wrap, Ku-gonja
Wrathful, to be, Ku-suka

Yeast, Uki is used Ilusu

Yell, Ku-toa mwano
Yellow, -ndunku

Wriggle, Kwibulamula

Yellow fever, Isangu

Wring, Ku-kama

Yelp, -bwaka
Yes, Hee, ale
Yesterday, Ligulu

Wrath, Ukali

Wrist, Kundo ya, mkono,

ma
Write, Ku-andika, ku
tala
.
Writing, Kalo, ma

Ye, Amjie
Year, Mwaka, mi- .
Yearn
(Ku-takasana),
Ku-londola

Day before, Lijusi

You, Ajwe gwgwe
Young, Wnwana, wa

Man (fteen to twenty

ve), Nijilelo, wa

Youth (ten to fteen),

Yard (a plot of ground),
Lugha
Yards, two (shuka), Su
kemwenda
Yarn, Chigonjn, Vi- ;
Lindolo, ma

Mwaniki, wa

Z
Zebra, Mpunda, ma

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,

LONDON AND BECCLES.