COMBINED BENDING AND TORSION

AIM:
To determine the principal stress and principal planes of a hollow circular shaft
due to combined loading.
THEORY:
The most common combined load system encountered in structural design is
probably due to bending and torsion. In an Aircraft wing the lift acting at the
center of pressure produces a torque about the elastic axis and varying bending
moment along the wing span. To understand their combined effect a simpler
specimen, namely a hollow cylinder is subjected to a bending and torsion.
For an elastic structure,
the = My/1
BM
= Bending stress (N/m ) ------Z
2

M = Bending moment (N-m)

y = Distance of the layer from the neutral axis (m)
I = Moment of Inertia (m4)
(d04-di4)
0.0504 0.0464
I = ------------ = I =
----------------- = 8.70 10-8 m4.
64
64
The shear stress due to torsion
(max) xy = T r / J
= Shear stress (N/m2)
T = Torque applied (N-m)
r = radius of the shaft = 0.15 m
J = Polar moment of inertia (m4)

(d04-di4)
(0.0504-0.0464)
= ------------ = ---------------------- = 1.74 10-7 m4
32
32

x+y
1.2 = ---------
2

x-y 2
-------- + (xy)2
2

x x 2
1.2 = -- + ---- + ()2
2
2

(1)

principal stress

(2)

Because, y = 0
16d0
1.2 = -----------(d04-di4)

[M M2 + T2]

2xy
2max
Tan2 = ------------ = ----x - y
max

Principal angle =2 = Tan

-1

(3)

(4)

2max
------max

= direction of angle

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Hollow circular shaft fixed as a cantilever, weight hanger with slotted weights,
strain gauges, connecting wires, strain indicator.
Weights required: 500g 5 Nos. Hook weight -100g
PROCEDURE:
At position A two strain gauges are fixed on the tube fixed as a cantilever, one
on the top fiber and the other at the bottom to measure the bending stress, ().
Another strain gauge is fixed at the location C on the neutral axis at 45 to
measure the shear stress (). Similarly two more strain gauges are at B fixed (top
& bottom) for verify the result at various locations of the tube. The strain
gauges on the tube are connected to half bridge circuit in the strain indicator to
increase the circuit sensitivity, since the tension and compression get added up.
2

The strain gauge at 45 is connected to the half bridge of the strain indicator to
measure the shear stress. The outside diameter of the tube is measured.
Weights are added to the hook attached to the lever in steps and the strain
gauge readings are noted from the strain indicator for each load. From the
strains the bending stress () shear stress () are calculated and hence principal
stresses xy and principal angle () are calculated. These values are compared
with theoretical values.
Note: For half bridge the strain readings are multiplied by 0.5.
BM
Bending stress = = --------- where BM = Load Length
Z
Z = section modulus for cylinder

(d14-d24)
-------------32d1

T
Shear Stress = -------Z P
TABLE:
Youngs Modulus of the tube
=
200 GPa
Thickness of the tube
=
3mm
Length of the tube
=L
=
500mm
Outside diameter of the tube = (do)
=
50mm
Inside dia of tube = (di)
=
46mm
Distance of the strain gauges near to tip = (LA)
=
80mm
Distance of the strain gauges at the middle from tip = (LB)
=
210mm
Distance of the strain gauges far to tip = (LC)
=
410mm
Distance from the center of the tube to the center of the hook (L0) = 150mm
Weight of the hook
=
100 gms
RESULT:
Bending stress at the root (A)
Shear stress

expA
(max)XY

=
=

E A 0.5

Principal stresses at the root A

xexp
Principal angle at the root
()exp
Principal stresses at the root (theoretical)
xthe
Principal angle at the root (theoretical)
the
Repeat the calculations for the mid-section at B
Repeat the calculations at C

=
=
=
=

GUIDANCE CALCULATION
COMBINED LOADING
Youngs Modulus of the tube
=
Thickness of the tube
=
Length of the tube = L
=
Outside diameter of the tube = do
=
Inside dia of tube = di
=
Distance of the strain gauges near to tip = (LA)
=
Distance of the strain gauges at the middle from tip = (LB)
=
Distance of the Strain gauges far to tip = (LC)
=
Distance from the center of the tube to the center of the hook (L0) =
Weight of the hook
=

200G Pa
2mm
500mm
50mm
46mm
80mm
210mm
410mm
150mm
100 gms

OBSERVATIONS:
S. No.

W kg

Switch A
A

Switch B
B

Switch C
C

1
2
3
4
5
Any negative sign in the display should not be considered.
RESULT: EXPERIMENTAL
Load
Bending stress at point (A) (exp)A
Shear stress at
(MAX)XY
Principal stresses at the root x(theo)

=
=
=
=

E A gauge factor (1/2 Bridge)

Principal angle at the root

THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
(do4-di4)
------------- m4
64

(do4-di4)
= -----------32

MA

= (W 9.81 LA)

N-m

= (W 9.81 L0)

N-m

A(the) = MAdo/2I

m4

MPa

max = Tdo/2J=
MPa
Principal stresses at the root
max the =
MPa,
Principal angle at the root

=
Principal stresses and angle are calculated using equations (2) & (4)
Compare the theoretical values with experimental calculated values.
Note:
1. Set back the digital meter to zero and load incredibly, as the digital
system is very sensitive.
2. Repeat the same for all subsequent loading.

TABLE OF READINGS:
Sl Weight
No. w in kg
1
2
3
4
5

0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5

bending
A( ex
p)
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2

lengt
hA

length
B

length
C

MA

MB

MC

1
2
3
4
5

-1
-2
-4
-5
-7

6
13
20
27
34

8.697E-08
8.697E-08
8.697E-08
8.697E-08
8.697E-08

1.74E-07
1.74E-07
1.74E-07
1.74E-07
1.74E-07

0.736
1.472
2.207
2.943
3.679

0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08

0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21

0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41

0.3924
0.7848
1.1772
1.5696
1.962

1.0301
2.0601
3.0902
4.1202
5.1503

2.01
4.02
6.03
8.04
10.1

bending
exp)

-0.4
-0.8
-1.6
-2
-2.8

bending
C(exp)

max

2.424
5.252
8.08
10.908
13.736

105753.216
211506.433
317259.649
423012.866
528766.082

x(exp)

XY

x
(exp)

Cx
(exp)

112803.43 296109 578118

225606.86 592218 1156235
338410.29 888327 1734353
451213.72 1184436 2312470
564017.15 1480545 2890588

max
(the)

min (the)

max
(the)

min (the)

176255.361
352510.722
528766.082
705021.443
881276.804

-63451.9299
-126903.86
-190355.79
-253807.719
-317259.649

329999.2
659998.4
989997.6
1319997
1649996

-33890.2102
-67780.4203
-101670.63
-135560.841
-169451.051

Cmax
(the)

Cmin (the)

596855.4

-18737.78

1.26

51.56

25.78

0.62

31.79

15.9

0.35

19.29

9.65

1193711
1790566
2387421
2984277

-37475.55
-56213.33
-74951.11
-93688.89

1.26
1.26
1.26
1.26

51.56
51.56
51.56
51.56

25.78
25.78
25.78
25.78

0.62
0.62
0.62
0.62

31.79
31.79
31.79
31.79

15.9
15.9
15.9
15.9

0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35

19.29
19.29
19.29
19.29

9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65

 Note:
Bending Stress ((exp)A)

=
=
=

E A 0.5
202x109 x 3x10-6 x0.5
3.03E+05

Principal angle = (exp) = 24 obtained by drawing Graph of Vs exp

THEORETICAL CALCULATION:

I=

(do4-di4)
------------- m4
64

I=

(0.05 -0.046 )
------------------ m4
64

I=

8.70 10-8 m4

(do4-di4)
= -----------32

(0.054-0.0464)
= -----------------32

MA

= (W 9.81 LA)
= (1 9.81 0.08)
= 0.7848 N-m

= (W 9.81 L0)
= (1 9.81 0.15)
= 1.47N-m

d0 =0.05m (outlet dia)

di = 0.046 m(inlet dia)

m4

m4

0.174 10-8 m

At maximum load

Ax (EXP)

= MAdo/2I
0.3924 0.05
= -------------------2 8.697 10-8

Ax (EXP)

= 112803.43 N/m2

XY (MAX) = Tdo/2J
XY (MAX) = 105753.216 N/m2
Principal stress at (A)
x+y
1.2 = ---------
2

x-y 2
-------- + (xy)2
2

(1)

y = 0
Ax
1,A(the)max = --- +
2

Ax
---2

+ (xy)2

1.12 105
1,A(the)max = -------------- +

(2)

1.12 105
-------------

+ (1.057105)2

1,A(the)max = 176225.361N/m2
Ax
2,A(the)min = -- 2

Ax
---2

+ (xy)2

(3)

1.12105

1.12105

2,A(the)min = -------------- -

-------------

+ (1.057105)2

2,A(the)min = -63451.92 N/m2

Principal stresses
1Amax the = 176225.361N/m2
2Amin the = -63451.92 N/m2
Principal angle at the root (A)
2xy
2(max )XY
2 2.12E+05
Tan2 = ------------ = ----------- = -------------------- =
x - y
A max
3.36E+05 Pa

0.35

(4)

Principal angle =2 = Tan-1 (1.26)

2 = 51.56
the
the = 25.78
Graph :

10

Diagram:

L
LC
LB
LA
C

A
B

11