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Android

A SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted by

Mr. Faizan Ahmed


In partial fulfillment for the award
of

B. Tech
IN
Computer Science and Engineering
At

SHRI GURU GOBIND SINGHJI


INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VISHNUPURI, NANDED
(MAHARASHTRA STATE)
PIN 431 606 INDIA
November 2016

Approval Sheet

The report entitled Android Technology submitted by Mr.


Faizan Ahmed(2013BCS602) is approved for the partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Computer Engineering.

(Mr. N Peshwe)
Guide
Department of Computer
Engineering

(Prof P. S. Nalwade)
Head
Department of Computer
Engineering

Place :Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology,Nanded

Date:11 November 2016

Certificate

The seminar report entitled Android Technology submitted by


Mr. Faizan Ahmed (2013BCS602) is approved for the partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Computer Science and Engineering.

(Mr. N Peshwe)
Guide
Department of Computer
Engineering

(Prof P. S. Nalwade)
Head
Department of Computer
Engineering

Place :Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology,Nanded

External Examiners
1)
2)

Date:11 November 2016

Acknowledgements
First and foremost, I would like to thank my project guide, Ms. N Peshwe for his
guidance and support. I will forever remain grateful for encouragement and guidance
extended by my guide, in making this seminar. Through our many discussions, he
helped me to form and solidify ideas. The invaluable discussions I had with him and
my Seminar team colleagues, the penetrating questions they have put to me and the
constant motivation, has all led to the development of the ideas presented in this
seminar.
With a deep sense of gratitude, I wish to express my sincere thanks to the Head
of department, Prof. P. S. Nalwade for his immense help in planning and executing
the works in time. My grateful thanks to the departmental staff members for their
support.
I would also like to thank my seniors and my wonderful friends for listening
my ideas and providing feedback and suggestions for improving my ideas.
Also, I would like to thank my parents for their continual encouragement and
the positive support.

Mr. Faizan Ahmed


(2013BCS602)

Abstract
Mobile devices have seen an extensive amount of development in recent years, but
one question is still looming and nobody seems to have the answer: what is standard
for the mobile platform?
Many companies have already written their own in-house operating systems
for the devices they manufacture such as iPhone OS. However, with the existence of
so many closed-source operating systems, no rational company would want to
disclose their secrets and lose their edge on the competition. This presents a problem
where software developers cant write their code to be generalized.
The Android team hopes to solve this on two levels. Firstly, it seeks to arrive at
a common open-source operating system that any mobile device can run on.
Secondly, it seeks to make developing applications for these mobile phones more
general and hardware-agnostic.

I
Table of Contents
Title/Heading

Page

Approval Sheet

Certificate

III.

Acknowledgements

IV.

Abstract

1.

Introduction

2.

Literature Review

10

2.1

A History of Android

10

2.2

What is Android ?

10

2.3

Why Android is better ?

11

2.4

Specifications

12

2.5

Features of Android

13

2.6

Architecture of Android system

13

2.7

Android system services

17

2.8

Advantages

18

2.9

Disadvantages

19

2.1

Applications

19

I.
II.

0
2.11 Limitations

22

2.1

Future work

22

Problem Definition

24

Conclusion

26

References

27

2
3.

II
Table of Figures
No.

Name

Page

1.1

Android

2.1

Android Technology

10

2.2

Android Architecture

14

2.3

Linux Kernel layer

14

2.4

Libraries layer

15

2.5

Application layer

16

2.6

Application Framework layer

16

2.7

The Future

23

3.1

App. Description

24

3.2

Merging Applications

25

III

1. Introduction
Android is the first step in the vision of creating a better mobile phone. It is a complete open mobile
platform software stack recently release by Google. Android can be run on mobile devices from
companies that have come together to form the Open Handset Alliance.
The Alliance currently consists of 34 companies including Motorola, T-Mobile and SprintNextel. These companies have agreed to open access devices. This basically means that I, as a customer,
can purchase a Motorola phone with service from one cellular network then later switch carriers but
keep the same phone!

Fig.1.1 Android

Android would run on Open Handset Alliance devices. It includes an operating system,
middleware and key applications such as email client, calendar, maps, browser, and contacts. It also
takes the basics one step further by merging contacts with maps.
For example, if you have a contacts' address stored on you mobile device you can bring up
that location on a map with one click of a button. No need to open a browser, navigate to Google
maps or MapQuest, type in the address and wait for it to load.

1
What's even more exciting about Android is that it is an open platform. You can liken it to
Linux. What's nice about this is that it's customizable and modifiable. If you think, hum it would be
cool if my PDA could perform X-Function; you have the capability to develop X-Function.
You are not running a platform that prefers to keep you hands tied. You can also be assured
that there will be a lot of cool and innovative tools to download for free.

2. Literature Review
The following data is taken from the book The Android Developer's Cookbook, J. Steele, N. To,
Addison-Wesley (2011). Information about Android Architecture, Different layers :Application
layer , Application Framework layer, Libraries and Linux Kernel layer, etc.

2.1 A History of Android


July 2005
Google acquired Android Inc.
5 Nov 2007
Open HandSet Alliance formedGoogle, HTC, Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm, T-Mobile
Android is the OHA first product
12 Nov 2007
OHA released a preview of the Android OHA

2.2 What is Android ?


Android is basically an operating system for smartphones. But we find now integrated into
PDAs,touch pads or televisions, even cars (trip computer) or netbooks. The OS was created by the
start-up of the same name, which is owned by Google since 2005 .

Fig.2.1 Android Technology


3

As the number of users is increasing day by day, facilities are also increasing. Starting with
simple phones which were made just to make and receive calls.
Now we have phones which can even access GPS , GPRS, Wifi, NFC. and lot of other
cool and advanced features which you cannot even imagine.
So in this Mobile world of this complication. Android is one of those operating system
platforms which made it easy for manufacturers to design top class phones.

2.3 Why Android is better ?


Applications
Google applications
Android includes most of the time many Google applications like Gmail, YouTube or
Maps. These applications are delivered with the machine most of the time, except in certain cases,
such as some phones running android on which the provider has replaced Google applications by its
own applications.
Widgets
With android, it is possible to use widgets which are small tools that can most often get
information. These widgets are directly visible on the main window.
Android Market
This is an online software store to buy applications. Developers who created
applications can add them into the store, and these applications can be downloaded by users, they
can be both free and paid.
Multitasking
Android allows multitasking in the sense that multiple applications can run simultaneously. With
Task Manager it is possible view all running tasks and to switch from one to another easily.
SDK
A development kit has been put at disposal of everybody. Accordingly, any developer can create
their own applications, or change the android platform. This kit contains a set of libraries, powerful

tools for debugging and development, a phone emulator, thorough documentation, FAQs and
tutorials.
Modifiability
This allows everyone to use, improve or transform the functions of Android for example transform
the interface in function of uses , to transform the platform in a real system embedded Linux.

2.4 Specifications
This operating system is based on version 2.6 of Linux, so it has a monolithic system kernel, what
means that all system functions and drivers are grouped into one block of code.
Architecture :
Android consists of five layers:The Linux kernel 2.6-which includes useful drivers that allow for example WiFi or Bluetooth.
The library written in C and C + + that provide higher level functionality such as an HTML engine,
or a database (SQLite).
A runtime environment for applications based on a virtual machine, made for inefficient machines
such as telephones. The aim is to translate JAVA in machine language understood by Android.
A JAVA framework that allows applications running on the virtual machine to organize and
cooperate.
The user applications written in Java (Web browser, contact manager etc. ..).
Current Version
Today android is in its 5th version, Android 2.1. Each version is designed to gradually correct the
lack of APIs, to enhance the user interface and add functionality. The latest version adds such things
as support in HTML5 in the browser, it allows multitouch or it brings new Contact API, which
defines a database for contact management.

2.5 Features of Android


Software Features
Integrated browser based on the open source WebKit engine
SQLite for relational data storage
Media support for common audio, video, and still image formats
(MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, PNG, GIF)
Dalvik Virtual Machine optimized for mobile devices
Hardware Features supported
Cellular networking : GSM, EDGE, 3G (hardware dependent)
LAN : Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi (hardware dependent)
Graphics Hardware Acceleration
Camera, GPS and Compass (hardware dependent)
Touch screen and accelerometer for motion sensing

2.6 Architecture of Android Operating system


Android can be subdivided into four main layers: the kernel, libraries, applications framework, and
applications. As previously mentioned the kernel is Linux. The libraries that come with Android
provide much of the graphics, data storage, and media capabilities. Embedded within the libraries
layer is the Android runtime which contains the Dalvik virtual machine, which powers the
applications. The applications framework is the API that all applications will use to access the
lowest level of the architecture
6

Fig.2.2 Android Architecture


The kernel layer

Fig.2.3 Linux Kernel Layer


7
As previously mentioned the kernel layer is Linux. Linux was chosen since it has a proven

track record in desktop systems and in many cases doesnt require drivers to be rewritten. Linux
provides such things as virtual memory, networking, drivers, and power management. Upon
examining the kernel shipped with the Android source code, there are not any signicant changes to
the core functions of the kernel.

Native libraries layer

Fig.2.4 Libraries layer


The native libraries layer provides Android with the capabilities for its core features.
Android is shipped with SGL(Scalable Graphic Library) which acts as the primary 2D graphics
renderer. Its counterpart is OpenGL ES which provides 3D graphics support. Android comes
packaged with SQLite which takes care of most data storage. The WebKit web rendering engine is
also shipped with Android and has been tailored to render web pages for smaller screen sizes. Of
particular interest is the Dalvik virtual machine which is a part of this layer. The Dalvik virtual
machine is a bytecode interpreter which is highly optimized for executing on the mobile platform.
The bytecodes are converted Java binaries that are very quick and ecient to run on smaller
processors. The core libraries are written in Java and provide much of the core classes which would
normally be available in a Java virtual machine.

9
Applications framework layer

Fig.2.5 Application Framework layer


This layer and the layer above it are written completely in Java. The applications framework
provides all of the major APIs that the applications will use including things like sharing data,
accessing the telephony system, and receiving notications. An important thing to note about
Android OS is that all applications use this same framework no matter the author of the application.
This is quite a departure from what many other mobile OS designers have chosen to do. For
instance the iPhone most certainly dierentiates between Apple software and third-party software
down to the copy-and-paste feature.

Applications layer

Fig.2.6 Application layer


All of Androids software is written in Java, which is interpreted by the Dalvik virtual
machine. Even the most core features such as the phone and the contacts application reside in this
layer. This layer contains software written by the Android team as well as any third-party software
that is installed on the device. An eect of allowing third-party developers access to this layer is
that the user interface can be overhauled comparatively easily. Third party applications can handle
any event that the Android teams application could see (such as the phone ringing). This means that
so long as there is a replacement application for the dialer application, anyone could potentially
write their own. Given this model we might expect that, as Android becomes more robust, the user
will be able to specify what applications should handle which events.

2.7 Android system services


1. The Linux CPU scheduling algorithm
Linux employs a number of dierent methods for scheduling its processes and its algorithm is very
nontraditional in the big picture. There are three scheduling schemes for Linux. Each process is
assigned a scheduling scheme depending on the type of task it presents. Real time tasks will often
run in the SCHED FIFO or SCHED RR scheme. All other tasks will run in SCHED NORMAL [?].
SCHED NORMAL tasks are handled by a special algorithm and are preempted by SCHED RR and
SCHED FIFO tasks. In a few words the algorithm behaves like a hybrid priority queue that rewards
process which are not CPU-greedy. CPU time is divided up into epochs, which are equal slices of
time in which the processes can run and use up some of their allotted time, or timeslice. At the end
of every epoch, each process remaining timeslice is halved. More time is added proportional to the
processes nice value, a value specied by the user or by the systems default nice value. The
interesting rollover time has a rewarding eect to I/O bound processes. Since I/O bound processes
will likely spend a lot of time waiting, the scheduling algorithm rewards it by letting it keep some of
its timeslice. This way processes which are likely being used by the user are very responsive and
will often preempt more non-interactive, CPU-bound processes like batch commands. SCHED RR
tasks will preempt SCHED NORMAL tasks and are preempted by SCHED FIFO tasks. These tasks
are scheduled according to round-robin rules within their own priority bracket. SCHED FIFO tasks
behave quite like the name would suggest. Tasks in this queue are scheduled by priority and arrival
time, will preempt any other processes trying to run, and will execute for as long as they please.

2.Android and le system


Android makes use of a multiplicity of le system types, namely due to the expectation of external
memory with unsure le system types. As a result Android relies on the standard Linux package to
provide for le systems such as ext2 and ext3, vfat, and ntfs. Android itself uses the ya s2 le
system, which is not a part of the standard Linux kernel, as its primary le system. YAFFS is a le
system optimized for NAND and NOR ash memory. At the time when it was developed, le
systems did exist for ash memory but most of them catered toward chips which were small enough
to use small block sizes. This was unsuitable for large NAND ash chips. YAFFS attempts to solve
this by abstracting storage to chunks which scale according to the page size. YAFFS is preferable
as a le system in Android since it optimizes the use of NAND devices as storage and also has great
eciency in memory usage

2.8 Advantages
1. Android can Run Multiple Apps at the Same Time.
2. Android keeps information visible on your home screen.Android has is a customizable home
screen which keeps active widgets right at your fingertips, always accessible and always visible
without having to launch an application first.
3. Android has a better application market compare to Apples App because Apples App store has
over 180,000 applications, while the Android Marketplace has only just broken the 50,000 mark
4.Android gives you better notifications comparee to iPhone beacuse iPhone has some trouble with
notifications. Because its restricted to pop-up notifications, it can only handle one at a time
5. Android is Hardware independent.
6. Android lets you install custom ROMs.
7. You can change your settings faster in Android. iPhone users are stuck digging around in the
system settings every time they want to use the internet or a Bluetooth device. Android lets you use
widgets to manage your settings directly from your home screen.
8. Android does Google and Social Integration but The iPhone can do this only through use of third
party apps, and is nowhere near as seamless to use as the Android alternative.
9. Android gives you more options to fit your budget. Of course these are lower end Android
devices, but they are still comparable in performance to the iPhone 3GS.
10. Innovative products like the location-aware services, location of a nearby convenience store

2.9 Disadvantages
1. Connected to the Internet: Android can be said is in need of an active internet connection. At least
there should be a GPRS internet connection in your area, so that the device is ready to go online to
suit our needs.

2. Sometimes slow device company issued an official version of Android your own.
3. Android Market is less control of the manager, sometimes there are malware.
4. As direct service providers, users sometimes very difficult to connect with the Google.
5. Sometimes there are ads: because it is easy and free, sometimes often a lot of advertising. In
appearance it does not interfere with the performance of the application itself, as it sometimes is in
the top or bottom of the application.
6. Wasteful Batteries, This is because the OS is a lot of "process" in the background causing the
battery quickly drains.

2.10 Applications
Android initially came into existence with the sure fire idea that developments are given the power
and freedom to create enthralling Mobile applications while taking advantage of everything that the
mobile handset has to offer.
Android is built on open Linux Kernel. This particular software for Mobile Application is
made to be open source, thereby giving the opportunity to the developers to introduce and
incorporate any technological advancement. Build on custom virtual machine android gives its
users the addition usage and application power, to initiate an interactive and efficient application
and operational Software for your phone.
Googles mobile operating device, the android is its awesome creation in the definitive
creation of Software Applications for the mobile phone arena it also facilitates the g-juice in your
mobile thus initiating a whole new world of Mobile Technology experience by its customers.
We at Arokia IT are technically equipped to initiate any level of these amazing software
applications using the android genius from Google. Around in the year 2007, Google announced its
Android Operating System and Open Handset Alliance with these two major contributions to the
mobile industry that ultimately changed our experience with mobile interface.
Open Handset Alliance
Open Handset Alliance is an amalgamation of Tech Companies with common and particular interest
in the mobile user enhancement experience. Companies like Google, HTC, Motorola, Samsung,
Telecom Italia, T Mobile, LG, Texas Instruments as well as Sony Ericsson, Vodafone, Toshiba and

Hawaii are Tech giant based on their core abilities and strengths, while keeping and pursuing the
characters and goals of each company, their basic idea of this joining of hands was the feature-rich
mobile experience for the end user.
This alliance meant the sharing of ideas and innovation, to bring out these ideas into reality.
This provided the millions and millions of Mobile users the experience that they never had.
Like the Apple iphone, Android Operating System allows third party developers to innovate
and create Applications and software for mobile devices. Android is an open, flexible and stable
enough to associate itself with newer and newer evolving Technologies.
Androids vast range of easy to use tools and wide range of libraries provides Mobile.
Android Application Development Services at Arokia
We provide a comprehensive suit and comprehensive assistance in the development of mobile
application on the Android Platform to our prestigious customers. Our experts are veterans in the
Java programming language and are capable to exhaust any challenge to develop feature-rich
android application services.
Java Programming Language is used as a basic building block and back bone for Android
Application Development that allows developers to program comprehensive application on Java
that runs on Android Mobile.
Androids vast range of easy to use tools and wide range of libraries, provides Mobile
Application Developers with the means of an amazing mobile operating software to come up with
the most efficient and rich Mobile Applications. Our development team has complete resources and
technologies to make use of in developing the most acclaimed applications.
Among the various Application categories developed by us on the android platform, some of them
are; Communication Application, Business Application, Multimedia Application, Internet
Application, Fun/Entertainment Application, Gaming Application, Utility and Security Application.
We program these Applications on the customized demands of our clients. We ensure them
that these specifically designed apps on the android platform are solely designed for their specific
user defined criteria.
Hire Android Developers at Arokia

Our sound and capable Android programmers have exhibited their expertise on the global podium in
the following skill sets like the Androids Applications Framework, Android Dalvik Virtual
Machine, Data Storage and Retrieval using SQLite , XML, web-services, Handle Media Support for
audio and video, GSM, 3G and Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Edge GPS, Compass and accelerometer Screen
Elements like View-groups, Views, Tree Structured UI, Layout and many more such android
services to offer our client.
Our sound and capable Android programmers have exhibited their expertise on the global
podium in the following skill sets like the Androids Applications Framework, Android Dalvik
Virtual Machine, Data Storage and Retrieval using SQLite , XML, web-services, Handle Media
Support for audio and video, GSM, 3G and Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Edge GPS, Compass and
accelerometer Screen Elements like View-groups, Views, Tree Structured UI, Layout and many
more such android services to offer our client.
You will find Arokia as a one-stop source for all your functional needs while creatively
unfolding the true potential and breadth & depth of imagination by our passionate programmers and
designers.
When you hire our Android developers, you ensure yourself with the most valued and exquisite
mobile applications. Our developers can help you eliminate all types of potential risks and gain
competitive advantages through their technical expertise.

2.11 Limitations
Making source code available to everyone inevitably invites the attention of hackers.
Android operating system uses more amount of battery as compared to normal mobile phones.
As there are so many user sometimes it becomes difficult to connect all the users.
As we call Android is world of applications we continuously need to connected with the internet

which is not possible for all the users.

2.12 Future work


I'm just curious to what you guys think the future of Android will be like, especially after Apple
won their lawsuit with Samsung. With that lawsuit, and Adobe eliminating Mobile Flash, I am less
optimistic about the future of Android than I have ever been. The lawsuit could dramatically impact
the design of Android (of course we will still have launchers to make our phone look how we want).
A future change in the basic design could dramatically hurt Android. The current Icon setup
is the most popular for users (Windows, Macs, iPhone, Android) but if that were to change, people
may not want to keep buying Androids. Personally, I hope Samsung is able to sue Apple when the
mini iPad comes out for design patents. Since Apple was able to win a rectangle with rounded
corners, why can't Samsung win the 7inch design. The mobile war lawsuits are silly and will cause
all of us to pay more for future Smartphones. Then add that along with the elimination of Mobile
Flash, which was a major advantage that Android had over iPhone. This is a bigger issue than just
online video. Some businesses use flash for their employees to access their work material. Some
colleges use flash on their websites so their students can access the course material. Personally, I go
to online college and my classes are flash websites.
With the elimination of Mobile flash, that will cause many of us to not be able to access our
classes from our phones. The whole thing with HTML5 taking over is years from taking place, with
many of the bigger video sites not planning on going to HTML5. While Mobile Flash wasn't
perfect, it was usable for many of us. Without Mobile Flash moving forward, for some of us,
updating our phones or upgrading our phones for new ones will cut down on our productivity.
I'm personally sad that I couldn't keep ICS on my Bionic due to Flash not working for me.
My need for flash is too great. I'm always accessing my course work from my phone and
eliminating flash makes that not possible.
Unfortunately, I need my phone to be as useful as possible and eliminating things that I can
use it for just doesn't work for me. While not everyone needs flash, many do. For those of us who
do, future devices won't be an option, nor will future updates to our phone. My college has an
iPhone app, but not an Android app so if push came to shove, I may have to switch to an iPhone
(yuck) just to be able to stay productive.

Fig.2.7 The Future

3.Problem Definition
Where does the users expectation on an application come from?
Google Play gives the metadata of application (description, requested permissions) at download
time.
Description gives user a direct and easy access to the functionalities of the application.
Implemented functionalities rely on permission.
Validate whether the description state the need of the permission

Fig.3.1 App. Description

Merging of Two Application

Fig.3.2 Merging Applications

CONCLUSION
Android has been criticized for not being all open-source software despite what was announced by

Google. Parts of the SDK are proprietary and closed source, and some believe this is so that Google
can control the platform.
Software installed by end-users must be written in Java, and will not have access to lower
level device APIs. This provides end-users with less control over their phone's functionality than
other free and open source phone platforms, such as OpenMoko.
With all upcoming applications and mobile services Google Android is stepping into the
next level of Mobile Internet. Android participates in many of the successful open source projects.
That is, architect the solution for participation and the developers will not only come but will play
well together.
This is notable contrast with Apple and other companies, where such architecture of
participation is clearly belated.

References
1. Hello, Android, E. Burnette, The Pragmatic Programmers (2009).

2. Professional Android 2 Application Development, R. Meier, Wiley (2010).


3. Beginning Android 2, M. Murphy, Apress (2010).
4. Android Wireless Application Development, S. Conder and L. Darcey, Addison-Wesley (2010).
5. Android Application Development in 24 Hours , L. Darcey and S. Conder, Sams (2010).
6. The Android Developer's Cookbook, J. Steele, N. To, Addison-Wesley (2011).

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