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Major Theorists
View of Human
Nature
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
Anna Freud
Heinz Kohut
Emphasis on early
childhood and
psychosexual
development;
importance of
unconscious and ego
defense
mechanisms; focus
on biological,
deterministic aspects
of behavior
Adlerian
Counseling
Alfred Adler
Rudolph Driekurs
Don Dinkmeye
Thomas Sweeney
Emphasis on
social interest as a
primary motivator;
focus on birth
order, family
constellation, style
of life, and
teleological
(future) goals as
major influences
on personal
growth and
development
Person-centered
Counseling
Carl Rogers
Angelo Boy
Gerald Pine
Emphasis on humans as
basically good, positive,
forward moving and
trustworthy;
phenomenological view of
self; person is selfdirected and growth
oriented if provided with
the right conditions
Existential
Counseling
Rollo May
Victor Frankl
Abraham Maslow
Irvin Yalom
Sidney Jourard
Clemmont Vontress
Belief in human
freedom and choice of
life-style; focus on
meaning of anxiety,
meaning of life, and
relevance of individual
experience
Gestalt Therapy
Rational-Emotive
Therapy
Transactional Analysis
Fritz Perls
Laura Perls
Irma Lee Shepherd
Joen Fagan
Emphasis on
importance of
wholeness and
completeness of
human life; stress on
inner wisdom of person
and importance of
affect;
phenomenological and
antideterministic;
stresses change
Albert Ellis
Maxie Maultsby
Janet Wolfe
Humans are both
inherently rational and
irrational; biological duality;
humans can disturb
themselves by what they
think; children are most
vulnerable; mistake for
people to use form of the
verb to be to describe
themselves
Eric Berne
Carl Steiner
Thomas Harris
Graham Barnes
Optimistic that people can
change; each individual is
composed of three
interacting ego states of
Parent, Adult, Child;
stresses importance of
intrapersonal integration
and analysis of
transactions, games, time,
and scripts for individual
health and growth
Reality Therapy
G. L. Harrington
William Glasser
Robert Wubbolding
Health or growth force in
all individuals; problems
occur when people dont
take responsibility for
behavior; learning is a
life-long process; people
need to love and be
loved, feel worthwhile
and successful, and act
to control the world
around them for various
purposes
Role of the
Counselor
Counselor as expert;
encourages
transference and
exploration of the
unconscious; use of
interpretation
Counselor in
equalitarian
relationship with
client; models,
teaches, and
assesses clients
situation; shares
hunches; assigns
homework;
encourages
Emphasis on
counselor authenticity
and understanding of
client as unique;
stress on personal
relationship, modeling,
and sharing
experiences
Counselor must be
authentic, exciting, and
energetic; emphasis on
the now; helps client
resolve unfinished
business; counselor
stresses verbal and
nonverbal messages,
congruence; use of I for
it
Counselor as teacher;
contracts with client for
change; instructs in
language of TA
Counselor as teacher,
director, and expert; active in
sessions; assists client in
clarifying goals and modifying
behaviors
Counselor as teacher
and model; focuses on
establishing a
relationship with client;
counselor is active,
direct, practical, didactic
Goals
Make the
unconscious
conscious; work
through unresolved
developmental
stages; help the
client learn to cope
and adjust;
reconstruction of
personality
Cultivate social
interests; correct
faulty assumptions
and mistaken
goals; develop
client insight; bring
about behavioral
change by acting
as if
Self-exploration;
openness to self, others;
self-directed and realistic;
more accepting of self,
others, and environment;
focus on the here and
now
Emphasis on
immediacy of
experience; making
choices in the now;
resolving the past,
becoming congruent;
growing up mentally;
shedding neuroses
Transformation; attainment
of health and autonomy;
becoming more aware,
game free, intimate, and
OK
Psychoanalysis
Techniques
Free association;
dream analysis;
analysis of
transference;
analysis of
resistance;
interpretation
Strengths
Emphasis on
importance of
sexuality and
unconscious in
human behavior;
supportive of
diagnostic
instruments;
multidimensional;
continued evolution
effective in select
cases; focus on
developmental
stages of human life,
especially childhood
Time-consuming and
expensive; a closed
system of practice,
limited mainly to
psychiatry; focus on
pathology;
deterministic; not
efficient method for
less-disturbed
individuals
Limitations
Adlerian
Counseling
Use of empathy,
support, warmth,
collaboration;
stress on client
strengths and
responsibility
through
confrontation;
examination of
clients memories,
dreams, and
priorities; focus on
interpretation,
asking the
question, spitting
in the clients
soup, catching
oneself, and task
setting
Person-centered
Counseling
Acceptance, clarification;
reflection of feeling; use
of empathy, positive
regard, congruence, selfdisclosure; active/passive
listening; open-ended
questions/statements;
summarization
Existential
Counseling
Counselor openness
and inquiringness;
acceptance of client
uniqueness; emphasis
on relationship;
working with
ambiguity;
confrontation;
borrowing of other
active techniques that
work, such as imagery
or awareness
exercises
Gestalt Theory
Rational Emotive
Behavior Therapy
Counselor uses teaching
and disputing; clients learn
the anatomy of an
emotion; imagery,
persuasion, logical
reasoning, reminder
devices, homework
assignments,
bibliotherapy, shame
attacks, and rational selfanalyses
Transactional Analysis
Encouragement
and support of
counselor in an
equalitarian
relationship;
versatility; useful in
specific disorders;
contribution of
ideas to the public
and professional
vocabulary (e.g.,
inferiority complex)
Humanistic emphasis;
focus on anxiety as a
motivator; use of
philosophy and
literature to
inform/direct; stress
on continuous growth;
effective in crosscultural counseling
Helps individual
incorporate all parts of
life, resolve past;
stresses doing and
being active;
appropriate for certain
affective disorders;
flexibility of techniques
Lack of firm
research base;
vagueness of
concepts/terms
and the how of
counseling;
narrowness of
approach
Lack of concreteness;
works best with verbal,
bright clients; ignores
unconscious and innate
drives; deals with surface
issues
Lack of a strong
theoretical base;
gimmicky; does not
allow for passive
learning; eschews
testing/diagnosis; selfcenteredness of
approach
Reality Therapy
Cognitive orientation
limiting; simplicity and
popularity dilute
effectiveness; lack of
emphasis on qualities of
the counselor
Emphasis on treatment
contracts, specific and
concrete; use of techniques
such as interrogation,
specification, confrontation,
illustration, and
crystallization;
concentration on early
memories/stories; often
combined with Gestalt
techniques for action