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larger edition of the hieroglyphic text
and translation
of the
of the
BY Day,"
late in 1897.
10s.
Volume
the
Book
II.
of the
Dead and
Volume
III. contains
Volume
I.
references.
Book
of the
to the
Period.
VOL.
III.
Roman
Chap.
II.
III.
With
extracts
B.C.
VIII.
IX.
The
Papyrus
of
Takhert-puru-abt
(English
translation).
English
(pp. 1
354).
reproduced in
full
photo-lithographer.
colours by Mr.
W.
:SSoo\\s
A HISTORY OF EGYPT
From the End of the Neolithic Period to
THE Death of Cleopatra VII.
Vol.
b.c.
III.
30
1Boo\{8 oil
y{J^cl^ 7
EGYPT
UNDER
E. A.
WALLIS BUDGE,
IN
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ILLUSJ^RATED
NEW YORK
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OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
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PREFACE
The
last
2500
to
1550
B.C.
Thothmes
This period
II.,
is
i.e.,
from about
its
course
the country
Western Asia.
now
to Thebes, the
We
to extend their
definitely transferred
from Memphis
from a city so
as the
Memphis.
re -organized,
PREFACE
Vlll
carried
complain of
works were, no
Siicli
this,
for
utility,
benefited the
community
far
those mighty
monuments
and
lYth
The extension
brought with
into
it
Nubia
lost
of the
their
cunning.
kingdom of Egypt
and
during
the
the
Xlllth and
greatest difficulty in
South.
of the
Sutekh,
to
the
companies
of
the
tribal gods,
Egyptian
gods.
was
foiled
defeated
to
gain
it
them
in
PREFACE
IX
first
became
it
tlie
historic fact
In
therefrom.
tradi-
Josephus have
around
hung the
fact,
country.
tlie
of the Patriarch
The kings
to Palestine.
of
Semitic tribes
of
her
steps immediately to
towns
Southern
in
control the
north-east
and took
frontier,
from which
Syria,
movements
of the
restless
How
they could
and rebellious
they succeeded in
in
the following
volume.
Chronologically,
of the
lessly perplexed,
King
and
it
is
however,
section is
full of
state of Egyptological
The compilers
and
it
can be given.
evident that
many
parts of
The
it
as an
XII.
XVII.
by
Kosellini, de
Eouge, Birch,
PREFACE
purposes,
first,
secondly,
because
the
fragments by Seyffarth
only hope that some
it
useless
is
tlie
lacunae in
re-joining
is
for
of
many
hopelessly wrong.
critical
it,
and
of
the
We
can
may
E. A.
Wallis Budge.
CONTENTS
I.
Amenemhat I. Palace conspiracy. His
CAPITAL ThET-TAUI. EXPEDITION TO NUBIA. HiS
BOOK OP Instructions. Story of Sa-nehat. Lake
OF Seneferu. His arrival at Qem-ur. Nearly
Chapter
-Sphinxes of
Amenemhat
III.
CONTENTS
Xll
PAGE
Mining works.
Amenemhat
Ea-sebek-neperut.
SCARABS
Chapter
Chronological
Thirteenth Dynasty.
DIFFICULTIES. TuRIN PaPYRUS AFFORDS NO DECISIVE
INFORMATION ABOUT THE PERIOD. 60 ThEBAN KiNGS
IN 453 YEARS.
Power of the Nubians, Libyans
AND AaMU. EeIGNS OF Ea-khu-taui, Ea-sekhemEa, ETC. Sebek-hetep I. King of all Egypt.
Sebek-hetep II. Nefer-hetep restores a temple
AT Abydos. Sebek-hetep III. His statues on
THE Island op Argo. Ea-nehsi. The reign of
Ab-aa
Chapter
II.
III.
Dynasties XI.
XIII.
Seat
Summary.
78
MoDELS
WORSHIP
Sebek.
Irrigation
Chapter IV.
Fourteenth Dynasty.
106
76 Kings in 184
CONTENTS
Xlll
PAGE
coifQUEST OF
Babylon by Khammurabi.
Building
OF AvARis.
133
FA-AR
165
CONTENTS
XIV
PAGE
MOTHER SeNSENEB.
Nubians. Expedition to Western Asia. Obelisks
His mummy and
OP Thothmes T. at Karnak.
tomb. His wives Aahmes and Mut-nefert. His
DAUGHTER THE GREAT QUEEN HaTSHEPSET. ThOTHEXPEDITION INTO
MES II. AND HIS CONQUESTS.
Nubia. Mummy and tomb of Thothmes II. InThothmes II.
Oasis of Ul-'Ayun.
scription.
MARRIES HaTSHEPSET, HiS DAUGHTERS, El-NEFERU
HIS
AND HaTSHEPSET
184
LIST OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
1.
Tablet of Khnemu-hetep.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Eeion of Usertsen
II.
27
Egypt
.29
III.
Stele of Usertsen
OVER the Nubians
his victory
III.
recording
to Thothmes III.
7.
8.
III.
XIIIth Dynasty
Stele of Sekhem-ka-E1.
12.
of Egyptian soldiers
of
master's luggage.
luggage.
87
92
Two Companies
The Servant
The Servant
61
Eeign of Amen-
emhat III
15.
45
65
11.
14.
41
47
San
13.
36
39
Usertsen
10.
in
25
6.
9.
II.
Pepi-en-ankh
carrying
his
(Front view)
110
16.
Statue op an official.
17.
The
XIIth Dynasty
official Ankh-p-khrat.
107
XIIth Dynasty
Ill
.113
.
115
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
XVI
18.
official.
XIIth
117
19.
Fowling Scene
20.
Sepulchral
Stele
119
of
the
scribe
Sebek-hetep
XIIIth Dynasty
21.
22.
127
official
131
157
175
24.
185
25.
Head
23.
26.
27.
28.
mummy
Obelisks at Karnak
Head of the mummy
Stele of Anna
of the
of Thothmes
T.
202
204
of Thothmes
IT.
213
217
EGYPT
UNDER THE
I.
SEHETEP-AB, SOn of
tlie
Sun, AmeN-EM-HAT,
Amenemhat
I.,
Xllth Dynasty^
Ammen ernes,
(Cory, op.
years.
teen kings
first
king of the
to be identified with
cit.,
He
is
tlie
'AfjU/JLeve/JLTj^.
p.
who
first
Nem-mestu,
"he who
VOL.
III.
repeats
births," the
allusion being to
AMENEMHAT
god,
who
is
Horus of
origin is certain,
[B.C. 2466
I.
gold,
i.e.,
That he was
official
whom Amenemhat
Egypt
of
the
Egypt
it
I.
as his successor.
sovereignty
of the
no
Seankh-ka-
first
of the kings of
is
did
I.
who
but there
the
Theban
of
Ka,
the Sun-
came
and we have
country, his
members
of his
know
The king
night-season_,
and he
when darkness
reigned,
us
tells
rest,
made
is
how
in the
he seized
which
is
good
the
for
to lie
their purpose
into effect.
his
he put them to
flight,
and so
THE CONSPIRACY
B.C. 2466]
saved
we
own
liis
IN
When
life.i
THE PALACE
it
im-
I.
When Amenemhat
Egypt needed
things in
we
tomb
of
which
Khnemu-
official,
who
name
of
Khufu.
to speaks of
evil,
Amenemhat
I.
built the
as
tomb now
referred
Temu
city should
know
districts,
This
What
he did at Menat-Khufu
only an instance of
as far as
we can
tell
he
Birch, Egyptian
1874, p. 30
Maspero, Recueil, torn. ii. p. 70; Ee'-orcU of the Fast,
Les Origines, p. 465.
ii. pp. 9-16
Newberry, Beni Hasan, vol. i. p. 59.
Texts, ^. 16;
vol.
is
Zeiisclirift,
endeavoured to rule
carried on in the
country according to
liis
of
[B.C. 2466
I.
He
just.
caused work to be
in Tura,
He
Memphis and
the
and
the
of
ideas
liis
name
''
built a
Qa,"
built
which
Nile, to the
s=9P* ^=^^^
set
YA
i.e.,
may
The
the "Exalted."
Amenemhat was
gods,
for
he
on works
carried
of
and
restoration,
Karnak
in
Upper Egypt.
and there
is
i.e..
no reason
cessful, especially as
Papyrus
(pll.
Northern Nubia,
we
to
to
overthrow
.:^::^
'v\
[ (
^1^
J)
I
B.C. 2466]
I.
who
Amenemhat
"
I.,
by the
as classics
New
scribes of the
Empire.-
it
They
seems that
friends
among
Guard
thyself,
son
the king's
He
calamity.
but
it
stirred
up
to
strife,
known
whom
curse him.
first to
His works
of and seen
caused by the
Compare
n
ii.
of the
dissatisfaction
'000^
^^^^'wsA
(
JJ^
(I
O ^ LJ
^^-w.^
people
(V&
because
^ ^J
plate 22.
The
Recueil, II. p.
Amenemhat had
"
bend
I stood
over,
He made
throne
tlie
crocodiles,
of the earth
and I saw
and
He hunted
all
and
lions
4^
V\
L L
Mt^
fJv
'^
follow
on
no
sit
Swamps;
" its
son to
liis
with him.
"Abu
made
not
[B.C. 2J66
I.
him
He
like dogs.
built a palace
^m
'
^^
ornamented
final
"
remarks to
come
to
an
end.
Amenemhat
Egypt
in the reign of
the
104-107;
for
texts
hieroglyphic
Lepsiiis,
transcript
Denlcmdier,
vi.
plates
and translations
;
see
Contes
Chabas,
B.C. 2466]
announce
to
Usertseu
I.
new king
the
of terror,
Egypt would
of
He was
self to flight.
fit
kill
when
a
arrived
^1, and
at
is
to
say,
Lake
the
at a certain
afraid of him,
and
at sunset
travelled
river,
came
and
to the
Egypt
he arrived
by night.
and then
At daybreak he arrived
want
cattle,
Seneferu,
of
slept
He was now
a boat.
for
towards
/wvA/vv
and
He
lest
and fearing
-^^
Qem-ur,
when he was
of water he suddenly
at Peten,
r^/^^
suffering
where
agony
whom
he begged
to
him
for him,
and
him,
v^^
some milk
and then
When
Sa-nehat had
the prince
of
the
been
Tenu
there
country,
REIGN OF AMENEMHAT
made
Amenemhat,
to the death of
[B.C. 2466
I.
song in honour of
to sing a
The prince
to him.
own
his
power
to wife,
of
children and
Aaa
"^
^\
v\
'
and there
plentiful,
The
flourished.
all
flour
kinds of beasts
prince of
Tenu was
for
many
years,
etc.
cattle
and he
tribe,
bread,
and game,
fowls^
and
so pleased with
were extremely
tribe.
of
putting
down highway
robbers,
and the
army
liked,
hands.
of the
a day
On
life
man
of the people
was
set
to the death.
all
the
B.C. 2466]
woman
no match
When
the
forth and
man
was about
to
shot an arrow
from his bow which pierced the giant in the neck, and
straightway he
fell
Sa-nehat
reward
for his
possessed.
to
himself
As
The
compare his
which he found
now
I left
am
able
my country
"
me
and memorials
In spite of
for
my territory is great,
all this,
he yearned to
visit
Egypt asking
country, and
" his heart
which he wrote
to the
king
of
had
sati&fied,
lived/'
country in which
failing strength,
it
and
to lay his
He
refers to his
REIGN OF AMENEMHAT
10
makes no impression on
rapidly approaching
and when he
his heart
in arms,
to beat,
letter
gifts,
Usert-
Osiris.
own
Egypt and
''
must cease
is
I.
come
tions and
sen
his brain,
when
[B.C. 2^66
I.
him
bow down
the
and to
I.
the
'
Great
And thou
"
" ponderest
" oil of
(i.e.,
death)
when they
shall
funeral,
They
"
with
"
" shall
its
shall go before
tomb
The oxen
and women
^
This goddess is mentioned in the Pyramid Texts, where she
appears as the deity who provides bandages for the dead.
B.C. 2366]
" unto
II
''
" equal,
rise to
thy rank
thou shalt
When
come with
joy,
of his tribe
upon
flat
his
He
ness.
and homage
all
the
gods_,
ments, such
to
Usertsen
I.,
in
letter of
thanks
"
The sun
despatched, Sa-nehat
made a
and
to
to
him he gave
all
The
letter
possessions
to
his goods,
wind
and his
cattle,
his
tribe,
and his
Accompanied by a number
of the soldiers
whom
south, and in
frontier,
Her-Heru.
The
arrival of Sa-nehat
official
in charge,
was announced
to
the king,
soldiers
he had trained, he
12
in
Wlien
safety.
arrived
lie
the
at
and every
all,
in the presence
whelmed,
for
he
lost all
him.
man
of
failed
he was
palace
will.
[B.C. 2566
before the
whom
could not
before
when,
sistra,
and sang a
him
to the
The
it
royal
and
food,
were provided
for
him
on to
man had
and
for a
thing was
pyramid-tomb
finished,
be
skilful of
was
to
work
and every-
What
know
is
not,
to scent himself,
sleep,
the royal
and
wherewith to anoint
oils
fine linen
scents, etc.,
but there
no reason
all
for
the
USERTSEN
B.C. 2433]
due to a man
on
wlio,
OR SESONCHOSIS
I.
liis
13
was of
royal parentage.
from Memphis
is
made
way
that he
his
The
desert route.
it
evident,
into
and there
is
Edom by some
no doubt
well-known
the stamp of truth, for had the tale been one of pure
one of
2-
as
it
stands, there
it
is
no
to
be
fact.
i Ul "^^fi
T ""1
Ra-khepee-
UsERTSEN
I.,
the
Sesonchosis
of
rh
associated
kingdom
reign
name
of Usertsen
I.
he was
the twentieth
year of his
forty-six years,
AWKH-MESTtJ,
the Horus
said,
reigned
statement
noted
is
I.,
probably correct.
number
1
of
Prof.
Wiedemann has
monuments dated
Aegyptische GescMchte,
this
p. 241.
in the various
WORKS OF USERTSEN
14
AT ANNU
I.
[B.C. 2533
for centuries,
but
it
into decay,
fell
House
and he
and
set out
edifice,
and
Sun
of the
Usertsen
" to
laid the
for,
and the
I.
something-
foundation
apparently, a
new
to
become incarnate
in the
Mnevis
the day,
who
instructions,
bull.
He
was assisted
"
of
priests
of
Of
this
which were
for
disappeared except
which Usertsen
I.
one
set
of the
up in front of
it
the city of
This account
is
found
on a leather
roll,
which was
first
OBELISKS OF USERTSEN
B.C. 2433]
condition
when Strabo
15
I.
Tlie pyramidia
visited Egypt.
Abd
according to
al-Latif,^ these
a.d.
1200
were
still
when
in situ
close of the
The remaining
Xlllth century.
obelisk
is
names and
Usertsen
titles of
I.,
and
thirty-years'
Usertsen
I. set
At Begig
festival.
up a remarkable granite
Fayyum
obelisk, about
the
in
it
it is
Wall
of the South
titles of
I.
The king
as well as in
seem
to
many
other
and
at
cities.
The works
at
Abydos
tells
stele
official
at
De
The obelisk
plate 23.
ii.
plate 119.
l6
surveyor of
that
district,
tlie
lie
[B.C. 2433
I.
succoured
tlie
needy,
wisdom and
peace.
He
in Egypt, he
subdued the
pacified those
who dwelt
made
Aamu and
the Heru-sha, he
and he
At
works
in
command
Osiris,
refers
out^ is
This, as
Memnonium,
roofed
The buildings
of the
and well
of Abydos,
built.
which were
Abydos
official
Temple
over with
called Ameni-seneb,
we
and in the
stele of
this
had
built."
At Karnak Usertsen
I.
continued the
-^
Kat
Brugsch, Egypt,
vol.
i.
xvii. 42.
142.
B.C. 2533]
names
records the
of a
number
of
^^^
Nubian
and Shaat
rv-^-^
J^T^T
tribes that
I., e.g.,
*^
Khasaa
The
Wadi Haifa
at
I7
r^^^
Shemik
Kas
etc.,
and
Ameni
at
The quarries
Hammamat
I.,
re-opened, and
Wadi
Sinaitic
Peninsula.
at
Sarbiit al-
Among
other
the remains of
of the
of the
the
in
edifices the
in the forty-
Khadim
Nubia
it
Pyramids
are to be
at Lisht, about
Usertsen
I.
in
One
of the
Usertsen
I.
Ameni
VOL.
III.
it is
p. 693.
given
EXPEDITIONS OF USERTSEN
l8
The
here.^
inscription is dated in
[B.C. 2433
I.
forty-third year
tlie
He
"
Nome
says, "
of the
When my
in
lord sailed
np the
river to over-
" after
him
" chancellor,
my
" place of
in the
Nome
"
Oryx
" I
sailed southwards,
" I
I brought
''
south.
"
was held
"
and
[of
was exceedingly
and I
lord,
my
and
among my
skilful,
soldiers.
I sailed
up the
"the
kino' of the
"the
eldest son
"health
" of
my
!).
of the
I sailed
"
was appointed
Ameni
(life^
prince,
strength,
to bring,
The
king,
Jul
"
I sailed
I.,
for it in the
vol.
ff.
B.C. 2433]
"
God
IQ
for me.
to
the
city
of Coptos,
in
"
"good
"
my army
commanded
From
in
had been
to do."
it is
Egyptians
i.e..
Ameni took
that
expeditions
his
caravans, which
made
their
it is
to time
was
their wares
REIGN OF AMENEMHAT
20
Mr Q^vvi ^rqk-^i R^
3.
Amenemhat
^ Aixi.iavkyLt]'^.
was
II.
rule
associated
of the
[M
of his reign
the
name
Amenemhatll.
up
monarch
sole
by Manetho
number
Wiede-
of stelae and
in various years
to the twenty-eighth,
inscription
to
and
published by Lepsius
The
at least.
monuments dated
other
Heken-em-Maat,
the.Horus
said
is
with
kino'dom
^
of
[B.C. 2433
II.
Amenemhat
of the
old
mines in the
turquoise
new ones
at
made
reign,
to
work the
in
for
<S)^^^^^^5
the
Op.
Ausivalil,
cit., p.
Amenemhat
text
on
^^ ^^ British
time or refounded.
When
the
stele
Museum^
of
Hathor-sa,
(or,
246.
pi.
II.
p.
Ill
ff.
of
II.
B.C. 2400]
and I made
tlie
21
great ones to
wash
"I penetrated
.as
far as Ta-kenset,
"two
"
Ha,
"thereof,
it
The
the
I journeyed, moreover, to
lands.
if
and
official
is
to
was
probably right.
lord's possessions
Amenemhat
he was a great
II.,
()
A, which he
did in
This statement
is
pyramid
mentioned on the
stele, is to
be identiiied
with
a
is
tomb
is
very unlikely.
of prince
tells
/>MMAA
Khnemu-hetep
us that
In the
Amenemhat
made him
at
II.
a governor
KHNEMU-HETEP OF MENAT-KHUFU
22
rich.
his father's
memory,
and appointed a
for
[B.C. 2500
in
commemorating
he established a
and waxed
''
or
'^'
ka-chapel,"
double," and
He
richly
made
at stated times
for their
eldest son
hetep
The king
maintenance in perpetuity.
Nekht and
the former he
made
his
also
second son
con-
upon
Khnemu-
a governor of the
Nome
of
the Jackal^ and the latter was taken into high favour
by his Majesty.
The
fine
prince
hall,
and before
of
Menat-Khufu
wherein
built a
columns
were
and
tomb with a
inscriptions,
it
tomb were
to be
grown
Tehuti-nekht,
who was
called Baqet.^
In
religious appointments
The
tomb
is
Het-nub
^
to the
See Newberry,
house of Tehuti-hetep
ojo. cit.,
p. 66.
is
B.C. 2500]
The
represented.
cubits
thirteen
sixty tons
it
23
was
high, and
to
which
it
of pieces
of leather
It
was
men on each
rope,^
and
it
seems
it
because
it
explains the
In the twenty-eighth
Amenemhat
we learn from a
II.,
Khent-khat-ur, a royal
in
safety
Sauu;"
in
Chabas, Melanges,
torn,
iii.,
ii.
p.
this
fact
shows that
and Newberry, El
Berslieli,
i.
p. 18.
A/^WV\
r\
AAAAAA
Q
I
C"-^"^
London, 1880,
p. 268.
REIGN OF USERTSEN
24
[B.C. 2366
II.
is
made
of iigliting
it
may
and as
II.,
be assumed that
year
his
of
reign
Amenemhat
him
Manetho
(Cory, op.
From
eunuchs.
cit.,
p. 110),
II.
in the rule of
In the
according
it is
clear that
eventful
as that of
Dynasty.
4.
4}^
il
:]
Usertsen
is
^'
Semu-taui,
the Horus name
of Usertsen II.
for
II.,
Ea-kha-
^eacoarpi^;.
said
forty-eight
years.
"
He
conquered
"far
as
Thrace,
everywhere
erecting
emblems of a similar
"the Egyptians he
is
upon
pillars.
supposed to be the
first
By
after
STELE OF KHNEMU-HETEP
B.C. 2366]
p. 110).
and he
of
the
gods,''
rrx
Usertsen
II.
Horus
111^^^.
(PJnvnl
On
we
is
See Birch,
the
Horus
dated in the
of gold, the
stele
of
Khnemu-hetep,! which
reign,
title of "
repose
cit.,
25
o^:*.
cit., p.
first
year of his
is
26
inscribed
is
of the ka
[B.C. 2366
staff,
which
is
arras
surmounted
Horus
before
who
lips
is
Lord
Sept, the
stele it is
first
life.
stablished in Ta-Neter,
i.e.,
monuments were
his
First
The works
Usertsen
II.,
Nubians
Menthu-hetep,
called
local
whose
stele
exists
lid
at
Aswan.^
Sa-renput,"cellor,
Aswan and
who was an
and
an
only
''erpd
friend,
lid
prince,
and chan-
Sa-renput was a
member
of a great
;^^
^^
ArcTi., 1887, p.
30
ff.
KHNEMU-HETEP
B.C. 2366]
Dynasty.
Xlltli
It
AT BENI HASAN
II.
not clear
is
how
it
27
seems
it
far as the
modern
we may assume
who made
Horus
prenomen
Q^
is
and on each
side is the
wearing the crowns of the South and North. Behind each hawk
a serpent, from the neck of which hangs the symbol of "life."
of gold,
is
One
of the
of Usertsen II.
his title
II. is depicted
Hasan.
Here we
whose duty
made.
Close by
on the
II., at
Beni
was
we have
a colossal figure of
Khnemu-
28
who
Before him
hetep,
the
first
is
row
[B.C. 2366
is
human
who
etc.
cattle,
it illustrates
visited
him
in the
Nome
consists of thirty-seven
people or tribe.
a royal scribe,
which
is
They
members
of
by Nefer-hetep,
are introduced
who holds
inscribed, "
The procession
the Aamu, a Semitic
of the Oryx.
in his
Year
six,
hand
a papyrus roll on
" Horus, the guide of the world, the king of the South
Shu
list
of thirty-seven [persons].'^
Aamu
chiefs or desert
shekh
prince
Aamu
of
Behind the
Aamu
List
The men
of the
The home
of these
members
of the
Aamu was
may have
certainly
men
of
some
position in their
aj)parel
was ceremonial
it
seems to
came was
PYRAMID OF USERTSEN
30
[B.C. 2366
II.
Aamu
are
is
no evidence in
others
emet,
their
own
^v\
"
spices,
and the
like
from
Egypt.
officials of
W.
Illahun,
Eraser,
and
The
king.
peculiar,
up
construction
external
composed
into form
pyramid
mud
brick.
spent
side,
in
which was
erected
is
built with a
above.
The whole
of the
The opening
of the
is
of
On
the south
led
core,
The
filling in of
is
It is partly
a portion of the
pyramid
of the
up
pyramid
to the
it
the
mouth
which
of the shaft
side,
1.
much
was
broken.
B.C. 2366]
appears that
it
main
while the
3I
sliaft
tliis
it
was only
in
shaft
stone
sarcophagus
of
the
king to be taken to
on the pyramid
side, is a well
But
unknown.
made
its
chamber.
shaft,
is
it is
its
conjectured that
it
down
" the shaft above, like the safety- wells in the tombs of
" the kings
"
or
it
or
it
The passage
upward, and about half way
into the
pyramid slopes
along
is
it
a water well
a chamber which
almost
is
At the end
filled
with
of the passage is a
to the granite-lined
phagus
been
cut,
sarco-
chamber
at the
unknown^ unless
it
was intended
Its object
who sought to force a way into the tomb. The sarcophagus is made of red granite, and is provided with a
USERTSEN
32
MANETHO'S SESOSTRIS
projects outwards
lip, wliicli
fully
II.,
measures 8
ft.
work,
of
piece
fine
11 in.
it is
said to be a wonder-
speaking
and,
ft.
in.
names and
upon which
altar,
Usertsen
titles of
ronglily,
Before the
ft.
addressed to
invocatory inscriptions
[B.C. 2366
II.,
and
lord
Osiris,
of
sepulchral offer-
hill, for
ale, etc.
number
from
was
of interesting objects
ruins
the
here.^
called Nefert,
found
wife
Usertsen
of
II.
Tanis,^
at
The
Kahim, and
site is
titles
are
inscribed.
It
that
many
the Great,
sion of
by Manetho, but
Eameses
II.,
must be noted
it
name
son of Seti
Manetho by Eusebius,
II. is
to
Eameses
In the ver-
I.
" (Cory,
mann has
op.
cit.,
said, difficult
p. Ill),
and
is,
as
Wiede-
it
(ii.
in
105)
speaking of
"
There are
See Petrie, Illahun, Kahun, and Gurol, and KaJiun, Guroh, and
Hawara, London, 1890, 1891.
1
VOYAGES OF SESOSTRIS
B.C. 2333]
33
way from
"from Sardis
Epliesia to Phocaea,
Smyrna.
to
"
Usertsen
into
is
applicable
made
ever
of
to
the
any
into
less
still
description
As
him that
far as
partly
is
we know
11.
statement
says
Sesostris
expeditions
exploits
Eameses
This writer
him.
told
the
it
warlike
Sesostris
of
than
made
(ii.
II.
was the
II.
In
seems to have
by Herodotus
first
about
the
priests
who,
setting
that
102)
more
is
Usertsen
to
for
II.
Syria,
left
now, there
is
equipment in unison,
of his
other
man
In both places a
tlie
Ked
of himself in the
on both sides of
monuments
"
Somaliland.
5.
MCo^Wl
V CllX^]
^-'^^-
III.
USERTEN
34
REPAIRS
III.
UsERTSEN
III.
father in the
[B.C. 2333
rule
kingdom
of the
sole
for
king of
when
assigns
it
to his reign a
The monu-
show
ments
Neter-khepeeu,
the Horus liame
that,
ordinary royal
of Usertsen III.
addition
in
"Horus
of gold "
god
the
"
(or,
rock
the
to
beetle, the
Khepera,
of "divine
and
becomings),
he added the
the
to
he adopted as his
titles,
is
of
title
emblem
inscription
of
at
f^n^rtf^
Aswan, dated
the
in
Wadi Hammamat,
year,
dated
in
the
fourteenth
which he dedicated
^'^^^^^.^^.
First Cataract
receiving
give
him
life
"
to the great
On
the
the king
is
god of the
Island
of
city Her-shef,
Sahel in the
life,
stability,
and health,
ever."
important
very
inscription,
which
was
dis-
says
that
in
the
eighth
year of
Usertsen
Denhmdler,
ii.
pi. 136.
B.C. 2333]
Lis
III.,
THE CANAL
majesty ordered
k^^, and
"are
I
tlie
ft.
tliat lie
gave to
QUUU^
[^
long, 34
in.
When
deep.
canal to be
paths of Usertsen
f^i fo
250
IN
this
ft.
in.
it
the
made anew,
name
"
^;
Good
ever,"
living] for
[III.,
that
Thothmes
Nubia
to
Two
wide, and 25
10
in.
sailed
up
ft.
reign,
to
was
canal
this
(Nubia).
35
hand
Kash
tell
us
III., in
same canal
he gave
"
of
the
fiftieth
year of
to be reopened after it
it
new name,
Thothmes (HI.)
i.e.,
living for
boatmen
It
up from time
to
time, for
Una
it
is
it
became stopped
undoubtedly of some
in connection with
No
it
that
we have already
official
Ameni
when Usertsen
into Nubia.
xiii.
50.
36
[B.C. 2333
for the
mark was
made on a
set.
stele
Allusion to
this
whereon
is
it
boundary stone
said,
" This
is
is
the
who
every negro
prohibited
from passing
that
spot,
banks, as well
as
the passage
See Lepsius,
oj).
of all
136.
oxen^ and
B.C. 2333]
and
slieep,
goats,
engaged in the
come
to
and
traffic in cattle,
No
negroes in
it
boat
of barter
and of business
of
was allowed
to pass that
boundary stone.
Nubians
most pitiable
to a
"Pert.
"at Heh.
"
III.
37
such as were
generally.
III.
my
fathers.
" done.
" pass.
[I
"the decree.
am] a crocodile to
and
seize,
[I]
[my
beat
prey].
down
The
"him
" to
to the
him that
" according to
"inaction
is
silent
him
and he
after
enemy
"retreateth.
"territory
a coward.
down
prostrate at the
attacketh
he
is
returneth
in a matter.
silent
answer
Now
"
He
in attack;
(or, silence)
is
enemy.
to them],
is
word which
falleth
in answer
from the
maketh him
to
38
if lie
bis attacker]
[to
Tbey
attack.
and
are not
men
is
not a word
women, I carried
my
father, I
I seized
marched
for hearts.
falsehood].
[of
of
feeble,
[B.C. 2333
III.
to
their
their
By my own
life,
am
and by that
saying
is
the
my mouth cannot
Whosoever among my sons shall prebe gainsaid.
serve this boundary which my Majesty hath made
shall be [called] my son and the son who is begotten
truth,
who relaxeth
my
be [called]
behold,
it,
my
it,
but be
shall not
And
begotten of me.
Majesty to be
set
up on
it."
my
do battle for
for
it,
The boundary
stone,
upon which
is
The text
is
in
Lepsius,
DenTcmdlir,
ii.
built
pi.
by Usertsen
136;
German
rendering of
it
will be
--li^iT^iJ^iT; n
IN ;;;n
^^U-t^YiiV^iktt\S\~n\A
jnjsf'
AmrA^z\ii,urmit':\^i'Cl
WTA": rAY-f^:z;rj[i.^^mze,
Zlzm7A ^.i^TAil ^"^l-A
'A^A^^A't^-^TAZA'^^'l
<\%'rrxn^^^^\\-^'z^y^,^.
^Z.l-WMAtmUA'Zil'PA
^''All^\^Hl\rA^^mW
<.
Am.:j':^At^iL\t'J^'BA^K Z
t^AL 4^-^T^<L
4i V^ 4.t!:At''''l^
^-
[i-'Z4\^mB^:^m-'\\i^i^^.
h'^^ZiB7l'%ZT\^TA::fT
stele,
dated in the 16th year of the reign of Usertsen III., recording the victory
of this king over the Nubians,
40
Wadi
The
Haifa.
fort of
Kummeh
and that of
Semneli
[B.C. 2333
III.
modern town
is
modern town
and
Kummeh
which
north as Buhen,
far
as
Wadi
of
The
Haifa.
Second
faced
forts of
which
fortified outposts
of
the
Semneh
commanded
a magnificent outlook
The stronger
river itself.
Kummeh, where
was that of
the
natural
Semneh, which
impregnable.
At
hieroglyphic
texts
- J^
^
"
/www [TJ
III.
it
in
the
4 1^1,
[^
V.Q_J=4_J'
Usertsen
of a
consisted
feet
by 12
single
feet.
built
III.
a temple which
Amenophis
"
called
is
At
III.
and
chamber,
Kummeh
We
have no means of
of the garrison
Kummeh, but
it
which
need not
narrows consider-
determined
men
The wars
forts.
carried on
by Usertsen
III.
against the
AT SEMNEH AND
B.C. 2333]
KUMMEH
41
this king
a temple in
god
tbe
lionour
Her-sbef
of
of
Herakleopolis,
and,
cording
Manetlio
to
ac-
AW*A/V
(Cory,
op,
cit.,
p.
112),
IT^l
^
"as a tomb
it
is
C:^
Nome
for himself;"
Manetho
this
c^
is
correct
in
but
as
particular,
the
name
III.
is
of
Amenemhat
commonly
asso-
lous
building
made
will be
reference
to it in the
section on the
reign
of
Usertsen III.
that king.
Bubastis,
Abydos,
and
and
his
Elephantine,
name
is
parts
of
many
other
Egypt.
thought
found
upon
buildings
He
to
cities
in
of
is
also
have
built
in the
42
[B.C. 2300
for his
at
example of
fine
its class,
bnt
it
has suffered
1894 (March
in
number
these
if
the
king
who were
it is
the wives
only reasonable to
was
himself
buried in
it.
If
Usertsen
III., or
Egypt
Usertsen III.
may
Wiedemann ^ has
said,
these
Ea-en-Maat, son
now
of the Sun,
at Heliopolis, but, as
identifications
are not
available.
Amen-em-hat,
'Afxepri^.
See
J.
is
p.
AMENEMHAT
B.C. 2300]
THE IRRIGATOR
III.,
Amenemhat
son
the
III.,
43
and suc-
Xllth Dynasty
he
is
Ameres
the
is
error
clearly in
Manetho, who
of
when he
the
states
Aa-baiu, the
''
Khadim
ASen-emSii
for
only,
'
'
stele
at
al-
men-
and there
is
good reason
fifty
Sarbut
carried out in
"
as his
when
another of his
/^
^-f-.
(Twi /
titles,
''
saw^ the
The Horus
The whole
of the
appropriateness of
of gold, sweet life,"
....
energies
of this
king
Nubians,
or
for
the
Eastern Desert.
warlike
nomad
Heru-sha
of
the
effectually quieted
them by
inflicted
upon
earlier kings.
in a state of great
had
44
condition at
flourislied
activity
liis deatli.
his buildings
care_,
testify to the
all classes
The mines
Sinaitic Peninsula
[B.C. 2300
III.
of
in the
Hammamat
were
diligently worked,
On
digious.
rock
at
Sarbut al-Khadim
cut a
is
life " to
him.
_B^ u ^
.
same
O^
o
is in
the
stele,
men
Wadi Mao'hara
dated in the
III
in the
year, a stele
an expedition sent there by the king under the leadership of one Amen-em-hat, the son of Abeb,
who seems
to
scription in the
same
place,
in-
An
Temple of Sebek, ^\
obtain stone
at Crocodilopolis,^
and
the
The
Lepsius, Denlcmdler,
^
ii.
hewn
in
stone
137<x.
and
e.
Ihid.,
c.
B.C. 2300]
in
tlie
IN
THE
SINAITIC PENINSULA
AND EGYPT 45
Tura
which was
stele
Amenemhat
III.
set
up there
by a high
official.
Enamelled gold plaque with prenomen and titles of Amen-em-hat III. From
Dahshur. In the upper part is the vulture-goddess with outstretched wings,
and above her are two axes. Below her are two cartouches, each containing
the king's prenomen.
o _^
"
,
1J
is his title,
The king
represented in the act of smiting with a club his foes who kneel at his feet,
is given to his arms by the goddess who touches them with
o^iflljxd, i.e., the emblems of "life" and "stability" which she holds in
each claw. Behind each figure of the king is the sign for " life," with human
arms and hands, which grasp a fan and waft breaths of " life " to him.
is
and strength
which
prove that
the
king's
activity
in
building-
46
all
[B.C. 2300
at the present
is
time,
hewn by
the
orders of
Amenemhat
the
agriculture of
varying heights.
effects
upon
of
in
who seems
III.,
to
of
it
dated in years
of the outflow
3,
5, 7, 9, 14,
22, 23, 24, 30, 32, 37, 40, 41, and 43 of the king's
reign,
class
will
illustrate
the
on
"Mouth
level)
(i.e.,
of
Hap
Amenemhat
III.'
41st
" year under the Majesty of the king of the South and
for ever
cit.,
and
plate 139.
ever.'^
In a
CHANGE
B.C. 2300]
few cases
thus
<=>
the sign
CT^
a fact
IN
NILE LEVELS
lias
47
it
line
Head
to
of a statue of
Amen-em-hat
W.
the time of
them
clears
The
Amenemhat
away
greatest
all
III.
all
E.g., Nos.
i,
Tc,
I.
LAKE MOERIS
48
Lake Moeris ^
of
Wasta,
about
is
name Moeris
derived from
< >
is
derived from
A/WW\
Pa - iiima
Egyptian
the
lake," through
the
in
which
Lake
3s:
Ta-she,
^,
'
i.e.,
form
Coptic
Moeris
the lake;
Moeris
about
is
feet
its
was
its
its
who
Lake
water surface
cubic
circumference of
the
of
was situated
130
which
<:|)iou_,
made
i.e.
A^^WNA
i
" the
the
Egyptian Mu-nr,
the
/wv^j-
/wwvn
A/^WV\
^^^
of which,
capital
tlie
fifty- five
is
"great water,"
now
Arabic, Al-Fayyum,
in
called,
[B.C. 2300
contents
The
largest
level
was
about 80 feet
The Fayyum
district is
above
the
Mediterranean.
1896.
c=^
2
'
Lake," and
^^^^ "
Oi
^
Shet-urt,"
" Shetet,"
i.e.,
i.e.,
the
B.C. 2300]
Bahr Yusuf,^
leaving
wliicli,
Nile a
tlie
49
to the
little
the
"
the
are
descriptions of
authors
The following
200 miles.
of about
course
after
classical
Although
labyrinth
wonder
is
have described,
this
its
cir-
The
lake stretches
and
fifty
this
dry,
That
orgyae.
circumstance
it
made by hand
is
proves,
about the
for
rising-
each of these
is
orgyae
in
height
pyramids
and
feet,
or
four
cubits
it is
hundred
one
are
hundred
ing six
on
Thus these
throne.
orgyae
are
the foot
being four
The water
soil, for
in this
Attempts have been made to prove that this canal was made
by the patriarch Joseph, but no satisfactory evidence in favour of
^
the theory
the
is
forthcoming
Muhammadan
ruler
who
is
is
histories.
VOL.
III.
probably
LAKE MOERIS
50
"from
tlie
Nile,i
" lake,
and
six
*'
and
[B.C. 2300
months
for six
it
it
And
flows out
it
yields a
"the
fish;
The people
"twenty minae.
it,
me
itself
westward
running
Libya,
of
flowing into
is
towards
ii.
the
(Herod-
149.)
"The Lake
Moeris, by
its
is
it
On
"the country.
mouths
lake, but,
in
addition,
"up and
"from the
used
for irrigation.
store
"in
"
is
"the
"
at
circumference
formed by
artificial
and
paces
fifty
means
deep,
after the
has
been
king by whose
This statement proves that the canal which fed Lake Moeris
was already in existence in the time of Herodotus.
1
B.C. 2300]
" orders
was made,
it
" Moeris.
The
by the name of
distance
"nearly sixty-two
called
is
it
51
miles.'''
(Pliny,
v.
"In
9.)
is
the
"
among
of water,
piece
wondrous
their
cited
and
by the
Egyptians
memorable
works."
Memphis towards
"above the
little
city,
down
And, a
"ing
it
"and
"
in
"it was in
"depth.
" certain
circuit
"furlongs; and in
They say
incredible.
many
"just proportion, he
dug
this
upon
lake to receive
it
might
its
such
neither
little,
pre-
To
" this
at other
times diverted
it,
and
52
" turned
over
it
fields
tlie
of
by means of
[B.C. 2300
liusbandmen, at
tlie
sluices
whicb
some-
lie
is
called the
The king
left
in
upon the
The revenue
to
all
succeeding
buy her
dresses,
"which amounted
"there were in
two-and-twenty sorts of
it
fish,
For
and so
"employed continually
to salt
(Diodorus Siculus,
i.
4.)
of
Amenemhat
III.
was the
Now, they
" leave
in
"having
"little
so
[i.e.,
common
memorial of themselves
and
BY CLASSICAL WRITERS
B.C. 2300]
53
works of the
G-recians,
is
deserving of men-
"were beyond
" to
many
description,
Yet the
For
it
has
"each
" the
number
"The rooms
" saw,
It contains
and
to
hundred of each.
But the
know from
report
for the
"no
show me them,
account^
who
I can there-
by hearsay
"fore
" concerning
"
which surpass
all
human
"through the
courts,
learnt
54
"from a court
to the
[B.C. 2300
The
Each
court
is
is
surrounded
And
a pyramid_,
"carved, and
(Herodotus,
"We
" the
away
to
it
148.)
ii.
"
who
"
beyond the
"forty
constructed
first
Labyrinth.
After proceeding
there
stadia,
" village
the
it
is
composed of as many
number
to
of aulae, surrounded
by
There are an
pillars,
and
" front of
"to the
"
it.
wall.
The entrances
"without a guide.
The
in the
BY CLASSICAL WRITERS
B.C. 2300]
" single
slabs
55
On
" for
which
is
there may be
Descend-
field,
"consisting
single
of a
by twenty-seven
The
stone.
may
pillars,
walls
be
each
are
also
" There
in
is still
Nome
Egypt, in the
"polites, a Labyrinth,
first
of Herakleo-
constructed,
^'
"
King Petesuchis
"
"less
than
or Tithoes
twelve
" Psammetichus.
As
although, according to
the
to the
it
last
of
it
was
"that
it
" opinion
which mostly
prevails.
whom was
kings,
Lemnos, and
surprises
me,
the
They
to
assert
the Sun, an
[i.e.,
the Laby-
at
is
constructed of
it
With such
it
solidity is
56
it,
[B.C. 2300
seconded as
lias
it
To
held in abhorrence.
detail the
being
wliicli
position of this
quite impossible,
it is
and praefectures,
all
covering
six
wandering
to
arurae
at
and
the visitor
fro,
the
And
it
numerous pyrumids,
besides
In addition to these,
and
Fatigued with
base.
sure to arrive at
is
made
of kings
of porphyrites
and
effigies of
moment
so
which we
porticos from
;
columns in the
figures of gods
statues
Some
hideous monsters.
of
the
too,
darkness.
slight
One
repairs
Labyrinth
the
Chaeremon,
before
It
asserted,
is
of squared
the
time
also,
of
that
stone were
five
Alexander
while
made some
the
hundred
the
arched
being raised, he
an
Great.
roofs
had them
BY CLASSICAL WRITERS
B.C. 2300]
57
(Hiny,
oil."
xxxvi. 19.)
"After
''
of
deatli
tlie
" of their
"some
own nation
call
"design,
Marus),
king
this
liberty,
Mendes (whom
warlike
"that went
for its
much
For he
workmanship.
in,
(Diodorus Siculus,
the
up a king
set
was inimitable
it
and
"as
[Actisanes],
i.
5.)
to
to the
best
that
it
of the
"Pyramid
is
of
perhaps
Hawara";
small chambers
and
certain,
is
it
is
nome
or
collection of
Lake
divided into
sections,
different deities,
and
was broken up
Many
travellers
it
into
was supposed
of
to be
sections
in
have endeavoured
of the Labyrinth,
map
the
same manner.
See above,
p. 48,
note
THE LABYRINTH
58
[B.C. 2300
Amenemhat.
On
name
of
As
Fayyum
agree
all writers
is
conclusive.
is
lies
found that
limits, it is
its
The
covered a tolerable
site,
space
Fayyum
pavement
to be seen is in
feet.
discovered
the
;
it
of the
place,
and
east
it
edge
wall,
and
at
the
N.E. outbuildings
red
5.
B.C. 2300]
PYRAMID OF HAWARA
nortliern part of
tlie site
and built
59
pillars,
rather than
cross wall.^
thousand men,
used in
to be
to the
Wadi Hammamat
construction;
its
it
is,
to fetch stone
of course, possible
be
if this
Manetho.
Sebek, to
whom
to the
Brugsch wished
to
the
derive
the "
i.e.
Temple
we must look
called
III.
Pyramid
that his
tomb
pyramid
at
is
of the canal,"
it
seems that
is
(or elpa)
of
Dahshur.
of
mouth
name
at the
is
for it in
Amenemhat
god
is
animal.
this
so, it
southern
sois
brick
The Pyramid
of
Hawara was
and
its
plan of con-
in 1889,
considerable
interest.
The building
the
The
Fayyum.
Petrie,
Wiedemann,
o_p, cit.,
p. 6.
o}?.
cit., p.
p. 26.
PYRAMID OF HAWARA
6o
consisted of
wliicli lias
The entrance
When
side.
had been
to stand
was intended
out-
disappeared.
on the south
was
was a casing of
side tins
is
mud
[B.C. 2300
to the
pyramid
which
to receive the
it
were cut
to
Into
also.
to
it
which were
to
form the
roof.
Above
all
it
all.
made
of a slab
forming
beyond
a
is
steps, an
sliding
trap-door,
another chamber,
is
of about
little
in
;
reached,
and
feet,
is
the
chamber.
At the end
roof,
and the
visitor
until
PYRAMID OF HAWARA
B.C. 2300]
Side.
South Side.
E True
F,
Gt,
J
K, L
Chambers with
sliding roofs.
Sarcophagus chamber.
6l
III.
PYRAMID OF HAWARA
62
chamber with
anotlier
[B.C. 2300
trap-door roof
sliding
reached.
in a rectangular
two
this
26
wells in
false
X 7
ft.
it
6 in. x 7
ft.
ft.
is
chamber with
in.
made
for
The
side of the
and
false wells,
had
it
into
it
ing-place.
mummy
had been
ft.
being dropped
roof,
and
in.,
ft.
in.
x 7
is
is
hewn
ft.
10 in.
it
was
it
of
and when
or chamber,
it
The sarcophagus
inscribed.
left
it
above
into the
is
was lowered
made
it
of hard limestone
It has a sub-plinth,
it
measures 8
ft.
lid of
Dynasty;
ft.
and
much
10
in.
is
and
wells.
is
ornamented with
liked in the
x 4
un-
ft.
x 2
ft.
Vlth
7
in.,
in. in
depth.
Between the
sarco-
PYRAMID OF HAWARA
B.C. 2300]
phagus and
tlie
wall
east
63
place
princess
and
Amenemhat
III.,
coffins
these objects
fire.
interest,
from
plundering
sliding
filled
breaking
them.
roofs
But
into
in
keep
tombs
and
royal
of
chambers with
up with masses
they show
to be taken to
the
spite
for
to
hollows
him out
of
made
of the lake,
PHARAOH'S CHAIRS
64
[B.C. 2300
identified
with the
two
which
still
Biyahmu
who
to Prof. Petrie,
of them,
Museum
to the
Ashmolean
at
Each
but
at this place,
even
it
is
waters.
its
for
making
In connection with the colossal statues of Amenemhat III. in the Fayyum mention must be made
of
the famous
San
or Tanis
1
sphinxes,
which were
by Mariette in 1861.
discovered
at
These remarkable
p. 55.
B.C. 2300]
SPHINXES OF AMENEMHAT
<>--
65
III.
\
*
%i-.
VOL.
III.
B.C.'2300]
SPHINXES OF AMENEMHAT
monuments have
67
III.
among
earnest discussions.
name
the
that
cut
been
found
the
that
were
in
of the
fact
their
many
Egypt up
sphinxes
must
any which
unlike
quite
that
to
have
time,
had
declared
hewn during
been
The
Hyksos.
first
question
to
name
must be considered
cartouche of this
of
who argued^
the
seriously
first
which had
Twenty years
of these
later
monuments with
had been
chiselled away, or
it
was
sides,
The views
rubbed down,
in
who made
the monument.
as a fact.
In
who proved
1
ff
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
68
tion of
San
tlie
spliinx supported
[6.0,2300
M. de Kouge's doubts,
may
Amenemhat
III.
If,
as
he says, we
maker
of the
nothing
is
left of
Moreover,
it is
men who
men
at
As
a matter of fact,
from
characteristics
the
in
Upper Egypt.
greater,
is
dwellers
more accustomed
to the practices of
occupations of peace.
parison
preserved
to the
as a standard for
com-
the
names and
Taking
war than
titles
the
in
of
Amenemhat
Hermitage at
III.,
which
is
now
St. Petersburg,^
M.
San, and
sphinxes from
possession.
B.C. 2300]
Amenemhat
III. at Berlin,
e.g.,
the muscles
in
6g
order
to
usurper.i
monument
is
it
II.,
it
Kameses
Amenemhat
III. to
only natural.
to be
Amenemhat would
M. Golenischeff argues
Finally,
it
is
impossible to imagine
it
Amenemhat
Usertsen
may
I.,
Amenemhat
II.,
Usertsen
contained, in
II.,
etc.
I.,
We
reign
of
Amenemhat
III.,
"En
who
examinant (i.e., les martelages) nous arrivons facilement a constater que les pommettes efc les muscles aux coins de la
bouclie ont du a Vorigine itre aussi plus on woins saillants, car
Merenptah, qui, plus tard, usurpa cette statue, fit marteler le
visage justement aux pommettes et aux environs de la hoticTie, afin de
rendre les traits du visage de la statue usurpee plus ressemblants
aux siens. Recueil, torn. xv. p. 135.
^
les
REIGN OF AMENEMHAT
70
sat
may
be made to
[B.C. 2266
IV.
In passing, reference
small,
G.C.M.G.
G.C.B.,
portrait statne of
it
Amenemhat
III.,
and
is,
any
in
case,
Dynasty.
above, p. 47.)
(See
theory
Sphinx
Amenemhat
at
III.,
G-izeh
to
represent
"by whom
it
may
that
king
of
be supposed to
it
the
views
old
iiiitiiiii
^^\Y
IV.,
A/JiVeiUL7]<i.
Amenemhat
IV.,
who
was,
strictly
Dynasty,
to us.
on
the
Khadim, and
The Horus name
Xllth
rocks
at the
are
at
monu-
His prefound
in-
Sarbut
al-
Wadi Maghara,
in
of
Amenemhat
J
IV. ^
A variant
The
HIS MINING
B.C. 2266]
reign
WORKS
71
Sinai were
Dynasty^ and
it
follows,
An
effective.
on the rocks at
Kummeh
the
in
inscription
still
the
of
Amenemhat
IV., ^
and in an
inscription,
which
is
upon
a green
which
here given,
is
we
prenomen and
"lands,
Amenemhat.
name with
three beetles
The
may
son
of
lord
the
of the
Sun
two
of his
of
sentences as
and
(3
J{]
fl5
(S
see
my
0,
p,
REIGN OF SEBEK-NEFERUT-RA
72
"body
Ameni."
Of the
of
details
[B.C, 2266
reign
tlie
Amenemhat IV.
is
knowE, but
nothinotoler-
it is
neither
ing
that
operations
any
of
magnitude
were
under-
taken
that
period.
at
The tomb
was
as
the
of
probably
Thebes,
was
it
and
unimportant,
of
yet
but
built
it
been
king-
at
has not
discovered.
SUC-
Egypt by
his
sister
Sebek-neferu-Ea,
whom some
Sebek-neferu-Ra, or Sebek-neferut-Ra, or
Sebek-neferu, the sister of Amenemhat lY., and
the Skemiophris
of Manetho, appears
to
have been
and
B.C. 2233]
and eighteen
Of the reign
days.^
them
is
the
IV.
73
most important of
inscription is
cut
steatite
talcose
or
schist
cy li nd er-s ea
which
1^^
here
The
reproduced.
upon
is
measures
in.
in length,
them
to
from
ently
Cylinder of Sebek-neferu.
Museum, No. 16,581.
the
British
background.
The
first
" the
Horus name
Horus, Ea-mert," or
she
claimed
the
sovereignty
"two
^
" daughter
5,
the
cities
col. 7,
who
1.
2;
and Maspero,
torn. 1, p. 527.
AegypHsche
to be
of
of pre-eminence,
Anc,
the
over
\g:v^
sat selcliem.
Hist.
SEBEK,
74
"
Horns
of gold "
"
King
of the
"living
and
and
Sontli
beloved
one,
and
tlie tliird
of
[B.C. 2233
Sebek-neferu,
Nortli,
The
Sebek."
god
Sebek,
and in
all
the neighbour-
This
of a crocodile set
is
of
is,
god
the
solar character
times wears upon his head, and by the disk, horns, and
plumes
which
form
CVIIIth Chapter
his
of the
Booh of
^^^ \\
According to the
crown.
Sunrise,^^
the
^>^=>
Y^
i.e.,
the
was situated on
to the
king or
made known to us by
M. de Morgan at Dahshur, i and
the
excavations of
9.
M (Ojf^] "^^
("
^^5^ ]
Ka-au-ab,
The tomb
Dahshur by M. de Morgan
1
in 1894,
p.
was discovered
at
ff.
REIGN OF AU-AB-RA
B.C. 2300]
by him in
tlie
same year
it
75
The
inscriptions on the objects found therein show that Auab-Ea adopted as his Horus name that of Heru, which
is written on the things dedicated to the ka in the form
and formed one of a row of interesting sepulchres.
i.e.,
Among
KA
of the
is
wooden shrine
unique.
wooden emblem
nails of the
it
to be the
hands and
leaves of gold
feet, etc.,
was
is
fixed
de Morgan's eulogy. i
may be
of the statue
man
But
archaeologically,
it
"
interesting as this " find
is
not
so
important for
or prince, for
place in the
is
of
whom
list
M. de Morgan
Au-ab-Ea is con-
of
was
built,
REIGN OF AU-AB-RA
76
Xllth Dynasty,
[B.C. 2300
of
of the
lie
He
notices
seal,
on
emhat
and from
III.,
it
funeral,
seal
a priest or
official
affixed
the
by
who had
which
was made.
it
It is
government of Egypt,
in the
Usertsen
IT.
I.
and Usertsen
also did
it is
Amenemhat I. and
Amenemhat
years
;
II.
Amenemhat
these facts
e.g.,
III.
from
kingdom about
dying soon
after,
in his place.
resting-place
he was obliged to
The tomb
for
of
great
set
Au-ab-Ka
king,
but
Amenemhat IV.
is
it
not a suitable
is
a worthy
family
and, though
it is
Xllth Dynasty,
It will
SCARABS OF AU-AB-RA
B.C. 2300]
"]"]
King List
of the
Ea and
at Turin, are
rightly,
it
royal personage
the
are referred to
by M.
worthy of mention.
and
J. de
made
It is
is
life,
"happiness."^
^
inscribed, "
"one, giver of
{^^\
is
This interesting
object
^
^
was found
JAfA
at
Abydos
manship prove
its style
to belong to the
it
name
of
and work-
either
commemorates
it
of
Middle
the
two kings
Amenemhat, cannot be
^r^
"
Op.
See
196,
'0' I,
cit., p.
cit., p.
my
and
said.
(0 ^^
p. 274,
y>
'^
'
Wiedemann, o^
No. 70.
126.
No. 376.
Meux
Collection,
London, 1896,
78
CHAPTEE
II.
to
the Sebek-neferu,
is
it
Manetho had, no
seen to be
or
glyphic inscriptions,
whom we have
it
is
to
list
.the
who
authorities
;
but
Amenemhat IV.
It is
wrested from
coming
it
by
It
may
no evidence forth-
after
tumult and
be that Sebek-neferu
upon arrogated
may have
she
the
of
member
leaving
no
little
in style
kings of the
Theban
still,
whereupon
issue,
to
the
Theban
there-
Dynasty were
Xlllth
who
It is generally
kin.
of a noble family,
to himself royal
country,
sceptre of
79
origin,
and
behind them
left
the
differ
Xllth
Dynasty, who
were
certainly
characteristics,
taken.
The period
with the Xllltli Dynasty and ends with the end of the
XVIIth Dynasty is
full of difficulty,
and
it is
impossible
The monuments
supply the names of a considerable number of kings
who ruled between the Xllth and XVIIth Dynasties,
of
it.
and
it is
We
Amenemhat
is
XVIIIth Dynasty
I.,
the Tablet of
the
obtain no
prenomen
Xllth Dynasty,
first
Karnak
king of the
is useless for
80
And
it is,
in the world,
i.e.
King List
the
in the
Museum
of
logical
now
for
the history
shown
how
of the period.
useless
it
fragments of
It
is
it,
which remain
it
practically worthless
is
us were joined
to
to-
shown
to
be hopelessly wrong
and Wiedemann,
The
thought that
glance
the
at
"
five last
"undoubtedly belonged
"
" 5 X 30,
i.e.
"the duration of
"lations.
1
The
memory
to the
to
it is
the
I., p.
of kings
who
preceding dynasties.
number
in this
MS.
at
be applied to
fix
figures
mutilated
their total
150, but
late Dr.
for-
approximately
human
calcu-
114.
gee Vol.
I., p.
116
ff.
[i.e.,
Papyrus], and
wliicli
8l
served to indicate
whom
"we have
" or four.
It
''history of
Egypt
"
up of times
"murders and
almost certain,
is
therefore, that
the
at this
revolt
of
assassinations,
by which the
life
and
Dr.
"many
perfect quiet
in
erecting
size
In
the
According to Manetho,
Dynasty were
sixty in number,
The kings
the kings
of the
for a
of the
Xlllth
seventy-six in
called Aat-Sekhau,
VOL.
III.
md.,
v^ ,
vol.
i.,
in the hiero-
p. 184.
p. 185.
82
glypliic texts. 1
has been
It
King List
last
cohimns of the
five
the names
But
if
we
two dynasties,
number
136,
something
is
937,
i.e.
large
number
of the
of
we take
reign is
to be only
it
of kings
if
of each
approximately correct,
by the
we obtain an average
about 4| years.
of the
of the
summary
of the kings,
names
of Turin,
cle
facto,
we
are justified in
cities,
who
chieftains,
or
who
so.
In any case
it is
The
city
was
called
writer^s opinion,
5 ecUC
name Sakha, U-
is
in the district of
it is
is
known
to the
situated in the
Kafr Al-shekh.
ITS
DURATION UNKNOWN
83
five
whole
It is
been,
Government
at
hold
lost their
little
that,
by
little
to the other
so,
by internal
the
to the dynasty
by Manetho
it is
to
The
or Hyksos.
facts of
on the
i.e.,
east,
east,
from the
tribes
and that none but the most active and mighty of the
kings of Egypt ever kept them at bay.
inspired in
The
of the
terror
Xllth
to
Government
at
Thebes
declined,
little
or no
As the power
of the
the Asiatics
the
opposition to
Delta,
their
and
most
ex-
entrance,
REIGN OF RA-KHU-TAUI
84
and, if
number
of
tlie
the Xlllth.
left to
do except
The
the kings who
Wiedemann, and
its
poraneous.
are
by Brugsch, Lieblein,
believed
1-
"fW^
Ka-khu-taui
O A^
'r^.
Ka-khu-taui.
J
name
is
of the first
it
is
found on the
was Sebek-hetep
I.
is
No. 16 in his
M. Maspero seems
to
list,
have ex-
up the
difficulty,
papyrus be examined,
tear in
it
it
if
the
HIS CAPITAL AT
THEBES
85
only damaged the sign for the solar disk, , but has
was
called
was
I.
hetep
"puis
elle
[i.e.,
Maspero
says,
Thebes, then, as M.
to
for
build their
throne when
upon
his
when
dead.
entierement un signe.
iin
On
est
qu'il
p. 527.
j avait
Hist.
la
Anc,
REIGN OF SEKHEM-KA-RA
86
^^
2-
Of
^ LJ
1 Ra-sekhem-ka.
Ka-sekhem-ka no details are forthcoming, and the monumental evidence concerning him
is scanty.
The principal monument of his time is a
tlie
reign of
stone
large
fine
measuring 3
ft.
stele,
lOj
having
by 2
in.
ft.
rounded
a
2J
and
top,
in.,
to
This stele
that period.
winged disk
at the top of
is
an interesting
it,
etc.,
at
upon
is
bold
period.
Kom
at
of the
al-Atrib,
ancient
=
city of Athribis,
of
the
Het-ta-her-abt,
hieroglyphic
the
site
inscriptions,^
it
at
for
J.
to Alexandria,
p. 63.
2
Op.
cit., p.
266.
cle
heard of
where the
it,
but
late Dr.
stele of
Sekhem-ka-Ra.
British
Museum, No.
1343.
REIGN OF SEKHEM-KA-RA
Brugsch copied
British
and
it,i
Museum
now preserved
is
it
the
in
(No. 1343).
8g
stele is of consider-
we
have
the
77
i.e.,
"I
able
In
interest.
the right,
who wears
his
centre
a cluster of plants
him
before
the
hawk
of Horus,
life,"
seems as
it
if
the
to
on
Horus name,
them
upon
table
symbols of "
"stability,"
on
From an
it,
is
of the Nile,
the
king,
who
here
is
Horus name.
On
prenomen and
the inscription
is
the
left
making an
hand
not without
offering of
symbolized
side
The
by his
interpretation of
difficulty, for
the sculptor
it
form the
4.
[ [
title
4^
O
^
of a
first
words erpd
man.
^^ ^
Ea-sehetep-ab
I.
p.
1455, No.
84<.
lid
REIGN OF SE-ANKH-AB-RA
go
5-
fq
'PAUFNA.
.""^
6.M(oH:5]^(OlJ
'9>^
EMHAT.
The
EMHAT
existeuce of
is
hard sandstone
made
ra
in two pieces,
by Mariette
at
Karnak,i where
it
had,
the
half of
altar
In each
twenty hollows.
are
Seher-taui,
the Horus
name
Ameni-Antef-
Amenemhat.
of
the
offerings
of the
names and
titles
halves
horizontal lines.
we
in
taui,
i.e.,
Horus name
and the
From
the
inscriptions
of the king
was Seher-
styled himself the " lord of the cities of the vulture and
"uraeus,^' the "prince of
"
Maat
"
maketh
1
J.
Maat
Horus
of gold,"
appearance to be pre-eminent."
Maspero, Guide,
p. 39.
p.
431
tlie
fanatical
91
the
rv
111
name Amen,
1 1 1 1 1 1
'''
^^ fo
^'
r^ (op ^^ ^1
'"""
Ul
Ea-semen-ka.
Ka-sehetep-ab
II.
.KA.
10.
11.
12.
4^
4w
( *^
^^si^
'^
^\^ fo /^
14.
i\$,
Ea-netchem-ab.
r^T^ 1 Ea-Sebek-hetep.2
5?)
13.
Co
-1
^ "Ol
Een-sen-eb.
Ea-au-ab.
4d
Ea-setchef
kinsr.
92
REIGN OF SEBEK-HETEP
Ka-sekhem-khu-tauIj son
[B.C. 2100
I.
Sebek-hetep
of tlie Sun,
The
hetep
rule of
to
liave
by
judge
been
we may
and, if
real,
Sebek-
over Eg-ypt
I.
seems
I.
the
monuments
few
and
in-
from
Second Cataract.
M. Naville found
tis,i
portions of a massive
with
prenomen
of
hetep
I.,
the
of
Sebek-
and the
have
rested
pillars
of
it
See
must
upon
very great
dimensions, and
^
size
hieroglyphics
indicates that
the
it
Biilastis, p. 15.
is
REIGN OF SEBEK-HETEP
B.C. 2100]
certain
quite
operations
When
on
the
the
used
on
large
restored
at
later
the
old
in
inscriptions
were hidden.
and
site
ancient
this
temple was
the builders
placed
Kummeh
hieroglyphic
93
I.
On
blocks
such
of
that
Second Cataract
which record
inscriptions
I.,
is
first
and
they
Semneh
in the
period
granite
way
scale.
series
the
of
greatest
to indicate that
the
stable
whose duty
country,
admit of
to
it
was
the
appointment
of
levels
attained by
The
their
fort
which Usertsen
southern frontier.
appears
on the
The name
Tablet of
now
Karnak,
III.
had
built on
of Sebek-hetep
and on several
Ea-user-
AAAAAA
Ka-semenkh-ka, son
1
^J\
of the Sun,
Mer-mashau.
REIGN OF MER-MASHAU
94
The
principal
monuments extant
Mer-mashau
king
of
[B.C. 2000
tlie
reign of the
which
tion.
upon both
by Kameses
name
i.e.,
his
and
the
it
name
inscribed
by the insertion
II.
title
The
king, as
"Mer-mashau,"
was thought
at
one
times of rebellion
out
that "
mer mashau
"
was the
official title
of the
it
18.
19-
M gssy]
M ^ i g]
ka-
fee] i
-KA.
[Ra]-usuk-Set
(?).
HETEP
1
11.^
vol.
i.
p.
p. 267.
2
For scarabs
of this
cit.y
REIGN OF SEBEK-HETEP
B.C. 2000]
The name
of
II.
g5
Sebek-hetep
II. is
found
all
that
is
known
of
^:
two
stelae,
one of which
Sebek-hetep
of
is
in
II.
He was
hetep,
Vienna
111
KhU-TAUI,
the Horns
is
v\
/T ^^
AVVVV\
man
the son of a
*-'
called
who held
the
Menthurank
of
^r^
^^u,
Q ^^;^ t^
/N /WWV\
tions
The
Anqet-tatta,
who
Louvre men-
stele in the
" called
Auhet-abu
(?)
and
3, and
to
Amsu
commemorate
Seneb,
for
the
The
or Min.
stele in
Vienna seems
by the names of
called
Sebek-hetep
throne
of
II.
Egypt
seems
to
the
have
by reason
of
grandparents,
etc.
succeeded
the
his
wife^s
descent.
Monuments, plate
8.
vii. p.
188 (No.
10),
to
royal
REIGN OF NEFER-HETEP
96
21-
s
<
>
set
up a large
stele, i
97
on which he caused
to be
related an account of
read the
Ka which
of
is
He
so,
obtained
and
whatsoever portions of
to restore
The authenticity
restoration.
of this
it
needed
document has
it,
it
but
if
in other words,
if
be derived from
it
consideration, for
it is
which may
of Nefer-hetep
serious
The name
is
Tablet at Karnak,
published by Lepsius.^
his reign
which was
ii.
pll.
28-30; Wiedemann,
p. 268.
2
Denhmdler,
See Karnak,
VOL.
III.
iii. pi.
pi. 8.
op. cit.,
gS
22.
1^ ( o[]g[|]^]
23.
1^ foQ^] "^ C
Ea-Het-9ert-sa.
M^I
Ba-kha-nefer,
Sebek-hetep
Ha-ankh-f, and
from the
lie
Xlllth Dynasty
Mediterranean
country which
lies
the
These
facts are
proved by the
made
new
which he
halls
to adjoin them,
lost
them
For scarabs of
one
high, and
is
broken,
by Sebek-hetep
1
an arm.
feet
III.,
this
who
set
up
c.
SEBEK-HETEP
" cities of the vulture
" [like
tlie
(or,
"of
>^
life for
From
ever,"
their position
it
^^
<^ ^
manner
gg
and describes
<=^
^ ^^
NUBIA
IN
^^ |
sun],"
III.
which
close by,
lie
which
considerable
size
must
have
existed
that
in
tolerably
effective
When war
broke
foe,
and
difficult,
nay
way
of
the
Cataracts
or the
it
extremely
Batn-al-Hagar.
The gray
Island of
made
of the
same material.
1
Op.
cit., p..
Professor
270.
Wiedemann^
100
attention
calls
to
Sebek-hetep
of
Chenephres,
a
to
the
of
similarity
Klia-nefer-Ka,
III.^
legend,
reared Moses,
^'^ fo
Q Ul
the
IV.
tlie
the
to
Merrhis,
prenomen
name
of
according
law- giver of
great
Israel.
24
The name
derived
25.
it
E-A-KHA-KA.
of this king
M (o^] -^
MS^l
Ra-kha-ankh,
titles are
is
known
record his
mentioned by Wiedemann.-
we
days.
i.,
p. 188.
J.
J.,
and
Description
36.
des
AND SEBEK-HETEP
27.
C oiii^i
UAH-AB [son of
tlie
According to
[^]
lOI
V.
(iM^]
^'-
Sun], Aa-ab.
the
Turin
28.
^\^ To
j]
"^
C^l
^ 111
I^A-MER-NEFER,
29.
1^ fo ^ ^1 '^
ftl
^ ^^^ ^1
Ba-mer-
M(i[lTlIi>' -SEANKH-NEFER-UTU.
According to the Turin Papyrus he reigned 3 years,
2 months,
31.
M r ^ ^ ^ "^~i
f]
K^-M^=
SEKHEM-AN-REN.
According to the Turin Papyrus he reigned 3 years,
1
102
REIGN OF SEBEK-HETEP
32
ll^rofl^^^^^^
t^^^^^^"^
[l1
VI.
Ra-s,..-kalie
reigned 5 years,
^^'
TW) (
34-39.
I^A-SEUATCH-EN.
"""^ 1
[Names wanting].
40-
T^ fo s ul
42.
AJK O
43.
4w(0'^^Wl
''^
The name
ft?
Ra-kha-ka.
-=^=^
Ra-mee-kheper.
Ra-mee-kau.
Karnak
The
reads
text
II
O
c
"of
Amen-[Ra], giver
life."
^
pi.
8 l, text, p. 45.
REIGN OF RA-NEHSI
44-46.
103
[Names wanting].
MESU.
47. ^\
Ka-neb-Maat, son
Aba.
of the Sun,
Ea-
49
50-53.
54.
-UBEN.
[Names wanting].
M (o^lpwl]
[Ea]-Nehsi.
Tell-Mukdam
at
in the
thought that
he
could identify
Later,
who by
discover in
it
the cartouche
certain
characters
wished
to
Almas
torn.
and
xv.
b2.
p.
99
is
not that
REIGN OF RA-NEHSI
104
of a
Hyksos
The word
"
Nehsi
at
or
Ea-Nehsi,
means
"
Nehsi
and
it
is
possible
and as in an inscription
he
seems
He was
have
to
entitled
to
"lover
note
he declared
that
ly
4^
law thereto.
shown
and
it is
himself
to
interest-
be
the
(i.e.,
55.
by
himself
calls
been
man
certainly a
Tanis^ he
at
1^1]
M.
Ea-kha-kheru.
Neter
^^^^
nefer
The
preserved in the
is
Petrie, Tanis,
pfc.
I.
plate
3,
No. 19a.
REIGN OF AB-AA
alroimded top
Aa-ab given
on the
thrice,
surface
flat
105
V8
of
11
Q
^n
^
AAAAAA
/^A/Vv^A
AA/vAAA
AA/VV^^
Below
show
of text which
and
to
Amen-Ra,
by Het-her-sa
world,
Amen-Ea who
(var.
Zi
^ ^^
186&
a priestly
).
Usertsenusa
was
1
|
v>
^aa/^^
.In
the
bottom
Dynasty.
work of the
The brother
- /ww^
left-hand
of the
''^^'^
latter
r^n
called
Ankhtenet-sutenet-tept-senb-sen
Ml]
style
^
"^^ ^"^
3ID
of
official
and his
>^
I
corner
are
wife, in the
part of the
Xllth
Amen,'
Nekhen."
t=s=:
io6
CHAPTER
III.
stated
in
tlie
preceding pages
tlie
principal
Xlllth
Dynasties,
we may now
Egyptian history.
now
The
is
distinguishes
this
of the
originally princes of
period
to Thebes,
Menthu-heteps, who
were
who
Xlth Dynasty.
107
!C<3
c:
33
^.
1^
r-l
2-S
la
0:
.3
pH
INSTRUCTIONS OF AMENEMHAT
it is
probable that
Amenemhat
I.
lOQ
I.
Xlth Dynasty,
Punt.
is
no
between the
distinction
Amenemhat would
founder of a new dynasty
if
to the throne
seems to
Usertsen.^
It
later kings
of the
is,
Xllth Dynasty
^nr^ ^-^
' ^
mLJ
Taui," J
'
which seems
to
have been
modern
city of
Minyeh.
Another
interesting
Xllth Dynasty
is
fact
connected
with
its
the
kings
of
See above,
Sebek
is
god Sebek,^
it
and
its local
jN:=:^^5\, assume
p. 5.
is
mentioned in
of the principal
gods of Egypt.
no
We
called Sebek-neferu,
sister
and several
how
Painted wooden figure of a servant'of " Pepi-en-ankh, the Black" carrying his
master's luggage; front view. Xlth or XII th Dynasty. From Meir.
held.
it
B.C.
23OO
III
Amenemhat
of the
III.
Painted wooden fig'ure of a servant of " Pepi-en-ankh, the Black " carrying his
master's lug-gage back view. Xlth or Xllth Dynasty. From Meir.
;
Vlth Dynasty,
for
local princes
and
112
With
chiefs,
and
revived,
cessation
general
the
tlie
prosperity
the
of
country
its
the
which
made
names
their
famous
in
Egyptian history.
seem
to
making
and
i.e.,
to the
fortresses on the
it
have aspired to no
to
Xllth
the
Dynasty
the
foot
definitely
of the
extended
her
where Usertsen
III.
considerably
Second Cataract
annexed
the whole
by
this
act
country between
at
he
the
On
Egyptians
appear
to
have
their
attempted
Xllth Dynasty,
of
history,
we
to
do the
annex
THE PENINSULA OF
SINAI
113
Green
diorite statue of
British
districts
in
the
an
official.
Museum, No.
Xllth Dynasty.
29,671.
Peninsula of Sinai,
e.g.,
Sarbut-al-
activity at
III.
to
this
114
abandoned.
But
direct
domination over
the Egyptians
Egyptians exercised no
altliougli tlie
Canaan maintained
wbicb
were
certainly
and
relations with
of a
friendly
character,
Families of Canaan-
of Palestine
tribes
tlie
made
their
way
into Egypt,
to
attacks
or
peoples of
frontier
by wandering desert
extending across the
tribes
by a chain of
fortresses
to
Ked
The
Sea.
friendly
relations
Punt, seem,
Hennu
in
if
the
times
of
we
find
to Punt.
During the Middle Empire the strong and independent position which the nobles had attained after
the collapse of the powerful rule of the kings of the
still
were
still
in
local hd^
all-powerful in their
and
The
made
^=^^ princes
their
them with
heavy hand
POSITION OF
Xllltli Dynasty,
when the
THE NOBLES
royal power
had
115
fallen into
their old
where they
liked,
The
official
Ankh-p-khrat.
privilege
Xllth Dynasty.
British
Museum, No.
We
32,183.
Amen-
to the Xllltli
POSITION OF
Il6
it
THE PEOPLE
security of
life
and property,
to the country
to its inhabitants,
and Egypt
to this
the masses
of the
were
"
Egyptian history.
We
in the
Vtli
and YIth
great,
power seems
to
Amen, had, up
to
this period,
been
ministered to
We
number.
Amen was
but
many
had
to
of
elapse
Amen
the
before
Middle Empire
Amen was
con-
priests
In the
of
the
worship
of
Sebek,
which
was very
IN
THE
XIlTH
painted
same,
by
Canopic
tlie
DYNASTY IT7
tliere
was a great
" jars,
and boxes
to bold the
etc.,
distinguishing character-
tombs
the
of
istics
of
Xlth
and
Xllth
Dynasties.
It
seems
the
were
first
this
period,
stead
introduced
when,
the
of
at
in-
covers
of
shapes
the
the
of
dead
use
in
the
periods,
each
was
jar
later
cover
of
the
in
human
head,
eventually
was
form of a
which
in
appropriated to Amset or
In connection
Mestha.
ceremonies
we
Black basalt figure of an official.
Xllth Dynasty.
British Museum, No. 33,186,
the
Booh of
finally
the
Bead was
practically
stereotyped
religious writers of
by
the
sacred
scribes
and
LITERATURE
Il8
Of
tlie
THE
secular literature of
The
said.
IN
" Instructions
tlie
were,
I."
king
tlie
can be
little
himself,
though known
Sa-nehat,
Story of
the
period
Amenemhat
of
and
DYNASTY
XIlTH
to
us
the
M. Maspero,^
some other
in
the
to
stories
a fragmentary condition.
secular literature
tion of wills
found at
may
class
is
to
as
to
us
of
also be
mentioned the
collec-
Kahun by
as well
I.
affairs of
Moreover,
middle-
Kahun
to us the oldest
itself
which
at Illahun,
and
made
specially for
II.,
and
it
seems
built.
It
Xllth Dynasty
See
ART
IN
THE
XIlTH
DYNASTY
119
120
the
The
greatest engineering
less
of
wonderful work
is
now
al-
known
days.
place
was almost
and reclamation
but to
it
works of regulation
Amenemhat
III.
certainly
the
neighbouring
To
country.
the
same king
is
we
Xllth
The kings
of the
builders,
and indeed,
at
time.
this
The
old
temple of
Amen
by the
first
See above,
p.
48
ff.
know
Sun-god
I.
121
at Heliopolis,
it
by
and
size previously
Empire
is
unknown.
The
art of the
Middle
its
character-
small objects.
The
and workmanship of
122
CHAPTER
ly.
to Manetlio the
XlVth Dynasty
of
184 or
number
all
this dynasty
as follows
2-
3.
4.
of the kings of
T^
4%^
^T) "^^
op-^U]
O ^==^
i)
Ra-mer-tchefa.
Ba-sta-ka.
Ra-neb-tchefa.
5.M(gi^]RA-UBEN(II.).
6.
comprised
either
484 years
XOIS.
M C^MSS]
^-^-^-^-^
7.
o Hill
^\
FROM
Ra-
XO'lS
-TCHEFA.
m(m\j^;j m.vB^.im.).
9.
10.
11.
^1^ C ^
'^
1^ (31?]
(o -^
fl
[Name wanting.]
13.
4l^ (
15-
4w
fl
"^l
Ra-aht-ab.
Ka-hee-ab.
^^1
12.
14.
Ra-neb-senu.
""^ 1 I^A-SEUAH-EN.
^ *^^ 1
4^ (o f \\
Ra-sekheper-Een.
Ra-tet-kheru.
16.
1^ fo
1'7-
r^ UO^
j T^l
tel
Ra-seankh-[Ka].
[Ra]-nefer-Tem.
18.
1^
19
I23
Ra-sekhem-
124
M (3ss]
21-
o
^\^ f(
v_
23.
cii
R-A-
Ea-smen-.
/:^
24. ^\
Ea-mer-sekhem,
25.
[Name wanting.]
26.
[Name
27
ll^ fn
^^-
M (q"^'] "^
wanting.]
^^^^^^^^^^$"1
Ea-senefek-
(J_5]|
Ba-men-khau,
stele wliicli
at
Abydos ^
is
repre-
Osiris,
also
'
See AhydoSf
torn.
ii.
pi. 27.
====,
"He who
i.e.,
I25
maketli fertile
two lands."
tlie
29.
[Name wanting.]
30.
[Name wanting.]
qyImi
^^-
%-
Ea-sekhem-uatch-khau, son
L^^^
Sebek-em-
of tlie Sun,
SA-r.
monuments
Tlie
wliicli
EM-SA-F,
rocks
the
in
in
which he
valley
is
offerings to the
indicates
fact
of
are
two scenes
the
act
of
that the
were worked
quarries
on
it
he
who
is
lord,
maker
is
of created
sculptured a
As
called Sebek-em-sa-f."'
XXXb.
would seem, he
is
plinth,
it
of his son,
there
figure
making
On
the
Hammamat
represented in
" things."
On
may
be mentioned
scarab, set in
gold
'
For a drawing of
it
ii.
pi. 151, k
and
?.
ii.
pi. 26.
is
126
now 'preserved
Museum
(No. 7876).
On
the edge of tlie gold plinth are found the words, "
King
in
Sebek-em-sa-f,"
tlie Britisli
(P
^^==^
k ^]'
^^^^ ^* ^
it
which
Salt,
came
Wiedemann mentions a
with the name of Sebek-
titles is also
known.
w rtp?tsi
32
Ka-sekhem-sheti-taui, son
of
the
Sun, Sebek-em-
SAU-F.
The
principal
Sebek-em-sau-f
monument known
is
the
to
limestone
us of the reign of
cone which
com-
which
We
is
5 ^^;^ "^
and
^^^
p. 27,
No. 187.
127
year of the reign of Kameses IX. the tomb of Sebek-emsau-f had been broken into by thieves,
way
into
who had
cut their
through
it
intendent of the
granaries of king
Thothmes
III.,
which
by.
That
was
close
part
of the
tomb
in
had
been
was
buried
empty,
was
as
also
of
"great
the
fW^
laid,
and
it
had been
seems that
wrecked
pletely
Bobberies of
bodies.
royal
this
very
the
tombs had
period
at
become
common,
and
driven
appoint
Sepulchral conical stele of the scribe Sebekhetep, A'sho flourished in the reign of Sebekem-sau-f. British Museum, No, 1163.
eventually to
a
Commission
which
should
inquire
into
128
the
thieves.
The members
of
damage done by
tlie
Commission
this
evidence
the
on
the
spot
visited
seems
it
certain
and others
thieves
tlie
among the
who broke
into the
wife,
tomb
of Queen
He
and we found
We
it [i.e.,
the queen's
opened their
coffins
it
mummy]
and their
mummy
of this
king.
It
many
upon
it.
was found
The noble
there
of amulets
and
mummy
of this king
Its
wrappings
" were graven with gold and silver within and without
"
We
tore off
mummy
of this
We
it
We
tore
likewise and
we
OF QUEEN NUB-KHA-S
I2g
We
" whicli
took
tlieir
furniture
noble
and
"necklaces
"[i.e.,
wrappings
It is pleasing to
lots]."
upon their
feet."
the
pieces
eight
into
know
and
stick,"
tomb
and that
The Museum
of
M. E. de Eouge,
identified her
^1
33.
4*^
34.
M fQ-l^gl
36.
*^
P P
Ra-sesuser-taui.
Ea-neb-ati-
^P^ASal
Ba-men-[Ra].
See Newberry, The Amherst Papyri, London, 1899, pp. 25, 27.
See Notice Sommaire des Monuments Egyptiens, Paris, 1876,
47 (C. 13). The genealogy of this queen is given by Pierrot,
p.
VOL.
III.
130
37-
MtoHSS]
Ra-seusert-a
Ea-sekhem-Uast.
39.
[Name wanting.]
40.
[Name wanting.]
41.
[Name wanting.]
With
tlie
in the above
list,
e.g.,
Sebek-em-sa-f
the
ever
have
possessed
they
been contemporaneous.
1
if
Moreover,
it is
very probable,
XIYth Dynasty
where
is
given a list of names derived from stelae,
and other monuments, which seem to belong to the
the Xlllth and XTVth Dynasties (pp. 275-283).
also
scarabs,
period of
HELPLESSNESS OF EGYPT
as
some
Dynasty ruled
in the Delta
of
Head
monuments
XlVtli
of the
absence
131
In any
of the
kings of the
XlVth
and
that, in consequence,
Syrian, or Negro.
The
rich
made by Libyan,
and
fertile
or
country of
SEMITES SETTLE
132
immemorial, and
slie
fell
IN
THE DELTA
XlVth
to
the
Dynasties.
nomad
is
unknown
and
to us the
estates.
For some
immigration of the
common
The
Shepherd-Kings."
Manetho
who
" Hyksos," or
^33
CHAPTER
V.
We
up one king
so
sufficiently
and we
find that
after the
end of the
and
strife,
nomad
war
tribes,
little
is
"
Hyksos."
Of
to
us are
lost
information
about
them,
but
merely in
Many
years ago
134
Hyksos invasion
the
the Xllth
Eouge
de
later
of
Dynasty/ but
this
to be impossible,
by Lepsius that
it
end of
at the
own country.
The Egyptian monuments tell us nothing about
the Hyksos, but we are certainly right in assuming
their
and
Syria,
whole
time, migrated
to
there
which,
Hyksos.'*^
He
made
Manetho
by
from
may
the
who invaded
the
<yvo<i aarj/ioi,
analyze
concerning
this,
time
the
into
of
statements
the
sections
possible,
battle
because the
Having
See Konigshuch,
Examen
See Josephus
unknown
to the
Egyptian
p. 21.
de VOuvrage de M.
against
le
Chevalier de Bunsen,
Apion,
I,
14.
ii.
p. 35.
Jews.
cities,
I35
probably exaggerated
Tlie invaders set
of Manetho's words.
force
tlie
up a king
here
lias
called Salatis at
Memphis,
he
to
growing
for the
fact,
who
of
Assyria, which
lords, the
his
of
kingdom
the
afterwards
kings
of Babylon,
i.e.,
Khammurabi and
The dwellers
immediate successors.^
needed
pursued
be
to
fled
foresight to
little
Egypt
see
by
thither
the
As
for
in
Syria
tribes of the
and
safety,
it
easily
armies
of
precautionary measure
^ V>
called
i.e.,
inscriptions,
which
nome,
upon the
east
of
garrisoned
it
<?
^,
of the
the
Egyptian
Bubastite
channel,
and
he
garrison
vol.
iii.
p. Ixvi.
ff.
136
Western Asia
at this period.
We
know
lonians
had
Semitic,
dispossessed
peoples
occupied their
of
cities,
Baby-
a matter
as
southern
non-
Sumerian,
or
Babylonia
and
the
had
in times past
i.e.,
the
attacked
Hammurabi
Dynasty of Babylon.
finally
broke the
reign,^
successor of
Khammurabi,
first
appear in Babylonia.
though driven
Kassites founded
first
off
of many,^
and eventually
dynasty at Babylon.
The
Egypt from
their lands,
Ibid., p.
p, ixix.
into
was
It
number of
we must remember that
documents. The city of
fort,
liis
we
protect
to
I37
and
if
the
have thought,
name
for its
that
likely
Salatis
is
it
more
that
is,
fortified
any
in
The
six
or
in
Hyksos
and
number,
Saites,
according
kings,
their
who reigned
who
reigned 44 years
years
19
names
years
reigned 49 years
were
Salatis,^
Bnon,^ or Beon,
Pachnan,^ who
who reigned 50
Staan,''
Manetho, were
to
years
reigned 61
Archies,''
who
i.e.,
HYK
is
" shepherd."
cro)?,
clearly the
prince, chief,"
and the
like,
The second
word SHASU,
Now, the
syllable,
^ _^
SaAtTis.
''
'Apfdsj^Tadi'/ldpuas.
-^
zl
|
W>
^^'
"
^omad, desert
Mariette, Monuments,
Bvuu.
" king,
f _^ [X]
'^"AcpwcpLSi
a^,
crco?,
syllable
pi. 63.
'ATrax^as, or Uaxvav.
''
Ov,''Aaais,'Aa(rr}d.
A(pwfits,''ATru(pis.
THE SHEPHERD-KINGS
138
dwellers/'
" keepers
or
" shepherds,"
is
of
it
or,
if it
was in
in the
XlXth
doubtful
is
XYth Dynasty
" desert
man," preferably a
means a
sliasu
Syrian, and
herds,"
Dynasty
and
flocks
it
to
M^
Shasu,"
Hil
'^
==^
^^^
^^^^^^
[X]
'
i
fore "
so long as
" is
Heq
"
and there-
desert folk.
a second meaning
is
"
and
given to the
shepherds
i.e.,
Shepherd-Kings
them
of
III
as his own,
work
it is
" kings.'^
not
This
question has
word haq,
Shasu
"
nomad
^
'Ep-
\P
^^
n'
" pi'isoner," so
irpoariyopias,
-
syllable of the
first
aAAot avriypdcpCf)
aWa
(shasu).
tribes"
ov Baai\e7s
(or,
that
ii.
p. 69.
"
Haq
prisoners) of the
Finally,
crrji-iaLueadai
Sia
Josephus
rf/s
case
tov vk
THE "filthy
quoting Manetho says that
of
Egypt
HYKSOS
139
tlie
for
but
impossible for
it is
XVth Dynasty
numbers of years
we must
amount
to
therefore
years, represents
The
last
was
called
Aphobis,
name
king whose
(^
^n
has
said,
in
whom we
hieroglyphics
" statement
whom
"Dynasty."^
It
dynasties of
is,
of
see
the
Apepa,
spelt
is
M. Naville
therefore, as
an inversion in the
is
they give a
Hyksos kiDgs
of one of
must
chronographers, and
of the
names
in
course,
list
we
consider
as the
possible
XVlth
that
two
arrived in
Egypt
it is
very probable
number
deserved
By
the
of appalling atrocities,
certainly
Hyksos were
the
people
1
v\
who were
^^^
,
a word which has been rendered "rebels," and "invaders," and " plague-bearers," and even "pestilence "
140
means
"
men
malaria, and
difficult
It is
meaning
to
feelings of
is
When
with
i.e.,
as
it
to
to rule
and
it,
must have
to carry
on
and
Meanwhile,
little
by
little,
As they grew
they ruled.
their
persecution
of
the
to
understand
priesthood
and
to be attracted
better
their
Egypt
it
whom
de-
ceased,
Hist.
Anc,
torn.
ii.
p. 57,
life
uote
were provided
4.
them and
many
I4I
work
desert,
who had
lived
who had
enjoyment of the
began
to
fertile
settled
down
Hyksos
consciously the
to
the
Almost un-
rulers
pomps and ceremonies which attended the old, legitimate kings of Egypt, and the people who had begun
their existence in wretched tent encampments in the
open desert, and had lived the life of hardship
inseparable
ended
therefrom,
by entirely
adopting
tried to destroy.
made
Excavations
Hyksos
the
kings
Ea," as
did
the
usurped
the
statues
old
in
recent
prove that
" sons of
themselves
called
kings
of
their
years
of
Egypt,
that
predecessors
in
they
the
]:^^')y,
no
or
difficulty in
SuTEKH,
^
1
^^^^,
T^J-
or
SuTi,
is also
him
as their principal
142
equivalent of Baal,
tlie
man and
Desert
is
usually depicted
was thought
to
live
the
in
Eastern
New
de-
Empire,
fell
and
to pieces.
The temples
etc.,
earlier
but
it
interesting
is
to
note
in
Many
of
but
still
there
is in
human form
in stone.
On
the other
hand, the
p. 35.
143
the
it
is
from abroad."
us
it
by
The
whom
he professes
version of
to the
them
is
to
quote,
misleading.
He
begins by referring
on
make
his
identifies as the
to
Moreover,
readers
it
is
clear
B.C.
i.e.,
that a
2000.
Hebrew
That Semites
is certain,
and that
of the
and much
available
evidence
but none
view which
supports the
it is
vol.
i.
only in the
p. 237.
144
latest
mean
" shepherd." ^
"robber," and
robber,"
i.e.,
the
The word
M^T
.,
word came
last -mentioned
r^^^
nomad
is
means primarily
the
desert man,
"land of the
who plundered
the
in
(plur.
word
desert generally,
T^T^T
'^^
=^^
came
and a
V ^ '^
'-^
to
In process
mean the
little
to
dweller
meant "desert
tribes."
period
Egypt.
to settle in
Hyksos
In
as
and that
in
(i.
I45
14).
THE HYKSOS.
"I
"language, which
it is
Egyptians;
impossible for
me
But
to do.
"
for
by translating
"relations
he also finds
affairs.
Now,
as he
it,
and
false
Manetho,
this
down
"man
" it
to pass, I
came
There
was a
"king of
" to us,
I will set
Under him
know not how^ that God was averse
after a surprising
manner, men
parts,,
and had
geschichtliclien
VOL.
III.
Zwecken verziehten."
146
boldness
enough
country,
and
to
witli
make an
ease
our
expedition into
subdued
by
it
yet
force,
So when
our
some they
wives into
after
slew,
at
slavery.
^
;
he also
left
garrisons
He
the
nay,
aimed
the
all
barbarous manner
a most
and
cities,
in
chiefly
Assyrians,
the
greatest
power,
Nomos
Saite'^
Bubastite
channel,
but with
'
a city very
regard to
Avaris,'
the
a certain
this he rebuilt,
it_,
forty
keep
^
it.
This
whom
he put into
it
to
name seems
Hebrew word
l^wli),
governor."
'"^
J.
I.e.,
Eead
MANETHO
147
" to gather his corn, and pay his soldiers their wages,
"and
partly to
exercise his
When
"thirteen years,
him reigned
"
after
forty-fonr
for
man had
this
reigned
whose
another,
years
him
after
after
fifty
sixty-
month
" after all these reigned Assis forty-nine years and two
"months.
" them,
them
very
desirous
is
'
to
gradually
Shepherd-Kings
'
for
"denotes a 'king,' as
sos, a
is
shepherd'
but
this
"compounded Hycsos
" were Arabians.
Now,
in another copy,
'
it
is
shepherds,' and
"
'
hyc
" to
ancient
history.
[But
whom we
again
and
on
this
with the
denotes
this to
Manetho
goes
" as he says
me
"and
said
but on the
kings,'
" aspiration, in
is
on]
'
kings,'
five
hundred and
148
After these,
lie
says
of
Egypt made an
"further says:
That
" Alisphragmnthosis,
" him,
He
Manetho says
this place
wall,
" and this in order to keep all their possessions and their
" prey within a place of strength, but that
" the
" take
"and
"
son of Alisphragmnthosis,
them by
force
and by
eighty thousand
men
Thummosis,
made an attempt
siege,
to lie
to
came
to
"with
Syria
"Assyrians,
but that,
and
effects,
not fewer in
forty thousand,
and
the
in
fear
of the
is
now
called
"number
of
men,
and
called
it
Jerusalem.
Now
thus
"nation,
"
'
'Shepherds,'
is
the truth;
says:
was
And
"of his
"
called
his,
149
That
this
called
also
this account
for feeding of
" ages
Nor was
'Shepherds.'
'
Captives
it
by
'
and
after-
Egypt by the
king's
captive,
"permission.
"
But now I
Egyptians as witnesses
" bring in
Manetho
again, and
what he writes as
to the
"When
this
"
Egypt
"who
out
of
king of Egypt,
" years
" son
" after
" seven
whom came
months
Amenophis,
for
for
after
him
his
thirteen years
after
him
MANETHO
150
^\e months;
and
years
''thirty-six
''
was Acencheres,
then
for twelve
" one
months;
after
him Armais,
and
after
Amenophis,
" after
"army
for
and
years
months
six
of
nineteen
Egypt.
" a king,
and naval
force.
He
also gave
but with
him
all
that he
only injunctions,
these
"Medes.
He
some by his
all^
army
" successes he
" boldly,
left
"
cities
still
the
more
for
he used
violence to
"the
"
make use
of
rest
them
tlie
151
I.
up
set
but
that
all
"immediately,
and
recovered
kingdom
his
again.
"
14,
i.
Whiston's
Translation.)
of
whom we have
remains are
mi]
Ka-aa-user, son of the -Sun, Apepa.
One
name
of the principal
of this king,
M. NaviJle
Apepa
I.,
in 1887-1889.^
was found
at Bubastis
by
tion,
Son
of the
I.e.,
in
great
ankh neter
See Bubastis,
effect
that
life,"
"he
and a
[set
up]
p. 22,
and plates
xxii.
and xxxv.
152
"this god."
l-^(^fl.
ii^
^\
'""'^^
^1
2
-Lhis
Apepa
I.
it
a very im-
IS
Bubastis, and
it is
after the
manner
Sun
"
life
At Gebelen,
in
winged
disk, a fact
Thebes.
palette
bearing
the
caia A t s
(Hj]
king's
titles,
E ?=?'
-'^^^'^
Museum
papyrus, which
who obtained
A. H.
1858.
follow
Pi hind,
It
it
This papyrus
its
is
Museum some
title,
to
is
stated, in the
at
Luxor
in
words which
in the
made
in
This
name
III., a
kiug of
Aahmes, however,
about
B.C.
siderations
indicate
written
at
still
tlie
The
Dynasty,
153
XYIIIth
Khind
the
that
later period,
Papyrus
was
archetype.
Attention was
first
called
to
this
its
much
discussed
by scholars
all of
theoretical
them show
as those
annual inundations.
Prof.
arrived in
Apapus
who may,
Apepa II.
or Aphobis,
with Apepa
I.
or
that
Joseph
of a king called
perhaps, be identified
the
Christian writers
iihersetzt
Pa2:)yrus,
REIGN OF APEPA
154
Dionysiiis of Tell
Apopis,
Mahre
.m>g^n<y>1
II.
and Apapos,
call liim
Wlietlier
*2DQi2)'|.
is
it
Hyksos
had
The
Egyptians.
to us
to
all
and
intents
the
become
purposes
of Genesis,
makes
it
had
Semites
usurping
property of those
whom
XYth
settled
down
to
enjoy the
2.
made at Tanis by
the late Dr. H. Brugsch and others we learn that Apepa
II. inscribed his names and titles upon the right shoulders
of two black granite statues of the king Mermashau
From
which were
set
himself "
Son
"beloved
[of
statues
made
up
of the Sun,"
Set]."
Kameses
II.
On
and
p. 2.
of the
titles,
and
them
and
;
it
REIGN OF APEPA
is
"
beloved of Sutekh," 1
I55
II.
lie
"^
l| V-^
Apepa
Cairo,^
II.,
and
at
it
it
made
if so, it
would prove
The Museum
Se-hetep-taui,
the Horus name of
of the
Louvre possesses
-
Nubian
tribes,
III.,
Apepa
II.
In connecbriefly the
the
of
plate 76,
2
and
Monuments,
pi. 38.
"La
legende d'Amenopliis III., evidemment gravee en sur" charge, et le caractere de ce morceau, le font attribuer aujour" d'hui a un roi de la douzieme ou de la treizieme dynastie,
" auquel il faut par consequent faire honneur des conquetes
3
le socle,"
38.
156
and
tlie
Hyksos king
quarrel was
over-lord
liis
that war
broke
was
life.
defeated,
and
out,
result of the
tlie
after varying
which, the
fouglit in
lost
independence.
is
said to
said.
have been
II. or
another
description
now preserved
in the British
3.
Museum,
will be given
XVIIth Dynasty.
M(MinlI!] (.lMi
^^^-^^-
The name
by the famous
" Stele of
was discovered
condition,
made known to us
Four Hundred Years," which
at
among
is
battered pieces
it
of five
or
six
stele
we
would have
stood.
In the
making an
Set,
who
is
The god
is
called in the
name
157
it
the
^r^tjfva iS:;Mi'^(pM^^ftlm/i
^
d -^,
^rmnii^^i}
l*^(SM^V(MWl^lM^^S;^mY
^^?ilSi?
<==^
^^CM::f)-^(%)i^^PP)
p9,
a ^P^^sife
L'^(psp^ (mkm s ! H v^?O p
l^llil-lQliy
0!\Q
MMSM^fflSs^^SSH
i^^^SfSs^iV-L!^, ^S^fe-^fe^il!5;
^Mli-THM1^1gg^^^i!^X2>
?.5M9s^uifii>3g? PPM
^iM'^an^
iti p
/n
The
Stele of
is
a figure of the
official
158
Setj
[Homage]
by
liim are
to tliy
two
lines
Ua (or double),
superintendent of
" the horses^ the inspector of the desert lands, and the
" overseer of the fortress of
inscription reads
(1)
May
"
live
Tchar
The
Bull, beloved
'
'
of the
'
'
King
Usr-Maat-Ea-setep-en-Ka
Ea-meses-meri-Amen
giver of
|,
life,
moun-
'
'
of the
(3)
King
of the South
'
'
'
'
King
'
'
heaven according
Ea who
to his will,
'
'
the
are repeated.
tlie
159
Sun, every
" day."
(7)
"
(i.e.,
"
(8)
existence
[On
" governor
endureth
of Heru-khuti,
and
ever
for
this
of the
"whose
King
Mesore), of the
for
ever.
on the
bowmen, inspector
of the
Matchau
(soldiery
first
(9)
?),
royal
scribe,
priest of Ba-neb-
erjjd
all
bowmen, inspector of
Homage
"mighty one
to thee,
Set,
saith,
of strength in the
He
Boat of Millions of
enemy who
is
in the
"ings
."
The last
a happy
l60
The above
given above/
stele
was
up by an
set
in
II.
son of
Seti, the
official called
and
Set,
to do.
which
it
was
Hyksos king
Nubti_, a
M. Mariette wrote
in
II.,
dans
la stele est
''la division
" pendants."
to
the
to
and of the
He
new year
festival
he gave
there
for these
is little
first
views seem to be a
The reasons
For
articles
Or
as
torn.
ix.
1864;
Zeitsclirift,
1865, pp. 29
mason.
II.
but
little fanciful,
made
and
xi.
33,
p.
169;
who have
in the text
by the
l6l
" tants for the most part belonged to the Semitic races,
" this
mode
of reckoning
who
extraordinary
''nothing
was
employ
to
it
mode
as a
it
of
"on
" temple."
As soon
'
as the Stele
it,
and as
it
it
made
may
1883-84, we
The reproduction
conclude that
it
in the
at Tanis in
Revue Archeologique
in the
for 1865,
but
4.
much to
cannot be now
it
is
itself.
-1
^ CiiVr:]
^'-
lies
between the
names
some
of three kings
to
that
time,
correct in assigning
Of
first
them
Hyksos.
ofwhom
VOL.
III.
vol.
i.
p. 214.
l62
of
"embracer of lands
"
his
instead of
Ka name
(or
i.e.,
prenomen) was
OH
by reading
[,
atebui,"
is
^S^
^^^^^^
now generally
lion
is
the small
Baghdad
at
for
the
its
who rightly
but who misread
it
to the
of an
made
in Asia,
its
unique
at
antique
monument
work
lost
period,
the cartouche.
and recut
Hyksos
is
Be
character.
of
this as it
very considerable
moreover,
it
is
may, the
interest,
and
is
Babylonian
cities
near Baghdad.
Khian that
as his
monu-
p. 23, plate 35 a.
Op.
See Daressy in
cit.,
We may
42 (No. Ixxxviii.).
163
Egypt, Baghdad
Knossos in Crete,
is
it
whose
braced
many
That he belonged
lands."
Hyksos
to the
is
"
f z1
I
''chief of the
almost
M^
I
"nomad
was a
is
scarabs he
ing
lie
powerful
people
Mesopotamia, and
in
with
identical
tribes,
tij
>
i-e-,
i.e.,
a title
deserts,"
,
I
that
of
" heq
Shasu
which
is
A portrait
is
Of the
and
kings Uatcliet
Ipeq-Heru we
know
we
first
great
Egyptian
Grallery,
ICO
II. of this
work,
p. 174.
164
About
Senbmaiu
A^
whose name
king called
is
found in-
the
British
(No. 24,898)
Museum by Mr.
;
it
G. Willoughby Fraser
at Gebelen.^
To
Ea-aa-seh
which remain on
it
titles
describe
him
as
the
"beautiful
mother."
'
8,
No. 20,
i65
CHAPTEE
VI.
EEOM THEBES.
XVIIth Dynasty, who began
The
kings of the
work
title
of
"King
the
of the
interval
of considerable
was transferred
to Coptos,
the
name
of Antef-aa, reigned
in
These
THE ANTEF-KINGS
l66
form as
tliose of
their throne
of the
names
This group
Xlllth Dynasty.
of princes has
probable that,
whilst the
Menthu-heteps and
their
to
of
to this conclusion
set forth,
the names
2.
"^^ r 1^
'^^'^'^
->-=>
(I.).
(II.).
AA/WNA
J^CI
.J
4.
r^
jl
3!!"'^1
^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^'
If
^NTEF-AA
(lY.),
B.C. 1750]
5-
son
T^
of
tlie
O n^
M 5^
Sun,
Antef
"^
(V.),
167
Ra-nub-kheperu,
Nefer-kheperu.
d)
by Julius Africanus, the XYIIth Dynasty comprised forty-three kings of Thebes, whose total
Shepherd
amounted
Kings,
to
whose
total
it
reigns
also
The
fact,
is
made
to contain
arrangement which
is
purely
artificial.
In the extract
and that
it
was brought
to
P years,
who smote
called Avaris,
which had an
them up
area
of
fortified strongly
in a place
10,000
acres.
by means of a
of
Anc,
torn.
ii.
p. 73.
SIEGE OF AVARIS
l68
[B.C. 1750
and
at tlie very
moment when he
despaired of reducing
it
to
These
with
all
'^
be
to,
their families
and
effects, in
number not
less
a city
of
name
Judea,
called
it
the
must be confusing,
of Jerusalem.^
first,
and he
is
gives
are,
of course,
name
which we
The
B.C. 1750]
169
may
be
first,
princes of Thebes.
the document
and that
evidence
the
views
upon
relied
for matter-of-fact
is
of
Papyrus'
Sallier
value, notwithstanding,
its
must be said
must not be
it
copy,
in the
is
It
(Brit.
what
is
narrated in
it
fact, or
among
belons'ed
to
filth,"
[1
1
The
narra-
i.e.,
Egypt,
V\
J^
^^
ci
came
it
to
[op AA^
pass
^^-^
J,
that kins;
The
and the
i.
i.
Etudes, torn.
fasc. 2, p.
i.
238
and
TV
? /] i]
pi. 2.
Pharaohs, vol.
p.
Ea-seqenen
would
it
had
ff.
Brugsch, Egypt under the
Chabas, Les Pasteurs, p. 37 ff.
Maspero,
195 ff.
etc.
;
170
[B.C. 1750
Ra-Apepi
J,
[j
fl
whom
[]
^1
(j
to
his sovereignty
by the giving of
service,
and of the
Now
I
(5.
kingi Ea-Apepi
yvl
J"
made
had
his lord,
Egypt, yielded.
i.e.,
god
the
Sutekh.
all
to rise
Sutekh the
offer
up
to
sacrifices
to
officers of
the governor,
? Zl
j] ],
used to
to do in the temple of
Ra-Heru-
Khuti.
And
the
(
it
came
to
1,
sending
of
intention
Ra-seqenen
Rfi-Apepi
despatch
to
had
king
Suten,
T
1
A^A/w^
'rj]'
i-'-
'^
really the
name
B.C. 1750]
make
for liim
some excuse
17I
with
When
message
thee, saying,
"
Ra-Apepi commandeth
lake the hippopota-
"may
city, so
that they
come
to
Apepi commandeth
"
thee, thus
my
King
message,
;
let
him no longer
but
if
Ra-
he maketh
tell
him
to
" will
made
so
much
noise, both
how
to answer
it,
torn.
ii.
p. 75.
172
means known
[B.C. 1733
I.
What
away.
really
message, or whether
swamps some
six
hundred miles
was despatched or
not,
we
shall
however, of
all
is
broken.
Stripped,
all
payment.
there
of Thebes,
of
the god Sutekh, and that about the time of the reign of
Seqenen-Ea
strife
of the South.
The Theban
are
known
Of the
in the
him a tomb
at
pomp
B.C, 1733]
173
II.
king.
of the
of
to the
tombs by the
thieves,
^N.
.,
'^'^
,,
s=>
^1
-T"
and
a boomerang, which
with the
side
intact.^
chiefly of (1)
on one
scribed
to be
is
in-
name, Ta-aa,
king's
^ ^
(I
mummy
of an official at Thebes_,
thus
maker
"lands_,
name and
the
" Beautiful
titles
lord
god,
of
of
the
his
two
life
for
ever,
beloved of
Seqenen-Ea, son
Of the reign
of
Ta-aa-aa
also nothing is
known,
pi, 515, 1
and
torn.
ii.
2.
p. 75.
TA-AA-QEN OR SEQENEN-RA
174
down
to
read
that
US
the
in
is
[B.C. 1700
III.
to be intact.
Of the reign
little,
but
it
is
perfectly
if
mummy
was found, he
died fighting
Where he was
killed
the
" filthy
we know
not,
may assume
that his
hundreds of years
mummy
and we
XX th
Valley of the
of
the royal
them
into
I.,
HIS
B.C. 1700]
TOMB AT THEBES
I.
-^75
and Amenophis
II.
For
.Dynasties
of the
were
again
XXth
The Entrance
From
In Arabic, j^^'
^.>5,
to
i.e.,
At length the
the "find," and Herr E.
sell
Thebes
them.
to bring the
inserted even
the word
by many natives
the second
is
mummies
the a after h
omitted in pronunciation.
176
and
all their
The
(Ta-aa-qen), Amasis
Rameses
I.,
Rameses
II.,
Amen-hetep
Thothmes
IT.,
of:
III.,
Seqenen-Ea
I.,
Thothmes
Rameses
III., besides a
work
mummies
principal
Thothmes
[B.C. 1750
III.
Seti
I.,
number
I.,
I.,
of princes
mummy
Thothmes
lY.,
VI.,
and perhaps
But
of that king,
Amen-hetep
III.,
Amen-hetep IV.,
V.,
Rameses
also of Seti-nekht.
to return to Ta-aa-qen.
The
mummy
on June
of this
9,
1886,
other,
it
round
to the left,
tufts of hair
The
left
cheek
slit
finally,
1
in
it,
split
p. 527.
B.C. 1700]
when
old
knit together
He was
his
mouth
died,
lie
life.
177
One
and
white.
ear
He
is
raceSj
Kameses
II.
king who
is
far
less
belonged.
referred to in the
is,
which
to
no doubt, the
romance in the
Sallier
is
it
may
be that
it
was the
princes of Thebes.
Of the history
known, but there
of the reign of
is
many
(Seqenen-Ea III.);
years,
VOL.
III.
is
Ka-mes nothing
I.,
178
at or near tlie
for tlie
Abbott
tomb of
this king
intact.
The evidence
in later times he
in the reign of
[B.C. 1700
of certain
was worshipped
name
are
to be
Scarabs
as a god.
name and
titles.
of these is a
by
its
its
was
It
means
of a
which reads
"created
things,
the
is
an inscription
lord,
am
maker
a
with
which, like
its
the
is
"
in the coffin of
of
valiant
scribed
p. 21.
MV
o
P
god,
Ea-uatch-kheper.
the blade
" prince,
"
Down
" Beautiful
>
f\\
%,^=J]
/=xl
see
my
paper in Arcliaeologia,
vol.
53,
B.C. 1700]
179
she
was
still
I^^j
V "^^^^ ^
J\
I.
Kares
it
seems
Thothmes
I.,
The
-^
and
for
of
stele
^^v
mentioned on the
is
of Aah-hetep
coffin
was
Early
Tombs
men
work
to
to
to excavate
them.
when
what appeared
it
was opened
it
coffins of the
was found
Antef princes
to contain the
name
of
coffin
mummy
many
pieces
name
of
Aahmes, some
name
and one in
silver,
it is
;
it
-p.
ix. p.
of Ka-mes,
2
^
name
etc.
The
coffin
and
94 (No. 74).
93 (No. 72).
ff.
REIGN OF SENEKHT-EN-RA
l8o
its
many
of the
jewellery
bad been
said that
many
a native of
Mudir
and
of Kena,
possible,
tlie
[B.C. 1700
sold
It is
M. Maspero's
is
he thinks that
it
its
thieves
and
it
it
away.
ment
them
punished, and
the thieves
Jr^
11111
J^ V H ^ ^
AAAAAA
the
son
of
Ka-mes
King List
is
REIGN OF AAHMES-SA-PA-AR
B.C. 1700]
name
containing his
l8l
it is
an
official called
of Maat, that
scribe
as
worship of
is to
to
all
altar.
in
it
two_, i.e.,
Aah-hetep and
Aahmes-nefert-ari.^
same person.^
To
this period
king
the
of
1^
\
("^
fH
AAAAAA
_J|
i
Aah-mes-sa-pa-ar
called
^'^ ^ ^ ^J'
to
We
be intact.
know
of
that
and
their
we have no proof
it is
is
probable that
assisted
other, in governing
the
it
country, but
On
I.,
Becueil, torn.
xiii. p.
146.
l82
was
in
very
unsettled
condition,
for,
[BC. 1700
althougli
upon
were
still
If
right
and
to strike hard,
in
it
to
interval
which existed
Aahmes
or
Amasis
Nubian
I.,
short.
the
first
The examination
or Berber origin
king of the
of
that he was of
facts of
The
origin of Aah-hetep,
_D Q
v.^=:^
j)
the
town
who were
settled
called
QUEEN AAH-HETEP
B.C. 1700]
Kliemennu,
city the
nn
183
by the Egyptians.!
In this
ibis,
and the Moon-god Aah and Thoth were one and the
same being.
origin, Aali-hetep
was
who gave
their
called
respectively.
Ka
no details of the
etc.,
life
of
this remarkable
her
great
less vanity,
and in
The modern
rise to
power
XVIIIth Dynasty.
i:>'>-^l
Among
i84
CHAPTER
VII.
M (W_^] ^ (^fp]
Ea-neb
Amasis
I.,^
XVIIIth
He
TJatch-Khepeku,
Horus name of
the
Amasis
I.
famous
as
the
who
king
finally
expedition
against
this
distinguished
man was
member
Amasis.
This
Nekheb, the
seat of the
Egypt proper
^
His
him]."
name seems
to
mean, "
tlie
Per-Uatchet (Buto)
[to
B.C. 1700]
had marked
its
l8'
limit in
suffi-
strong to
ciently
resist
called
is
and claims
the sailors,"
in
his
be
the
think
inscription
son
father^s
it
Abana,
of his grand-
that
his
is
far
Abana
that
to
Abana was
and
father,
but
of
that
name
the
He
it.
more
likely
and
Baba
As
must be given
in
of this
dynasty, a
He
Denkmdler,
iii.
pi. 11.
CilS]
G
Museum,
British
No.
32,191.
l86
says
"
unto you,
I speak
"
make you
"
upon me.
'^
sions in
[B.C. 1700
all
to
was decorated with gold on seven occathe sight of the whole country, and was
I
what belonged
to
them.
"x?7^^'
^'
" [Mas,
" two
of Ee-ant,
him
father,
'^^^^
Baba,
c^:^^^
J|
h 1 ^^ ^^)
I.,
which period
'
still
sleeping in the
still
for
myself
"
came upon me
"
when he journeyed
to follow
on
my
my
upon
Now
his chariot.
in
and
it
became
" nefer,^
was
" to fight
lands Amasis
" a house,
"
my
(|
"
I came
" succeeded
"
*1^ ^01^
Nekheb, and
large
deeds which I
of the brave
"
many
acquired
^^,
'
it
Prince
the king
my
duty
Next I was
Kha-em-Men-
CAPTURE OF AVARIS
B.C. 1700]
and in
iigliting
"
When
this feat
"
me
"
war again in
was mentioned
my
" a capture
" for
my
A^^WV\
^zn^
^ ^,
And
bravery.
there was
this place,
and again a
in Ta-qemt,
gift of
^ ^^^
s^
^^^^
me through
it
^,
to
I captured a prisoner
gold
Another time
I rose up,
I took a hand.
"
"
Ak
187
him with
to the city
my
me
"
"
"
them
to
me
in
all,
Then, in the
for slaves.
fifth
year of his
)\F
" capture of
"
"^
and took
me
to me
to
were given
for
my
and I made a
it,
" captives
1^^^
a gift of gold
bravery,
and the
for slaves.'"
I.e.,
xix. 6.
by
l88
[B.C. 1700
and
to exact submission
from
"Mentiui
up the
''sailed
N\N\N\
Nile
as
%,
as
far
^^^^
I
he
0^^:^,
Khent-hen-nefer,
K/l
=='
"fjTk
"^^^^^
his majesty
Asia,
of
all
"Now when
its
it
of
Usertsen
at
I.
"the Anti,
|||,
"
Nubia
"
among them.
Kenseti,
rose
me
"
he had
down the
Amasis
I.
who
Thus we
we read that a
I.e.,
brought in two
slaughter
see that
and
i-^-,
up
|.
" gave
Then
^-^"j ;^
Soon
after this,
how-
who
^g\
is
^^,
EXPEDITION TO THENT-TAA
B.C. 1700]
Amasis
Pen-nekheb,
l8g
shrines of
I.,
(1
men
" brought in
" dragged
" of land in
my
me
the
Scourge,
my
heads as
five
and
his
whom
two prisoners
up and
name was
Teta-an,
/%=
A^.w^A
him and
his companions
"measures of land
me
my own
in
On
The general
to enlarge the
pi.
43
also
how
how
and Prisse
d' Avenues,
u /wwv\
in
two days.
I,
,j,
e.,
" Khnemet
heru,"
BUILDINGS OF AaHMES
igo
he conveyed
liis
majesty Thotlimes
I.
I.
[B.C. 1700
up the
river
when
It
foes in the
I.
much needed
goes
through
the
to
in view he
gods,
of
The hewing
in order
hewed therein
for
/wwv\
'^
to be
the
unknown
reason
simple
to the
that this
i,
who
^oiVz/ceq,
Fenkhu "
in general,
See for the texts of the two tablets in the quarries at Tura
facts, Lepsius, Denknidler, in. pi. 3.
are com-
"Phoenicians,"
the
at
Tura reopened,
of the stone
" Fenkhu,'''
Ptah
of
in the Apts,
by people called
those
especially
I.
p.
210 ff.
underlying
but
TOMB AT THEBES
HIS
B.C. 1700]
"thieves" or "plunderers,"*
It
is,
were
term
general
this
IQI
is
meaning
tlie
"barbarian robbers."
i.e.,
Fenkhu
Under the
with
identified
Tura
larger tablet at
Phoenicians.
the
is
their
carry
drivers
sticks
and wear
short,
pointed
own tomb
1886
9,
his
for safety.
It
the
illustrated
skill
XVIIIth Dynasty
which
possessed.
the
embalmers of the
years of age.
The
of Seqenen-Ea,
able degree.
at
most
fifty
whom Amasis
The
it
in
eyelids
resembled in a remark-
the forehead
and
The wooden
human
etc.,
filled
coffin
of
Amasis
coffin is
I.
about 5
^
ft.
11
is
in the form
of a
ins. long,
firm.^
The
Roijales, p. 534.
QUEEN AAHMES-NEFERT-ARI
192
is
g f^ Jk] ^
inscribed
reign of Amasis
is
The
wife of
^^ | P]
Amasis
I.
(Cory,
ojy. cit.,
was his
Aahmes-nefert-ari fy^=^
described on the tablet at
sister,
^^
p J
Tura
[]
p. 116).
woman
New
she "
Empire
"
Pharaonic
among
as an equal
In
"
a divine
Egyptian heaven.
"
two lands."
down
sits
pairs,
and before
all
all
of
the
XVIIIth
the
"founder
is
like
wife of Ka-mes, a
she
''^J;
Of the
To the
I.
Manetho
attributed by
[B.C. 1700
Dynasty."
and
On many
Amasis
I.
was obliged
to
marry
in order to
Egypt
make
valid
on the contrary,
is
descent,
there
Brugsch, Egypt
u'lider the
Pharaohs, vol.
i.
p. 279.
AAHMES-NEFERT-ARI
B.C. 1700]
that
is
ig3
so
logical
personage.^
describes
made
made
different in
it
inasmuch
is
as
head-dress, neck-
of lime, and
coffin,
The
was
it
monument
is
about 10
ft.
a poor looking
a very
the
officials
coffin
when
it
queen Nefert-ari
it
mummy
to get rid of
it.
In September, 1885,
it
store-
it
was necessary
was opened by
carefully swathed,
to the
rotted so quickly
from the
it
had
was that of
mummy
had been
it
most
odour.
The
VOL.
III.
Op.
cit., p.
of
535.
194
woman
somewliat
of
height,
[B.C. 1600
I.
same the
and
ari,
mummy
There
to a fair-skinned race.
all
the
of Aahmes-nefert-
it
It is interest-
ing to note that the great queen took care to have her
nurse
The
coffin of this
royal personages at
it
was orna-
lJ~
rU
is
(^EEIS)
AAAAAA
A/Wv/V",
-<S>-
{\
Eaa,"
triumphant,
Aahmes-nefert-ari,
wife
of the
3:^
two
In
published
reliefs
by
Amasis
of
name
is
I.,
and
given in
it
is
a cartouche
each
Amen-
(I
lllllillll,
sat,
"s^
Amen-sa,
=?^^
ba-pa-ar,
AAAAAA
Aah-hetep,
"s^
11
"W
etc.,
but
all
^^:^^
Hent-ta-meht,
Maspero,
"
Denhmdler,
iii.
pi. 2.
B.C. 1600]
2.
^\^ To
KA, son of
Amasis
W Ul 1^
Sun, Amen-hetep,
tlie
I., tlie
^1 Ra-tohesee
"Aixevw(f)6i^.
"^^
ftl
I95
I.
twenty-one years.
I.,
who,
according to the
name
Chebros
successor
Chebron,
or
Xi/Spcov,
the
as
a king
of
his
statement.^
widow and
together, but
It
their
I.
I.
died
ruled
I.
waged we obtain
whom we
"up
the Nile
" borders of
to
Amenophis
Nubia (Kesh
Aahmes,
when he
I.,
r^y~i),
sailed
to enlarge the
of
escape,
the
and they
prenomeu
of
ig6
And
no
offer
furtlier resist-
" prowess.
and could
[B.C. 1600
my might and
all
my
them
and I brought
to his majesty,
whom
(or
Well) in
gift
of gold.
" I
was promoted
" the
rank of Ahatiu-en-heq,'
to the
Koyal Guard."
'
king of
(=3^=1
one prisoner
And on a
alive.
I captured in the
From
is
both came
for
officer,
i.e.,
in
officials it
Nubia against
Ammon,
number
of
Libyan
tribes lived.
where a
if
we regard each
in the light of
what would
BUILDINGS OF AMEN-HETEP
B.C. 1600]
ig7
I.
"
;
in any case,
The
for
building
king's
he added
to
temples
the
Karnak
of
and Der
Ibrim (Primis)
and an inscription at
bered
the
that
great
queen
at
Silsila proves
It will be
remem-
Aahmes-nefert-ari
is
Isis,
As a
result,
worship
is
the
with
identified
for centuries
monuments
in
after their
which this
An
examina-
at
Der
al-Bahari, shows
is
that of Amen-hetep
I.,
GescMchte, p. 319
ff.
igS
suggesting that
tlie
I.
[B.C. 1600
same powers as
tlie
tlie
to be considered
it is
confraternity,
all
it is difficult
king on the
of the
sentiment.
religious
of the priests
coffins
But,
and cartouches
either
in
case,
religious
for
him
as
man,
purely
king
the
for there
the worship
for several
and
hundreds
of years.
Amen-hetep
I.
Tombs
of the
Kings
at Thebes,
which
du
rhommage
de ses adorateurs.
Le buste
s'en
temps barbares
na'ive.
On
la tete est
sent que
le
eusement
les traits
veillance
p. 103.
du
Hist.
Anc,
tona.
ii.
B.C. 1600]
we
fact
IQQ
I.
we
120 cubits,
are
king
Amen-hetep, which
deep from
is
found to the
"city,
made
lid
Kha-em-Uast, and
"Ameu, and
to the
of Pharaoh,^ and
scribe
Nessuthe
to
Amen-Ea,
" the king of the gods, and to the royal inspector, Nefer"
"
"
Amen-hetep
I.
it.'
"
city, saying,
The
mummy
'
the thieves
and
were
mented
of
The
coffin is
black,
coffin
is
down the
of hieroglyphics runs
is
orna-
front,
and
it
cuts, at
The
vertical
line describes
Amen-hetep as
"two
Tcheser-ka-Ea, son
lands,
it
of
Amen,
lord
of
In Egyptian,
Maspero, Enquete,
^ I.e.,
p. 13.
to be at peace.
200
" of
On
Ptah-Seker-Asar."^
tions,
[B.C. 1600
I.
mummy
the king's
tliat
was
re-bandaged in the sixth year of the reign of Paiother that the same
performed
the
in
year
sixteenth
of
linen
ft.
it is
to the time
The
a yellow ground.
it is
chief wife),
who
titles
coffin
painted upon
sister,
to
In this
it
describe
was found a
coffin
/I
f]
of the resurrec-
tion.
AA/WV\
Gp.
it
upon
but when
=*
and the
much resembles
mother Aahmes-nefert-ari.
I.
was found
of colossal size,
united
the
accident.
etc.,
is
is
Amen-hetep
unrolled.
is
Aah-hetep, whose
sister
by
in the coffin
when M. Maspero
mummy
mummy
married his
(i.e.,
of
draped in orange-coloured
is
reign
Up
the
The
process was
cit., p.
536.
B.C. 1566]
showed that
the
mummy
was the
it
201
I.
mummy
of king
etc.,
Painetchem
3-
I.
I.,
was the
and
Sen-seneb,
cartouche,
name
Thothmcs
it
ac-
much
less.
From
of Sen-seneb, the
I.,' IS
not enclosed
ma
did not belong to a royal family, and that she was only
woman
title
of
the
rank,
.
From an
inscription
when
title
of " royal
wife,"
I.e.,
Erman,
202
circular
announcing
fact to
tlie
[B.C. 1566
I.
kingdom
Thothmes
He
contains
tablet
I.
of the
circular
own
which
succession.
Head
style
and
titles
of the
are:
mummy of Thothmes I.
who
is
"
''making heartslto
bull, be-
Horus
live,
(?).
"
the
month
"
copy of
one of
King
of the
B.C. 1566]
and
of titles
for ever."
2O3
I.
tlie
his majesty,
seneb.
officer,
He
says, " I
tells
'
'
to
'
among the
'
making inroads
'
'
some of them
'
drifted to the
''of
'
'
'
the
inhabitants^ and
into Egypt.
(i.e.,
to
I fought side
by side
bank
they promoted
sailors.'
ones
me
at
to be
them
'
Chief
like
body of his
king
the
foe,
who
enemy
fell
down headlong
before the
and large
alive.
Then
fia|.r=^JfffPt^^
t
^^=>^^^
Here
follow"!
cartouches
204
"
liis
liim.
river,
And
Nubians was
and
all
the people
tied to the
From
[B.C. 1566
to
bows
ol
Thebes."
Obelisks at Karnak.
a photograph by A. Beato, Luxor.
Aahmes
his own
B.C. 1566]
205
I.
alive,
away
in the
''
besides
tlie
whom
The
first
do
lasted
but
Egyptians had
it
cannot have
it
ment
of a "Prince of
Kesh"
unnecessary.
It is doubtful
rule
extended,
how
but
far
if
Egyptians
the
Egyptian
managed
to
Thothmes
memorial
tribes,^
I.,
up a
the Nubian
I.
little
In the third
22nd day
of the ninth
by Thothmes
III.^
III.,
of
Thothmes
I.
Eethennu,
xiii. p.
203.
206
^^
f^-^^-0
i.e., tlie
[B.C. 1566
Here he
many
fought
fights
with the
we may
people who,
made many
prisoners, and gained much spoil.
The ofiScer Aahmes
Pen-nekheb says in his inscription,^ " Again I made an
'expedition with the king of the
'
'^
Mesopotamia,
'
chariot.
'
twenty-one
And
one
hands,
.,
'
count."
set
up a
to
stele,
Empire in that
I.
i.e.,
one
horse,
r^-^^
them
so
many
into ac-
was in Mesopotamia he
direction,
r^^"^
'
When Thothmes
"^
\\
which was
of the Egyptian
still
standing in
The
battles of
Thothmes
I.
when they
were concluded
restoration of the
shrines
He
of the gods.
built a
one of these
now
obelisks
stroyed,
Kameses
III.,
and
is
de-
This
B.C. 1566]
MUMMY AND
obelisk
is
COFFIN OF THOTHMES
large
says that
it
was
in front of
is
it
plinth,
207
I.
name and
set
The
to
titles of
Thothmes
I.,
and
Karnak we
parts
of
find that
Thebes,
at
e.g.,
He
found.
w^orked the
quarries
at
Silsila,
and he
Satet,
of the
Xllth Dynasty
him further
mummy
The
and
coffin of
The wooden
ancient
this
days,
whom
Der
were found
al-Bahari.
Painetchem
When
time
mummy
it
is
in
I.
is
it
present
at
I.
it
mummies
of the king
coffin
Painetchem, for
enamel;
Thothmes
very poor
coffin of
at the
condition.
The
Queen Aah-hetep
208
[B.C. 1566
I.
netchem, 1
the queen
^ ^^1
!^ *^
it
fl]
mummy
and
intact,
w^as
been
first
Egyptian robbers
by the
in
times.
possession
The head
the
of
is
features were
delicate
people
who
its
shaved, and
The
and cunning.
flat
lifetime.
teeth
sufficiently ground,
mouths
by
As
mummy
this
made
to do so
persons
want
was
its
satisfactorily identified
it
it
who
w^as
this
soon struck
presents to
Thothmes
11. is
much
B.C. 1566]
20g
I.
I.
was
mnmmy
in
king himself.
The
chief wife of
" sister,
and
Thothmes
royal
Thothmes
was the
Aahmes," or
wife
daughter of Amen-hetep
i.e.,
I.
I.
married
I.
Amasis, the
his
sister^
but
he
Aahmes
had
he
became
the
called
Neferu-khebit,
"^^n
two
famous queen
and Amen-mes,
I,
Mut-nefert,
Thothmes
were associated
l^e
';
who
Uatchmes,
sons,
j]
(^^J^j|
11.^
two
the
and another
Hatshepset,
and
one
daughters,
also
By
queen
II.
t>y
the
lady
of
Thothmes
of
I.
of the kingdom,
one after the other, but neither of them lived very long,
and the king was obliged to make his daughter Hatshepset co-regent
an inscription of
Amen
to ask
This fact
Zeit.,
ODD
1887,
"^"^
VOL.
III.
is
p.
him
is
made
^^^^^
:
"^^^
_i*^
^ T
Jm
M
V
/wwna
aa/w\a
-^6 ^
P
V\
^^.
STELE OF ANEN
210
''Eed Country to
"
"
my
[B.C. 1566
Thothmes
and the
II.,
sister of
I.,
Thothmes
and the
III.,
their opinion on
Anebni in the British Museum,^ declared unhesitatingly that Thothmes III. was the brother of Hatshepset.
it
called l^Iut-nefert,
of
Thothmes
I.
III.
Thanks,
hetep
g]\
'
official
I.,
Thothmes
I.,
Thothmes
IT.,
kings,
i.e.,
Amen-
and Thothmes
III.
Qemt
When
Aa-kheper-en-Ea (Thothmes
(i.e.,
is
II.)
reigned over
See Recueil,
Eed Land,
GENEALOGY OF HATSHEPSET
B.C. 1566]
211
in'
triumph,
'
'
his,
'
'
'
among
'
.
for
me was
most trusted
friends,
and I was
forth
to
'
united unto the gods, his son stood upon his throne
'
as king of the
'
'
divine
'
'
tion,
'
wife
certainly
conclude
Thothmes
II.,
for her
From
that
the
works of service
this passage
Thothmes
the
III.
we must
succeeded
II.
Thothmes
I.
'
nn2
I.
J\
^r;^TP^iip
212
Mut-nefert, and
Thotlimes
II.
Tliotlimes III.
tliat
[B.C. 1533
II.
was
son
tlie
of
KHAU.
Tehuti-mes
succeeded
II.,
the
to
or
throne
evidence
in
Thothmes
immediately
and there
support of
II.,
the
is
no
view that
of
Thothmes
I.
II.
1]?]
according to
ka-nekht-useethe
HoririSme
Thothmes
mcut
of
II.
is
titles,
divine
son of
sovereignty,'^
and he styled
"
"
short reign
J
The
Thothmes
wliole
el-BaJiari,
subject
is
London, 1894,
II. carried
In his
discussed in
p. 13
to be."
B.C. 1533]
213
II.
nomad tribes on
we learn from an
In this he speaks
lie
undertook
chastisement of the
tlie
,2
i,e.,
and how he
set
under his
etc.,
Head
tribes,
of the
sandals
Civilization, 158.
p.
iii.
24
pi. 16.
ff.
and Hall,
'*'
Ohle^it
214
The
foolish people of
rm
(Cusli).
began
I.,
and
territory.
Thothmes
expedition, and
II.,
man
country.
killing people
alive in the
into
Nubia,
is
panther
"
every male
[B.C. 1533
is
said
damned sons
have been
to
killed,
like a prisoner,
"beautiful god."
The usual
large
number
feet of the
of prisoners
gifts
power
being, and
Of the Nubian
we have no
but Aahmes Pen-nekheb, who had
raid of
Thothmes
II.
Aahmes
Monuments,
I.,
Ameu-lietep
pi. 4.
I.,
Thotlimes
I.
COFFIN OF THOTHMES
B.C. 1533]
whicli he
Thothmes
bracelets
made
may
gave
II.
of
(?)
him
gold,
of lapis-lazuli,
rich
six
and two
of
objects were
the inscription
of
Thothmes
II.
he
says that
,;
Jl
"^^
I
Thothmes
or,
II.
.^JL^^)
and we
In another
he
followed
^^ ^^^^? ^^^
he could
Ill
Hi.
vessels
four
intended as
field.
as
gold,
axes
silver
us that
tells
such
gifts,
collars
part
liacl
215
II.
in a place near,
Der
mummy and
coffin
were removed
now
are
so well
known.
The
coffin is
painted yellow
On
inscription in hieratic
was
which
mummy
I.
was an
mummy
The
mummy
about 5
1886,
ft.
when
first
11
it
in.
long.
It
was found
1,
to
Prisse d'Avennes,
p. 78.
Monuments,
suffered
Aeg. Zeitschrift,
1883,
2l6
much
at the
hands of the
spoilers,
off it
[B.C. 1533
II.
and
its
jewels and
To judge by the
in.
teeth the king could not have been more than thirty
years of age
white,
it
when he
died,
The
top of the
head was almost bald, but the lower parts and the
temples were covered with a crown of light chestnut
coloured hair,
The head
is
slightly
mouth
deformed, the
is
does
appear to have
not
low and
is
large,
and the
Thothmes
II.
much muscular
possessed
strength,
wavy.
The
build-
He
we take
added
to
Amen
Hathor
at
at Al-
number
of reliefs.
His name
is
in
is
For a
list
see
p. 547.
Wiedemann,
I1t^#
^^'
si
stele made for Anna, with scenes in which the deceased is represented
Vlllth Dynasty.
offerings to the hoafts of Temu, Ptah, and other gods.
British Museum No. 1332.
Limestone
making
B.C. 1533]
THOTHMES
MARRIES HATSHEPSET
II.
'"
of the
q^^ ^,
219
hieroglyphic
inscriptions.^
Thothmes
whom
the
married
II.
his
sister
by
Hatshepset,
other
Hatshepset, after
Thothmes
III.
Aset,"
a\
descent.
was borne
3,
to
him by
lady
SL
mother
her
his
son
of royal
of the relations
" wife,
The son
of
III.,
rival or a
slave
and
if
"
"
Thothmes
II., it
by circumstances or by custom,
left
which he sought
no trace of anything
to appease
by doing
Hatshepsu."
cler
END OF VOL.
III.
and
Aegyptisclie
LONDON
e.c.
'
v-':'Si=^^'{4