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B. The Courtyard
The courtyard is the most essential element, which
represented the core of all Islamic-Arab houses. The concept
of the courtyard is commonly used in traditional architecture,
both rural and urban, of the hot arid regions from Iran in the
East to the shores of the Atlantic in the West. The courtyard
dates back to the Graeco-Roman tradition (c. 1900 BC.) in
Arabia. With the advent of Islam (632), Muslims adopted the
concept of the courtyard because it suited their religious and
social needs, especially the degree of privacy needed. The
arrangements of the courtyard also provided a satisfactory
solution to their specific environmental problems. The size of
the courtyard varies, as does the number, according to the
available space and resources [2].
Historical examples of Arab desert architecture, include, the
Ukhaider palace in Iraq, Quasir Amara in Jordan and Dar Lajimi
in Tunis (fig.2) as well as the twelfth century courtyard-houses
of Al-Fustate city, Egypt (fig. 3). The houses of mediaeval
Cairo such as Al-Souheimi, Zeinab Khaton and Moheb Ad-din
Al-Shafie are also expressive examples.
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Fig. 6. Section of the Q'a of Muhib Ad-Din Ash-Shf'i, 1350, Cairo. [3]
Fig. 4. Bastikia district, Dubai. [8]
D. The Takhtabush
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house (fig.7) and the Qaah of Muhib Ad-Din Ash-Shafi AlMuwaqqi, [3]. Both houses featured two courtyards with a
takhtabush between them.
E. The Mashrabiyyah
The mashrabiyyah is another important device which was
used to cover openings as well as to achieve thermal comfort
and privacy in a house. Its name is originally derived from the
Arabic word drink and referred to a drinking place. This was
a cantilevered space covered with a lattice opening, where
water jars were placed to be cooled by the evaporation effect
as air moved through the opening. The form and function of
the mashrabiyyah has changed to become a wooden lattice
screen. It is composed of small wooden circular balusters,
arranged at specific regular intervals, in a decorative and
intricate geometric pattern. The mashrabiyyah has five
functions and its design may fulfil some or all of these
functions. These are; controlling the passage of light,
controlling the air flow, reducing the temperature of the air
current, increasing the humidity of the air current and ensuring
privacy. To control the amount of light and air and to graduate
the contrast between shade and light, the size of the interstices
and the diameter of the balusters are adjusted [3].
Mashrabiyyah can be found in medieval houses in Cairo, such
as Gamal Al-Din Al-Dahabi House 1637, and Zeinab Khatoun
House, 14th (fig.8).
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[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
V. CONCLUSION
The idea of perceiving a building as an entity as well as
articulating the function and identity of each member of the
building are the key to understand the architecture of the
Islamic-Arab house. The most subtle characteristics of the
Islamic-Arab house come mainly from its array of elements that
were tested by peoples traditions and culture. Undoubtedly,
the outstanding architectural quality of the Islamic-Arab
houses and the positive effect of their images do not only
come from its reliance upon recognised prototypes and
deliberate plans, but also from their interesting exteriors. These
houses maintained a coherence and unity between inhabited
space, construction and landscape. Therefore, the aesthetic of
the Islamic-Arab house comes from the harmony of putting the
architectural elements together as well as juxtaposing them in
order to provide variety and visual interest through change in
their size and scale. Although, domes, vaults, bearing walls,
mashrabiyyahs, malqaf, courtyard and qaah together created
a recognised language in Islamic-Arab houses, their designs
were based on finding solutions to peoples religious and
cultural needs and requirements. For example, the arrangement
of all spaces around an inner courtyard and the division of
domestic space into two zones relating to the separation of the
sexes. In addition, the qaah, which was roofed by a dome or a
shukhshakhah, represented the central element of the formal
area in a house and provided the basis for designing all the
possible variations of Arab houses. There is no doubt that the
outstanding quality of the architecture of the Islamic-Arab
house was derived, not from stylistic elements, but from the
superiority of its essential features, their proportional
arrangement and their basic ideas.
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[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
REFERENCES
De Saint-Exupry, Antoine, The Wisdom of the Sands. Chicago,
1979, p. 19.
Danby, Miles, Privacy as a Culturally Related Factor in Built Form,
in Ben Farmer and Hentie Louw, eds., Companion to
Contemporary Architectural Though. London, 1993, pp. 138-139.
Fathy, Hassan, Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture:
Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates.
Chicago, 1986, pp. 46-47, 57-59, 62-67.
Alkhateeb, Sharief, Arab Architecture for T hose Who Can Really
Live in Style. Saudi Gazette, 19 September 1979, p. 5.
Steil, Lucien, T radition & Architecture. Architectural Design, v.
57, no. 5 / 6, 1987, p. 53.
Chadirji, Rifat, Concepts and Influences: Towards a Regionalized
International Architecture. London, 1986, pp. 49, 118-119.
Steele, James, The Architecture of Rasem Badran: Narratives on
People and Place. London, 2005, pp.70-72.
Author, 2010
www.myoops.org/.../LectureNotes/detail/lec4.htm
www.archnet.org
http://www.worldarchitecture.org/world-buildings/
A CKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes to thank Effat University for its effort to
support the research environment. Thanks are also due to the
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